Hydraulic and pneumatic diagrams help you understand how hydraulic and pneumatic equipment functions. Individual elements of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits have their own symbols. Below are the symbols that you will meet on hydraulic diagrams.
| Working line. | |
| control line. | |
| Drain line. | |
| Flexible line. | |
| Electric wire. | |
|
Inside the interrupted line, the instruments are built in one unit. |
|
| Shaft, lever, rod, piston rod. | |
| Connection of lines. | |
| Crossing lines. | |
| Direction of oil flow in the hydraulic circuit. | |
| Direction of air flow in a pneumatic circuit. | |
| Direction. | |
| Direction of rotation. | |
| Direction of flow in the valve. The perpendicular shows the lateral movement of the arrow. | |
| Adjustment indication. | |
| Spring. | |
| Adjustable spring. |
Pumps and compressors.
designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure management.
Pressure controls.
Designation of various types of valves that control pressure in hydraulics on hydraulic diagrams. Designation of hydraulic motors.
Valves.
Designation of valves on hydraulic diagrams.
| The valve is indicated by a square or series of squares when each the square indicates one operating position of the valve. |
|
| Directional control valves (e.g. boom control) | |
| The lines are connected to the square of the neutral position. Valve hole markings: P = pressure from the pump T - to the tank A, B, C ... - working lines Х,YZ... - control pressure a,b.c... - electrical control connections |
|
|
One way to flow. |
|
| Two paths for flow. | |
| One path for flow, two connections closed. | |
| Two paths for flow, one connection closed. | |
| In the following examples, the first digit indicates the number of connections. Second the number indicates the number of working positions. |
|
| 3/2 control valve; control by pressure from both sides. | |
| 4/3 control valve; lever control, return spring. |
|
| 6/3 control valve | |
| Shut-off valve (e.g. ball valve). | |
| stop valves. | |
| Pressure limiting valve. The valve opens the flow channel to the tank or to the air, when the valve inlet pressure exceeds the closing pressure. (Hydraulic left, pneumatic right). |
|
| Pressure reducing valve, no pressure release. When the inlet pressure changes, the outlet pressure remains former. But the inlet pressure by reduction must be above outlet pressure |
|
Hydraulic motors - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure reducing and check valves, flow regulators - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Filters, tanks, water separators and other elements on hydraulic diagrams.
Hot and cold water pipelines, drains, sewer systems, gas supply networks, ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as heating systems are sanitary systems and engineering equipment of residential, industrial and public buildings.
In order to equip buildings for various purposes with engineering and sanitary systems, a set of working drawings is developed and compiled. It includes:
Plans and sections of installations
Plans, sections and axonometric diagrams of systems
General data of water supply, heating, sewerage, ventilation and air conditioning systems
The main components of engineering and sanitary systems are:
Pipelines (risers, horizontal lines and connections to devices)
Pipe fittings (valves, cocks, gate valves, valves, etc.)
Various equipment (pumps, filters, air conditioners, water heaters, etc.)
The basis for drawing up drawings of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings and structures is the information that is contained in the architectural and construction drawings, on the sections and plans on them. It contains graphic images and layouts of pipelines and pipeline fittings, as well as developments, profiles and sections of walls, which depict both the elements of engineering and sanitary systems themselves, and the connections that should be between them. For a more visual and understandable image of the most complex nodes, some fragments of sections and plans are made on a larger scale.
The axonometric diagrams, made in frontal isometry, depict the most complex in their design and the most extensive networks of plumbing, heating systems and gas supply systems. At the same time, for individual sections of pipelines, the values \u200b\u200bof such quantities as the diameter, direction and length of the slope, as well as the length of the section, are indicated. Specifications of equipment and materials are attached to the working drawings.
According to accepted standards, conventional graphic symbols are used to depict various elements of sanitary systems in diagrams and drawings. Special tables contain the designations that should be used to depict both the pipelines themselves and the fittings used in them on axonometric diagrams, developments, sections and plans of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings.
According to GOST 21.601 - 79, a solid main line is used to draw conditional graphic elements of pipeline systems, and those parts that are invisible (in channels, underground) - a dashed line of the same thickness. A thin solid line is used to depict technological equipment and building structures.
If it is necessary to draw the dimensions of the conventional signs of pipeline fittings (gate valves, valves, etc.), then their dimensions are taken equal to 3-3.5 pipe diameters. Elements of networks and sanitary systems are supplied with special brands (alphanumeric designations).
The table below shows the conditional graphic elements of pipelines GOST 2.784 - 96.
| Piping elements | |
| Designation | Name |
| Pipe line suction, pressure, drain | |
 |
Piping of the control line, drainage, air outlet, condensate drainage |
 |
Piping connection |
 |
Crossing pipelines without connection |
 |
Connection point for power take-off or measuring device (closed) |
 |
Connection point for power take-off or measuring instrument (connected) |
 |
Pipeline with vertical riser |
 |
Flexible pipeline, hose |
 |
Isolated pipeline section |
 |
Pipeline in a pipe (case) |
 |
Pipeline in stuffing box |
 |
Detachable piping connection |
 |
flange connection |
 |
Union threaded connection |
 |
Union threaded connection |
 |
Sleeve elastic connection |
 |
Swivel joint single-line |
 |
Swivel joint three-way |
 |
Pipe end for detachable connection |
 |
Flanged end |
 |
Union threaded end |
 |
Coupling threaded end |
 |
Sleeve elastic |
 |
The end of the pipeline with a plug (plug) |
 |
Flanged pipe end with plug |
 |
Threaded pipe end with plug |
 |
Tee |
 |
cross |
 |
Branch (elbow) |
 |
Splitter, collector, comb |
 |
Siphon (water seal) |
 |
Transition, adapter pipe |
 |
Transition flange |
 |
Union transition |
 |
Quick coupling without locking element (connected or disconnected) |
 |
Quick coupling with locking element (connected and disconnected) |
 |
Compensator |
 |
Compensator U-shaped |
 |
Lyre-shaped compensator |
 |
Lens compensator |
 |
Wavy compensator |
 |
Compensator Z-shaped |
 |
Bellows expansion joint |
 |
Ring compensator |
 |
Telescopic compensator |
 |
Shock-absorbing insert |
 |
Soundproof insert |
 |
Electrical insulating insert |
 |
Place of resistance with a flow rate dependent on the viscosity of the working medium |
 |
Place of resistance with a flow rate that does not depend on the viscosity of the working medium (throttle washer, restrictive flow meter, diaphragm) |
 |
Fixed pipeline support |
 |
Movable support (general designation) |
 |
Ball bearing |
 |
support guide |
 |
sliding support |
 |
roller support |
 |
elastic support |
 |
Suspension fixed |
 |
suspension guide |
 |
Suspension elastic |
 |
Water hammer absorber |
 |
Breakthrough membrane |
 |
Nozzle |
 |
Atmospheric air intake |
 |
Engine air intake |
 |
Connecting device to other systems (testing machines, washing machines, air conditioners, etc.) |
 |
Lubrication point |
 |
Splash lubrication point |
 |
Drip lubrication |
 |
Grease nozzle |
Any serious construction begins with the drafting of the project. This allows in advance, even at the level of diagrams and drawings, to arrange and place in the room all the engineering communications necessary for a comfortable stay. The main ones, along with gas supply, heating and garbage disposal, are cold and hot water supply with sewerage and drains.
For the convenience of planning and reading the designed documentation during construction, GOST developed, approved and regulated in SNiP the symbols for all systems installed at construction sites, as well as sanitary requirements for each of them. They also include a detailed symbolism of the nodes required for bringing water into the house, filtering it and removing it from it as part of sewer waste.
This table shows all the design symbols for water supply and sewerage communications used in construction:
|
|
|
 |
|
|
Symbols for water supply and sewerage are uniform throughout the Russian Federation and the CIS countries. You cannot change them at your own discretion. The reason is simple: any trained plumber should understand the plumbing arrangement drawing. This will help to avoid errors in the technology of work and, ultimately, provide the most efficient way to operate the facility's water supply.
Symbols on the drawings and diagrams for the installation of plumbing should be indicated during the construction of any construction object, whether it be a multi-storey building, a cottage or any industrial building. They also apply in computer programs such as AutoCAD used in the creation of projects for water supply and sewerage facilities.
Features of drawing up diagrams and drawings
Plumbing designations of conventional symbols of various nodes are used both in the diagrams of the object and in its drawings. Both types of graphical display of communications, in general, perform the same task - the creation of a working draft, which is the main document during construction work.
A scheme is an idea, the beginning of everything, most often based on a specific technical problem. It runs on any medium, including a simple notepad. All elements of the upcoming design here can be fixed quite conditionally, only with the designation of mounting nodes and their communication links at the facility. For example, like this:
However, diagrams are more informative, where the projection of the constructed communications and the symbols of all proposed nodes are indicated. Depending on the need, two types of projections are used in the diagrams - two-dimensional and three-dimensional (isometric).
2D ( axonometric) diagrams allow you to represent an object in two planes: along the length and height or along the length and width:
Isometric projection more informative. It makes it possible to immediately evaluate the working area in terms of length, width and height:
Even more visual for the designer is a three-dimensional image in a 3D computer format. With it, it is much easier to maintain the scale and the required dimensions.
The presence of all dimensions in all three planes, made on a given scale, turns a detailed and neatly executed diagram into a drawing. All drawings in construction projects are made on paper. This makes them more convenient to use on objects. At large construction sites equipped with computers, information is duplicated on special sites with the ability to view each drawing section in 3D.
The main task of the project is to create a plan that takes into account all the details of supplying cold and hot water to the facility and its subsequent sewerage.
The specification of the proposed drawings is also important, in particular data on the wells available at the construction site, as well as the topography of the area. In addition, the project includes all certified materials necessary for the work.
All symbols on the drawings must comply with GOST. Otherwise, it will be impossible to accurately perform installation work. It is also necessary to take into account the requirements of SPDS (project documentation system for construction) for the development and accounting of documentation designed to install plumbing at construction sites. Only in this way can you be sure that the house's water supply and sewerage will work efficiently and safely.
Symbols on drawings for water pipes
Before developing a water supply project for a building and, in particular, a country house, the entire group of factors that can affect the functioning of the water supply system is identified.
These factors include, first of all, the presence or absence of a centralized water supply network near the construction site, and whether it can lead to pressure drops. If there is no network, a local water supply system is designed with the installation of a storage tank.
The process of creating a project goes through several stages:
- Based on the total number of water-consuming points in the house and on the site, the maximum load on the water supply system is calculated.
- Methods are being developed to compensate for water supply when pressure drops in the central or local network.
- A drawing is being made.
- Equipment is selected according to the selected scheme.
In order to correctly place the symbols of the water supply system on the drawings of the designed object, the designer needs to imagine what elements the water supply system consists of. The number of plumbing elements and the material from which sanitary fittings are made can be different in cost and quality, but this does not fundamentally change anything.
Watch the video
The symbols of piping schemes and the corresponding equipment of the water supply system in all cases remain approximately as follows in composition:
- well (or other source);
- pump;
- storage tank with a tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for domestic water supply, the other for technical (garden, kitchen garden);
- water filtration system for home with tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for cold water, the other for hot.
Piping symbols are intended to show the hot and cold water piping system.
Cold water from the tee of the filtration system enters the collector installed in the house. From there it is distributed through pipes to existing plumbing points.
Hot water is brought to the heater and then exactly the same is bred point by point. This diagram clearly demonstrates this:
Sewerage: design features
The sewerage system in any house or industrial premises is divided into an indoor and outdoor module. The first covers cleaning inside buildings, the second provides for external sewerage around the house.
The internal sewer module is formed from a network of pipelines combined into one complex. This module has only one outlet from the house, connected to the outdoor module by means of a non-return valve, which prevents the system from overflowing with water in case the outdoor tanks are overfilled.
Into which all internal and external drains from external sewer inlets merge, including “storm water”, if it is available on the site.
Storm sewage system
What are the types, who performs maintenance and installation features
When designing, a number of calculations are made. The main ones are:
- determination of the localization of plumbing units indoors and ways to connect them to the sewer;
- choice of drainage methods (forced or self-drainage). In the case of self-drainage of water, the slope of the pipes is calculated, as well as their marking.
In addition, the project takes into account:
- environmental requirements for the site adjacent to the house: a cesspool with a septic tank should not be located near wells with drinking water;
- method of disposal of sewage. It can be autonomous with disposal through a cesspool or centralized with waste disposal through the community sewerage system available near the house.
Symbols of internal sewerage
Internal sewerage is designed to divert waste from all plumbing installations available in the room. The water formed as a result of the life of its inhabitants, mainly moves through pipelines installed with a certain slope, in a natural way. In rare cases, this requires forced promotion.
Watch the video
The rooms in which the plumbing is located are planned close to each other. This helps to speed up the drain and reduces the likelihood of clogging the sewer.
In order to avoid the appearance of unpleasant odors, hydraulic locking siphons are provided for each plumbing fixture during planning. The end of the pipe, which unites all the outlets, is brought out through the wall to the outside of the building.
Sewer designation should take into account both internal and external sewer networks.
Internal sewerage includes signs indicating:
- taps from all sanitary facilities available in the room;
- risers that allow pumping waste from the upper floors to the lower ones;
- collectors that collect wastewater from various sources;
- exhaust systems;
- treatment plants;
- ventilation pipelines;
- cleaning pipes;
- hydraulic seals that prevent the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer;
- sewer plugs.
The designation of the sewer plug is mandatory. If there are several plugs, the location of each should be indicated on the drawing.
The internal sewerage system in residential premises is designed in the isometry of pipelines with symbols, primarily as a system for household waste. At the same time, it provides for drains associated with storm sewers or special trays around the perimeter of the building. A special siphon is installed at the place where drains are released from the house.
If you decide, then we offer step-by-step instructions with a video tutorial, diagrams and projects.
The symbol in the axonometry of the sewer includes the elements that are the source of sewer waste:
- equipment for sanitary facilities (baths, sinks, toilet bowls, bidets);
- dishwashers and washing machines;
- industrial equipment with water waste systems.
Flushing devices are connected to the water supply. Waste water is directed to the external sewer through siphons, which are also hydraulic locks - U-shaped pipes with water. Each siphon is connected to a pipe with holes for revision in case of blockage.
The drawing also conventionally indicates the sewer pipes, as well as their fittings, with the help of which the effluents are diverted to cast-iron or plastic risers - tees, elbows, crosses. The attic outlet of the riser to the roof is also indicated in the drawing, which prevents the gas contamination of the room with unpleasant odors.
Graphic symbols on the drawings of external sewerage
External sewerage covers water treatment and spillway outside the home. It can be all-alloy, semi-separating, separating. Alloy sewerage is designed to collect all types of sewage into a collector with subsequent direction to a sewage treatment network.
Semi-separating sewerage is aimed at removing all rainfall without dividing it into polluted and clean.
Sewerage symbols in the drawings of the separation system include a storm and household network.
Storm outlets collect rainwater or industrial runoff and, without prior treatment, discharge it into a sewer well or reservoir.
The sewer network, designed for household needs, passes atmospheric precipitation or effluents of industrial origin through a special filtration system.
Watch the video
Graphic signs on wiring diagrams without fail display:- devices for receiving waste water;
- pipes for drainage;
- external sewer riser;
- exhaust ventilation pipe;
- hydraulic lock;
- outlet;
- yard sewerage network;
- sewer well with a cover;
- drain funnel;
- internal sewer riser.
Each of these elements has a specific function in the system for receiving, transmitting and treating sewer and storm drains, and therefore must be installed both in the house and in the area adjacent to it.
Summary of the article
It is difficult to overestimate the value of symbols in the practice of building design. In the process of studying the material, a large amount of information is worked out, concerning not only the equipment mounted at the facility. It is important to create a drawing that would be understandable to the direct executors of the work: it should be easy to read.
That's what symbols are for. They can be alphabetic, digital, but the most obvious is the graphic, sign, option.
The pictograms used by the project executor allow the master reading the drawing to easily determine which element of the system being created and where should be installed. This greatly facilitates the process of installing water supply and sewerage at the facility.
The great advantage of symbols is that with their help, according to GOST, not only plumbing communications, but also the plumbing itself can be applied to the drawing: a sink, faucets, a bathtub, a shower, a toilet bowl.
Watch the video
Each of these elements is displayed in the form of a specific picture. This makes it possible to immediately understand what should be installed in one place or another, and, ultimately, to carry out the work more quickly and efficiently.Description
Designation on the diagram
Basic lines
Pilot lines
Drainage lines
Boundary lines
Electrical lines
Direction of fluid flow (hydraulics)
Gas direction (pneumatic)
Direction of rotation
Lines crossing
Line connection
Quick Coupling (BRS)(Quick Coupling)
flexible line
Variable Component
Pressure Compensated Components
Open type tank (atmospheric pressure in the tank) (Reservoir Vented)
Overpressure tank (closed type)(Reservoir Pressurized)
Drain line to tank (above liquid level)
Drain line to tank (below liquid level)
Electric Motor
Spring Loaded accumulator
Gas accumulator (Gas Charged accumulator)
Heater
Heat exchanger (cooler)(Cooler)
Filter
pressure gauge
Thermometer
Flow meter
Pressure relief valve ("breather") (Vented Manifold)
Fixed Displacement Pump (Fixed Displacement)
Fixed displacement pump (unregulated) reversible
Variable Displacement Pump (Variable Displacement)
Variable displacement pump (adjustable) reversible
Fixed displacement hydraulic motor (non-adjustable)
Fixed displacement hydraulic motor (non-adjustable) reversible
Variable displacement hydraulic motor (adjustable)
Variable displacement hydraulic motor (adjustable) reversible
Pump-motor (unregulated) (Combined pump and motor)
Pump-motor (adjustable) (Combined pump and motor)
Hydrostatic transmission
hydraulic cylinders
Single acting cylinder
Double Acting Cylinder
Double acting cylinder with double end rock(Synchronous)(Double actin, Double end rock)
Cylinder with damper(Cushion)
Cylinder with adjustable damper (Adjustable Cushion)
Double-acting differential hydraulic cylinder (differential piston)
Valves
Check valve
Check valve controlled (Check valve)
Shuttle valve
Throttle valve-fixed output
Throttle valve-adjustable output
Throttle adjustable with check valve
Flow divider (Flow dividing valve)
Normally closed valve
Normally open valve
Pressure limiting valve, Fixed
Pressure limiting valve - Variable
Pilot operated, External drain line valve
Pilot operated, internal drain line valve
Pressure Relief Valve(safety valve))
Pressure Switch
Crane (Manual Shut-Off valve)
Control type
Spring
Spring return
Manual control
Button
Lever (Push-Pull Lever)
Pedal or Treadle
Mechanical control
Detent
Pilot control of external pressure (Pilot Pressure)
Pilot Pressure - Internal Supply
Hydraulic operation
Pneumatic operation
Pneumatic-hydraulic operation
Solenoid
Motor operation
Servo Motor
Pressure Compensated
Distributors (Directional valves)
2 position distributor
3 position distributor
2-position valve without fixation
2-position, with two extreme positions and neutral
2 position, 2 line
2 position, 3 line
3 position, 4 line
Valve with mechanical feedback (Mechanical feed back)
hydrostat.ru
Graphic designations of pipeline fittings | Pipeline accessories
Rating: / 0Conditional (graphical) images of pipeline fittings are used in drawing up the network detailing, in which all nodes and components of the water supply network are pipeline shut-off and control valves and fittings, etc. are depicted schematically (not to scale) by symbols. Designations of pipeline fittings according to the TsKBA system and others are given HERE.
Detailing of the water supply network is used for the installation of sections of pipelines, fittings and fittings, and other equipment. Based on the detailing, a specification of fittings and fittings required for the network device is compiled.
Below are the main symbols of pipeline fittings:
|
fittings |
Designation |
|
Shut-off valve (valve) Shut-off valve (valve) angular |
|
|
Globe valve Angle ball valve |
|
|
Valve (valve) Valve (valve) regulating angular |
|
|
Valve (valve) three-way |
|
|
Globe safety valve Angle safety valve |
|
|
Pressure regulator "to yourself" After pressure regulator |
|
|
Check valve Swing check valve (slam) receiving with mesh |
|
|
Throttle valve |
|
|
pressure reducing valve |
|
|
Quick opening valve (NO) Quick closing valve (NC) |
|
www.podvod.ru
types, device, principle of operation, installation
The check valve allows liquid to flow through the pipeline in one direction and prevents it from flowing in the opposite direction. It is an important component of any water supply, heating, sewerage and industrial process installations. It is also used in leak prevention systems for washing machines and dishwashers. Locking devices have a variety of designs, each of which has its own advantages and scope. Their common feature is that the valve opens when a certain pressure is reached and closes when the pressure drops below the set value.
The appearance of the check valve 
Check valve internals What does the check valve for water for a pump consist of and how does it work
The check valve for water consists of the following parts:
- corps;
- spool - a movable executive body, which in turn is assembled from a pusher, spool plates and an elastic gasket sandwiched between them;
- sealing gasket;
- springs (with the exception of gravity-type lifting devices).
The device of the check valve for water varies depending on its type.
The body is most often made of brass - this material is not subject to corrosion and the effects of chemically active substances contained in water in the form of a solution, it is strong and durable.
Sometimes a chrome or nickel coating is applied to the outside by galvanic method. The spool parts are also made of brass or durable plastic. The water check valve gasket is most often rubber or silicone. And finally, the spring is made of stainless steel with a high coefficient of elasticity.
How does a check valve work
The principle of operation of the check valve is that the spool moves along the pusher (rod) and can occupy extreme positions in the spool chamber. The pressure of water in the forward direction compresses the spring and presses the plates to the open position. Water passes through the gate. If the pressure drops, the spring presses the plates and the gasket sandwiched between them to the seat and closes it. The principle of operation of the lift-type check valve is almost the same, only the mass of the spool and the force of attraction play the role of a spring.
Types of check valves
Depending on the type of locking element, the following types of check valves are distinguished:
- lifting type. The disc check valve poppet moves up and down. After pressure is applied in the working direction, the valve opens, and when the pressure drops or the direction of fluid movement changes, it closes under the action of a spring or its own weight.
- Turning. The non-return valve is a flap that rotates and opens under the pressure of the liquid, and closes with the force of the spring when the pressure drops.
- Ball. The flow is blocked by a ball pressed against the valve seat by a return spring. The pressure of the liquid presses the ball from the seat, opening the passage for water.
- Wafer type. It can be a disk-type design similar to a lifting one, but the plate moves along the flow axis, and a double-leaf damper consists of two wings that fold towards each other. The double-leaf design has minimal flow resistance when open.
According to the material of manufacture, there are such types of check valves as:
- Brass - reliable and wear-resistant, most often used in everyday life.
- Cast iron - inexpensive, but prone to rust, used only on main pipes.
- Stainless - the highest quality and most reliable, but also the most expensive. Used in the most critical systems.
Depending on the method of fastening the water return valve, there are:
- Coupling - the water valve is included in the pipe break using two threaded couplings. Most common in domestic systems.
- Flanged - the gate valve is connected using flange connections. It is mainly used for cast iron devices on large pipes.
- Wafer - the shut-off valve is located between two flanges, which are pulled together with through studs. Also used on main pipelines.
Valve locations
In domestic water supply and heating systems, there are many places where a check valve needs to be installed:
- At the entrance to the apartment from the centralized supply of hot water.
- After the counter to protect it from water hammer.
- Before the pumping station of the individual water supply system - to stop the leakage of water from the pipes after the power is turned off.
- At the end of a water intake hose lowered into a well or well, or after a submersible pump - to prevent water from running off when the pump stops.
- At the inlet of an electric or gas water heater - to prevent the exit of heated and expanded water into a cold main.
- In the leakage protection system of washing machines and dishwashers.
These are the most common installation locations. If necessary, such a water valve is installed in all places where it is necessary to ensure the water flow is strictly in one direction.
How to make the right choice
To choose a check valve that will work long and reliably in harmony with other elements of your plumbing or heating system, you need to pay attention to the following points:
- Appointment. The selected device type must match it. So, for example, lift-type valves with gravity action can be installed strictly in the position provided for by the design, so that the stroke of the stem is perpendicular to the ground surface.
- Attachment method. It is selected at the same time as designing the connectors to which the valve will be connected, in order to avoid piling up unnecessary adapters. For domestic systems, coupling connections are usually used.
- The size. Must exactly match the diameter of the pipeline. The use of a smaller diameter gate connected through adapters will reduce the reliability of the design and create an increased resistance to flow.
- Material. For hot liquids, it is better to use brass or stainless steel, since polypropylene has a noticeably reduced resource at high temperatures.
It is difficult for a novice home master to take into account all the nuances, so in case of doubt, do not hesitate to consult an experienced engineer.
The device of valves of different types
The choice and installation of a check valve for water depends on its design features. The water valve can belong to such types as:
Coupling spring check valve
The body of the device consists of two cylinders connected by a threaded connection. The spool consists of a plastic pusher, a pair of plates and an elastic gasket. The normal position of the shutter is closed, when the pressure of the liquid is applied and it reaches the set value, it depresses the spring, and the valve for water opens. When the pressure drops, the spring returns the spool to its place, closing the shutter.
Rotary petal
The spool in this embodiment is made not axial, but rotary, and the axis is placed above the clearance of the shutter. When fluid pressure is applied, it depresses the flap and the valve opens. When the pressure drops, the damper lowers under the action of gravity or a return spring and closes the gap. When installing such a device, it is important to observe the “top” marking and the maximum possible slope specified in the documentation. In devices of large sizes, when the damper returns, it powerfully hits the saddle, which can lead to water hammer and even failure of the device. To prevent this, the design has to be complicated and shock-damping elements added. The design allows you to create valves of large diameters, little sensitive to the presence of suspensions and other inclusions in the liquid.
ball model
The mode of operation and device are very similar to the poppet spring valve. The role of the locking part is played by a ball pressed against the seat by a spring. It is mainly used for pipes of small diameter, in household plumbing systems. Such a check valve with an equal cross section has larger external dimensions than a poppet valve.
lifting type product
The spool rod in this case is placed vertically, under water pressure the spool rises, opening the shutter. When the pressure drops, the stem drops and the valve closes. A restriction is imposed on the installation of such devices - it can only be designed on horizontally located pipes. An important advantage of such structures is the possibility of repairing the spool without removing the entire body. The downside is the increased requirements for the purity of the liquid.
Check valves for submersible pumps
To organize uninterrupted water supply in private homes using a submersible pump, it is especially important to install a check valve immediately after the pump. This will prevent water from flowing back into the well when the pump is turned off and eliminate the need to refill the system with water each time.
With a well of great depth, a sufficient diameter of the pipeline and the remoteness of the well from the house, we can talk about tens of liters of water. In many models of submersible pumps, such a valve is installed at the factory. If it is not there, then, as a rule, a brass device with axial movement of the spool and a return spring is chosen. The lumen of the shutter must be no less than the inner diameter of the pipeline, so as not to create additional resistance to flow.
Check valve installation rules
It is not enough to make the optimal choice of the device model, it is also necessary to install it correctly.
Incorrect installation of the valve may result in the need to repair or replace it, which can be very time consuming, especially if it is installed in the well.
- If an arrow is drawn or embossed on the body, then it must be installed strictly with the arrow up, even despite the presence of a return spring.
- If the depth of the well or well (more precisely, the distance to the water surface) is small, then the check valve is placed directly at the inlet to the pressure apparatus.
- In the case when the depth of the well is more than 8 m, it is better to put the device at the water intake, supplementing it with a mechanical coarse filter.
- When using a submersible pump, the valve must be installed at its outlet.
- With a large distance to the well, it is better to put two gates - at the outlet of the pressure device and at the entrance to the house.
It is impossible to foresee all options, therefore, before starting installation, you should show the diagram of your water supply or heating system to a qualified and experienced plumbing engineer.
How to install check valves for pumping stations
A check valve for joint operation with a pumping station should be selected at the design stage. In some pump models, such valves are included in the design, for the rest there are several rules:
- For vacuum type (suction) pumps, the valve is mounted at the pump outlet, before the hydraulic accumulator.
- With a large depth of the well and at a large distance from the well on the surface, an additional device should be installed at the water intake.
- For pressure pumps lowered into the well, the valve is mounted on the outlet pipe.
In addition, during installation, the direction of flow indicated on the body must be strictly observed, and all connections must be carefully sealed.
If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.
You may also be interested in articles:
stankiexpert.ru
what is it for, principle of operation, types
A mandatory element of equipping autonomous water supply systems in summer cottages and country houses is a check valve. It is such a technical device, which can have a different design, that ensures the movement of fluid through the pipeline in the required direction. Check valves installed in the autonomous water supply system reliably protect it from the consequences of emergency situations. Relating to direct acting valves, check valves operate automatically, for which the energy of the working medium transported through the pipeline system is used.
Purpose and principle of operation
The main function that a check valve for water performs is that it protects the water supply system from the critical parameters of the flow of liquid transported through the pipeline. The most common cause of critical situations is the shutdown of the pumping unit, which can lead to a number of negative phenomena - draining water from the pipeline back into the well, spinning the pump impeller in the opposite direction and, accordingly, breakdown.
Installing a check valve on water allows you to protect the plumbing system from the listed negative phenomena. In addition, the water check valve prevents the consequences that water hammer causes. The use of check valves in pipeline systems makes it possible to make their work more efficient, as well as to ensure the correct functioning of the pumping equipment that such systems are equipped with.
The principle of operation of the check valve is quite simple and is as follows.
- The flow of water entering such a device under a certain pressure acts on the locking element and depresses the spring, with which this element is held closed.
- After compressing the spring and opening the locking element, water begins to move freely through the check valve in the required direction.
- If the pressure level of the working fluid flow in the pipeline drops or the water begins to move in the wrong direction, the spring mechanism of the valve returns the shut-off element to the closed state.
By acting in this way, the non-return valve prevents the formation of unwanted backflow in the piping system.
When choosing a model of a valve installed on a water supply system, it is important to know the regulatory requirements that manufacturers of pumping equipment impose on such devices. The technical parameters by which, in accordance with these requirements, a check valve for water is selected are:
- operating, trial and nominal closing pressure;
- landing part diameter;
- conditional throughput;
- tightness class.
Information on what technical requirements the check valve for water must meet is usually contained in the documentation for pumping equipment.
To equip domestic water supply systems, spring-type check valves are used, the diameter of the conditional passage is in the range of 15–50 mm. Despite their compact size, such devices demonstrate high throughput, ensure reliable operation of the pipeline, low noise and vibration levels in the pipeline system on which they are installed.
Another positive factor in the use of check valves in the water supply system is that they help reduce the pressure created by the water pump by 0.25–0.5 atm. In this regard, the check valve for water allows you to reduce the load both on individual elements of pipeline equipment, and on the entire water supply system as a whole.
Design features
One of the most common materials from which the body part of the water return valves is made is brass. The choice of this material is not accidental: this alloy demonstrates exceptionally high resistance to chemically aggressive substances, which can be present in the water transported through the pipeline in a dissolved or suspended state. Such substances, in particular, include mineral salts, sulfur, oxygen, manganese, iron compounds, etc. The outer surface of the valves, which is also exposed to negative factors during their operation, is often protected with a special coating applied by the galvanic method.
The check valve device assumes the presence of a spool, for the manufacture of which brass or durable plastic can also be used. The sealing gasket present in the design of the check valve can be rubber or silicone. For the manufacture of an important element of the locking mechanism - springs - stainless steel is usually used.
So, if we talk about the structural elements of the spring check valve, then this device consists of:
- housing of a composite type, the elements of which are interconnected by means of a thread;
- a locking mechanism, the design of which includes two movable spool plates mounted on a special rod, and a sealing gasket;
- spring installed between the spool plates and the seat at the outlet of the through hole.
The principle of operation of the spring check valve is also quite simple.
- The flow of water entering the check valve at the required pressure acts on the spool and depresses the spring.
- When the spring is compressed, the spool moves along the stem, opening the orifice and allowing fluid to flow freely through the device.
- When the pressure of the water flow in the pipeline, on which the check valve is located, drops, or in cases where such a flow begins to move in the wrong direction, the spring returns the spool to its seat, closing the through hole of the device.
Thus, the scheme of operation of the check valve is quite simple, but nevertheless ensures the high reliability of such devices and the efficiency of their use in pipeline systems.
Main types
Having figured out how the check valve installed in the plumbing system works, you should also understand how to choose it correctly. On the modern market, various types of check valve devices are offered, the design, material of manufacture and the scheme of operation of which can vary greatly.
Coupling Type Spring Check Valve
The valve body of this type consists of two cylindrical elements connected to each other by means of a thread. The locking mechanism includes a plastic stem, upper and lower spool plates. The position of the elements of the locking mechanism in the closed state, as well as their opening at the moment when the pressure of the water flow reaches the required level, is provided by a spring. Between themselves, the constituent elements of the body are connected using a sealing gasket.
Spring check valve with brass spool and spherical spool chamber
Distinctive features of this type of shutters are easy to see even in the photo. The brass body of such a valve in its middle part, where the spool chamber is located, has a spherical shape. This design feature allows you to increase the volume of the spool chamber and, accordingly, the throughput of the check valve. The locking mechanism of this type of water valve, which is based on a brass spool, works on the same principle as in valve devices of any other type.
Combination spring type check valve with drain and air vent
For many of those who decide to independently engage in the installation of the pipeline system, the question often arises as to why a check valve is needed, equipped with drainage and air vent systems. The use of check valves of this type (especially for equipping pipelines through which hot working fluids are transported) makes it possible to simplify the process of installation and maintenance of such systems, increase their reliability, reduce the total hydraulic pressure, and reduce the number of field connections.
On the valve body of this type, which can even be seen in the photo, there are two branch pipes, one of which is used to mount the air vent, and the second serves as a drainage element. The branch pipe for the air vent, on the inner surface of which a thread is cut, is located on the device body above the spool chamber (its receiving part). Such a pipe is needed to bleed air from the pipeline system, for which a Mayevsky crane is additionally used. The purpose of the branch pipe, which is located on the opposite side of the body - at the outlet of the valve, is to drain the liquid accumulated after the valve device from the system.
If a horizontal non-return valve is installed, its air outlet can be used to mount a pressure gauge. If you put the combined check valve vertically on the pipeline, then its drainage pipe can be used to drain the water accumulated after such a device, and the air vent pipe can be used to remove air plugs from that part of the pipeline that is located before the check valve. That is why, when deciding how to install a combined type check valve, you should clearly understand what functions such a valve should perform.
Spring loaded valves with polypropylene body
Check valves, the body of which is made of polypropylene, even if you look at the photos of such devices, outwardly very much resemble oblique bends. These types of check valves, for the installation of which the polyfusion welding method is used, are installed on pipelines also made of polypropylene. An additional oblique branch in the design of gates of this type is necessary to accommodate the elements of the locking mechanism in it, which facilitates the maintenance of such a device. Thanks to this constructive solution, it is not difficult to carry out maintenance and repair of this type of check valve - it is enough to remove the elements of the locking mechanism from its additional branch without violating the integrity of the device body and the tightness of its installation in the pipeline system.
Check valves of other types
Other types of non-return valves can be installed in pipeline systems designed to transport water.
- The flap check valve is equipped with a special locking element - a spring-loaded petal. A big disadvantage of this type of shutters is that when they are triggered, significant shock loads are created. This negatively affects the technical condition of the gate device itself, and can also cause a hydraulic shock in the pipeline system.
- Double-leaf type check valve devices are compact in size and light in weight.
- The lifting coupling check valve includes a spool freely moving along the vertical axis as a locking element. The operation of the locking mechanism can be based on the gravitational principle, when the spool returns to the closed state under the influence of its own weight. A spring can also be used for this purpose. If you decide to install a gravity check valve on the pipeline, keep in mind that such a device can only be installed on vertical sections of the system. Meanwhile, the gravity valve is characterized by simple structure, while showing high reliability during operation.
- There are check valves, the locking element of which is a spring-loaded metal ball. The surface of such a ball can be additionally covered with a layer of rubber.
When deciding which check valve is better and whether an expensive valve of a more complex design is needed in the pipeline system, one should first of all get acquainted with the technical characteristics of such a device and compare them with the operating parameters of the pipeline system. The main purpose of the check valve, as mentioned above, is to pass water through the pipeline in the right direction and prevent the flow of liquid from moving in the opposite direction. In this regard, the check valve for water should be selected based on the pressure under which the water flow moves in the pipeline. Naturally, it is necessary to take into account the diameter of the pipes on which such a valve should be installed.
When installing the pipeline, it should also be borne in mind that a check valve can be installed in various ways. Flanged and wafer type check valves are installed on pipes of large diameter, and sleeve valves are installed on pipes of small diameter. The welded method of installing check valves is mainly used when mounting on polypropylene and metal-plastic pipes.
If you choose the right check valve and the way it is installed, such a device will not only last a long time, but also ensure the correct operation of the entire pipeline system.
How to install correctly
Having dealt with the question of why a check valve is needed, and with its role in the pipeline system, you should also study the rules for installing it on an already operating or just being created pipeline. Such devices are mounted on various elements of pipeline systems:
- on pipelines of autonomous and centralized water supply;
- on suction lines served by deep and surface pumps;
- in front of boilers, storage water heaters and water meters.
If you are interested in check valves that can be installed both vertically and horizontally, choose not gravity, but spring models. You can find out in which direction the water flow should move through the valve using a special arrow printed on the body of the device. When installing sleeve-type check valves, be sure to use FUM tape for good sealing. In addition, one should not forget that check valves need regular maintenance, so they must be installed in accessible places in the pipeline.
When installing a check valve on the suction line of a submersible pump, care should be taken to install a coarse filter in front of such a device, which will prevent mechanical impurities contained in underground water from entering the inside of the device. A perforated or mesh cage can also be used as such a filter, in which a check valve is placed at the inlet end of the suction line of the submersible pump.
When installing a check valve on an already operating pipeline, you must first disconnect the system from the water supply and only then install the shut-off device.
How to make a check valve yourself
The simple design of the check valve allows, if necessary, to make it yourself.
To solve this problem, you will need the following materials and tools:
- a tee with an internal thread, which will serve as a body;
- a threaded coupling on the outer surface - a homemade check valve seat;
- rigid spring made of steel wire;
- a steel ball, the diameter of which should be slightly smaller than the diameter of the hole in the tee;
- steel threaded plug, which will act as a stop for the spring;
- a standard set of locksmith tools and a FUM sealing tape.
Elements of pipeline designations on the diagrams
Conditional graphic designations for hardware-technological schemes
|
Name |
Designation |
|
I. Piping elements |
|
|
1. Piping (general purpose) 2. Piping connection 3. Crossing of pipelines (without connection) (GOST 2.784-70) 4. Flexible pipeline, hose (GOST 2.784–70) |
|
|
5. Detachable connection of pipeline elements: 5.1. General designation 5.2. Flanged 5.3. Choke threaded 5.4. Coupling threaded 6. End of the pipeline for a detachable connection: 6.1. General designation 6.2. Flanged 6.3. Choke threaded 6.4. Coupling threaded Designations on technological schemes. |
|
|
Designations on technological schemes: 7. End of the pipeline with a plug (plug): 7.1. General designation 7.2. flanged 7.3. Threaded |
|
|
II. Fittings - Symbols on technological schemes. |
|
|
8. Shutoff valve (valve) (GOST 2.785-70) 8.1. Checkpoint 8.2. Angular 9. Valve (valve) three-way (GOST 2.785-70) |
|
|
10. Check valve (non-return). The movement of the working fluid from the white triangle to the black one (GOST 2.785-70) 11. Safety valve (GOST 2.785-70) |
|
| Symbol on the diagram. 12. Throttle valve (GOST 2.785-70) 13. Pressure reducing valve (movement from left to right) (GOST 2.785-70) 14. Automatic air valve (ventuz) (GOST 2.785–70) |
|
|
15. Air intake from the atmosphere (GOST 2.780-68) 16. Filling neck, filling fitting (GOST 2.780–68) |
|
|
17. Connecting device to other systems (test, washing, transport, etc.) (GOST 2.780-68) 18. Gate valve (GOST 2.785–70) Symbol on the diagram. |
|
|
19. Rotary shutter (GOST 2.785-70) 20. Crane (GOST 2.785–70) |
|
|
21. Angle crane (GOST 2.785-70) 22. Three-way valve (GOST 2.785-70) 23. Four-way valve (GOST 2.785-70) |
|
|
Designation on the diagram. 24. End valve (GOST 2.785-70) 25. Laboratory crane (GOST 2.785-70) |
|
|
26. Fire crane (GOST 2.785-70) 27. Nozzle (GOST 2.780-68) |
|
|
28. Aspiration device (local exhaust) (GOST 2.786–70) |
|
|
29. Ventilation damper (GOST 2.786-70) 30. Shiber (GOST 2.786–70) Designation on the diagram. |
|
|
31. Check valve automatic in explosive design (ventilation) (GOST 2.786-70) 32. Fire-retardant damper (ventilation) (GOST 2.786-70) 33. Discharge into the sewer |
|
|
34. Condensate drain |
Add a comment
vinograd-vino.ru
Designation of elements of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits
Hydraulic and pneumatic diagrams help you understand how hydraulic and pneumatic equipment functions. Individual elements of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits have their own symbols. Below are the symbols that you will meet on hydraulic diagrams.
Pumps and compressors.
designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure management.
Pressure controls.
Designation of various types of valves that control pressure in hydraulics on hydraulic diagrams. Designation of hydraulic motors.
Valves.
Designation of valves on hydraulic diagrams.
Hydraulic motors - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure reducing and check valves, flow regulators - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Filters, tanks, water separators and other elements on hydraulic diagrams.
www.info.selink.ru
Check valve - purpose, device and principle of operation
Check valve purpose
Check valve purpose
The check valve is designed to freely pass the flow of the working fluid in one direction and block it in the opposite direction. The sealing element in these valves is a ball or cone that interacts with the seat, so that there is no leakage of liquid.
The device of check valves is shown in (Fig. 1).
At the linear non-return valve (Fig. 1 a) in the body 1 having a hexagonal shape, the shutter 2, the spring 3, the support washer 4 and the retaining ring 5 are placed. promarmatura.ua/zatvory-diskovye from the seat and through the gap formed by the shutter and the edge of the bore in the body, and the radial drillings “B” and the central bore in the body of the shutter enters the outlet “B”. When fluid is supplied to the hole “B”, the flow is blocked.
Butt type non-return valve device (Fig. 1 b) the outlet valve is made at an angle of 90 degrees to the valve axis, and both connecting holes are brought out to the lower mounting plane.
The built-in valve (Fig. 1 c) contains a sleeve 1, a gate 2, a spring 3, an adapter sleeve 4 and a flange 5. The sleeve and sleeve are placed in a seat, which is made in the body part where the valve is to be built. Sealing on the outer surface of the sleeve and bushing is carried out with the help of rubber O-rings and protective washers made of plastic.
Check valve operation
The operation of the check valve is as follows, when fluid is supplied to the hole “A”, the valve gate rises above the seat, overcoming the force of the return spring. The fluid pressure drop across the valve depends on the fluid flow through it, and the pressure at which the valve opens, allowing the minimum flow through itself, depends only on the spring force and ranges from 0.05 to 0.3 MPa (from 0.5 to 3 kgf /cm2).
The hydraulic diagram is an element of technical documentation, which, using symbols, shows information about the elements of the hydraulic system, and the relationship between them.
According to the ESKD standards, hydraulic circuits are designated in the main inscription cipher with the letter "G" (- the letter "P").
As can be seen from the definition, hydraulic scheme conditionally shows the elements that are interconnected by pipelines - designated lines. Therefore, in order to correctly read the hydraulic circuit, you need to know how this or that element is indicated on the diagram. Symbols for elements are indicated in GOST 2.781-96. Study this document and you will be able to find out how the main elements of hydraulics are indicated.
Designations of hydraulic elements on the diagrams
Consider the main elements hydraulic circuits.
Pipelines
Pipelines on hydraulic diagrams are shown with solid lines connecting elements. Control lines are usually shown as a dotted line. The directions of fluid movement, if necessary, can be indicated by arrows. Often on hydraulic diagrams they indicate lines - a letter P denotes the pressure line, T - drain, X - control, l - drainage.
The connection of lines is shown with a dot, and if the lines intersect in the diagram, but are not connected, the intersection point is indicated by an arc.
Tank
The tank in hydraulics is an important element that is the storage of hydraulic fluid. A tank connected to the atmosphere is shown on the hydraulic diagram as follows.
A closed tank or container, such as a hydraulic accumulator, is shown as a closed loop.
Shown below hydraulic drive diagram, allowing you to move the rod of the hydraulic cylinder, with the possibility of charging the accumulator.
Loading...