One of the most important issues of creating comfortable living conditions in a house or apartment is a reliable, correctly calculated and installed, well-balanced heating system. That is why the creation of such a system is the main task when organizing the construction of your own house or when carrying out major repairs in a high-rise apartment.
Despite the modern variety of heating systems of various types, the proven scheme still remains the leader in popularity: pipe contours with a coolant circulating through them, and heat exchange devices - radiators installed in the premises. It would seem that everything is simple, the batteries are under the windows and provide the required heating ... However, you need to know that heat transfer from radiators must correspond to the area of \u200b\u200bthe room and a number of other specific criteria. Thermal engineering calculationsbased on the requirements of SNiP is a rather complicated procedure performed by specialists. Nevertheless, you can do it on your own, of course, with an acceptable simplification. This publication will tell you how to independently calculate the heating batteries for the area of \u200b\u200bthe heated room, taking into account various nuances.
But, for starters, you need to at least briefly familiarize yourself with the existing heating radiators - the results of the calculations will largely depend on their parameters.
Briefly about the existing types of heating radiators
- Steel radiators of panel or tubular design.
- Cast iron batteries.
- Aluminum radiators of several modifications.
- Bimetal radiators.
Steel radiators
This type of radiator has not gained much popularity, despite the fact that some models are given a very elegant design. The problem is that the disadvantages of such heat exchange devices significantly exceed their advantages - low price, relatively small mass and ease of installation.
The thin steel walls of such radiators do not have enough heat capacity - they heat up quickly, but also cool down just as quickly. Problems can also arise during hydraulic shocks - welded joints of sheets sometimes leak at the same time. In addition, inexpensive models that do not have a special coating are susceptible to corrosion, and the service life of such batteries is short - usually manufacturers give them a rather short warranty on the duration of their operation.
In the vast majority of cases, steel radiators are a one-piece structure, and they do not allow varying the heat transfer by changing the number of sections. They have a nameplate heat output, which must immediately be selected based on the area and characteristics of the room where they are planned to be installed. An exception - some tubular radiators have the ability to change the number of sections, but this is usually done on order, during manufacture, and not at home.
Cast iron radiators
Representatives of this type of batteries are probably familiar to everyone from early childhood - it was precisely such accordions that were previously installed literally everywhere.
It is possible that such batteries MS -140-500 did not differ in particular elegance, but they faithfully served more than one generation of residents. Each section of such a radiator provided heat transfer of 160 watts. The radiator is prefabricated, and the number of sections, in principle, was not limited by anything.
Currently, there are a lot of modern cast-iron radiators on sale. They are already distinguished by a more elegant appearance, even smooth outer surfaces that facilitate cleaning. Exclusive versions are also produced, with an interesting relief pattern of cast iron casting.
With all this, such models fully retain the main advantages of cast iron batteries:
- The high heat capacity of cast iron and the massiveness of the batteries contribute to long-term preservation and high heat transfer.
- Cast iron batteries, with proper assembly and high-quality sealing of joints, are not afraid of water hammer, temperature changes.
- Thick cast-iron walls are not very susceptible to corrosion and abrasive wear. Almost any coolant can be used, so such batteries are equally good for autonomous and central heating systems.
If we do not take into account the external data of old cast-iron batteries, then among the shortcomings we can note the fragility of the metal (accented blows are unacceptable), the relative complexity of installation, associated to a greater extent with massiveness. In addition, not all wall partitions can withstand the weight of such radiators.
Aluminum radiators
Aluminum radiators, having appeared relatively recently, very quickly gained popularity. They are relatively inexpensive, have a modern, rather elegant appearance, and have excellent heat dissipation.
High-quality aluminum batteries are able to withstand a pressure of 15 or more atmospheres, a high temperature of the coolant - about 100 degrees. At the same time, the heat output from one section in some models sometimes reaches 200 watts. But at the same time, they are small in weight (section weight - usually up to 2 kg) and do not require a large volume of coolant (capacity - no more than 500 ml).
Aluminum radiators are available for sale as a set of batteries, with the ability to change the number of sections, and solid products designed for a certain power.
Disadvantages of aluminum radiators:
- Some types are highly susceptible to oxygen corrosion of aluminum, with a high risk of gassing. This imposes special requirements on the quality of the coolant, so such batteries are usually installed in autonomous heating systems.
- Some non-separable aluminum radiators, the sections of which are made using extrusion technology, can, under certain unfavorable conditions, leak at the connections. At the same time, it is simply impossible to carry out repairs, and you will have to change the entire battery as a whole.
Of all the aluminum batteries, the highest quality ones are those made using metal anodic oxidation. These products are practically not afraid of oxygen corrosion.
Outwardly, all aluminum radiators are approximately similar, so you need to read the technical documentation very carefully when making a choice.
Bimetal heating radiators
Such radiators compete with cast-iron radiators in terms of their reliability, and with aluminum ones in terms of heat output. The reason for this lies in their special design.
Each of the sections consists of two, upper and lower, steel horizontal collectors (pos. 1) connected by the same steel vertical channel (pos. 2). The connection into a single battery is made by high-quality threaded couplings (pos. 3). High heat transfer is ensured by the outer aluminum shell.
Steel inner pipes are made of metal that is not subject to corrosion or has a protective polymer coating. Well, the aluminum heat exchanger does not under any circumstances come into contact with the coolant, and corrosion is absolutely not terrible for it.
Thus, a combination of high strength and wear resistance with excellent thermal performance is obtained.
Prices for popular heating radiators
Heating radiators
Such batteries are not afraid of even very large pressure surges, high temperatures. They are, in fact, universal and suitable for any heating systems, however, they still show the best performance in conditions of high pressure of the central system - they are of little use for circuits with natural circulation.
Perhaps their only drawback is the high price compared to any other radiators.
For ease of perception, there is a table that shows the comparative characteristics of radiators. Symbols in it:
- TS - tubular steel;
- Chg - cast iron;
- Al - ordinary aluminum;
- AA - aluminum anodized;
- BM - bimetallic.
| Chg | TS | Al | AA | bm | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum pressure (atmospheres) | |||||
| working | 6-9 | 6-12 | 10-20 | 15-40 | 35 |
| crimping | 12-15 | 9 | 15-30 | 25-75 | 57 |
| destruction | 20-25 | 18-25 | 30-50 | 100 | 75 |
| pH limit (hydrogen index) | 6,5-9 | 6,5-9 | 7-8 | 6,5-9 | 6,5-9 |
| Susceptibility to corrosion under the influence of: | |||||
| oxygen | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| stray currents | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| electrolytic pairs | No | weak | Yes | No | weak |
| Section power at h=500 mm; Dt=70°, W | 160 | 85 | 175-200 | 216,3 | up to 200 |
| Warranty, years | 10 | 1 | 3-10 | 30 | 3-10 |
Video: recommendations for choosing heating radiators
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How to calculate the required number of heating radiator sections
It is clear that the radiator installed in the room (one or more) should provide heating to a comfortable temperature and compensate for the inevitable heat loss, regardless of the weather outside.
The base value for calculations is always the area or volume of the room. By themselves, professional calculations are very complex, and take into account a very large number of criteria. But for domestic needs, you can use simplified methods.
The easiest way to calculate
It is generally accepted that 100 watts per square meter is enough to create normal conditions in a standard living space. Thus, you should only calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe room and multiply it by 100.
Q = S× 100
Q- the required heat transfer from heating radiators.
S- the area of the heated room.
If you plan to install a non-separable radiator, then this value will become a guideline for selecting the required model. In the case when batteries are installed that allow a change in the number of sections, one more calculation should be carried out:
N = Q/ Qus
N– calculated number of sections.
Qus- specific thermal power of one section. This value must be indicated in the technical data sheet of the product.
As you can see, these calculations are extremely simple, and do not require any special knowledge of mathematics - a tape measure is enough to measure a room and a piece of paper for calculations. In addition, you can use the table below - there are already calculated values \u200b\u200bfor rooms of various sizes and certain capacities of heating sections.
Section table
However, it must be remembered that these values \u200b\u200bare for a standard ceiling height (2.7 m) of a high-rise building. If the height of the room is different, then it is better to calculate the number of battery sections based on the volume of the room. For this, an average indicator is used - 41 V t t thermal power per 1 m³ of volume in a panel house, or 34 W in a brick house.
Q = S × h× 40 (34 )
where h- the height of the ceiling above the floor level.
Further calculation is no different from the one presented above.
Detailed calculation taking into account the features premises
Now let's move on to more serious calculations. The simplified calculation method given above can present a “surprise” to the owners of a house or apartment. When the installed radiators will not create the required comfortable microclimate in the living quarters. And the reason for this is a whole list of nuances that the considered method simply does not take into account. And meanwhile, such nuances can be very important.
So, the area of \u200b\u200bthe room is again taken as the basis and all the same 100 W per m². But the formula itself already looks a little different:
Q = S× 100 × A × B × C ×D× E ×F× G× H× I× J
Letters from BUT before J coefficients are conditionally indicated, taking into account the features of the room and the installation of radiators in it. Let's consider them in order:
A - the number of external walls in the room.
It is clear that the higher the contact area of the room with the street, that is, the more external walls in the room, the higher the total heat loss. This dependence is taken into account by the coefficient BUT:
- One outer wall A = 1.0
- The two outer walls A = 1.2
- Three outer walls A = 1.3
- All four walls are external - A = 1.4
B - orientation of the room to the cardinal points.
Maximum heat loss is always in rooms that do not receive direct sunlight. This is, of course, the northern side of the house, and the eastern side can also be attributed here - the rays of the Sun come here only in the mornings, when the sun has not yet “come out at full power”.
The southern and western sides of the house are always warmed up by the Sun much more strongly.
Hence, the values of the coefficient AT :
- Room facing north or east B = 1.1
- South or West rooms - B = 1, that is, may not be taken into account.
C - coefficient taking into account the degree of insulation of the walls.
It is clear that the heat loss from the heated room will depend on the quality of the thermal insulation of the external walls. Coefficient value FROM are taken equal to:
- Medium level - the walls are laid out in two bricks, or their surface insulation is provided with another material - C = 1.0
- External walls are not insulated C = 1.27
- High level of insulation based on thermal engineering calculations - C = 0.85.
D - features of the climatic conditions of the region.
Naturally, it is impossible to equate all the basic indicators of the required heating power “one size fits all” - they also depend on the level of winter negative temperatures characteristic of a particular area. This takes into account the coefficient D. To select it, the average temperatures of the coldest decade of January are taken - usually this value is easy to check with the local hydrometeorological service.
- - 35° FROM and below - D= 1.5
- – 25h – 35° FROM – D= 1.3
- up to – 20 ° FROM – D= 1.1
- not lower - 15 ° FROM – D=0.9
- not lower - 10 ° FROM – D=0.7
E - the coefficient of height of the ceilings of the room.
As already mentioned, 100 W / m² is an average value for standard ceiling heights. If it differs, a correction factor must be entered. E:
- Up to 2.7 m – E = 1,0
- 2,8 – 3, 0 m – E = 1,05
- 3,1 – 3, 5 m – E = 1, 1
- 3,6 – 4, 0 m – E = 1.15
- More than 4.1 m - E = 1.2
F is a coefficient that takes into account the type of premises located above
Arranging a heating system in rooms with a cold floor is a pointless exercise, and the owners always take action in this matter. But the type of room located above often does not depend on them. Meanwhile, if there is a residential or insulated room on top, then the total need for thermal energy will significantly decrease:
- cold attic or unheated room - F=1.0
- insulated attic (including insulated roof) - F=0.9
- heated room - F=0.8
G is the coefficient for taking into account the type of installed windows.
Different window structures are subject to heat loss differently. This takes into account the coefficient G :
- conventional wooden frames with double glazing – G=1.27
- windows are equipped with a single-chamber double-glazed window (2 glasses) - G=1.0
- single-chamber double-glazed window with argon filling or double-glazed window (3 glasses) — G=0.85
H is the coefficient of the glazing area of the room.
The total amount of heat loss also depends on the total area of the windows installed in the room. This value is calculated on the basis of the ratio of the area of the windows to the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Depending on the result obtained, we find the coefficient H:
- Ratio less than 0.1 – H = 0, 8
- 0.11 ÷ 0.2 – H = 0, 9
- 0.21 ÷ 0.3 – H = 1, 0
- 0.31÷ 0.4 – H = 1, 1
- 0.41 ÷ 0.5 – H = 1.2
I - coefficient taking into account the scheme of connecting radiators.
From how the radiators are connected to the supply and return pipes, their heat transfer depends. This should also be taken into account when planning the installation and determining the required number of sections:
- a - diagonal connection, supply from above, return from below - I = 1.0
- b - one-way connection, supply from above, return from below - I = 1.03
- c - two-way connection, both supply and return from below - I = 1.13
- d - diagonal connection, supply from below, return from above - I = 1.25
- e - one-way connection, supply from below, return from above - I = 1.28
- e - one-sided bottom connection of return and supply - I = 1.28
J is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of openness of the installed radiators.
Much also depends on how open the installed batteries are for free heat exchange with the room air. Existing or artificially created barriers can significantly reduce the heat transfer of the radiator. This takes into account the coefficient J :
a - the radiator is located openly on the wall or not covered by a window sill - J=0.9
b - the radiator is covered from above with a window sill or shelf - J=1.0
c - the radiator is covered from above by a horizontal protrusion of the wall niche - J= 1.07
d - the radiator is covered from above by a window sill, and from the front sides — partschno covered with a decorative cover J= 1.12
e - the radiator is completely covered with a decorative casing - J= 1.2
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Well, finally, that's all. Now you can substitute the required values \u200b\u200band the coefficients corresponding to the conditions into the formula, and the output will be the required thermal power for reliable heating of the room, taking into account all the nuances.
After that, it remains either to select a non-separable radiator with the desired thermal output, or to divide the calculated value by the specific thermal power of one section of the battery of the selected model.
Surely, for many, such a calculation will seem excessively cumbersome, in which it is easy to get confused. To facilitate the calculations, we suggest using a special calculator - it already contains all the required values. The user only needs to enter the requested initial values or select the desired positions from the lists. The "calculate" button will immediately lead to an accurate result with rounding up.
Every homeowner knows that it is very important to correctly calculate the number of sections of heating radiators, a calculator for this has long been developed and is successfully used by developers. The correct selection of heating radiators is necessary because if there are not enough sections of the battery, the building will not warm up during the heating season; in case of an excess of radiators per room, heating costs will unnecessarily increase. After all, the main task of the heating system is to ensure comfortable temperature conditions in residential buildings in the winter, and therefore it is imperative to calculate the required number of sections of the heating system.
Does the material of the device matter?
Radiators are in the greatest demand today:
- cast iron;
- steel;
- aluminum;
- bimetallic (they are made from an alloy of steel and aluminum).
The main thing to know before calculating heating is that the material of the battery does not play any role. Steel radiators, aluminum or cast iron - it doesn't matter. You need to know the power rating of the device. Thermal power is equal to the amount of heat that is given to them in the process of cooling from a heating temperature to 20 ° C. The table of indicators of thermal power is indicated by the manufacturer for each product model. Let us consider in detail how to calculate the number of heating radiators by area or volume of a room using a simple calculator.
Determining the number of battery fins by heated area
Calculation of heating by the area of the room is indicative. With it, you can calculate how many sections the battery will fit into a room with low ceilings (2.4-2.6 m). Building codes provide for thermal power in the range of 100 W per 1 sq. m. Knowing this, we carry out the calculation of heating radiators for a specific case as follows: the living area is multiplied by 100 watts.
For example, it is necessary to carry out calculations for a living area of 15 square meters. m:
15×100=1500 W=1.5 kW.
The resulting figure is divided by the heat transfer of one radiator section. This indicator is specified by the battery manufacturer. For example, the heat transfer of one section is 170 W, then in our example the required number of fins will be:
We round the result to an integer and get 9. As a rule, the result is rounded up. But, when making calculations for rooms with low heat loss (for example, for a kitchen), rounding can be done downward.
It is worth noting that this figure of 100 W is suitable for calculating in those rooms in which there is one window and one wall facing the outside. If this indicator is calculated for a room with one window and a pair of external walls, you should use the figure 120 W per 1 sq. m. And if the room has 2 window openings and 2 outer walls, the calculation uses an indicator of 130 W per square meter.
It is imperative to take into account possible heat losses in each case. It is clear that the corner room or in the presence of a loggia should be heated more. In this case, it is necessary to increase the indicator of the calculated thermal power by 20%. This must also be done if the elements of the heating system are mounted behind a screen or in a niche.
How to make calculations based on the volume of the room
If heating is calculated for rooms with high ceilings or a non-standard layout, for a private house, the volume should be taken into account in the calculations.
In this case, almost similar mathematical operations are performed as in the previous case. Guided by the recommendations of SNiP, in order to heat 1 m³ of a room during the heating period, a thermal power of 41 W is required.
First of all, the required amount of heat is determined to heat the room, and then the heating radiators are calculated. To calculate the volume of a room, its area is multiplied by the height of the ceilings.
The resulting figure must be multiplied by 41 watts. But this applies to apartments and premises in panel houses. In modern buildings equipped with double-glazed windows and external thermal insulation, a thermal power of 34 W per 1 m³ is used for calculation.
Example. We will calculate the heating batteries for a room area of 15 square meters. m with a ceiling height of 2.7 m. We calculate the volume of the living space:
15×2.7=40.5 cu. m.
Then the thermal power will be equal to:
40.5×41=1660 W=16.6 kW.
We determine the required number of radiator fins by dividing the resulting figure by the heat transfer index of one fin:
We round the resulting figure to 10. It turned out 10 sections.
It often happens that manufacturers overestimate the heat transfer performance of their products, relying on the maximum temperature of the coolant in the system. In practice, compliance with this condition is rare, and therefore, when calculating the number of battery sections, it is necessary to use the minimum heat transfer figures indicated in the product passport.
pikucha.ru
Calculation of the power of a heating radiator: calculator and battery material
The calculation of radiators begins with the choice of the heating devices themselves. For batteries on a battery, this is not necessary, since the system is electronic, but for standard heating you will have to use a formula or calculator. Batteries are distinguished by the material of manufacture. Each option has its own power. Much depends on the required number of sections and the dimensions of the heaters.
Types of radiators:
- Bimetallic;
- aluminum;
- steel;
- Cast iron.
For bimetallic radiators, 2 types of metal are used: aluminum and steel. The internal base is made of durable steel. The outer side is made of aluminium. It provides a good increase in heat transfer of the device. The result is a reliable system with good power. Heat transfer is affected by the center spacing and a specific radiator model.
The power of Rifar radiators is 204 W with a center spacing of 50 cm. Other manufacturers provide lower performance products.
For an aluminum radiator, the thermal power is similar to bimetallic devices. Typically, this figure with a center distance of 50 cm is 180-190 watts. More expensive devices have power up to 210 watts.
Aluminum is often used when organizing individual heating in a private house. The design of the devices is quite simple, but the devices are distinguished by excellent heat dissipation. Such radiators are not resistant to water hammer, so they cannot be used for central heating.
When calculating the power of a bimetallic and aluminum radiator, the indicator of one section is taken into account, since the devices have a monolithic design. For steel compositions, the calculation is performed for the entire battery at certain dimensions. The choice of such devices should be carried out taking into account their rows.
Measurement of heat transfer of cast iron radiators ranges from 120 to 150 watts. In some cases, the power can reach 180 watts. Cast iron is resistant to corrosion and can work at a pressure of 10 bar. They can be used in any building.
Cons of cast iron products:
- Heavy - 70 kg weigh 10 sections with a distance of 50 cm;
- Complicated installation due to gravity;
- Takes longer to warm up and uses more heat.
When choosing which battery to buy, the power of one section is taken into account. So determine the device with the required number of compartments. With a center distance of 50 cm, the power of the structure is 175 watts. And at a distance of 30 cm, the indicator is measured as 120 watts.
Calculator for calculating heating radiators by area
The area register calculator is the easiest way to determine the required number of radiators per 1m2. Calculations are made on the basis of the norms of produced power. There are 2 main prescriptions of the norms, taking into account the climatic features of the region.
Basic norms:
- For temperate climates, the required power is 60-100 W;
- For the northern regions, the norm is 150-200 watts.
Many are interested in why there is such a large range in the norms. But the power is selected based on the initial parameters of the house. Concrete buildings require maximum power ratings. Brick - medium, insulated - low.
All norms are taken into account with an average maximum shelf height of 2.7 m.
To calculate the sections, you will need to multiply the area by the norm and divide by the heat transfer of one section. Depending on the radiator model, it takes into account the power of one section. This information can be found in the technical data. Everything is quite simple and does not present any special difficulties.
Calculator for a simple calculation of heating batteries per area
The calculator is an effective calculation option. For a room of 10 square meters, 1 kW (1000 W) is required. But this is provided that the room is not angular and double-glazed windows are installed. To find out the number of fins of panel devices, it is necessary to divide the required power by the heat transfer of one section.
At the same time, the height of the ceilings is taken into account. If they are higher than 3.5 m, then you will need to increase the number of sections by one. And if the room is angular, then we add plus one compartment.
Take into account the reserve of thermal power. This is 10-20% of the calculated indicator. This is necessary in case of severe cold.
The heat dissipation of the sections is specified in the technical data. For aluminum and bimetallic batteries, the power of one section is taken into account. For cast iron appliances, the heat transfer of the entire radiator is taken as the basis.
Calculator for the exact calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators
A simple calculation does not take into account many factors. The result is skewed data. Then some rooms remain cold, the second - too hot. The temperature can be controlled using shut-off valves, but it is better to calculate everything exactly in advance in order to use the right amount of materials.
For an accurate calculation, reducing and increasing thermal coefficients are used. First, pay attention to the windows. For single glazing, a factor of 1.7 is used. For double windows, no coefficient is needed. For triples, the indicator is 0.85.
If the windows are single, and there is no thermal insulation, then the heat loss will be quite large.
The calculations take into account the ratio of the area of \u200b\u200bfloors and windows. The ideal ratio is 30%. Then a coefficient of 1 is applied. With an increase in the ratio by 10%, the coefficient increases by 0.1.
Coefficients for different ceiling heights:
- If the ceiling is below 2.7 m, the coefficient is not needed;
- With indicators from 2.7 to 3.5 m, a coefficient of 1.1 is used;
- When the height is 3.5-4.5 m, a factor of 1.2 will be required.
In the presence of attics or upper floors, it also applies certain coefficients. With a warm attic, an indicator of 0.9 is used, a living room - 0.8. For unheated attics take 1.
Volume calculator for calculating heat for space heating
Similar calculations are used for too high or too low rooms. At the same time, they are calculated by the volume of the room. So for 1 m3 you need 51 watts of battery power. The calculation formula looks like this: A \u003d B * 41
Deciphering the formula:
- A - how many sections are needed;
- B is the volume of the room.
To find the volume, multiply the length by the height and width. If its battery is divided into sections, then the total need is divided by the power of the whole battery. The resulting calculations are usually rounded up, as companies often increase the capacity of their equipment.
How to calculate the number of radiator sections per room: errors
The heat output according to the formulas is calculated taking into account ideal conditions. Ideally, the temperature of the coolant at the inlet is 90 degrees, and at the outlet - 70. If the temperature in the house is maintained at 20 degrees, then the warm pressure of the system will be 70 degrees. But at the same time, one of the indicators will necessarily be different.
First you need to calculate the temperature difference of the system. We take the initial data: the temperature at the inlet and outlet, in the room. Next, we determine the delta of the system: it will be necessary to calculate the arithmetic mean between the inlet and outlet indicators, then the temperature in the room is taken away.
The resulting delta should be found in the conversion table and multiply the power by this factor. As a result, it receives the power of one section. The table consists of only two columns: delta and coefficient. We get the indicator in watts. This power is used when calculating the number of batteries.
Features of the calculation of heating
It is often stated that 100 watts is enough for 1 square meter. But these figures are superficial. They do not take into account many factors that are worth knowing about.
Required data for calculation:
- Room area.
- The number of external walls. They cool the rooms.
- Sides of the world. It is important whether it is sunny or shaded side.
- Winter wind rose. Where it is windy enough in winter, the room will be cold. All data is taken into account by the calculator.
- The climate of the region is the minimum temperature. Just take averages.
- Wall masonry - how many bricks were used, is there any insulation.
- Window. Take into account their area, insulation, type.
- Number of doors. It is worth remembering that they take heat and bring cold.
- Battery wiring diagram.
In addition, the power of one section of the radiator is always taken into account. Thanks to this, you can find out how many radiators to hang in one line. The calculator greatly simplifies the calculations, since many data are unchanged.
homeli.ru
Why do you need an accurate calculation?
Before calculating the number of sections of heating radiators, it would be useful to know the purpose of this operation. Most often, this is an economic benefit and ensuring the required level of temperature in the room.
Ensuring a comfortable temperature in the house
Ensuring a certain constant temperature in the room is the most obvious answer to the question of why it is necessary to calculate the number of sections of heating radiators. The temperature in the room will depend not only on the power of the battery, but also on a number of other parameters:
- coolant temperature in the radiator;
- the degree of insulation of the house;
- temperature outside the window;
- type of radiators;
- area of the premises;
- ceiling heights.
In the subsequent consideration of the calculation formulas, most of these parameters will appear in them.
Energy saving
Regardless of the type of energy carrier used to heat the house (gas, electricity or solid fuel), its excessive consumption not only leads to too high a temperature in the room, but also leads to increased costs. Therefore, the calculation of heating radiators can significantly save energy costs.
A simple way to calculate radiators by area
A large number of parameters can take part in calculating the power of the heating device and the number of its sections. Calculation of heating batteries per area is the easiest way, even a person without special education, who has nothing to do with heat engineering, can perform it.
The essence of this method is that 100 watts of heating device power should fall on 1 square meter of heated area. In this case, the number of battery sections will be calculated according to the following algorithm: N = (S * 100) / P, where S is the area of the heated room, N is the number of radiator sections, P is the power of each section.
It should be noted that this formula is relevant for typical houses with a ceiling height of 2.5 meters. If the heated room is a corner room or it has a large window and a balcony, then it is recommended to correct the calculation result by 20%.
Exact methods for calculating heating radiators
If the heated room is not a typical one, then it is better to refuse the average formula for calculating heating radiators. If the ceiling height exceeds 2.5 meters, then it is more expedient to use a calculation formula that does not depend on the area, but on the volume of the heated room. Finding out the volume of a room is not difficult - you just need to multiply its area by its height. Building codes state that one cubic meter of heated area should have 41 watts of radiator power.
Then the formula for calculating the number of radiator sections is as follows: N= S*H*41/P, where S is the area of the room, H is the height of the room, N is the number of radiator sections, P is the power of one section.
The calculation of the number of sections of a heating radiator in a private house should take into account the quality of the glazing of window openings, the degree of insulation of the house and other parameters. In this case, the calculation formula is as follows N=100*S*K1*K2*K3*K4*K5*K6*K7/ P, where:
- N is the number of radiator sections;
- S is the area of the heated room;
- K1 - glazing coefficient (for a regular window it is 1.27; for a double-glazed window with two glasses - 1; for a triple - 0.87);
- K2 - the coefficient of insulation of the house, with poor insulation - equal to 1.27; with satisfactory -1; with good - 0.85;
- K3 - ratio of window area to floor area (50% coefficient is 1.2; 40% - 1.1, 30% -1; 20% - 0.9; 10% - 0.8);
- K4 - temperature coefficient that takes into account the average room temperature in the coldest week (at 35 degrees, it will be equal to 1.5; at 25 - 1.3; at 20 - 1.1; at 15 degrees - 0.9; at 10 - 0.7);
- K5 - taking into account the number of external walls (for a room with one wall, the coefficient is 1.1; for a room with two walls - 1.2; with three - 1.3);
- K6 - coefficient taking into account the nature of the room on the floor above (for an unheated attic, the coefficient is equal to one, for a heated utility room - 0.9; heated room - 0.7);
- K7 - coefficient taking into account the height of ceilings (for a standard ceiling height of 2.5 m, the coefficient is equal to one; 3 meters - 1.05; 3.5 m - 1.1; 4 m - 1.15).
Any of these parameters in which you are unsure should be taken as a unit, so it is excluded from the calculation and considered standard.
Calculating the number of radiators using a calculator
It will take a little time and skill to handle numbers to perform calculations using any of the above formulas. If you do not have a penchant for the exact sciences and free time, then it is better to use a specially designed calculator.
If it was decided to calculate the heating in a private house, the calculator will become an indispensable assistant. In it, you select the parameters of your home that affect the power of the heating device, and the program automatically applies the coefficients:
- area of the room;
- ceiling height;
- temperature;
- glazing;
- the number of external walls and other factors.
You just have to enter all these parameters and in an instant get the desired figure in order to calculate the number of sections of heating radiators for your room.
It is worth noting that the calculator uses the same algorithms and formulas that were given above, so software and independent calculations do not differ in quality at all.
Outcome
Calculate the number of radiator sections as accurately as possible and take into account as many factors and criteria as possible. This will ensure maximum comfort in the house and minimum energy costs.
vsadu.ru
Section (heating radiator)- the smallest structural element of the radiator battery.
It is usually a hollow, cast iron or aluminum two-tube structure finned to improve thermal transfer by means of radiation and convection.
Radiator sections heating systems are interconnected into batteries using radiator nipples, the coolant (steam or hot water) is supplied and removed through screwed couplings, excess (unused) holes are plugged with threaded plugs in which a tap is sometimes screwed in to drain air from the heating system. The coloring of the assembled battery is usually done after assembly.
Calculator of the number of sections in heating radiators
Online calculator for calculating the required number of radiator sections for heating a given room with a known heat transfer
The formula for calculating the number of radiator sections
N = S/t*100*w*h*r
- N is the number of radiator sections;
- S is the area of the room;
- t is the amount of heat to heat the room;
- w is the window factor
- Ordinary glazing - 1.1;
- Plastic (double glazing) - 1;
- h is the ceiling height factor;
- up to 2.7 meters - 1;
- from 2.7 to 3.5 meters - 1.1;
- r - room placement coefficient:
- not angular - 1;
- corner - 1.
The amount needed to heat a room (t) is calculated by multiplying the area of the room by 100 W. That is, to heat a room of 18 m 2, you need heat 18 * 100 \u003d 1800 W or 1.8 kW
Synonyms: radiator, heating, heat, battery, sections of the radiator, radiator.
wpcalc.com
Purpose of calculations
Regulatory documentation on heating (SNiP 2.04.05-91, SNiP 3.05-01-85), building climatology (SP 131.13330.2012) and thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23-02-2003) requires the heating equipment of a residential building to fulfill the following conditions:
- Ensuring full compensation for heat losses of the dwelling in cold weather;
- Maintenance in the premises of a private dwelling or public building of nominal temperatures regulated by sanitary and building codes. In particular, the bathroom requires a temperature within 25 degrees C, and for a living room it is much lower, only 18 degrees C.
Heating battery assembled with an excessive number of sections Using the calculator for calculating the heating system, the heat output of the radiator is determined for efficient heating of a living area or utility room in a specified temperature range, after which the radiator format is adjusted.
Area calculation method
The algorithm for calculating heating radiators by area consists in comparing the thermal power of the device (indicated by the manufacturer in the product passport) and the area of \u200b\u200bthe room in which heating is planned to be installed. When setting the task of how to calculate the number of heating radiators, the amount of heat that needs to be received from heaters to heat housing in accordance with sanitary standards is first determined. To do this, heat engineers introduced the so-called heating power indicator per square or cubic meter in the volume of the room. Its average values are determined for several climatic regions, in particular:
- regions with a temperate climate (Moscow and Moscow region) - from 50 to 100 W / sq. m;
- regions of the Urals and Siberia - up to 150 W/sq. m;
- for the regions of the North - it is already necessary from 150 to 200 W / sq. m.
The sequence of heat engineering calculations for heating a private dwelling through the area of \u200b\u200bthe heated room is as follows:
- The estimated area of \u200b\u200bthe room S is determined, expressed in square meters. meters;
- The resulting value of the area S is multiplied by the heating power indicator adopted for a given climatic region. To simplify calculations, it is often taken equal to 100 watts per square meter. As a result of multiplying S by 100 W/sq. the meter turns out the amount of heat Q pom required to heat the room;
- The resulting value of Q pom must be divided by the radiator power indicator (heat transfer) Q rad.
- The required number of radiator sections is determined by the formula:
N= Q pom / Q rad. The result is rounded up.
Heat transfer parameters of radiators
On the market of sectional batteries for heating a residential building, products made of cast iron, steel, aluminum and bimetallic models are widely represented. The table shows the heat transfer indicators of the most popular sectional heaters.
Values of heat transfer parameters of modern sectional radiators
| Radiator model, material of manufacture | Heat transfer, W |
|---|---|
| Cast iron M-140 (accordion proven for decades) | 155 |
| Viadrus KALOR 500/70? | 110 |
| Viadrus KALOR 500/130? | 191 |
| Kermi steel radiators | to 13173 |
| Steel radiators Arbonia | before 2805 |
| Bimetal RIFAR Base | 204 |
| RIFAR Alp | 171 |
| Aluminum Royal Termo Optimal | 195 |
| RoyalTermo Evolution | 205 |
| Bimetal RoyalTermo BiLiner | 171 |
Comparing the tabular indicators of cast-iron and bimetallic batteries, which are most adapted to the parameters of central heating, it is easy to note their identity, which facilitates calculations when choosing a method of heating a residential building.
Identity of cast iron and bimetallic batteries when calculating power Refinement coefficients
To refine the calculator for determining the number of sections for heating a room, correction factors are introduced into the simplified formula N \u003d Q pom / Q rad, taking into account various factors that affect heat transfer inside a private dwelling. Then the valueQpomis determined by the refined formula:
Q pom \u003d S * 100 * K 1 * K 2 * K 3 * K 4 * K 5 * K 6.
In this formula, the correction factors take into account the following factors:
- K 1 - to take into account the method of glazing windows. For ordinary glazing K 1 =1.27, for double glazing K 1 =1.0, for triple K 1 =0.85;
- K 2 takes into account the deviation of the ceiling height from the standard size of 2.7 meters. K 2 is determined by dividing the size of the height by 2.7 m. For example, for a room 3 meters high, the coefficient K 2 \u003d Z.0 / 2.7 \u003d 1.11;
- K 3 corrects the heat transfer depending on the installation location of the radiator sections.
The values of the correction factor K3 depending on the battery installation scheme - To 4 correlates the location of the outer walls with the intensity of heat transfer. If there is only one outer wall, then K = 1.1. For the corner room there are already two outer walls, respectively, K = 1.2. For a separate room with four outer walls, K = 1.4.
- K 5 is necessary for correction if there is a room above the calculation room: if there is a cold attic above, then K = 1, for a heated attic K = 0.9 and for a heated room from above K = 0.8;
- K 6 makes adjustments for the ratio of window and floor areas. If the window area is only 10% of the floor area, then K = 0.8. For stained-glass windows with an area of up to 40% of the floor area K = 1.2.
aqueo.ru
Calculation of heating radiators by area
The easiest way. Calculate the amount of heat required for heating, based on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room in which the radiators will be installed. You know the area of \u200b\u200beach room, and the need for heat can be determined according to the building codes of SNiP:
- for an average climatic zone, 60-100W is required for heating 1m 2 of a dwelling;
- for areas above 60 o, 150-200W is required.
Based on these norms, you can calculate how much heat your room will require. If the apartment / house is located in the middle climatic zone, for heating an area of 16m 2, 1600W of heat will be required (16 * 100 = 1600). Since the norms are average, and the weather does not indulge in constancy, we believe that 100W is required. Although, if you live in the south of the middle climatic zone and your winters are mild, consider 60W.
A power reserve in heating is needed, but not very large: with an increase in the amount of power required, the number of radiators increases. And the more radiators, the more coolant in the system. If for those who are connected to central heating this is not critical, then for those who have or plan individual heating, a large volume of the system means large (extra) costs for heating the coolant and a large inertia of the system (the set temperature is maintained less accurately). And the logical question arises: “Why pay more?”
Having calculated the need for heat in the room, we can find out how many sections are required. Each of the heaters can emit a certain amount of heat, which is indicated in the passport. The found heat demand is taken and divided by the radiator power. The result is the required number of sections to make up for losses.
Let's count the number of radiators for the same room. We have determined that we need to allocate 1600W. Let the power of one section be 170W. It turns out 1600/170 \u003d 9.411 pieces. You can round up or down as you wish. You can round it into a smaller one, for example, in the kitchen - there are enough additional heat sources, and into a larger one - it is better in a room with a balcony, a large window or in a corner room.
The system is simple, but the disadvantages are obvious: the height of the ceilings can be different, the material of the walls, windows, insulation and a number of other factors are not taken into account. So the calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators according to SNiP is indicative. You need to make adjustments for accurate results.
How to calculate radiator sections by room volume
This calculation takes into account not only the area, but also the height of the ceilings, because you need to heat all the air in the room. So this approach is justified. And in this case, the procedure is similar. We determine the volume of the room, and then, according to the norms, we find out how much heat is needed to heat it:
- in a panel house, 41W is required to heat a cubic meter of air;
- in a brick house on m 3 - 34W.
Let's calculate everything for the same room with an area of 16m 2 and compare the results. Let the ceiling height be 2.7m. Volume: 16 * 2.7 \u003d 43.2m 3.
- In a panel house. The heat required for heating is 43.2m 3 * 41V = 1771.2W. If we take all the same sections with a power of 170W, we get: 1771W / 170W = 10.418pcs (11pcs).
- In a brick house. Heat is needed 43.2m 3 * 34W = 1468.8W. We consider radiators: 1468.8W / 170W = 8.64pcs (9pcs).
As you can see, the difference is quite large: 11pcs and 9pcs. Moreover, when calculating by area, we got the average value (if rounded in the same direction) - 10pcs.
Adjustment of results
In order to get a more accurate calculation, you need to take into account as many factors as possible that reduce or increase heat loss. This is what the walls are made of and how well they are insulated, how big the windows are, and what kind of glazing they have, how many walls in the room face the street, etc. To do this, there are coefficients by which you need to multiply the found values \u200b\u200bof the heat loss of the room.
Window
Windows account for 15% to 35% of heat loss. The specific figure depends on the size of the window and how well it is insulated. Therefore, there are two corresponding coefficients:
- ratio of window area to floor area:
- 10% — 0,8
- 20% — 0,9
- 30% — 1,0
- 40% — 1,1
- 50% — 1,2
- glazing:
- three-chamber double-glazed window or argon in a two-chamber double-glazed window - 0.85
- ordinary two-chamber double-glazed window - 1.0
- conventional double frames - 1.27.
Walls and roof
To account for losses, the material of the walls, the degree of thermal insulation, the number of walls facing the street are important. Here are the coefficients for these factors.
Degree of thermal insulation:
- brick walls with a thickness of two bricks are considered the norm - 1.0
- insufficient (absent) - 1.27
- good - 0.8
The presence of external walls:
- indoors - no loss, coefficient 1.0
- one - 1.1
- two - 1.2
- three - 1.3
The amount of heat loss is influenced by whether the room is heated or not located on top. If a habitable heated room is above (the second floor of a house, another apartment, etc.), the reducing factor is 0.7, if the heated attic is 0.9. It is generally accepted that an unheated attic does not affect the temperature in and (factor 1.0).
If the calculation was carried out by area, and the height of the ceilings is non-standard (a height of 2.7 m is taken as the standard), then a proportional increase / decrease using a coefficient is used. It is considered easy. To do this, divide the actual height of the ceilings in the room by the standard 2.7 m. Get the required ratio.
Let's calculate for example: let the height of the ceilings be 3.0 m. We get: 3.0m / 2.7m = 1.1. This means that the number of radiator sections, which was calculated by the area for a given room, must be multiplied by 1.1.
All these norms and coefficients were determined for apartments. To take into account the heat loss of the house through the roof and basement / foundation, you need to increase the result by 50%, that is, the coefficient for a private house is 1.5.
climatic factors
You can make adjustments depending on the average temperatures in winter:
- -10 o C and above - 0.7
- -15 o C - 0.9
- -20 o C - 1.1
- -25 o C - 1.3
- -30 o C - 1.5
Having made all the required adjustments, you will get a more accurate number of radiators required for heating the room, taking into account the parameters of the premises. But these are not all the criteria that affect the power of thermal radiation. There are other technical details, which we will discuss below.
Calculation of different types of radiators
If you are going to install sectional radiators of a standard size (with an axial distance of 50 cm in height) and have already chosen the material, model and desired size, there should be no difficulty in calculating their number. Most of the reputable companies that supply good heating equipment have the technical data of all modifications on their website, among which there is also thermal power. If not power is indicated, but the flow rate of the coolant, then it is easy to convert to power: the coolant flow rate of 1 l / min is approximately equal to the power of 1 kW (1000 W).
The axial distance of the radiator is determined by the height between the centers of the holes for supplying/removing the coolant.
To make life easier for buyers, many sites install a specially designed calculator program. Then the calculation of sections of heating radiators comes down to entering data on your room in the appropriate fields. And at the output you have the finished result: the number of sections of this model in pieces.
But if you are just considering possible options for now, then it is worth considering that radiators of the same size made of different materials have different thermal output. The method for calculating the number of sections of bimetallic radiators is no different from the calculation of aluminum, steel or cast iron. Only the thermal power of one section can be different.
- aluminum - 190W
- bimetallic - 185W
- cast iron - 145W.
If you are still only figuring out which material to choose, you can use these data. For clarity, we present the simplest calculation of sections of bimetallic heating radiators, which takes into account only the area of \u200b\u200bthe room.
When determining the number of bimetal heaters of a standard size (center distance 50 cm), it is assumed that one section can heat 1.8 m 2 of area. Then for a room of 16m 2 you need: 16m 2 / 1.8m 2 \u003d 8.88 pieces. Rounding up - 9 sections are needed.
Similarly, we consider for cast-iron or steel bars. All you need is the rules:
- bimetallic radiator - 1.8m 2
- aluminum - 1.9-2.0m 2
- cast iron - 1.4-1.5m 2.
This data is for sections with a center distance of 50 cm. Today, there are models on sale with very different heights: from 60cm to 20cm and even lower. Models 20cm and below are called curb. Naturally, their power differs from the specified standard, and if you plan to use "non-standard", you will have to make adjustments. Or look for passport data, or count yourself. We proceed from the fact that the heat transfer of a thermal device directly depends on its area. With a decrease in height, the area of \u200b\u200bthe device decreases, and, therefore, the power decreases proportionally. That is, you need to find the ratio of the heights of the selected radiator to the standard, and then use this coefficient to correct the result.
For clarity, we will calculate aluminum radiators by area. The room is the same: 16m 2. We consider the number of sections of a standard size: 16m 2 / 2m 2 \u003d 8pcs. But we want to use small sections with a height of 40cm. We find the ratio of radiators of the selected size to the standard ones: 50cm/40cm=1.25. And now we adjust the quantity: 8pcs * 1.25 = 10pcs.
Correction depending on the mode of the heating system
Manufacturers in the passport data indicate the maximum power of radiators: in high-temperature mode of use - the temperature of the coolant in the supply is 90 ° C, in the return - 70 ° C (indicated by 90/70) in the room it should be 20 ° C. But in this mode, modern systems heating rarely works. Usually, medium power mode is used 75/65/20 or even low temperature with parameters 55/45/20. It is clear that the calculation needs to be corrected.
To take into account the mode of operation of the system, it is necessary to determine the temperature difference of the system. The temperature difference is the difference between the temperature of the air and the heaters. In this case, the temperature of the heating devices is considered as the arithmetic mean between the supply and return values.
To make it clearer, we will calculate cast-iron heating radiators for two modes: high-temperature and low-temperature, sections of a standard size (50cm). The room is the same: 16m 2. One cast-iron section in the high-temperature mode 90/70/20 heats 1.5 m 2. Therefore, we need 16m 2 / 1.5m 2 \u003d 10.6 pcs. Rounding - 11 pcs. The system is planned to use low-temperature mode 55/45/20. Now we find the temperature difference for each of the systems:
- high temperature 90/70/20- (90+70)/2-20=60 o C;
- low-temperature 55/45/20 - (55 + 45) / 2-20 \u003d 30 ° C.
That is, if a low-temperature mode of operation is used, twice as many sections will be needed to provide the room with heat. For our example, a room of 16m 2 requires 22 sections of cast iron radiators. The battery is big. This, by the way, is one of the reasons why this type of heating device is not recommended for use in networks with low temperatures.
In this calculation, the desired air temperature can also be taken into account. If you want the room to be not 20 ° C but, for example, 25 ° C, simply calculate the heat head for this case and find the desired coefficient. Let's do the calculation for the same cast-iron radiators: the parameters will be 90/70/25. We consider the temperature difference for this case (90 + 70) / 2-25 \u003d 55 ° C. Now we find the ratio 60 ° C / 55 ° C \u003d 1.1. To ensure a temperature of 25 ° C, you need 11pcs * 1.1 \u003d 12.1pcs.
The dependence of the power of radiators on the connection and location
In addition to all the parameters described above, the heat transfer of the radiator varies depending on the type of connection. A diagonal connection with a supply from above is considered optimal, in which case there is no loss of thermal power. The largest losses are observed with lateral connection - 22%. All the rest are average in efficiency. Approximate loss percentages are shown in the figure.
The actual power of the radiator also decreases in the presence of barrier elements. For example, if a window sill hangs from above, heat transfer drops by 7-8%, if it does not completely cover the radiator, then the loss is 3-5%. When installing a mesh screen that does not reach the floor, the losses are about the same as in the case of an overhanging window sill: 7-8%. But if the screen completely covers the entire heater, its heat transfer decreases by 20-25%.
Determination of the number of radiators for one-pipe systems
There is one more very important point: all of the above is true for a two-pipe heating system, when a coolant with the same temperature enters the inlet of each of the radiators. A single-pipe system is considered much more complicated: there, colder water enters each subsequent heater. And if you want to calculate the number of radiators for a one-pipe system, you need to recalculate the temperature every time, and this is difficult and time consuming. Which exit? One of the possibilities is to determine the power of the radiators as for a two-pipe system, and then, in proportion to the drop in thermal power, add sections to increase the heat transfer of the battery as a whole.
Let's explain with an example. The diagram shows a single-pipe heating system with six radiators. The number of batteries was determined for two-pipe wiring. Now you need to make an adjustment. For the first heater, everything remains the same. The second one receives a coolant with a lower temperature. We determine the % power drop and increase the number of sections by the corresponding value. In the picture it turns out like this: 15kW-3kW = 12kW. We find the percentage: the temperature drop is 20%. Accordingly, to compensate, we increase the number of radiators: if you needed 8 pieces, it will be 20% more - 9 or 10 pieces. This is where knowledge of the room comes in handy: if it is a bedroom or a nursery, round it up, if it is a living room or other similar room, round it down. You also take into account the location relative to the cardinal points: in the north you round up to a large one, in the south - to a smaller one.
This method is clearly not ideal: after all, it turns out that the last battery in the branch will have to be simply huge: judging by the scheme, a coolant with a specific heat capacity equal to its power is supplied to its input, and it is unrealistic to remove all 100% in practice. Therefore, when determining the power of a boiler for single-pipe systems, they usually take some margin, put shutoff valves and connect radiators through a bypass so that heat transfer can be adjusted, and thus compensate for the drop in coolant temperature. One thing follows from all this: the number and / or dimensions of radiators in a single-pipe system must be increased, and as you move away from the beginning of the branch, more and more sections should be installed.
Results
An approximate calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators is a simple and quick matter. But clarification, depending on all the features of the premises, size, type of connection and location, requires attention and time. But you can definitely decide on the number of heaters to create a comfortable atmosphere in winter.
It is very important to buy modern high-quality and efficient batteries. But it is much more important to correctly calculate the number of radiator sections so that in the cold season it properly heats the room and does not have to think about installing additional portable heaters that will increase the cost of heating.
SNiP and basic regulations
Today you can name a huge number of SNiPs that describe the rules for the design and operation of heating systems in various rooms. But the most understandable and simple is the document "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" under the number 2.04.05.
It details the following sections:
- General provisions regarding the design of heating systems
- Rules for the design of heating systems for buildings
- Features of the heating system
It is also necessary to install heating radiators in accordance with SNiP number 3.05.01. He prescribes the following installation rules, without which the calculations of the number of sections will be ineffective:
- The maximum width of the radiator should not exceed 70% of the similar characteristic of the window opening under which it is installed.
- The radiator must be mounted in the center of the window opening (a slight error is allowed - no more than 2 cm)
- The recommended space between the radiators and the wall is 2-5 cm
- Above the floor height should not be more than 12 cm
- Distance to the window sill from the top of the battery - at least 5 cm
- In other cases, to improve heat transfer, the surface of the walls is covered with a reflective material.
It is necessary to follow such rules so that air masses can circulate freely and replace each other.
Read also, different types of heating radiators
Volume calculation
In order to accurately calculate the number of heating radiator sections required for efficient and comfortable heating of a dwelling, its volume should be taken into account. The principle is very simple:
- Determining the need for heat
- Find out the number of sections capable of giving it away
SNiP prescribes to take into account the need for heat for any room - 41 W per 1 cubic meter. However, this figure is very relative. If the walls and floor are poorly insulated, it is recommended to increase this value to 47-50 W, because part of the heat will be lost. In situations where a high-quality heat insulator has already been laid on the surfaces, high-quality PVC windows have been installed and drafts have been eliminated, this indicator can be taken equal to 30-34 W.
If heating is located in the room, the heat demand must be increased to 20%. Part of the thermally heated air masses will not pass through the screen, circulating inside and cooling down quickly.
Formulas for calculating the number of sections by room volume, with an example
Having decided on the need for one cube, you can begin to calculate (example on specific numbers):
- At the first step, we calculate the volume of the room using a simple formula: [height length Width] (3x4x5=60 cubic meters)
- The next step is to determine the heat demand for the particular room under consideration according to the formula: [volume]*[need per m3] (60х41=2460 W)
- You can determine the desired number of ribs using the formula: (2460/170=14.5)
- Rounding is recommended to be done up - we get 15 sections
Many manufacturers do not take into account that the coolant circulating through the pipes is far from the maximum temperature. Therefore, the power of the ribs will be lower than the specified limit value (it is what is prescribed in the passport). If there is no minimum power indicator, then the existing one is underestimated by 15-25% to simplify calculations.
Calculation by area
The previous calculation method is an excellent solution for rooms with a height of more than 2.7 m. In rooms with lower ceilings (up to 2.6 m), you can use a different method, taking the area as a basis.
In this case, calculating the total amount of thermal energy, the need for one square. m. take equal to 100 watts. There is no need to make any adjustments to it.
Formulas for calculating the number of sections by area of the room, with an example
- At the first stage, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe room is determined: [length Width] (5х4=20 sq.m.)
- The next step is to determine the heat required to heat the entire room: [area]* [need per sq. m.] (100x20=2000 W)
- In the passport attached to the heating radiator, you need to find out the power of one section - the average of modern models is 170 W
- To determine the required number of sections, use the formula: [total heat demand]/[capacity of one section] (2000/170=11.7)
- We introduce correction factors ( discussed further)
- Rounding is recommended to be done up - we get 12 sections
The above methods for calculating the number of radiator sections are perfect for rooms whose height reaches 3 meters. If this indicator is greater, it is necessary to increase the thermal power in direct proportion to the increase in height.
If the whole house is equipped with modern plastic windows, in which the heat loss coefficient is as low as possible, it becomes possible to save money and reduce the result obtained by up to 20%.
It is believed that the standard temperature of the coolant circulating through the heating system is 70 degrees. If it is below this value, it is necessary to increase the result by 15% for every 10 degrees. If it is higher, on the contrary, decrease it.
Premises with an area of more than 25 square meters. m. to heat with one radiator, even consisting of two dozen sections, will be extremely problematic. To solve this problem, it is necessary to divide the calculated number of sections into two equal parts and install two batteries. Heat in this case will be distributed throughout the room more evenly.
If there are two window openings in the room, heating radiators should be placed under each of them. They should be 1.7 times more than the nominal power determined in the calculations.
Having bought stamped radiators, in which sections cannot be divided, it is necessary to take into account the total power of the product. If it is not enough, you should consider buying a second battery of the same or slightly less heat capacity.
Correction factors
Many factors can influence the final result. Consider in what situations it is necessary to make correction factors:
- Windows with conventional glazing - magnification factor 1.27
- Insufficient thermal insulation of the walls - increasing factor 1.27
- More than two window openings per room - increasing factor 1.75
- Bottom-wired manifolds - multiplying factor 1.2
- Reserve in case of unforeseen situations - increasing factor 1.2
- Use of improved thermal insulation materials - reduction factor 0.85
- Installation of high-quality heat-insulating double-glazed windows - reducing factor 0.85
The number of adjustments to be made to the calculation can be huge and depends on each specific situation. However, it should be remembered that it is much easier to reduce the heat transfer of a heating radiator than to increase it. Therefore, all rounding is done up.
Summing up
If you need to make the most accurate calculation of the number of radiator sections in a complex room, do not be afraid to contact specialists. The most accurate methods, which are described in specialized literature, take into account not only the volume or area of the room, but also the temperature outside and inside, the thermal conductivity of the various materials from which the house box is built, and many other factors.
Of course, you can not be afraid and throw a few edges to the result. But an excessive increase in all indicators can lead to unjustified expenses, which are not immediately, sometimes and not always, possible to recoup.
Most likely you have already decided for yourself Which heating radiators are better, but you need to calculate the number of sections. How to perform it accurately and accurately, take into account all the errors and heat losses?
There are several calculation options:
- by volume
- by room area
- and full calculation including all factors.
Let's consider each of them
Calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators by volume
If you have an apartment in a modern house, with double-glazed windows, insulated outer walls and, then the value of the thermal power of 34W per 1 cubic meter of volume is already used for the calculation.
An example of calculating the number of sections:
Room 4*5m, ceiling height 2.65m
We get 4 * 5 * 2.65 \u003d 53 cubic meters The volume of the room and multiply by 41 watts. Total required thermal power for heating: 2173W.
Based on the data obtained, it is not difficult to calculate the number of radiator sections. To do this, you need to know the heat transfer of one section of the radiator you have chosen.
Let's say:
Cast iron MS-140, one section 140W
Global 500,170W
Sira RS, 190W
It should be noted here that the manufacturer or seller often indicates an overestimated heat transfer calculated at an elevated temperature of the coolant in the system. Therefore, focus on the lower value indicated in the product data sheet.
Let's continue the calculation: we divide 2173 W by the heat transfer of one section of 170 W, we get 2173 W / 170 W = 12.78 sections. We round up towards a whole number, and we get 12 or 14 sections.
Some sellers offer a service for assembling radiators with the required number of sections, that is, 13. But this will no longer be a factory assembly.
This method, like the next one, is an approximation.
Calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators according to the area of \u200b\u200bthe room
It is relevant for the height of the ceilings of the room 2.45-2.6 meters. It is assumed that 100W is enough to heat 1 square meter of area.
That is, for a room of 18 square meters, 18 square meters * 100W = 1800W of thermal power is required.
We divide by the heat transfer of one section: 1800W / 170W = 10.59, that is, 11 sections.
In which direction is it better to round the results of calculations?
The room is corner or with a balcony, then we add 20% to the calculations
If the battery is installed behind the screen or in a niche, then heat loss can reach 15-20%
But at the same time, for the kitchen, you can safely round down, up to 10 sections.
In addition, in the kitchen, it is very often mounted. And this is at least 120 W of thermal assistance per square meter. 
Accurate calculation of the number of radiator sections
We determine the required heat output of the radiator using the formula
Qt \u003d 100 watt / m2 x S (rooms) m2 x q1 x q2 x q3 x q4 x q5 x q6 x q7
Where the following coefficients are taken into account:
Glazing type (q1)
- Triple glazing q1=0.85
- Double glazing q1=1.0
- Conventional (double) glazing q1=1.27
Wall insulation (q2)
- High-quality modern insulation q2=0.85
- Brick (in 2 bricks) or insulation q3= 1.0
- Poor insulation q3=1.27
The ratio of window area to floor area in the room (q3)
- 10% q3=0.8
- 20% q3=0.9
- 30% q3=1.0
- 40% q3=1.1
- 50% q3=1.2
Minimum outdoor temperature (q4)
- -10С q4=0.7
- -15C q4=0.9
- -20C q4=1.1
- -25C q4=1.3
- -35С q4=1.5
Number of outer walls (q5)
- One (usually) q5=1.1
- Two (corner apartment) q5=1.2
- Three q5=1.3
- Four q5=1.4
Type of room above settlement (q6)
- Heated room q6=0.8
- Heated attic q6=0.9
- Cold attic q6=1.0
Ceiling height (q7)
- 2.5m q7=1.0
- 3.0m q7=1.05
- 3.5m q7=1.1
- 4.0m q7=1.15
- 4.5m q7=1.2
Calculation example:
100 W/m2*18m2*0.85 (triple glazing)*1 (brick)*0.8
(2.1 m2 window/18m2*100%=12%)*1.5(-35)*
1.1(one outdoor)*0.8(heated apartment)*1(2.7m)=1616W
Poor wall insulation will increase this value to 2052 W!
number of heating radiator sections: 1616W/170W=9.51 (10 sections)
In the harsh Russian winter, properly selected radiators are the key to a comfortable temperature. For a correct calculation, it is necessary to take into account many nuances - from the size of the room to the average temperature. Such complex calculations are usually performed by specialists, but you can do them yourself, taking into account possible errors.
The easiest and fastest way to calculate
To quickly estimate the required heat dissipation of the battery, you can use the simplest formula. Calculate the area of the room (length in meters times width in meters) and then multiply the result by 100.
Q = S × 100, where:
- Q is the required heat output of the heater.
- S is the area of the heated room.
- 100 - the number of W per 1 m2 with a standard ceiling height of 2.7 m according to GOST.
Calculating indicators using this formula is very simple. To set the required values, you will need a tape measure, a sheet of paper, a pen. At the same time, it is important to remember that this method of calculation only suitable for non-separable radiators. In addition, received results will be approximate- many important indicators remain unaccounted for.
Calculation by area
This type of calculation is one of the simplest. It does not take into account a number of indicators: the number of windows, the presence of external walls, the degree of insulation of the room, etc.
However, different types of radiators have a number of features that must be considered. They will be discussed below.
Bimetal, aluminum and cast iron radiators
As a rule, they are installed instead of cast-iron predecessors. In order for the new heating element to serve no worse, you need to correctly calculate the number of sections depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room.
Bimetal has several features:
- The heat sink of such batteries is higher than that of cast iron ones. For example, if the coolant temperature is about 90 degrees C, then the average values will be 150 W for cast iron and 200 for bimetal.
- Over time, plaque appears on the internal surfaces of the radiators, as a result of which their efficiency decreases.
The formula for calculating the number of sections is as follows:
N=S*100/X, where:
- N is the number of sections.
- S is the area of the room.
- 100 - the minimum radiator power per 1 square meter.
- X is the declared heat transfer of one section.
This method of calculation also suitable for new cast iron radiators. But, unfortunately, this formula does not take into account some features:
- Suitable for rooms with ceiling heights up to 3 meters.
- The number of windows, the degree of insulation of the room are not taken into account.
- Not suitable for the northern regions of Russia, where the temperature regime in winter is significantly different from the average.
Read also: The volume of water in the heating radiator
Steel radiators
Panel steel batteries vary in size and power. The number of panels varies from one to three. They are combined with various types of fins (these are corrugated metal plates inside). To figure out which battery to take into account, you need to familiarize yourself with all types:
- Type 10. Contains only one panel. Such batteries are thin, light, but low-power.
- Type 11. Combine one panel and one fin plate. They are slightly larger and heavier than the previous ones, but warmer.
- Type 21. Between the two panels there is one fin plate.
- Type 22. The design assumes the presence of two panels and two corrugated plates. It is characterized by greater heat dissipation than model 21.
- Type 33. The most powerful and largest battery. As follows from the number designation, it contains three panels and the same number of corrugated plates.
Selecting a panel battery is somewhat more difficult than a sectional one. To determine the configuration, you need calculate the heat by the above formula, and then find the corresponding value in the table. The table grid will help you choose the number of panels and the required dimensions.
For example, the area of the room is 18 sq.m. At the same time, the ceiling height, according to the norm, is 2.7 m. The required heat transfer coefficient is 100 W. Therefore, 18 must be multiplied by 100, then find the closest value (1800 W) in the table:
| Type of | 11 | 12 | 22 | |||||||||
| Height | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 |
| Length, mm | Heat transfer indicators, W | |||||||||||
| 400 | 298 | 379 | 459 | 538 | 372 | 473 | 639 | 745 | 510 | 642 | 772 | 900 |
| 500 | 373 | 474 | 574 | 673 | 465 | 591 | 799 | 931 | 638 | 803 | 965 | 1125 |
| 600 | 447 | 568 | 688 | 808 | 558 | 709 | 958 | 1117 | 766 | 963 | 1158 | 1349 |
| 700 | 522 | 663 | 803 | 942 | 651 | 827 | 1118 | 1303 | 893 | 1124 | 1351 | 1574 |
| 800 | 596 | 758 | 918 | 1077 | 744 | 946 | 1278 | 1490 | 1021 | 1284 | 1544 | 1799 |
| 900 | 671 | 852 | 1032 | 1211 | 837 | 1064 | 1437 | 1676 | 1148 | 1445 | 1737 | 2024 |
| 1000 | 745 | 947 | 1147 | 1346 | 930 | 1182 | 1597 | 1862 | 1276 | 1605 | 1930 | 2249 |
| 1100 | 820 | 1042 | 1262 | 1481 | 1023 | 1300 | 1757 | 2048 | 1404 | 1766 | 2123 | 2474 |
| 1200 | 894 | 1136 | 1376 | 1615 | 1168 | 1418 | 1916 | 2234 | 1531 | 1926 | 2316 | 2699 |
| 1400 | 1043 | 1326 | 1606 | 1884 | 1302 | 1655 | 2236 | 2607 | 1786 | 2247 | 2702 | 3149 |
| 1600 | 1192 | 1515 | 1835 | 2154 | 1488 | 1891 | 2555 | 2979 | 2042 | 2558 | 3088 | 3598 |
| 1800 | 1341 | 1705 | 2065 | 2473 | 1674 | 2128 | 2875 | 3352 | 2297 | 2889 | 3474 | 4048 |
| 2000 | 1490 | 1894 | 2294 | 2692 | 1860 | 2364 | 3194 | 3724 | 2552 | 3210 | 3860 | 4498 |
Read also: Heating radiators or underfloor heating
Volume calculation
The method of calculation by volume is considered more accurate. In addition, it should be used if the room is non-standard, for example, if the ceiling height is much higher than the generally accepted 2.7 meters. The formula for calculating heat transfer is:
Q = S × h × 40 (34)
- S is the area of the room.
- h is the height of the walls from floor to ceiling in meters.
- 40 - coefficient for a panel house.
- 34 - coefficient for a brick house.
The principles for calculating the required dimensions of the battery remain the same for both sectional (bimetallic, aluminum, cast iron) and panel (steel) ones.
Making an amendment
For the most accurate calculations, you need to add several coefficients to the standard formula that affect the heating efficiency.
Connection type
The heat transfer of the battery depends on how the inlet and outlet pipes of the coolant are located. There are the following types of connections and their multiplying factors (I) for them:
- Diagonal, when the supply is from above, the outflow is from below (I \u003d 1.0).
- One-way connection with top supply and bottom return (I=1.03).
- Bilateral, where the input-output are located below, but from different sides (I = 1.13).
- Diagonal, when the supply is from below, the outflow is from above (I \u003d 1.25).
- Unilateral, in which the entrance is from below, the exit is from above (I = 1.28).
- The supply and return are located at the bottom, on one side of the battery (I = 1.28).
Location
The location of the radiator on a flat wall, in a niche or behind a decorative casing is important indicator, which can significantly affect thermal performance.
Location options and their coefficients (J):
- The battery is located on an open wall, the window sill does not hang from above (J=0.9).
- Above the heater there is a shelf or window sill (J=1.0).
- The radiator is fixed in a wall niche, and is covered with a ledge from above (J=1.07).
- A window sill hangs over the heater, and on the front side it is partially covered by a decorative panel (J=1.12).
- The radiator is located inside the decorative casing (J=1.2).
Walls and roof
Thin or well-insulated walls, the nature of the upper rooms, roofs, as well as the orientation of the apartment to the cardinal points - all these indicators only seem insignificant. In fact, they can keep the lion's share of heat or even cool the apartment. Therefore, they should also be included in the formula.
Coefficient A - number of external walls in the room:
- 1 outer wall (A=1.0).
- 2 external walls (A=1.2).
- 3 external walls (A=1.3).
- All walls are external (A=1.4).
The next indicator is orientation to the cardinal points(AT). If the room is north or east, then B = 1.1. In southern or western rooms, the sun warms more strongly, therefore, a multiplying factor is not needed, B = 1.
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