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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14 (26), 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of digestion regulation; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion". The whole set of reflexes was divided into two groups: conditional and unconditioned.
Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's ancestors on the paternal and maternal lines were clergymen in the Russian Orthodox Church. Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).[* 1]
After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In the last year of the seminary, he read a short book "Reflexes of the Brain" by Professor I. M. Sechenov, which turned his whole life upside down. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminarians were limited in their choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission, he moved to the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (he specialized in animal physiology under I. F. Zion and F. V. Ovsyannikov ). Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, dealt a lot with nervous regulation. Sechenov, because of intrigues, had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university. His chair at the Medico-Surgical Academy was taken by Ilya Faddeevich Zion, and Pavlov took over the virtuoso operational technique from Zion. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (hole) gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice flowing from the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I. P. Pavlov stitched the skin and mucous membranes in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with stoppers, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which was made by him on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food does not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of gastric juice secretion reflexes. For 10 years, Pavlov, in essence, re-created the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a presentation at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And in the following year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for the study of the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to IP Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.
In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I. P. Pavlov for the first time formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Such concepts as reinforcement (reinforcement), unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not quite successfully translated into English as unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, instead of conditional) became the main concepts of behavioral science, see also classical conditioning (English) Russian ..
There is a strong opinion that in the years civil war and war communism Pavlov, suffering poverty, lack of funding scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build, at the request of Pavlov, such an institute as he wants. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere.
This was refuted by the historian V. D. Esakov, who found and made public Pavlov’s correspondence with the authorities, where he describes how he desperately fights for existence in the hungry Petrograd of 1920. He is extremely negative about the development of the situation in new Russia and asks to let him and his employees go abroad. In response, the Soviet government is trying to take measures that should change the situation, but they are not completely successful.
This was followed by a corresponding decree of the Soviet government, and Pavlov was built an institute in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.
Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in the city of Leningrad. The cause of death is listed as pneumonia or poison.
Stages of life
In 1875, Pavlov entered the 3rd year of the Medical and Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, VMA), at the same time (1876-1878) he worked in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich; after the end of the VMA (1879) he was left the head of the physiological laboratory at the clinic of S. P. Botkin. Pavlov thought very little about material well-being and before marriage did not pay any attention to everyday problems. Poverty began to oppress him only after in 1881 he married a Rostovite Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. They met in St. Petersburg in the late 70s. Pavlov's parents did not approve of this marriage, firstly, in connection with the Jewish origin of Serafima Vasilievna, and secondly, by that time they had already chosen a bride for their son - the daughter of a wealthy St. Petersburg official. But Ivan insisted on his own and, without receiving parental consent, went with Seraphim to get married in Rostov-on-Don, where her sister lived. The money for their wedding was given by the wife's relatives. The next ten years, the Pavlovs lived very cramped. The younger brother of Ivan Petrovich, Dmitry, who worked as an assistant to Mendeleev and had a state-owned apartment, let the newlyweds in.
Pavlov visited Rostov-on-Don and lived for several years twice: in 1881 after the wedding and, together with his wife and son, in 1887. Both times Pavlov stayed in the same house, at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. The house has been preserved to this day. There is a memorial plaque on the facade.
1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral thesis "On the centrifugal nerves of the heart."
1884-1886 - was sent to improve knowledge abroad in Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in the laboratories of W. Wundt, R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
1890 - was elected professor of pharmacology in Tomsk and head of the department of pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the department of physiology, which he led until 1924. At the same time (from 1890) Pavlov was head of the physiological laboratory at the then organized Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1904 - Pavlov is awarded the Nobel Prize for many years of research into the mechanisms of digestion.
1925 - Until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1935 - at the 14th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned honorary title"Elder Physiologists of the World". Neither before nor after him, no biologist was honored with such an honor.
1936 - February 27 Pavlov dies of pneumonia. He was buried at the Literary Bridges of the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Kotenius Medal (1903)
Nobel Prize (1904)
Copley Medal (1915)
Croonian Lecture (1928)
Collecting
IP Pavlov collected beetles and butterflies, plants, books, stamps and works of Russian painting. I. S. Rosenthal recalled Pavlov's story that happened on March 31, 1928:
My first collecting began with butterflies and plants. Collecting stamps and paintings was next. And finally, all the passion turned to science ... And now I cannot indifferently pass by a plant or a butterfly, especially those I know well, so as not to hold it in my hands, not to examine it from all sides, not to stroke it, not to admire it. And all this makes a good impression on me.
In the mid-1890s, in his dining room, one could see several shelves hanging on the wall with specimens of butterflies he had caught. Coming to Ryazan to his father, he spent a lot of time hunting for insects. In addition, at his request, various native butterflies were brought to him from various medical expeditions.
Given for his birthday, a butterfly from Madagascar, he placed in the center of his collection. Not satisfied with these methods of replenishing the collection, he himself grew butterflies from caterpillars collected with the help of boys.
If Pavlov started collecting butterflies and plants in his youth, then the beginning of collecting stamps is unknown. However, philately has become no less a passion; once, back in pre-revolutionary times, during a visit to the Institute of Experimental Medicine by a Siamese prince, he complained that there were not enough Siamese stamps in his stamp collection and a few days later the collection of I.P. Pavlov was already adorned with a series of stamps of the Siamese state. To replenish the collection, all acquaintances who received correspondence from abroad were involved.
Collecting books was peculiar: on the birthday of each of the six members of the family, a collection of works of a writer was bought as a gift.
The collection of paintings by I. P. Pavlov began in 1898, when he bought from the widow of N. A. Yaroshenko a portrait of his five-year-old son, Volodya Pavlov, painted by him; once the artist was struck by the face of the boy and persuaded his parents to allow him to pose. The second picture, painted by N. N. Dubovsky, depicting the evening sea in Sillamyaga with a burning fire, was donated by the author. And thanks to her, Pavlov had a great interest in painting. However, the collection for a long time not replenished; only in the revolutionary times of 1917, when some collectors began to sell the paintings they had, did Pavlov amass an excellent collection. It contained paintings by I. E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky and others. According to the story of M. V. Nesterov, with whom Pavlov met in 1931, Lebedev, Makovsky, Bergholz, Sergeev were in the collection of Pavlov's paintings. Currently, part of the collection is presented in the Pavlov Museum-Apartment in St. Petersburg, on Vasilyevsky Island. Pavlov understood painting in his own way, endowing the author of the picture with thoughts and ideas that he, perhaps, did not have; often, carried away, he began to talk about what he himself would put into it, and not about what he himself actually saw.
I. P. Pavlov awards
The first award named after the great scientist was the I.P. Pavlov Prize, established by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1934 and awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology. Its first laureate in 1937 was Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, one of the best students of Ivan Petrovich, his like-minded and associate.
In 1949, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of a scientist of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov was established, which is awarded for a set of works on the development of the teachings of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Its peculiarity is that works previously awarded the state prize, as well as nominal state prizes, are not accepted for the IP Pavlov gold medal. That is, the work performed must be really new and outstanding. For the first time this award was awarded in 1950 by Konstantin Mikhailovich Bykov for the successful, fruitful development of IP Pavlov's legacy.
In 1974, a commemorative medal was made for the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist.
There is a medal of IP Pavlov of the Leningrad Physiological Society.
In 1998, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the birth of I.P. Pavlov, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences established the I.P. Pavlov Silver Medal “For the Development of Medicine and Healthcare”.
In memory of Academician Pavlov, Pavlovsk readings were held in Leningrad.
The brilliant naturalist was in his 87th year when his life was cut short. Pavlov's death came as a complete surprise to everyone. Despite his advanced age, he was physically very strong, burned with seething energy, relentlessly created, made plans with enthusiasm further work II, of course, thought least of all about death...
In a letter to I. M. Maisky (Ambassador of the USSR in England) in October 1935, a few months after suffering from influenza with complications, Pavlov wrote:
"Damned flu! Has knocked down my confidence to live to be a hundred years old. Until now, the tail of it remains, although so far I do not allow changes in the distribution and size of my classes"
MedicInform.net›History of Medicine›Biographies›Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
You have to live 150 years
Pavlov was distinguished by good health and never got sick. Moreover, he was convinced that the human body is designed for very long life. “Do not upset your heart with grief, do not poison yourself with a tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian (99 years old),” said the academician. He generally proposed to consider the death of a person under 150 years of age as “violent”.
However, he himself died at the age of 87, and a very mysterious death. Once he felt unwell, which he considered "flu-like", and did not attach any importance to the disease. However, succumbing to the persuasion of relatives, the doctor nevertheless invited, and he gave him some kind of injection. After a while, Pavlov realized that he was dying.
By the way, he was treated by Dr. D. Pletnev, who was shot in 1941 for the "wrong" treatment of Gorky.
Was he poisoned by the NKVD?
The unexpected death of an old, but still quite strong academician, caused a wave of rumors that his death could be "accelerated". Note that this happened in 1936, on the eve of the Great Purge. Even then, the famous "poison laboratory" was created by the former pharmacist Yagoda to eliminate political opponents.
In addition, everyone was well aware of Pavlov's public statements against Soviet power. It was said that at that time he was almost the only person in the USSR who was not afraid to do this openly, actively spoke out in defense of the innocently repressed. In Petrograd, supporters of Zinoviev, who ruled there, openly threatened the brave scientist: “After all, we can hurt, Mr. Professor! ' they promised. However, the Communists did not dare to arrest the world-famous Nobel Prize winner.
Outwardly, Pavlov's death strongly resembles the same strange death of another great Petersburger, Academician Bekhterev, who discovered paranoia in Stalin.
He was also quite strong and healthy, although he was old, but he died just as quickly after visiting him by the "Kremlin" doctors. The historian of physiology Yaroshevsky wrote:
"It is quite possible that the NKVD organs 'easier' Pavlov's suffering."
Source(http://www.spbdnevnik.ru/?show=article&id=1499)
justsay.ru›zagadka-death-akademika-1293
Perhaps, any Russian person is well aware of the surname Pavlov. The great academician is known both for his life and his death. Many are familiar with the story of his death. last hours life, he called his best students and, using the example of his body, explained the processes occurring in a dying body. However, there is such a version that he was poisoned in 1936 for his political views.
Many experts believe that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the greatest scientist in St. Petersburg, second only to Lomonosov. He was a graduate of Petersburg University. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion and circulation. It was he who was the first Russian to win this award.
His writings on physiology nervous system, and the theory conditioned reflexes became famous all over the world. Outwardly, he was stern - a bushy beard white color, a firm face and rather bold statements, both in politics and in science. For many decades, it was in his appearance that many imagined a true Russian scientist. During his life he received many invitations to the most prestigious world universities, but he did not want to leave his native country.
Even after the Revolution died down, when he, like many members of the intelligentsia, had a rather difficult life, he did not agree to leave Russia. His home was repeatedly searched, six gold medals were taken away, as was the Nobel Prize, which was kept in a Russian bank. But it was not this that offended the scientist most of all, but Bukharin's impudent statement, in which he called the professors robbers. Pavlov was indignant: “Am I a robber?”
There were moments when Pavlov almost died of starvation. It was at this time that the great academician was visited by his friend science fiction writer from England, Herbert Wells. And when he saw the life of an academician, he was simply horrified. The corner of the office of the Nobel Prize-winning genius was littered with turnips and potatoes, which he and his students grew to keep from starving.
However, over time, the situation has changed. Lenin personally issued instructions, according to which Pavlov began to receive enhanced academic rations. In addition, normal communal conditions were created for him.
But even after all the hardships, Pavlov did not want to leave his country! Although he had such an opportunity - he was allowed to go abroad. So he visited England, France, Finland, the USA.
Tainy.net›24726-strannaya…akademika-pavlova.html
The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of death of a Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV by his FULL NAME code.
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".
Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
16 17 20 32 47 50 60 63 64 78 94 100 119 136 151 154 164 188
P A V L O V I V A N P E T R O V I C
188 172 171 168 156 141 138 128 125 124 110 94 88 69 52 37 34 24
10 13 14 28 44 50 69 86 101 104 114 138 154 155 158 170 185 188
I V A N P E T R O V I C P A V L O V
188 178 175 174 160 144 138 119 102 87 84 74 50 34 33 30 18 3
PAVLOV IVAN PETROVICH \u003d 188 \u003d 97-SICK + 91-FLU.
The reader can easily find the numbers 97 and 91 in the upper table if the code of the letter "E", equal to 6, is divided by 2.
6: 2 = 3. 94 + 3 = 97 = SICK. 88 + 3 = 91 = FLU.
On the other hand, these figures can be represented as:
188 \u003d 91-DYING + 97-FROM FLU \ a \.
188 \u003d 125-DYING FROM ... + 63-FLU \ a \.
188 \u003d 86-DIES + 102-FROM ILLNESS.
Look at the columns in the top table:
63 = FLU
______________________
128 = DYING \ th \
64 = FLU
______________________
125 = DYING FROM...
The final deciphering of the FULL NAME code of academician I.P. PAVLOV removes all veils from the secret of his death:
188 = 125-COLD + 63-FLU.
DATE OF DEATH code: 02/27/1936. This is = 27 + 02 + 19 + 36 = 84.
84 \u003d UNHEALTH\ ye \ \u003d END\ l life \.
188 = 84-UNHEALTHY + 104-FLU.
188 \u003d 119-illness + 69-END.
270 = 104 - FLU + 166 - ENDED LIFE.
Full DATE CODE = 270-FEBRUARY TWENTY-SEVENTH + 55-\ 19 + 36 \-(YEAR CODE OF DEATH) = 325.
325 = 125-COLD + 200-DEATH FROM THE FLU.
Number code full YEARS LIFE = 164-EIGHTY + 97-SIX = 261.
261 = DEATH FROM A COLD.
189-EIGHTY SH \ is \, DYING FROM FLU - 1-A \u003d 188- (FULL NAME code).
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Pavlov Ivan Petrovich became known to us primarily as a physiologist, a well-known scientist who created the science of higher nervous activity, which has tremendous practical value for many sciences. This is medicine, and psychology, and physiology, and pedagogy, and not just Pavlov's dog, which reacts to a light bulb with an increased flow of saliva. For his merits, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize and some educational institutions and scientific institutes were named after him. Pavlov's books are still being published quite large circulations. For those who are not yet familiar with the achievements of the scientist and do not know who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is, short biography help correct this omission.
The future luminary was born in Ryazan, in the family of a clergyman, in 1849. Since Pavlov's ancestors were "churchmen", the boy was forced to go to a religious school and a seminary. He later spoke of this experience with warmth. But having accidentally read Sechenov's book on the reflexes of the brain, Ivan Pavlov left his studies at the seminary and became a student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in St. Petersburg.
After graduating with honors, he received the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences, and decided to continue his studies at the Medical and Surgical Academy, after which he received a diploma in medicine.
Since 1879, Ivan Petrovich became the head of the laboratory at the Botkin clinic. It was there that he began his studies of digestion, which lasted over twenty years. Soon the young scientist defended his dissertation and received the appointment of Privatdozent at the Academy. But the offer from Heidenhain and Karl Ludwig, quite well-known physiologists, to work in Leipzig seemed to him more interesting. Returning two years later to Russia, Pavlov continued his scientific work.
Already by 1890, his name became known in scientific circles. Simultaneously with the direction of physiological research at the Military Medical Academy, he also headed the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. The scientific work of the scientist began with the study of the heart and circulatory system, but later the scientist devoted himself entirely to the study of the digestive system. Through many experiments, white spots in the structure of the digestive tract began to disappear.
The main test subjects of the scientist were dogs. Pavlov wanted to understand the mechanism of the pancreas and make the necessary analyzes of its juice. To do this, through trial and error, he brought out part of the dog's pancreas, and created the so-called fistula. Through the hole, pancreatic juice got out and was suitable for research.
next step was the study of gastric juice. The scientist was able to make a gastric fistula that no one could before. Now it was possible to investigate the secretion of gastric juice, its quantity and quality indicators, depending on the characteristics of the food.
Pavlov made a report in Madrid and there outlined the main milestones of his teaching. A year later, having written a scientific work about his research, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904.
The next thing that attracted the attention of the scientist was the reaction of the body, including the digestive system, to external stimuli. This was the first step towards the study of conditional and unconditional connections - reflexes. This was a new word in physiology.
Many living organisms have a system of reflexes. Since a person has more historical experience, his reflexes are richer and more complex than those of the same dogs. Thanks to Pavlov's research, it became possible to trace the process of their formation and understand the basic principles of the cerebral cortex.
There is an opinion that in the post-revolutionary period, during the years of "devastation", Pavlov was below the poverty line. But nevertheless, remaining a patriot of his country, he refused a very lucrative offer to move to Sweden for further scientific activity 100% funded.
Some researchers believe that the scientist simply did not have the opportunity to travel abroad, and he filed petitions for permission to emigrate. Some time later, in 1920, the scientist finally received the long-promised institute from the state, where he continued his research.
His research was closely watched by the top of the Soviet government, and thanks to this patronage, the scientist was able to fulfill his old dreams. Clinics equipped with new equipment were opened at his institutes, the staff was constantly expanding, and the funding was excellent. Since that time, the regular publication of Pavlov's works also began.
But the scientist's health last years left much to be desired. Having been ill several times with pneumonia, he looked unhealthy, very tired and generally did not feel very well. And in 1936, after a cold that turned into another pneumonia, Pavlov died.
It may well be that today medicines and would have coped with the disease, but then medicine was still at a low level of development. The death of a scientist was a major loss for the entire scientific world.
Pavlov's contribution to science cannot be overestimated. He brought physiology and psychology into one plane, his studies of higher nervous activity gave impetus to the development of various sciences. The name of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is now familiar to every educated person. On this, I consider it possible to complete the presentation of the life and work of the scientist, because a short biography of Pavlov I.P. adequately illuminated.
A brilliant scientist, scientist who made many discoveries in the field of physiology and medicine, Pavlov I.P. was born in Ryazan in 1849. He was the son and grandson of church ministers.
Having received his primary education in a church institution, he continued his studies at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. Subsequently, he was enrolled in the Military Surgical Academy, which he graduated with a gold medal. For his exceptional research, Academician Pavlov I.P. received the Nobel Prize.
Hobbies
Ivan Petrovich was inspired from childhood by collecting insects and plants. He asked Ryazan children to bring him caterpillars and then watched the development of butterflies. Once he was brought an unusually colored butterfly from the island of Madagascar, which he pinned to the very center of his collection.
Later, he developed a passion for philately. Everyone who knew about his hobby sent him new stamps. The Siamese prince himself, once visiting the Institute of Experimental Medicine, replenished the collection with stamps of his state.
Collecting books is another hobby. On the birthday of any member of his big family presented the works of some writer.
Pavlov began collecting paintings by buying a portrait of his son Volodya, painted by the famous portrait painter N.A. Yaroshenko. One day he was given a painting of the sea at sunset in Sillamäe and developed a real interest in painting. He understood the content of the paintings in his own way, representing not what he sees himself, but how, perhaps, the artist thinks.
Character traits
Ivan Pavlov inherited from his father such character traits as perseverance in achieving a goal and striving for perfection, which was useful to him in later life and work.
During the years of study at the seminary, Ivan was the best student and gave private lessons to those who were lagging behind. He enjoyed teaching his classmates. Ivan Petrovich was demanding, not tolerant of missteps, sometimes harsh, but quick-witted.
According to eyewitnesses, Pavlov was left-handed, which, despite his dexterity and professionalism, did not prevent him from carrying out complex operations and experiments. But with his characteristic passion and will, he trained his right hand.
Pavlov had poor eyesight, and he could not see anything without glasses. Despite this, he read a lot. He used to read each book twice, and then he could quote large fragments from it.
The scientist knew how to conduct lengthy and interesting discussions, had the title of an ardent debater, firmly defended his point of view, did not like it when his opponent walked away from the conversation.
Pavlov owns an ingenious research solution called "imaginary feeding." This method made it possible to obtain gastric juice, excluding food from entering the stomach. The "chronic" experiment made it possible to observe the processes of the body without violating its integrity. All experiments were carried out on dogs. The professor was very kind to animals and loved them.
Pavlov and rest
In life, Pavlov was a tall, well-built man. He possessed energy, agility and strength. The Pavlov family rented a dacha in the town of Sillamäe. In the morning he watered the plants and looked after the flower beds, then they all went to the forest together for mushrooms. And in the evenings they rode a bike. Gorosh competitions were often held at the dacha site. In addition to neighbors, they were attended by his colleagues, sons, friends - writers and artists. For young people there was a kind of discussion club.
Pavlov was constantly engaged in gymnastics. He created a society of lovers of physical culture and cycling, becoming its chairman.
Curious episodes from life
His best student and follower L.A. Orbeli assisted the academician during operations. During one of them, Pavlov, working quickly, harmoniously, began to swear. The offended assistant decided to leave the assistants, which surprised the teacher. And then he admitted that you need to get used to his swearing, like the smell of "dog".
Spending the winter holidays with his future wife Serafima Karchevskaya, Pavlov, being a student himself, went with her for warm boots. Christmas was spent merrily and happily. Returning to the village where his bride worked after the women's courses, one boot was missing. He ended up with the groom: the lover left him as a keepsake.
Relation to the revolution
The scientist met the revolution at the age of 70 and did not hide his negative attitude towards it. Lenin and his comrades-in-arms were afraid of statements by a world-renowned scientist against the Soviet regime if he were abroad, so he was provided with all the conditions for conducting research at home.
In his laboratory there were always light, firewood, inventory, excellent animal feed. Many employees, at the insistence of the academician, were prematurely returned from the army.
He sent angry letters to the Council of People's Commissars, where he condemned the policies of communism. He protested against being included in the academy strangers ignorant of science. He sharply criticized the Bolsheviks and urged not to be afraid of them. No one could follow the example of a scientist out of fear of the authorities. In the future, he stopped attending meetings that interfered with his work.
The memory of the great Russian scientist will remain for centuries. Streets in cities in Russia and abroad, metro stations in Prague and Kharkov, a square in Prague, higher educational institutions and other medical institutions, a village in the Leningrad Region, an Aeroflot aircraft, a crater on the far side of the Moon and an asteroid are named after him.
By the 150th anniversary in 1999, 2 coins of the Bank of Russia with his image were issued. His image is immortalized in 16 monuments and on two stamps. Biographical films were created, books were published describing his many years of work. Several awards have been established for the continuation of Pavlov's work and the development of medicine and psychology.
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936), physiologist, author of the doctrine of conditioned reflexes.
In 1860-1869 Pavlov studied at the Ryazan Theological School, then at the Seminary.
Impressed by I. M. Sechenov's book "Reflexes of the Brain", he obtained permission from his father to take exams at St. Petersburg University and in 1870 entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
In 1875, Pavlov was awarded a gold medal for his work "On the nerves that control the work in the pancreas."
Having received the degree of candidate of natural sciences, he entered the third year of the Medical and Surgical Academy and graduated with honors. In 1883 he defended his dissertation "Centrifugal nerves of the heart" (one of the nerve branches going to the heart, now reinforcing Pavlov's nerve).
Becoming a professor in 1888, Pavlov received his own laboratory. This allowed him to do research without interference. nervous regulation in the secretion of gastric juice. In 1891, Pavlov headed the physiological department at the new Institute of Experimental Medicine.
In 1895 he made a report on the activity of the dog's salivary glands. "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands" were soon translated into German, French and English languages and published in Europe. Work brought Pavlov great fame.
For the first time, the scientist introduced the concept of "conditioned reflex" in a report at the Congress of Naturalists and Physicians of the Nordic Countries in Helsingfors (now Helsinki) in 1901. In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for work on digestion and blood circulation.
In 1907 Ivan Petrovich became an academician. He began to investigate the role of various parts of the brain in conditioned reflex activity. In 1910, his work "Natural Science and the Brain" saw the light of day.
The revolutionary upheavals of 1917 Pavlov experienced very hard. In the ensuing devastation, his strength was spent on preserving the work of his whole life. In 1920, the physiologist sent a letter to the Council of People's Commissars "On the free leaving of Russia due to the impossibility of conducting scientific work and the rejection of the social experiment being carried out in the country." Advice people's commissars adopted a resolution signed by V. I. Lenin - "to create in the shortest possible time the most favorable conditions for ensuring the scientific work of Academician Pavlov and his employees."
In 1923, after the publication of the famous work "Twenty Years' Experience in the Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity (Behavior) of Animals," Pavlov undertook a long trip abroad. He visited scientific centers in England, France and the USA.
In 1925, the Physiological Laboratory founded by him in the village of Koltushi at the Institute of Experimental Medicine of the USSR Academy of Sciences was transformed into the Institute of Physiology. Pavlov remained its director until the end of his life.
In the winter of 1936, returning from Koltushi, the scientist fell ill with inflammation of the bronchi.
He died on February 27 in Leningrad.
Ivan Pavlov is a famous Russian scientist, whose works are highly appreciated and recognized by the scientific world community. The scientist owns important discoveries in the field of physiology and psychology. Pavlov is the creator of the science of the higher nervous activity of man.
Ivan Petrovich was born in 1849, September 26, in Ryazan. This was the first child out of ten born in the Pavlov family. Mother Varvara Ivanovna ( maiden name Uspenskaya) was brought up in a family of clergymen. Before marriage, she was a strong, cheerful girl. Childbirth, following one after another, adversely affected the health of the woman. She was not educated, but nature endowed her with intelligence, practicality and diligence.
The young mother brought up the children correctly, instilled qualities due to which they successfully realized themselves in the future. Peter Dmitrievich, Ivan's father, was a truthful and independent priest of peasant origin, he ruled the service in a poor parish. He often came into conflict with the management, loved life, did not get sick, willingly looked after the garden and vegetable garden.
The nobility and pastoral zeal of Peter Dmitrievich eventually made him the rector of the church in Ryazan. Father was for Ivan an example of perseverance in achieving goals and striving for excellence. He respected his father and listened to his opinion. On the instructions of his parents in 1860, the guy enters the theological school and takes the initial course of the seminary.
AT early childhood Ivan rarely got sick, grew up as a cheerful and strong boy, played with children and helped his parents with the housework. Father and mother instilled in children the habit of working, maintaining order in the house, and being neat. They worked hard themselves, and they demanded the same from their children. Ivan and his younger brothers and sisters carried water, chopped wood, stoked the stove and did other household chores.
The boy was taught literacy from the age of eight, but he went to school at 11. The reason for this was a severe bruise received when falling down the stairs. The boy lost his appetite, sleep, he began to lose weight and turn pale. home treatment didn't help. Things started to get better when the exhausted child was taken to the Trinity Monastery. The abbot of God's monastery, who was staying at the Pavlovs' house, became his guardian.
Health and vitality returned thanks to gymnastic exercises, good food and clean air. The abbot was educated, well-read and led an ascetic life. The book donated by the guardian, Ivan learned and knew by heart. It was a volume of fables, which later became his reference book.
Seminary
The decision to enter the theological seminary in 1864 was made by Ivan under the influence spiritual guide and parents. Here he studies natural sciences and other interesting subjects. Actively participates in discussions. Throughout his life, he remains an avid debater, fiercely fighting with the enemy, refuting any arguments of the opponent. In the seminary, Ivan becomes the best student and is additionally engaged in tutoring.
Young Ivan Pavlov in the seminary He gets acquainted with the works of great Russian thinkers, imbued with their desire to fight for freedom and better life. Over time, his preferences are concentrated on the natural sciences. Acquaintance with I. M. Sechenov's monograph "Reflexes of the Brain" played an important role in this. The realization comes that the career of a clergyman is not interesting to him. Begins to study the subjects necessary for admission to the university.
Physiology
In 1870 Pavlov moved to Petersburg. He enters the university, studies well, at first without a scholarship, as he had to transfer from one faculty to another. Later, a successful student is awarded an imperial scholarship. Physiology is his main hobby, and from the third year - the main priority. Under the influence of the scientist and experimenter I.F. Zion, the young man finally makes his choice and devotes himself to science.
In 1873, Pavlov began research work on the lungs of a frog. In co-authorship with one of the students, under the guidance of I.F. Tsiona, he writes a scientific work on how the nerves of the larynx affect blood circulation. Soon, together with the student M. M. Afanasyev, he studies the pancreas. Research work is awarded a gold medal.
Student Pavlov graduated from an educational institution a year later, in 1875, as he remained for a second course. On the research work it takes a lot of time and effort, so he fails his final exams. At the end educational institution Ivan is only 26 years old, he is full of ambitions, great prospects await him.
Since 1876, Pavlov has been assisting Professor K. N. Ustimovich at the Medico-Surgical Academy and at the same time studying the physiology of blood circulation. The works of this period are highly appreciated by S. P. Botkin. The professor invites a young researcher to work in his laboratory. Here Pavlov studies the physiological characteristics of blood and digestion.
Ivan Petrovich worked in the laboratory of S.P. Botkin for 12 years. The biography of the scientist of this period was replenished with events and discoveries that brought world fame. It's time for a change.
Achieve this simple, man in pre-revolutionary Russia it wasn't easy. After failed attempts fate gives a chance. In the spring of 1890, Warsaw and Tomsk universities elected him a professor. And in 1891, the scientist was invited to the University of Experimental Medicine to organize and create a department of physiology.
Until the end of his life, Pavlov invariably led this structure. At the university, he conducts research on the physiology of the digestive glands, for which in 1904 he receives an award, which became the first Russian award in the field of medicine.
The coming to power of the Bolsheviks turned out to be a boon for the scientist. He appreciated his work. Favorable conditions conducive to fruitful work were created for the academician and all employees. Under the Soviet regime, the laboratory was modernized into the Physiological Institute. By the 80th anniversary of the scientist, an institute campus near Leningrad was opened, his works were published in the best publishing houses.
Clinics were opened at the institutes, modern equipment was purchased, and the staff was increased. Pavlov received funds from the budget and additional amounts for expenses, felt gratitude for such an attitude towards science and his own person.
A feature of Pavlov's methodology was that he saw the connection between physiology and mental processes. Works on the mechanisms of digestion became the starting point for the development of a new direction in science. Pavlov has been engaged in research in the field of physiology for more than 35 years. He owns the creation of a technique of conditioned reflexes.
Ivan Pavlov - the author of the project "Pavlov's Dog" The experiment, called "Pavlov's dog", consisted in studying the animal's reflexes to external influences. During it, after the metronome signal, the dog was given food. After the sessions, the dog began to salivate without food. So the scientist derives the concepts of a reflex that is formed on the basis of experience.
In 1923, the first description of a twenty-year experiment on animals was published. In science, Pavlov made the most serious contribution to the knowledge of the functions of the brain. Results of research supported Soviet government, were stunning.
Personal life
The talented young man meets his first love, the future teacher Serafima Karchevskaya, in the late seventies. Young people are united by common interests and ideals. In 1881 they got married. The family of Ivan and Serafima had two daughters and four sons.
Early years family life turned out to be difficult: there was no own housing, there were not enough funds for the necessary things. The tragic events associated with the death of the first-born and another young child undermined the health of his wife. It was unnerving and frustrating. Encouraging and consoling, Seraphim brought her husband out of the most difficult melancholy.
In the future, the couple's personal life improved and did not prevent the young scientist from building a career. This was facilitated by the constant support of his wife. In scientific circles, Ivan Petrovich was respected, and his cordiality and enthusiasm attracted friends to him.
Death
From the photos taken during the periods of the scientist's life, a cheerful, attractive, lush-bearded man is looking at us. Ivan Petrovich had enviable health. The exception was colds, sometimes with complications in the form of pneumonia.
Pneumonia caused the death of the 87-year-old scientist. Pavlov died on February 27, 1936, his grave is located at the Volkovskoye cemetery.
Bibliography
- Centrifugal nerves of the heart. Dissertation for the degree of doctor of medicine.
- Twenty years of experience in the objective study of the higher nervous activity (behavior) of animals.
- Lectures on the work of the cerebral hemispheres.
- Physiology and pathology of higher nervous activity.
- Recent reports on the physiology and pathology of higher nervous activity.
- Complete collection of works.
- Articles on the physiology of blood circulation.
- Articles on the physiology of the nervous system.
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