What is oatmeal and who eats it. To defeat wild oats, a set of measures is needed

Oatmeal (wild oats) is one of the most malicious, which adapts perfectly to any conditions. external environment and is related to common cultivated oats. It flowers in early summer among the crops of most crops, but is most common where spring crops grow. Having gone through a long process of evolution, wild oat today surpasses many others. To date, there are 8 species of this plant: ordinary, northern, long-fruited, thick-fruited, bearded, barren, southern and hairy.

What does a weed look like

These plants are difficult to immediately recognize, because this one looks very similar to ordinary oats. But, unlike the seeds of cultivated oats, the seeds of wild oat, connected by a horseshoe at the base, when ripe, acquire a dark, almost black, shade. The knee-shaped bending of the awns of wild oats and the shape of the spiral that they acquire when twisting around their axis are also hallmarks what is in front of you, not culture.

Wild oat has a well-developed fibrous root system that penetrates to a depth of up to 150 cm. The bare stem of the plant reaches 60 to 120 cm in height, which also distinguishes it from cultivated oats, whose stem is much lower. The leaves of wild oats are wide linear, up to 30 cm long, ciliate along the edge, have a tongue.

Did you know?The grains of thick-fruited wild oats are almost impossible to distinguish from the grains of cultivated oats, since they have the same shape, weight, size, and color of the scales. This creates enormous difficulties in the fight against wild oats and the separation of its grains from the harvest of other crops.

In the description of the common wild oats, it is important to pay attention to the inflorescence and grains, with the help of which the plant reproduces. The inflorescence is an oblong panicle, consisting of three balls. The caryopsis of wild oats is enclosed in flower scales and falls off with them. The membranous caryopsis is spindle-like or oval-shaped. One such plant produces up to 700 seeds.
Wild oats reproduce only by seeds. One panicle forms 2 types of grains:

• Below - large light grains, which make up 70% of the total number of fruits. They crumble later and clog the material for sowing. The rest period is 3 months.
• Above - dark small grains, which have a dormant period of up to 22 months and crumble earlier, rising from a depth of 10-12 cm.

The maturation of panicle tiers occurs unevenly and they crumble alternately: from top to bottom. This mechanism also determines the shedding period - about a month. Therefore, it is impossible to get rid of it simply by mowing it, because a certain amount of seeds will already be on the ground anyway.

When wild oat seeds fall off, they do not require certain conditions in order to start deepening the grain into the ground. All it takes is a light rain. Mass reproduction of wild oat is promoted by sowing cultivated plants the same for several years without a break.

Maliciousness

Having determined what wild oat is and how it looks, you should highlight it malicious properties:

• Clogging of the soil and contributing to its depletion. One of the features of wild oats is the rapid maturation of grains. Due to this, its seeds begin to crumble before the spring crops are harvested, heavily littering the ground and grain. The degree of clogging depends on the number of grains that have been formed, their characteristics, the time of ripening and shedding. Since medium and small grains get enough sleep before large ones, they clog the soil. Since this type of weed absorbs one and a half times more moisture than cereals, under its influence the soil is depleted, which can harm crops for several years, especially in drought.
• Harvest contamination. Larger grains remain in the spikelet longer (30-40 days), therefore, when harvesting and threshing the crop in the bunker and in the seed, large grains of wild oats are more common. When the number of wild oat plants exceeds 50 per m2, the grain yield drops by 20%. There are cases when the number of grains of wild oat in the crop was 20 times higher than the number of wheat seeds. Weed seeds are very difficult to separate from seeds of cultivated oats or barley. Consequently, small wild oat seeds spoil the soil, and large seeds spoil the seed material. The quality of grain mixed with wild oat seeds is significantly reduced: in the unground form, wild oat grains, due to their hard hairs and coarse awns, when fed with domestic oats, can cause inflammation of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes; the admixture of their grains, wild oats reduces the quality of grain used for food purposes, reduces its value on the market: grains of wild oat, mixed with grains, give the flour a dark shade and astringent taste.

• Attracting insects (Swedish flies, smut,) that harm crops of wheat and other crops.
• Reservation of various diseases.
• Harm to breeding varieties of wheat. Hybrids or hybrids of wild oats with its breeding varieties, as a rule, in the early years do not differ from ordinary oats, but over time they split, real oat plants separate, their grains crumble and clog the ground. So the weed spreads where it was not before.

Control measures

Since the harm of this weed is significant, the need to deal with it becomes obvious. In order to determine how to deal with one of the most harmful weeds, it is necessary to establish the reasons why it multiplies and appears in places where it was not before.
Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of this plant:

1. Non-observance of fruit change in: the absence of anti-season links in it ( winter wheat- - ), cultivation for a long time of one type of crop.
2. Sowing with winter crops after crops that are harvested late.
3. Lack of clean steam.
4. Incorrect plowing and processing.
5. Lack of trier when cleaning seed material.
6. A large number of wild oat seeds in the ground.
7. Improper storage, which is used to fertilize the soil.

There are several popular proven methods that are used to get rid of this weed: they use both agrotechnical and chemical methods.

Did you know?Wild oats are most dangerous for crops that are sown early. The economic threshold of its harm:in crops of winter wheat - 20 pcs / m2, spring - 16 pcs / m2, with weed infestation of 50 pcs / m2, the yield decreases by 20%, with 300 pcs / m2 - four times, with 450 pcs / m2 - five times or more .

Agricultural practices

• Correct (five-field) crop rotation. Cultivation of grasses, the crops of which do not contribute to the reproduction of wild oats.
• Compliance with storage and preparation standards.
• Filtration of seeds using oatmeal trier with different mesh diameters for different cultures, cleaning machines and equipment used when working in the field.
• Destruction of seedlings of wild oats by spring processing before sowing crops using the method of provocation (closing moisture, application, as a result of which wild oat will appear earlier and it can be uprooted by the next pre-sowing cultivation).

Effective herbicides

The chemical method of weed control is used in addition to agricultural practices and is effective for the destruction of oats. It should be applied with caution and only when the number of weeds exceeds the measure at which mechanical methods are applicable.

Synonym: sowing oats, fodder oats.

Oats are a cereal plant widely used in cooking. However, thanks to their useful properties it is also a drug that is used for skin diseases and digestive problems.

Ask the experts

flower formula

The formula of an ordinary oat flower: ♂ O (2) + 2T3P (2).

In medicine

Oats are one of the few plants that have found their application not only in cooking, but also in a huge number of other industries. It is used by official and traditional medicine, it is popular in dietetics and cosmetology. Oats have an anti-inflammatory effect, increase physical endurance, exhibit stress-protective properties, and increase physical activity. That is why doctors prescribe an infusion and tincture of oats for increased fatigue, reduced performance, as well as for patients who have just had severe infectious or somatic diseases.

Oats are the main component of some biologically active food supplements. Their main action is to normalize the processes of bile formation and bile excretion.

Oats are part of a huge number of diets that can be prescribed for children, allergy sufferers, diabetics, as well as people suffering from gastrointestinal diseases. It is one of the first given to weakened patients who have undergone severe infectious diseases or surgery, prescribed for iron deficiency anemia, pulmonary tuberculosis, febrile conditions and edema caused by impaired kidney function.

Contraindications and side effects

Pharmacy alcohol tincture of oats is contraindicated in renal and / or heart failure.

In dietetics

Oats are widely used for weight loss. Both mono-diets and diets based on the use of oatmeal or dishes with the addition of oats in combination with other products have been developed. According to the assurances of experts, on such diets you can lose up to 3-5 kg ​​in 2 weeks.

In cooking

Oats are a valuable food crop. Flour, cereals, flakes are made from its grain. They have excellent palatability and are used to make cereals, muesli, soups, jelly, as well as pastries and desserts. Oats have gained particular popularity in the cuisines of European countries. For example, Scottish cuisine cannot be imagined without the traditional oatmeal bruse or oatmeal pancakes. In addition, oats are a must-have ingredient for some beers in Germany and Ireland. Prepared from oats and cow's milk substitute - oat milk. It is especially popular in North America and Europe.

In cosmetology

The benefits of oats are also known in cosmetology. It is used to prepare all kinds of masks for hands, face and body. Oats are also used to treat acne. Oats are also invaluable for hair. Masks are made with it, it is added to shampoos. These products strengthen hair follicles and stimulate hair growth.

Classification

Common oats (lat. Avena sativa) is one of the representatives of the genus Oats (lat. Avena) of the Cereals or Bluegrass family (lat. Poaceae). The genus includes 33 plant species, among which there are two hybrid ones. Oats (lat. Avena sativa) are considered the most important view from an economic point of view. The fact is that other types of oats are weeds, and empty oats or wild oats (lat. Avena fatua) are completely a malicious weed.

Botanical description

Common oats is an annual herbaceous plant up to one and a half meters high. The root is fibrous, the stem looks like a straw up to 6 mm in diameter with 2-4 bare nodes. Rough linear green leaves are located on it in the next position. The length of each of them is 20-45 cm, the width in most cases does not exceed 8-30 mm. Flowering of oats begins in June and lasts until July-August. The flowers are small, bisexual, collected 2-3 pieces in spikelets, which in turn form a sprawling panicle up to 25 cm long.
All flowers in the spikelet are without articulations, the lower ones are with an awn, the upper ones are awnless. The formula of an ordinary oat flower is ♂ O (2) + 2T3P (2). The fruit of oats is a grain surrounded by scales. Fruit ripening usually occurs at the beginning of autumn.

Spreading

In the wild, oats grow extremely rarely. It is cultivated in the temperate climate zone, in particular in North-Western Europe, the non-chernozem zone of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia, Canada, Kazakhstan, Belarus. The largest crops of oats are in Russia and Canada.

Distribution regions on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

For medicinal purposes, the ground part of the plant is used: unrefined grain, grass and straw. For the preparation of dietary meals, flour, cereals and cereals are used.

The grass is harvested during the flowering of oats. It should be dried immediately after collection, preferably in the shade on outdoors or in a well ventilated area. Oat straw is harvested after fruit ripening, during the harvest.

Chemical composition

Chemical composition oats largely depends on the seed grain and the environmental conditions in which it grew. On average, 100 g of whole grain contains 10 g of protein, 4.7 g of fat and 57.8 g of carbohydrates. In addition, the grain contains 14 g of water, 36 g of starch, 10.7 g of fiber and 3.2 g of ash.

Oats are rich in B vitamins and vitamin E. Thus, 100 g of grain contains 675 mcg of vitamin B1, 170 mcg of vitamin B2, 2400 mcg of vitamin B3, 710 mcg of vitamin B5, 960 mcg of vitamin B6, 35 mcg of folic acid and 840 mcg of vitamin E .

Also, oats contain a large amount of minerals. Among them are iron, sodium, magnesium, copper, potassium, calcium, manganese, zinc, selenium and phosphorus. Amino acids are also present in the grain, for example, arginine, tryptophan, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and others. The energy value of oats is 316 kcal.

Pharmacological properties

Oatmeal and cereals contain vitamins, minerals, amino acids, as well as easily digestible proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Due to this, cereals, soups and mucous decoctions made from oats are widely used in children's and dietary nutrition. Mucous decoctions, soups and cereals are excellent enveloping agents that have an anti-inflammatory effect on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterologists recommend eating oats for gastritis, enterocolitis, hepatitis (including viral), intestinal atony.

B vitamins have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the nervous system, which is why traditional medicine often uses oat infusion and tincture to increase stress resistance, performance and reduce fatigue. Medicines have a general tonic and moderate antihypoxic effect.

Application in traditional medicine

Oats and decoctions, infusions and tinctures prepared from it have healing effect and are widely used in traditional medicine. Oats have anti-inflammatory, carminative, sedative, mild laxative, hepatoprotective and immunostimulating effects. It can be used for digestive problems, infectious and inflammatory diseases, tuberculosis, hepatitis, obesity, flatulence. In addition, it has a beneficial effect on the nervous system and can be used for sleep disorders, neurosis, fatigue, prolonged blues. Oats can be used to cleanse the body. With it, you can remove toxins and toxins, improve the condition of the intestines and the whole organism as a whole. In addition, oats have a beneficial effect on the skin, so decoctions from it can be used to treat psoriasis, allergic rashes, dermatitis and other dermatological diseases.

Milk with oats can be used to treat colds in both adults and children. This remedy copes well with phlegm, therefore it has high efficiency with bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia and painful dry cough, which often accompanies respiratory viral infections. As an aid, warm milk with oats can also be used for tuberculosis.

Oats are very useful for the liver. It is used both for cleansing and for restoring an organ affected by infectious and other diseases, side effects certain medications, dietary disorders, exposure to alcohol. It is best in this case to use a decoction of oats. It is not only an excellent medicine, but can also be used as part of prevention.

Traditional medicine suggests using oats not only to cleanse the body, but also to combat excess weight. This healing cereal improves intestinal motility, normalizes stools, and speeds up metabolic processes. Oats for weight loss are recommended to be taken for at least two to three weeks.

Sprouted oats are rich in B vitamins, and therefore are especially useful for nervous exhaustion, nervous overload, insomnia, decreased performance and other problems associated with malfunctions of the nervous system.

Vitamin E, contained in oat grains, is necessary for women during pregnancy planning and during the period of bearing a child. It normalizes the hormonal background, improves the condition of the endometrium. All this has a beneficial effect on the work of the reproductive organs.

The medicinal properties of oats are also familiar to people suffering from diabetes. It can be taken to normalize blood sugar levels, and not only in the presence of an established diagnosis, but also in cases where there is no disease yet, but there is a predisposition to its development.

Oat infusion is effective for high blood pressure. Hypertensive patients can take this remedy both for emergency care and to maintain normal pressure in everyday life.

The beneficial properties of oats will also come in handy for those who suffer from arthritis or gout. In this case, it is advisable to take oats both inside and make healing baths with oatmeal broth. The course of treatment includes 5-7 half-hour procedures.

It is believed that oats have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the thyroid gland, so it will not be superfluous to take oat infusion for people suffering from endocrine diseases or having a predisposition to their development.

The use of oat grains in the form of a decoction or bran will help improve vascular patency. This is an excellent remedy against atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke.

An infusion of oats on water is useful to give to children suffering from bedwetting. However, you should not count on a quick effect. This tool is effective only with long-term systematic use.

History reference

Oats are native to Mongolia and the northeastern provinces of China. There is an assumption that the cultivation of oats began in the second millennium BC. Then it was considered a weed that prevented the growth of spelt. However, landowners quickly learned about his fodder and medicinal properties and made no attempt to fight it.

In Europe, they learned about oats in the Bronze Age, presumably in the territory of modern France, Denmark and Finland. Mentions of this cereal are found in the records of the ancient Greek physician Dieichs, Pliny the Elder, Galen, Dioscorides. There is documentary evidence that in 779 oats were common in Anglo-Saxon England.

In Russia, oats were the most important grain crop. It has been eaten as a main dish for centuries.

Literature

1. Rozhevits R. Yu . Flora of the USSR in 30 tons. Genus 132. Oats - Avena - M.-L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1934 - T. II.

2. Maltsev A. I. Ovsyugi and oats. - L .: Publishing House of the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Cultures, 1930. - 506 p.

3. Loskutov I. G., Kobylyansky V. D., Kovaleva O. N. Works on applied botany, genetics and selection. - St. Petersburg, 2007

4. Kurenkova E. A. Germinated oats. - M .: Scientific book, 2013

5. Neumyvakin I. P. Oats. Myths and reality. — Dilya Publishing House, 2007

6. Mironov A. A. Oats and other cereals for cleansing the body. — Publishing house Vector, 2010

7. Snitko T. A. Treatment with oats. — AST Publishing House, Harvest, 2007

BUT. Cultivated oats.

1. Spikelets awnless or with one awn; the upper flower is usually underdeveloped. Apex of lower lemma with two denticles, without awned points. Lower fracture platform
grain straight. When breaking the spikelet, the rod, on which the upper grain is located, remains at the lower grain ………………………. common seed oats(Avena sativa L.).

2. Spikelets large, spinous, awns thin, straight. There are usually two awns in a spikelet. The area of ​​the fracture of the lower grain is bevelled. When the rod is broken in half, part of it remains at the bottom grain, and part - at the top. At the base of the lower flower there are two tufts of thick hairs …………………………………………… Byzantine or Mediterranean oats(Avena byzantiva c. Koch.).

3. Spikelets are small. All flowers in the spikelet are spinous. At the top of the lemma there are two awn-like points 3-6 mm long. The rod, on which the upper grain is located, remains at the lower grain …………….. sandy oats(Avena strigosa Schreb.).

B. wild oats.

1. Spikelets of two-, three-flowered. All flowers in the spikelet are spinous, the awns are geniculate-curved. The flowering scales in the mature state have different colors (brown, gray, yellow and white)
and pubescent. Horseshoe ovoid or rounded, each has
grains in a spikelet, so each grain falls separately when ripe ....... wild oat, or northern(Avena vatua L.).

2. Spikelets two-, rarely three-flowered. The first and second grains in the spikelet always have an awn, while the third sometimes does not. The awns are coarse, articulated. Floral scales covered with long hairs. The forging is oblong, there is only the lower grain in the spikelet. When ripe, the grains of one spikelet fall together …………….. wild oats southern(Avena ludoviciana Dur.).

3. Spikelets two-, four-flowered. All flowers bear cranked awns. The outer lemma is pubescent. The horseshoe is oblong, each grain has a spikelet. When ripe, the grains disintegrate one by one …………………… bearded wild oat(Avena barbata Pott.).

Identify varieties of sowing oats by key and write down characteristics the main varieties according to the shape of the panicle, spinousness and color of the grain.

Sowing oats can be filmy and naked. In filmy oats, the caryopsis is enclosed in tightly fitting lemmas, while in naked oats, they are easily separated during threshing. The spikelet of membranous oats contains 2-3 flowers, the spikelet of naked oats contains from 2 to 7 flowers. Spikelets of sowing oats are awnless or awn only at the first grain.

According to the structure of the panicle, sowing oats are divided into spreading (diffusae Mordv.) and compressed, or one-maned (orientalis Mordv.) (Fig. 18).

The most widespread in production is oats with a spreading panicle, the branches of which are directed in different directions. In single-maned oats, the panicle is one-sided, the branches are shortened and pressed against the stem of the panicle.

Rice. 18. Panicles of sowing oats:

1 - sprawling; 2 - one-mane.

When identifying varieties, attention should be paid to the following features: hulliness of grain (chaffy or naked), panicle structure (spreading or one-maned), color of lemmas (white, yellow, gray, brown) and spinousness (awned or awnless).

The awn in oats is a sign that varies depending on the growing conditions. In wet years, as well as with high agricultural technology, the spinousness of the same variety is usually low, and in dry years and with reduced agricultural technology, it greatly increases. Awnless varieties include oats, in the panicle of which there are no more than 25% spinous spikelets.

The plant world is so diverse that it never ceases to amaze not only the inhabitants, but also scientists. Representatives of the flora in different ways adapt to adverse conditions. Some compete so successfully with other species that they resemble cunning animals. One of these weeds is wild oats, or empty oats. Outwardly, it looks like a cultivated plant, so it is very difficult to deal with it.

Description and features

In the process of evolution, wild oat acquired not only the characteristic appearance, but also some interesting features. So, although it is called empty, seeds ripen in panicles, they are just very small. When ripe, the seeds become black in color. From the chaff dorsal shell at the upper edge of the grain, a curved awn extends, twisted around its axis. For comparison: in oats, the awns are not curved or twisted, but straight.

The most interesting thing happens when you put a grain of wild oats on flat surface and drip water on it. The seed seems to come to life and begins to rotate around its axis. Under natural conditions, when weed seeds fall, a little rain is enough for them to start spinning and screwing into the ground. Being in the thickness of the soil, grains are able to wait a long time suitable conditions for germination.

The weed is very tenacious and it can be difficult to clear the field from it. The wild oat has a three-tiered panicle, so the seeds ripen stretched. When the first tier has already crumbled, the last one is just beginning to ripen. This feature does not allow you to destroy the weed by mowing. If nothing is sown on the field, and weed shoots are treated several times with herbicides, this will not help either - seeds remain in the soil that can sprout in 3, 6 or 10 years.

Deep plowing does not help in this case. Black grains are not afraid of frost, at a depth of 35-40 cm they also feel good. Any tillage is only beneficial for the weed, as it helps the seeds to spread throughout large area. About 600 grains ripen on one spike, so a few dozen adult specimens are enough to seed a whole hectare. If no measures are taken, the number of wild oats will only increase every year.

Harm of empty oats

The damage from the weed is due to the fact that it grows faster than cultivated plants, and develops a powerful root system, drying up the soil and taking nutrients from it. As a result, cereal crops are deficient in moisture, sunlight and nutrition. Since wild oat is very tenacious, it expands its range every year. Seeds have such a high survival rate that sometimes they are even found inside peas, where they are at rest, waiting for an opportunity to penetrate the soil.

Oats are sometimes called empty oats. But they can be distinguished, and not only by panicles. The weed has a thicker and longer stem, well-developed fibrous root system. Small seeds are the first to ripen and crumble, the largest are the last. Large grains when threshing the crop fall into the bunker along with wheat, oats, barley or other crops. There are cases when the volume of weed impurities reached 50%.

If weed seeds get into the seed material, it is considered spoiled. When they are present in grain intended for livestock feed, this is also a problem. Farm animals, eating unground grain of wild oat with hard awn, injure the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. As a result, they become inflamed. Getting into food wheat, and then into flour, oatmeal gives baked goods an unpleasant taste and dark color.

Weeds are also harmful because they attract harmful insects:

1. nematodes;
2. flies;
3. thrips;

Empty oats are a distributor of smut, ergot and other dangerous diseases. But before the formation of panicles, the weed is harmless to animals. At this time, it can be mowed and fed to livestock or dried for hay.

A weedy species is able to interbreed with cultivated oats, forming a hybrid. In the first generation, the offspring are almost impossible to distinguish from real cereals, and in the next, splitting occurs. So hollow oat weeds develop new territories.

Preventive measures

In order not to have to spend time, money and effort on cleaning the fields from a malicious weed, which is very difficult to remove completely, you need to try to prevent its spread. First you need to identify the sources of infection and eliminate them. Also, all factors contributing to the spread of wild oats should be minimized.

Useful to take preventive measures. These include:

In no case should winter crops be sown immediately after the previous crop. Also, you should not grow the same cereal for several years in one place.

One of the effective preventive measures is a five-field crop rotation, in which there are millet, sugar beets and other species that prevent the spread of empty oats. Proper spring processing also plays an important role. It consists in the following: first, the field is cultivated with the simultaneous application of fertilizers, and after a while, when wild oats give mass seedlings, another treatment is performed. As a result most of weeds die.

Application of chemicals

Herbicides are used with caution and only when the number of weeds exceeds the capacity. mechanical methods removal. First, the sanitary condition of the field is determined, where the foci of contamination are located and how large they are, then the preparation is selected and its dosage is calculated.

Best of all, chemicals of continuous action cope with oatmeal:

1. "Topek", "Avantix Extra", "Eraser Extra", "Doping" - oats are processed on early stages vegetation;
2. "Axial", "Polgar" - sprayed when the first pair of true leaves appears and until the end of tillering.

If a variety of weeds grow on the field, including empty wild oat, the following preparations will help:

Before using any chemicals, you need to make sure that other methods are powerless. Herbicides should not be thoughtlessly sprayed, as they damage the environment.

Oats, empty oats (Avena fatua), one of the types of oats, a malicious annual weed of spring crops (oats, barley, wheat). Distributed in Europe, Asia, North. Africa, listed in the North. and Yuzh. America, Australia, South. Africa; in Russia, it infests crops mainly in the spring wheat growing zone.

The stems of the plant are 0.5--1.2 m high, erect; the leaves are flat, the lower sheaths are usually pubescent. Inflorescence - panicle up to 30 cm long. Spikelets are large, 2--3-flowered; flowers at the base with articulations and when the grains ripen, they easily crumble. The lower lemma has a long, articulated, twisted awn. Propagated only by seeds: 1 plant produces up to 600 grains.

Wild oat seeds germinate at a temperature of 8-10C at the depth of their occurrence (4-5 days after buds open on birch trees). The maximum germination depth is 15-18 cm, but the seedlings are weakened. The most viable seedlings are obtained from seeds located at a depth of less than 10 cm. Wild oat seeds germinate extremely unfriendly and stretched. The viability of seeds in the soil is maintained for 3-4 years. Stocks of wild oat grains in the soil are very large - they amount to tens of millions of pieces per hectare.

The need to combat wild oat is due to its high harmfulness. In the presence of one stalk of wild oats per square meter the yield of spring wheat is reduced by 10 kg/ha.

COUNTERMEASURES. Crop rotation, especially cultivation perennial herbs, in the crops of which wild oat is very rare, right conditions storage and procurement organic fertilizers, thorough cleaning of seeds, machines and tools, and other preventive measures will limit the flow of wild oat seeds to the fields. The cleansing of the fields from this weed is facilitated by a five-field crop rotation (black fallow - winter wheat - sugar beet - corn for silage - barley), in each field of which unfavourable conditions for the growth of wild oats. In a fruitful crop rotation (clover - winter wheat - sugar beet - peas - barley with clover undersowing) there are fewer opportunities to deal with this weed, and the infestation of the last crop can reach 30%.

Thistle pink

Pink thistle (Cirsium arvenses). One of the most notorious and widespread of weeds. This species is found in all agro-climatic zones, especially on irrigated and drained lands. Weeds field and horticultural crops. It also grows on uncultivated lands, meadows, along roads.

The economic threshold of harmfulness is 2-3 plants per 1 m2. Belongs to the Aster family, propagated both by seeds and vegetatively - root offspring. Seedlings appear in late spring or summer. The minimum germination temperature is 4-6 °C. One plant can produce up to 40 thousand seeds. Germination of seeds in the soil lasts 3-4 years. The flowers are pink-purple, the inflorescence is a basket.

Young plants of pink thistle in crops of grain crops develop slowly. They grow especially rapidly, if not suppressed by cultivated plants, and grow strongly during one summer. Plants straight, branched, 40-160 cm tall stem covered with hairs. On vertical and horizontal roots, it has vegetative buds of renewal, which are able to germinate from a depth of 60-170 cm. In the second and third years of life, the root system reaches 5-7 m.

Thistle pink can germinate even from root segments, 10 mm long and 1 mm in diameter. The shorter the length of the segment, the less depth it is able to sprout. For example, root segments 25 cm long germinate from a depth of 50 cm. More shoots appear from a large number small segments than from one large one, the same length as all the small ones together. Optimum temperature bud germination - 15 ° C, and at temperatures below 5 ° C, there is a sharp inhibition of the intensity of their germination. Humidity fluctuations do not affect the degree of germination of dormant buds. Segments of vertical roots have a slightly greater viability than horizontal ones. Better they take root in the period from the second decade of April to the second decade of May. Then their survival rate gradually decreases and in June only a few shoots reach the soil surface.

Control measures

COUNTERMEASURES. Various mechanical measures are used to control pink thistle in agrophytocenoses. One of the most effective is peeling. During this tillage, after harvesting, almost all seedlings of rose thistle are destroyed. The effectiveness of peeling depends greatly on the timing. In case of untimely implementation, when the sow thistle is well rooted, has formed a developed rosette of leaves, the effectiveness of this event is reduced. In adult plants, pink sow thistle peeling stimulates the awakening of dormant buds and the formation of new rosettes. Therefore, after peeling, it is necessary to carry out the following measures to destroy thistle. The depth of the peeling depends on climatic conditions. In dry conditions, a depth of 12-14 cm is considered optimal, which can be achieved using heavy disc harrows, and for high-quality pruning, this event must be carried out in two tracks. This is due to the fact that a single pass of the BDT-7 provides cutting only 28-30% of the stems. In the absence of moisture stairs pink thistle may not appear. If in top layer If there is enough moisture in the soil, then the depth of peeling should be reduced to 5-8 cm and carried out with a disc cultivator. Indeed, in moist soil, segments of underground stems quickly take root.

After the regrowth of thistle at a height of rosettes of 10 cm, plowing is carried out. The effectiveness of this event depends on the depth, as well as the quality of the preliminary work. Based biological features thistle pink, optimal depth plowing, which provides greatest influence on the sow thistle population is 27-32 cm. Raising the root shoots to the surface of the soil to dry them in the sun to a certain extent reduces the amount of pink thistle.