Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Professional Lyceum №27
Examination essay on the history of Russia
Topic: “Development of Siberia and the Far East”
Performed:
Student 496 group
Kovalenko Julia
Checked:
Prokopova L.V.
Blagoveshchensk 2002
Introduction. 3
The campaign of Ermak Timofeevich and his death .. 4
Accession of Siberia: goals, realities, results... 5
Ivan Moskvitin's campaign to the Sea of Okhotsk.... 6
Poyarkov on the Amur and the Sea of Okhotsk.. 6
Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov. 7
Distant past.. 7
Pioneers of the Far East of the 17th century.. 8
Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.. 9
Russian explorers in the Pacific Ocean (18th - early 19th centuries) 9
Khabarovsk Amur region in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century 10
Expedition Popov-Dezhenev.. 10
Campaigns of Vladimir Atlasov to Kamchatka.. 11
The first Kamchatka expedition of Vitus Bering.. 11
Captain Nevelskoy. 12
N.N. Muravyov-Amursky.. 12
Settlement of the Amur.. 15
Early 19th century in the Far East.. 16
Russia's interests in research in the East.. 16
Continued research and development of territories.. 17
What gave the development of the Far East of Russia.. 18
BAM - construction of the century. eighteen
Conclusion.. 19
List of used literature... 20
"After the overthrow Tatar yoke and before Peter the Great there was nothing more huge and important, more happy and historical in the fate of Russia than the annexation of Siberia, on the expanses of which old Russia could be laid several times.
I chose this topic in order to learn more about how the development and settlement of Siberia and the Far East took place. For me, this topic is relevant today, since I grew up and live in the Far East and really love my small homeland for its beauty. I really liked the book “Russian Explorers” by N.I. Nikitin, in it I learned a lot about the explorers of that time. In the book by A.P. Okladnikov, I got acquainted with how the discovery of Siberia took place. The computer network Internet also helped me in compiling the abstract.
The Russian Empire had a colossal territory. Thanks to the energy and courage of the explorers of the 16th-18th centuries (Ermak, Nevelskoy, Dezhnev, Wrangel, Bering, etc.), the border of Russia was advanced far to the east, to the very coast of the Pacific Ocean. 60 years later, after Yermak's detachment crossed the Ural ridge, their sons and grandsons were already cutting down the first winter quarters on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The first to reach the harsh coast of the Sea of Okhotsk were the Cossacks of Ivan Moskvitin in 1639. Active development of the Far East by Russia began under Peter 1 almost immediately after the Poltava victory and the end of the Northern War with the conclusion of peace with Sweden in 1721. Peter 1 was interested in sea routes to India and China, the spread of Russian influence in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, reaching the “unknown part” of North America, where the French and British had not yet managed to reach. New Russian lands with their inexhaustible riches, fertile soils and forests became an integral part of the Russian state. The power of the state has increased markedly. “Amazed Europe, at the beginning of the reign of Ivan the Third, hardly even suspecting the existence of Muscovy, sandwiched between Lithuania and the Tatars, was stunned by the appearance of a huge empire on its eastern outskirts.” And although this territory belonged to the Russian Empire, the way of life of the peoples who inhabited it from the Urals to Sakhalin remained at a level not far from the primitive communal one that existed among them even before they were colonized by Russia. Power was limited to the activities of the royal governors and the maintenance of small garrisons in any large settlements. The tsarist government saw in Siberia and the Far East primarily a source of cheap raw materials, and an excellent place for exile and prisons.
Only in the 19th century, when Russia entered the era of capitalist development, did intensive development of vast areas begin.
The patron of the Siberian kingdom was probably called Yermolai, but he went down in history under the name Yermak.
In 1581, in the summer, among many regiments, the Cossack squad of ataman Ermak took part in the campaign against Mogilev. After the conclusion of the truce (beginning of 1582), at the behest of Ivan IV, his detachment was relocated to the east, to the sovereign fortresses of Cherdyn, located near the Kolva River, a tributary of the Vishera, and Sol-Kamskaya, on the Kama River. The Cossacks of Ataman Ivan Yuryevich Koltso also broke through there. In August 1581, near the Samara River, they almost completely destroyed the escort of the Nogai mission, which was heading to Moscow, accompanied by the tsarist ambassador, and then sacked Saraichik, the capital of the Nogai Horde. For this, Ivan Koltso and his associates were declared "thieves", i.e. state criminals and sentenced to death.
Probably, in the summer of 1582, M. Stroganov concluded a final agreement with the ataman on a campaign against the “Siberian Saltan”. To 540 Cossacks, he joined his people with “leaders” (guides) who knew “that Siberian path”. The Cossacks built large ships, raising 20 people each. with supplies. The flotilla consisted of more than 30 ships. River trip of a detachment of about 600 people. Yermak began on September 1, 1582. The guides quickly led the plows up the Chusovaya, then along its tributary Serebryanka (at 57 50 N), the shipping yards of which began from the rafting river. Baranchi (Tobol system). The Cossacks were in a hurry. Having dragged all supplies and small vessels through a short and even (10 versts) trail, Yermak went down the Barancha, Tagib and Tura to about 58 north latitude. Here, near Turinsk, they first encountered Kuchum's advanced detachment and dispersed it.
By December 1582, a vast area along the Tobol and the lower Irtysh had submitted to Yermak. But there were few Cossacks. Yermak, bypassing the Stroganovs, decided to communicate with Moscow. Undoubtedly, Yermak and his Cossack advisers correctly calculated that the winners were not judged and that the tsar would send them help and forgiveness for their previous “theft”.
Yermak and his chieftains and Cossacks beat the Great Sovereign Ivan Vasilievich with the Siberian kingdom they had conquered with a chape and asked for forgiveness for previous crimes. On December 22, 1582, I. Cherkas with a detachment moved up the Tavda, Lozva and one of its tributaries. "Stone". Along the Vishera valley, the Cossacks descended to Cherdyn, and from there down the Kama to Perm and arrived in Moscow before the spring of 1583.
The date of Yermak's death was controversial: according to one traditional version, he died in 1584, according to another, in 1585.
In the spring of 1584, Moscow intended to send three hundred soldiers to help Yermak, but the death of Ivan the Terrible (March 18, 1584) disrupted all plans. In November 1584, a mass uprising of the Tatars broke out in Siberia. People with false reports were sent to Yermak in order to attack Yermak somewhere. So it happened on August 5, 1585, Yermak's detachment stopped for the night. It was a dark night, pouring rain, then Kuchum attacked Yermak's camp at midnight. Waking up, Yermak jumped through the crowd of enemies to the shore. He jumped into a plow standing near the shore, one of Kuchum's soldiers rushed after him. In the battle, the ataman overcame the Tatar, but he received a blow in the throat and died.
When the Cossacks took possession of the "royal city" of the Siberian Khanate and finally defeated Kuchum's army, they had to think about how to organize the management of the conquered land.
Nothing prevented Yermak from establishing his own order in Siberia ... Instead, the Cossacks, having become power, began to rule in the name of the tsar, swore the local population to the sovereign's name and imposed a state tax on it - yasak.
Is there an explanation for this? - First of all, Yermak and his atamans were guided, apparently, by military considerations. They were well aware that they could not hold Siberia without direct support from the armed forces of the Russian state. Having made decisions on the annexation of Siberia, they immediately asked Moscow for help. The appeal to Ivan IV for help determined all their next steps.
Tsar Ivan IV shed a lot of blood of his subjects. He brought the curse of the nobility on his head. But neither executions nor defeats could destroy the popularity he gained during the years of the “Kazan capture” and the Adashev reforms.
The decision of the Yermakovites to turn to Moscow testified to the popularity of Ivan IV both among the servicemen and, to a certain extent, among the "thieves" Cossacks. Some of the outlawed chieftains hoped to cover up their past guilt with the "Siberian war".
With the onset of the spring of 1583, the Cossack circle sent messengers to Moscow with the news of the conquest of Siberia. The tsar appreciated the importance of the news and ordered to send the governor of Balkhovsky with a detachment to help Yermak. But in the spring of 1584 great changes took place in Moscow. Ivan IV died, and unrest broke out in the capital. In the general confusion, the Siberian expedition was forgotten for a while.
Ermak survived because the free Cossacks had long wars with nomads in the wild behind them. The Cossacks founded svozimovie for hundreds of miles from the state gran c Russia. Their camps were surrounded on all sides by the Horde. Casa ki nau chi rushed to overcome them, regardless of the numerical number of the Tatars.
In the late autumn of 1638, a party was equipped to the “sea-ocean” - 30 people. led by the Tomsk Cossack Ivan Yurievich Moskovitin. 8 days Moskovitin went down the Aldyan to the mouth of the Maya. In August 1639, Moskovitin first entered the Lamskoye Sea.
On the Hive, where the Lamuts (Evens) related to the Evenks lived, Moskovitin set up a winter hut. And izom 1639-1640. at the mouth of the Ulya Moskovitin there are two ships - they began the history of the Russian Pacific Fleet.
The Cossacks of Moskovitiin discovered and got acquainted, of course, in the most general terms, with most of the mainland coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, from 53 north latitude. 141 east up to 60 N 150 E - 1700 km, Moskovitin, obviously, managed to penetrate into the area of the mouth of the Amur.
Yakutsk became the starting point for Russian explorers. Rumors about the riches of Dauria multiplied, and in July 1643 the first Yakut voivode Pyotr Golovin sent 133 Cossacks under the command of the "writer's head" Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov to Shilkar.
At the end of July, Poyarkov climbed up the Aldan and the rivers of its basin - Uchur and Gonal, Poyarkov decided to spend the winter on Zeya.
On May 24, 1644, he decided to move on. And in June, the detachment went to the Amur and after 8 days reached the mouth of the Amur. At the end of May 1645, when the mouth of the Amur was freed from ice, Poyarkov entered the Amur Estuary. In early September, he entered the mouth of the river. Hives.
In the early spring of 1646, the detachment moved up the hive and went to the river. Mae, Lena basin. Then, along Aldan and Lena in the middle of June 1646, he returned to Yakutsk.
For 3 years of this expedition, Poyarkov traveled about 8 thousand km, collecting valuable information about those living along the Amur.
The region is named Khabarovsk, and the main city of the region is Khabarovsk in honor of one of the brave Russian explorers of the 17th century, Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.
Back in the 16th century, campaigns of Russian people began for the “stone”, as the Urals were then called. In those days, Siberia was sparsely populated; you could walk a hundred or two hundred kilometers and not meet anyone. But the “new land” turned out to be rich in fish, animals, and minerals.
Different people went to Siberia. Among them were the tsarist governors sent from Moscow to manage the vast region, and the archers accompanying them. But there were many times more industrialists - hunters from Pomorye, and "walking" or runaway people. Those of the "walkers" who sat on the ground were assigned to peasant class and began to “pull the tax”, that is, to bear certain obligations in relation to the feudal state.
“Service people”, including Cossacks, upon returning from campaigns, had to tell the authorities about the fulfillment of the requirements of “mandatory memory” or instructions. Recordings of their words were called “questioning speeches” and “tales”, and letters that listed their merits and contained requests for rewards for their labors and hardships were called “petitions”. Thanks to these documents preserved in the archives, scientists - historians can tell about the events that took place in Siberia and the Far East more than 300 years ago, as well as about the main details of these great geographical discoveries.
In a very distant time, about 300 thousand years ago, the first people appeared in the Far East. They were primitive hunters and fishermen who wandered from place to place in search of food in large groups.
Scientists consider the mammoth the main food animal of the Paleolithic era. The transition to fishing played a decisive role in the life of the ancient Amur people. This happened in the Neolithic era. They fished with bone-tipped harpoons, and later caught with nets woven from the fiber of wild nettle and hemp. Dressed fish skin was durable and impervious to moisture, so it was used to make clothes and shoes.
So gradually on the Amur there was no need to roam from place to place. Having chosen a place convenient for hunting and fishing, people settled there for a long time.
Usually dwellings were built either on the high bank of rivers, or on rivers - small hills, overgrown with forests and not flooded during floods.
Several families lived in the dwelling, which was a semi-dugout with a square frame made of logs lined with turf on the outside. There was usually a hearth in the middle. Such was the life of the ancient people of the Far East.
Everyone who comes to Khabarovsk is greeted at the station square by a monument to the hero in armor and a Cossack hat. Raised on a high granite pedestal, it seems to embody the courage and greatness of our ancestors. This is Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov.
And by birth Khabarov from - near Ustyug the Great, which in the north of the European part of our country in his youth Erofey Pavlovich served in the Khet winter hut on Taimyr, he also visited the “gold-boiling” Mangosee. Having then moved to the Lena River, he started the first arable land in the valley of the Kuta River, boiled salt and traded. However, the tsarist voevodas took a dislike to the brave “experimenter”. They took away his salt pans and stocks of bread, and threw him into prison.
Khabarov was very interested in the news about the discovery of Amur. He recruited volunteers and, having received permission from the local authorities, set off. Unlike Poyarkov, Khabarov chose a different route: leaving Yakutsk in the autumn of 1649, he climbed up the Lena to the mouth of the Olekma River, and up the Olekma reached its tributary, the Tugir River. From the upper reaches of the Tugir, the Cossacks crossed the watershed and descended into the valley of the Urka River. Soon, in February 1650, they were on the Amur.
Khabarov was amazed at the untold riches that opened before him. In one of the reports to the Yakut voivode, he wrote: “and along those rivers live a lot of Tunguses, and down the glorious great Amur river live Daurian people, arable and cattle meadows, and in that great Amur river there are fish - kaluga, sturgeon, and all kinds of fish there are many against the Volga, and in the mountains and uluses there are great meadows and arable lands, and there are dark, large forests along that great Amur River, there are a lot of sables and all kinds of animals ... And gold and silver can be seen in the earth.
Erofei Pavlovich sought to annex the entire Amur to the Russian state. In September 1651, on the left bank of the Amur, in the area of Lake Bolon, the Khabarovsk people built a small fortress and called it the Ochan town. In May 1652, the town was attacked by the Manchurian army, which loomed over the rich Amur region, but this attack was repelled, albeit with heavy losses. Khabarov needed help from Russia, he needed people. A nobleman D. Zinoviev was sent from Moscow to the Amur. Not understanding the situation, the Moscow nobleman removed Khabarov from his post and took him under escort to the capital. The brave explorer endured many ordeals, and although in the end he was acquitted, he was no longer allowed to go to the Amur. This ended the research of the explorer.
At the beginning of the 18th century, after a difficult northern war, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea. Having cut through the “window to Europe”, the Russians again turned their attention to the East.
The cradle of our Pacific Fleet and the main base of Russian expeditions was Okhotsk, founded in 1647 by a detachment of the Cossack Amen Shelkovnik, on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, a “plot” was laid nearby - a shipyard. The first sea boats were built like this. The bottom was hollowed out from a tree trunk, sailors sewed bent boards to the bottom, fastening them with wooden nails or pulling them together with spruce roots, the grooves were caulked with moss and filled with hot resin. The anchors were also wooden, and stones were tied to them for gravity. On such boats it was possible to swim only near the shore.
But already at the beginning of the 18th century, craftsmen came to Okhotsk - shipbuilders originally from Pomorie. And in 1716, having built a sea, large sailing ship, a detachment under the command of the Cossack Pentecostal Kuzma Sokolov and the navigator Nikifor Treska laid a sea route from Okhotsk to Kamchatka. Soon the navigation of ships in the Sea of Okhotsk became commonplace, and sailors were attracted by the expanses of other seas.
Opening of the passage from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean.
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev was born around 1605 in the Pinega region. In Siberia, Dezhnev served in the Cossack service. From Tobolsk he moved to Yeniseisk, from there to Yakutsk. In 1639-1640. Dezhnev participated in several trips to the rivers of the Lena basin. In the winter of 1640, he served in the detachment of Dmitry Mikhailovich Zyryan, who then moved to Alazeya, and sent Dezhnev with the “sable treasury” to Yakutsk.
In the winter of 1641-1642. he went with the detachment of Mikhail Stadukhin to the upper Indigirka, crossed to Momma, and in the early summer of 1643 went down the Indigirka to its lower reaches.
Dezhnev probably took part in the construction of Nizhnekolymsk, where he lived for three years.
Fedot Alekseev Popov from Kholmogory, who already had experience of sailing in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, set about organizing a large fishing expedition in Nizhnekolymsk. Its purpose was to search in the east for walrus rookeries and the allegedly rich in sable river. Anadyr. The expedition included 63 industrialists and one Cossack - Dezhnev - as the person responsible for collecting yasak.
June 20, 1648 from Kolyma went to sea. Dezhnev and Popov were on different courts. On September 20, at Cape Chukotsky, according to Depzhnev's testimony, Chukchi people wounded Popov in a skirmish in the harbor, and around October 1 they were blown into the sea without a trace. Consequently, having rounded the north-eastern ledge of Asia - that cape that bears the name of Dezhnev (66 15 N, 169 40 W) - for the first time in history passed from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean.
In Siberia, ataman Dezhnev served on the river. Olenka, Vilyuya and Yana. He returned at the end of 1671 with a sable treasury to Moscow and died there at the beginning of 1673.
The secondary discovery was made at the very end of the 17th century. new clerk to the Anadyr prison Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vladimirovich Atlasov.
At the beginning of 1697, V. Atlasov set out on a winter campaign on reindeer with a detachment of 125 people. Half Russians, half Yukachirs. It passed along the eastern shore of the Penzhina Bay (up to 60 N) and turned to the drain to the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Olyutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea.
Atlasov sent south along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka, he returned to the Sea of Okhotsk.
Gathering information about the lower reaches of the river. Kamchatka, Atlasov turned back.
Atlasov was only 100 km from southern Kamchatka. For 5 years (1695-1700) V. Atlasov covered more than 11 thousand km. Atlasov from Yakutsk went to Moscow with a report. There he was appointed head of the Cossacks and again sent to Kamchatka. He sailed to Kamchatka in June 1707.
In January 1711, rebellious Cossacks stabbed Atlasov to death while sleeping. So the Kamchatka Yermak perished.
By order of Peter I, at the end of 1724, an expedition was created, the head of which was a captain of the 1st rank, later - captain-commander Vitus Jonssen (aka Ivan Ivanovich) Bering, a native of Denmark for 44 years.
First Kamchatka expedition - 34 people. From St. Petersburg they set off on January 24, 1725 through Siberia - to Okhotsk. October 1, 1726 Bering arrived in Okhotsk.
In early September 1727, the expedition moved to Balsheretsk, and from there to Nizhnekamsk along the Bystraya and Kamchatka rivers.
On the southern coast of the Chekotsky Peninsula, on July 31 - August 10, they discovered the Gulf of the Cross, the Bay of Providence and about. St. Lawrence. On August 14, the expedition reached latitude 67 18. In other words, they passed the strait and were already in the Chukchi Sea. In the Bering Strait, earlier in the Gulf of Anadyr, they performed the first depth measurements - 26 soundings.
In the summer of 1729, Bering made a weak attempt to reach the American coast, but on June 8, due to strong winds, he ordered to return, rounding Kamchatka from the south, and on July 24 arrived in Okhotsk.
7 months later, Bering arrived in St. Petersburg after a five-year absence.
In the middle of the 19th century, some geographers claimed that Amur was lost in the sands. They generally forgot about the campaigns of Poyarkov and Khabarov.
The riddle of Cupid undertook to solve the advanced naval officer Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.
Nevelskoy was born in 1813 in the Kostroma province. His parents are poor nobles. Father is a retired sailor. And the boy also dreamed of becoming a naval officer. After successfully graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps, he served in the Baltic for many years.
A brilliant career awaited the young officer, but Gennady Ivanovich, having taken up the Amur issue, decided to serve the fatherland in the Far East. He volunteered to deliver cargo to Far Kamchatka, but this voyage is only a pretext.
Nevelskoy did a lot to secure the eastern lands for Russia. To this end, in 1849 and in 1850, he explored the lower reaches of the Amur and found here places convenient for wintering sea vessels. Together with his associates, he was the first to explore the mouth of the Amur and proved that Sakhalin is an island and that it is separated from the mainland by a strait.
The following year, Nevelskoy founded the Peter and Paul winter hut in the Bay of Happiness, and in August of the same 1850 he raised the Russian flag at the mouth of the Amur. This was the beginning of the city of Nikolaevsk, the first Russian settlement on the lower Amur.
A young employee of Nevelskoy, Lieutenant N.K. Vomnyak, did especially much during these years. He discovered a beautiful sea bay on the coast of the Tatar Strait - now it is the city and port of Sovetskaya Gavan, found coal on Sakhalin.
Nevelskoy and his assistants studied the climate, flora and fauna of the Amur region, explored the fairways of the Amur estuary and the system of tributaries of the Amur. They established friendly relations with the local residents, the Nivkhs. Time in the Amur expedition passed in tireless work, although life was not easy for officers and ordinary soldiers, sailors and Cossacks. Nevelskoy survived everything - hunger, illness and even the death of his daughter, but did not leave the Amur.
In 1858 - 1860, peacefully, without firing a shot, the Amur region was annexed to Russia. The Nivkhs, Evenks, Ulchis, Nanais, Orochi became Russian subjects, and henceforth their fate became related to the fate of the Russian people.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov Count Amursky, military leader and statesman, holder of many orders - a very special figure even among his own kind. Russian army officer at 19, general at 32, governor at 38, he lived a glorious and dignified life.
Muravyov-Amursky managed to solve the problem of national importance - to peacefully annex lands comparable in area to England, France, Italy and Switzerland, taken together. He brought up a whole galaxy of statesmen and pioneers, whose names remained on the map of Eastern Siberia.
Born on August 11, 1809 in St. Petersburg, in the family of an ancient noble family, he was a direct descendant of Lieutenant S.V. Muravyov, expedition member V.I. Bering. His father, Nikolai Nazarievich, served in Nerchinsk, and then in the Navy, where he rose to the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Nikolai Muravyov owed his education and early success in his career to the position that his father held in society. He graduated from the private boarding school Godenius, then the prestigious corps of pages. On July 25, 182, he entered the service as an ensign in the Finnish Life Guards Regiment. In April 1828, ensign Muravyov set out on his first military campaign - the Balkan. For participation in the war with Turkey, he received another military rank of lieutenant and was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree. For participation in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1831, he was awarded the Polish badge "For military merit" of the 4th degree, the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree with a bow and a golden sword with the inscription: "For courage". In 1832 he was promoted to staff captain. In 1841, in the Caucasus, he was promoted to major general for distinction. In 1844 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus 1st degree with the highest certificate for "distinction, courage and prudent command shown against the highlanders."
On July 11, 1858, in a report to Grand Duke Konstantin, N. N. Muravyov wrote the words that define his policy in the Far East: our demarcated possessions with China and Japan.
On the proposal of N. N. Muravyov, the Primorsky region of Eastern Siberia was formed, which included Kamchatka, the Okhotsk coast and the Amur region. The center of the new region was the Nikolaevsky post, later transformed into Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
The second acquisition of the governor was the Ussuri (now Primorsky) Territory, which he occupied, ahead of the British and French. On July 2, 1859, the governor arrived in southern Primorye on the corvette "Amerika" to decide in which harbor the future main port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean would be laid. Having examined several bays, he chose the Golden Horn and himself came up with a name for the future city: Vladivostok. Then he visited America Bay, where he discovered a convenient bay, which he named Nakhodka. So the two main cities of Primorye owe their sonorous and beautiful names to the governor Muravyov-Amursky.
On the initiative and active participation Muravyov-Amursky, the administrative-territorial transformation of Eastern Siberia was carried out, the Trans-Baikal (1851) and Amur (1860) Cossack troops, the Siberian Flotilla (1856) were established. Under him, many posts and administrative centers were founded in the Far East, such as the Petrovsky winter hut - 1850, the posts of Nikolaevsky, Aleksandrovsky, Marlinsky, Muravyevsky - all in 1853, Ust-Zeysky (Blagoveshchensk) - 1858, Khabarovka - 1858, Turiy Rog - 1859, Vladivostok and Novgorod - 1860. Muravyov-Amursky consistently pursued a resettlement policy, personally visited many points of the territory entrusted to him. Including in Kamchatka. The trip to Kamchatka was difficult because of the lack of roads and the uninhabited area. But thanks to careful preparation under the personal guidance of N.N. Muravyov Amursky campaign ended successfully. This journey was described in sufficient detail in his book “Memories of Siberia” by B.V. Struve, who during the years 1848-1855. served in the office of the Governor General. The book was published in St. Petersburg in 1889, one copy is kept in the library of the Society for the Study of the Amur Territory. Several pages of the book are dedicated to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, who accompanied him on this difficult expedition to Kamchatka.
For the last twenty years, N.N. Muravyov-Amursky lived in France, in his wife's homeland. He died November 18, 1881. In 1881, in the metric book of the Holy Trinity Alexander Nevsky Church at the Russian embassy in Paris, an entry was made: “On November 18, Count Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky, 72 years old, died of gangrene.” He was buried at the Montmartre cemetery in Paris, in the De Richemont family vault.
Ashes N.N. Muravyov-Amursky in 1991 was reburied in Vladivostok, in the city center, above the Gorky Theater, where a memorial platform was equipped. Memorable dates associated with the development of the Far East are celebrated here. At the beginning of September 2000, a mortgage cross was erected at this place - in memory of a great man.
The Russian people have long been destined to be a pioneer discovering and inhabiting new lands. It is worth remembering that nine or ten centuries ago the present center of our country was a sparsely populated outskirts Old Russian state that only in the 16th century Russian people began to settle in the territory of the present Central Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga regions.
More than four centuries ago, the development of Siberia began, which opened one of its most interesting and exciting pages in the history of the colonization of Russia. The annexation and development of Siberia is perhaps the most significant plot in the history of Russian colonization.
And what does the name "Siberia" actually mean? There are many different opinions about this. The most substantiated to date are two hypotheses. Some researchers believe that the word "Siberia" comes from the Mongolian "Shibir", which can literally be translated as "forest thicket"; other scholars argue that the word "Siberia" comes from the self-name of one of the ethnic groups, the so-called "Sabirs". Both of these options have the right to exist, but which of them really takes place in history, it seems to me, can only be guessed at.
In the 50s of the 18th century, Siberians and Transbaikalians settled on the Amur. After the abolition of serfdom, peasants from the central regions of Russia also flocked there. Most of the way the settlers walked. The journey took 2-3 years.
But gradually the settlers settled down in a new place, and the chain of Russian settlements on the Amur and Ussuri became more and more dense. They had to cut down and uproot the taiga to raise virgin soil. They could only rely on their own strength. Merchants robbed them, officials oppressed them. Not everyone survived, many left. Only the strongest remained on the Amur.
Later, after the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907, hundreds of thousands of landless peasants from the center of Russia and Ukraine poured into the Amur region and Primorye.
With the growth of the population in the Amur region, agriculture and cattle breeding are developing, new cities are growing, roads are being laid.
On May 19 (31), 1858, on the right bank of the Amur, behind a cliff, soldiers of the 13th line battalion, led by Captain Ya. V. Dyachenko, founded a military post, named Khabarovsk in honor of the Russian pioneer E. P. Khabarov. The favorable geographical position largely predetermined the fate of this military post.
In 1880, the village of Khabarovsk became a city. Enterprises appear in Khabarovsk: Arsenal factories, a sawmill, a brick factory, a tobacco factory, and ship repair shops. The city grew, was built, but almost all the houses were one-story, the streets were not paved. The swampy rivers Cherdymovka and Plyusninka, which flowed through Khabarovsk, were especially annoyed by the townspeople.
Nikolaevsk, having lost the palm to Khabarovsk, where the administration of the Primorsky region was transferred, and Vladivostok, which became the main port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean, was in decline. It began to revive again only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the fishing and mining industry began to develop in the Lower Amur.
Here, on the Lower Amur, for the first time in the history of the region, miners at the Amgunsky mines went on strike, during the years of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 soldiers-artillerymen rebelled against the autocracy in the fortress of Chnyrrakh.
In 1897 trains went from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk; at the beginning of the 20th century (1907 - 1915) a rail track was laid from the station Sterensk to Khabarovsk. It was an outstanding event in the history of Russia. The chain of the Trans-Siberian Railway closed all the way from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. The first trains ran slowly: 12-16 kilometers per hour.
In 1916, the construction of a bridge across the Amur was completed. In those years it was the largest bridge in Russia. The engineering art of Russian bridge builders Academician Grigory Petrovich Perederey and Professor Lavr Dmitrievich Proskuryakov was highly appreciated by contemporaries. The Amur Bridge was called a miracle of the twentieth century.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, no extensive exploration of the Far East had yet been undertaken. There was not even a permanent population along the upper reaches of the Amur River. Although limited to the Amur region in this territory, of course, it is impossible.
The main event of that period was undoubtedly the expedition of G.I. Nevelsky in 1819 - 1821 - x. years. He managed not only to explore the coast of Sakhalin, but also to prove that he is an island. Further work on the study of the Far East brought him another victory. He discovered the location of the mouth of the Amur. In his studies, he imagined an extremely uninhabited coast. Indeed, according to the data of that period, the number of local population in the Far East among different nationalities ranged from one to four thousand people.
Undoubtedly, the main researchers were the Cossacks and the resettling peasants. It was they who mastered the territory of the Far East on land. In 1817, the peasant A. Kudryavtsev visited the Gilyaks on the Amur. He learned that the land on which they live is very rich and far from civilization. In the thirties, the runaway Old Believer G. Vasiliev told about the same.
Having information about the uninhabited territory of the Far East and the lack of control of the local population, the Russian government in the fifties of the nineteenth century raised the issue of delimitation of territories before China. In 1854, proposals were sent to Beijing to begin negotiations.
On May 28, 1858, the Aigun Treaty was concluded, according to which the division of the Far Eastern regions took place. This was a very important stage in the development of the Far East as a whole. Since now any expedition or even just settlers were required to take into account the belonging of a particular territory.
As a result, Russia received additional wealth and settlements from which to collect taxes. The exploration of territories now also acquired the aspect of exploration of minerals.
In 1844, traveling in the north and distant regions of Siberia, A.F. Middendorf also ended up on the Amur River. His research made it possible to establish the approximate route of the Amur channel. He and his follower in 1849 - G.I. Nevelskoy led a wave of Russian peasants and Cossacks. Now the study and development of the Far East became more expanded and systematic.
In the fifties, two districts were already formed in the lower reaches of the Amur - Nikolaevsky and Sofia. The Ussuri Cossack and Yuzhnossuri districts were also formed. By the beginning of the sixties, more than three thousand people had moved to these territories.
In 1856, three Russian posts were set up on the territory of the future Amur Region: Zeya, Kumar and Khingan, but active settlement of these regions began only in 1857. In the spring of that year, the first three hundred of the Amur stud farm, newly formed from Transbaikalians, were moved down the Amur. Since 1858, the process of intensive development and settlement of the Far East by Russian settlers began. From 1858 to 1869, more than thirty thousand people moved to the Far East. About half of all Russian settlers were Cossacks from the neighboring Trans-Baikal region.
Now every day in the Far East was marked by intensive development and study of the area. So far, no one has made complete map Far East. Although attempts to do this were almost all pioneers and researchers. Their research in this area was hindered by a very large area of the territory and its extreme unpopulation. Only in the early seventies, thanks to the joint efforts and by order of the Tsar personally, a very approximate map of the main populated areas of the Far East was compiled.
The construction of the Siberian railway, begun in 1891. and completed in 1900 played a great role in the economic development of these areas. This especially strengthened the positions of the Russian state in the Far East. A city and a naval base were built on the Pacific coast. And so that no one doubts that these lands are Russian, the city was called Vladivostok.
By the end of the sixties of the nineteenth century, the Far East was already largely settled and mastered by immigrants from Siberia and European Russia. Significant successes were achieved in the Amur region, where the vast majority of migrants rushed and where the fertile lands of the Amur-Zeya plain were successfully developed. Already by 1869, the Amur Region had become the granary of the entire Far Eastern Territory and not only fully provided itself with bread and vegetables, but also had large surpluses. On the territory of Primorye, the proportion and size of the peasant population at the end of the nineteenth century were smaller than in the Amur region, but even here the scope of the settlers inspired respect and recognition of the masculinity of the pioneers. The number of local residents in spite of, and perhaps precisely because of this, has sharply decreased.
Stable trade relations with China were established, which in turn brought a constant income to the Russian treasury. Many Chinese, seeing that there are prosperous places nearby in Russia, began to move to the Russian land now. They were driven from their homeland by crop failures, lack of land and extortions from officials. Even the Koreans, despite strict laws in their country, even providing for the death penalty for unauthorized resettlement, risked their lives to get to Russian territories.
In general, the exploration and development of the Far East, which reached its apogee in the middle of the nineteenth century, by its end acquired a rather calm and systematic character. And the study of the territories of the Far East for the presence of minerals brings success in our time. There are still a lot of secrets kept by the Far Eastern land.
For seven to eight decades of the twentieth century, the economic development of the Amur region was rather slow, and the reason for this was not only severe natural conditions region, but above all the very social system of Soviet Russia.
From the point of view of the capitalist economic system, the untouched wealth of the Amur region seemed incalculable, the greedy gang of private entrepreneurs began their shameless robbery. The economy of the eastern outskirts from the very beginning took on a one-sided character, only extractive industries developed: fishing, timber, and the development of gold deposits. Forests have been mercilessly cut down and cut down. Agriculture is dominated by a backward and also basically predatory shifting system.
Siberia was settled in the Stone Age. Moving along the Pacific coast, people penetrated from the North to America, went to the Arctic Ocean. In the 1st millennium AD, the southern regions were part of the Turkic Khaganate, Bohai and other states. In the 13th century, Southern Siberia was subjected to Mongol conquests. Part of the territory of Siberia was included in Golden Horde, then to the Tyumen and Siberian khanates. The campaigns of the Russian governors (end of the 15th century) and Ermak (end of the 16th century) marked the beginning of the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. The exploration of Siberia began with explorers, they own many geographical discoveries, the most important of which in the 17th century were access to the Sea of Okhotsk (1639 - 41) and the passage of the Bering Strait (1648, S. Dezhnev, F. A. Popov). The inclusion in the 50s of the 19th century of the Lower Amur Region, the Ussuri Territory and Sakhalin Island into the Russian Empire created the conditions for the development of the Far East. In 1891 - 1916, the Trans-Siberian Railway was built, linking the Far East and Siberia with European Russia. During the Civil War and the intervention of 1918-22, the Far Eastern Republic (1920-22) was formed in Siberia, which later became part of the Russian Federation.
1. History of Russian Primorye. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998
2. Russian explorers, N.I. Nikitin, Moscow, 1988
3. Discovery of Siberia, A.P. Okladnikov, Novosibirsk, 1982.
4. Ermak, R.G. Skrynnikov, Moscow, 1986.
5. Commanders of the X-XVI centuries, V.V. Kargalov.
6. http://www.bankreferatov.ru/
Kapustyan Xenia
Travelers who studied Siberia and the Far East:
BERG LEV SEMENOVICH
DEZHNEV SEMEN IVANOVICH
Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich
SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY PETER PETROVICH
FERSMAN ALEXANDER EVGENIEVICH
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Theme: Travelers,
studied Siberia and the Far East.
Completed by: student 5A
class MBOU lyceum №1
Kapustyan Xenia
- BERG LEV SEMENOVICH……………………………………………...1
- DEZHNEV SEMEN IVANOVICH……………………………………….2
- PRZHEVALSKY NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH…………………………..3
- SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY PETER PETROVICH…………………….....5
- FERSMAN ALEXANDER EVGENIEVICH…………………………...…..7
BERG LEV SEMENOVICH (1876-1950)
Domestic biologist and geographer, created classic works on ichthyology (the study of fish), lake science, and the theory of the evolution of life.
L.S. Berg traveled a lot and participated in expeditions,explored the lakes of Western Siberia, Ladoga, Balkhash, Issyk-Kul, Baikal , Aral Sea. He was the first to measure the temperature at different depths of this large lake-sea, studied the currents, the composition of the water, the geological structure and relief of its coasts. He established that standing waves - seiches - are formed in the Aral Sea.
L.S. Berg wrote more than 1000 works; the largest of them are "Nature of the USSR", "Geographical zones of the USSR", thanks to which the doctrine of natural zones was raised to a high scientific level. “... And when did he manage to find out all this and think it over so seriously?” - Professor of Moscow University D.N. Anuchin wrote about his friend and student L.S. Berg. Berg's work "The Aral Sea" was presented by the author in 1909 to Moscow University as a master's thesis. At the suggestion of D.N. Anuchin L.S. Berg was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences;
He devoted a lot of time to pedagogical and social work, was an honorary member of many scientific societies, foreign and Russian.
Berg's name was given to a volcano on the Kuril Islands, glaciers in the Pamirs and in the Dzungarian Alatau.
DEZHNEV SEMYON IVANOVICH (c. 1605 - 1673)
Russian polar sailor.
S.I. Dezhnev was probably born in Veliky Ustyug. In the early 1940s he went to Siberia and with a detachment of Cossacks he ended up in Yakutsk, from where he made long trips to the rivers Yana, Kolyma, etc .; sailed by sea from the mouth of the Kolyma to the mouth of the Lena River. But he was especially attracted to the Anadyr River, where, according to rumors, there were many walrus tusks. The Cossacks tried more than once to pass by sea to Anadyr, but harsh ocean met people with impenetrable ice. The first attempt, made by Dezhnev's detachment in the summer of 1647, ended in failure.
In June 1648, a detachment under the command of S.I. Dezhnev decided to repeat his last year's path. At first, the voyage was successful, but beyond Shelagsky Cape, sailors got into a severe storm, two kochas (small ships) were washed ashore. The remaining five ships managed to reach the cape, later named after Dezhnev.
The sailors made their next stop at the Chukchi Cape, but the Chukchi met the sailors unfriendly. Then on September 20 they went to sea and again fell into a storm. The ships were scattered in the roaring sea. The ship on which Dezhnev was on October 1 was thrown ashore in the region of Olyutorsky Bay. 25 people went ashore. Soon they set off in search of the Anadyr River. On the way there, half of the explorers died, and only 13 people reached the mouth of the Anadyr.
At the mouth of the Anadyr River, S.I. Dezhnev founded a prison, where he lived for 10 years. Not far from this place, he found a scythe studded with walrus tusks. Twice S.I. Dezhnev went to Moscow to deliver furs and tuskswalrus. During his first stay there, in 1665, he was "turned over for blood and wounds" to chieftains and appointed clerk in Olenyok. During the second journey, in 1673, he fell ill and died.
Dezhnev's main merit is that he opened the strait between Asia and America; the extreme point of Eurasia on the Chukchi Peninsula, Cape Dezhnev, is named after him; a ridge in Chukotka, a bay on the coast of the Bering Sea.
Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich
(1839-1888) - Russian traveler who participated in the exploration of Central Asia.
At the age of sixteen, after graduating from high school, N.M. Przhevalsky volunteered for military service, and after 6 years he was enrolled as a student at the Academy of the General Staff. Having brilliantly finished it, the young officer began to teach geography and history at the Warsaw Junker School. All his free time he prepared for travel: he studied botany, zoology, and compiled herbariums.
His first trip was toUssuri region,where he studied nature and population. Przhevalsky saw amazing places. After all, no step, no look - everything is new, unusual. A northern spruce stands entwined with southern grapes, like a New Year's garland, a mighty Siberian cedar is next to a cork tree, a sable darts in search of prey, and a tiger immediately hunts - this can only be seen in the Ussuri taiga. N.M. Przhevalsky spoke about the results of his expedition in a book-report. During the journey, he collected the richest collection of plants and animals. It was very difficult to keep it: either it rained on the neck in the taiga day and night and moisture penetrated everywhere, or the cold chilled, hindered movement, not letting go far from the fire.
After a successful Ussuri journey, the Russian Geographical Society sends N.M. Przhevalsky to Central Asia. From 1867 to 1888, he led five large expeditions, during which 33 thousand km were covered. the giant ridge Ti-Altyn-Tag, the northern outskirts of the Tibetan Plateau, was discovered. Przhevalsky himself later described the difficulties of the route: giant mountains, frosts, storms, snowfall, which not only blinded the eyes of travelers, but also hid the sparse vegetation - food for camels. And yet, no matter how difficult it was, scientific work did not stop for a day: weather observations were made, maps were compiled, heights were determined, rare plants were collected, calendars were compiled.
Przhevalsky was the first of the scientists to visit Lake Lobnor. Geographers have been tormented by the mystery of this lake for centuries. They knew about him only by hearsay. It turned out that it was located in the desert lands, where the Tarim River was losing strength and spread widely over the sands. Lopnor turned out to be a shallow lake, on the banks of which nomads lived. If you look for the lake on modern maps, you may not find it. In the hundred years that have passed since then, the lake has migrated a hundred kilometers to the north and has become even larger. This happens because the Tarim River, unable to fight the desert, changes its course, flows in a different way and overflows in a new place.
In his studies of Central Asia, N.M. Przhevalsky visited both the sources of the Huang He and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, passed through the sandy Takla-Makan desert. At the beginning of the fifth expedition on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul in 1888, Przhevalsky died of typhoid fever. The city where this happened is now called Przhevalsk.
The expeditions of N.M. Przhevalsky were of great importance and enriched science with knowledge about the regions of Central Asia by discovering, describing and mapping many ridges of Asia, rich collections of flora and fauna. He discovered in Asia a wild camel and a wild horse, previously unknown. From his companions, Przhevalsky brought up major researchers (M.P. Pevtsov, P.K. Kozlov, etc.). The works of the scientist were published in many languages.
Many geographical objects are named after the Russian traveler.
SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY PETER PETROVICH
(1827-1914) - Russian geographer, zoologist, statistician, public and statesman, one of the greatest travelers of the mid-19th - early 20th centuries.
The Russian Geographical Society offered P.P. Semenov to translate the work of the German geographer K. Ritter "Geography of Asia". As he worked on the translation, his interest in the endless expanses of Asia flared up more and more. He was attracted by the then unexplored Tien Shan. European explorers have long been planning a trip to the Tien Shan. dreamed about it and great Alexander Humboldt. But in the middle of the 19th century, little was known about the Tien Shan mountain range (in Chinese - “Heavenly Mountains”), it was even assumed that these were mountains of volcanic origin.
Young P.P. Semenov, who studied at the University of Berlin in 1853-1854, shared with A. Humboldtwith his project of organizing a trip there. The 27-year-old Semyonov was already quite well known in scientific circles: he made big Adventure in European Russia, was the secretary of the department of physical geography of the Russian Geographical Society. A conversation with A. Humboldt finally strengthened his decision to go to the "Heavenly Mountains".
The expedition required careful preparation, and only in the fall of 1856 did Semyonov and his companions reach the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul. Thanks to this expedition, it was established that this lake is drainless (it was previously believed that the river, Chu, flows out of this lake). Research has made it possible to map its exact outlines. The following year, on June 21, 1857, P.P. Semenov with a large detachment set off on an unexplored path along the Tien Shan. This expedition, perhaps, was unique in the entire history of geographical discoveries. It lasted less than three months, but its results are truly amazing: 23 mountain passes were surveyed, the heights of 50 peaks were determined, 300 rock samples were collected, insect collections, 1000 specimens of plants (many of them were unknown to science), natural areas were described in detail , two transverse geological sections of the Tien Shan were obtained, which helped a deeper study of the geology of Central Asia. It was also possible to determine the height of the snow line in the mountains, to refute the idea of A. Humboldt about the volcanic origin of the mountains.
Returning to St. Petersburg, he actively participates in the preparation for publication of a map of European Russia and the Caucasus, edits the fundamental "Geographical and Statistical Dictionary" and writes important articles for it; develops the project of the All-Russian population census (1897), heads the Russian Geographical Society. With the direct participation of P.P. Semenov, many large expeditions were organized and carried out: N.M. Przhevalsky, G.N. Potanin, P.K. Kozlov.
In 1899, the first volume of the multi-volume detailed geographical description of the country “Russia. A complete geographical description of our fatherland”, in the preparation of which P.P. Semenov and his son participated. Of the planned 22 volumes, only 13 were published, but even in an unfinished form, this fundamental work remains unsurpassed.
In 1906, 50 years have passed since the first trip of P.P. Semenov to the Tien Shan. In a special decree, it was reported that "from now on, he and descending offspring are allowed to continue to be called Semyonov-Tien-Shansky."
He completed his journey as a world famous scientist. More than 60 academies in Europe and Russia have elected Semenov-Tien Shan as its honorary member. His name is immortalized in 11 geographical names in Asia, North America and on Svalbard, and one of the peaks of the Mongolian Altai bears the name "Peter Petrovich".
Accidental pneumonia on February 26, 1914 brought the scientist and traveler to the grave.
FERSMAN ALEXANDER EVGENIEVICH
(1883-1945) - a well-known geochemist who devoted his life to discovering the wealth of the bowels, a full member of the Academy of Sciences since 1919.
In 1902, he entered Moscow University, where the famous V.I. Vernadsky, the founder of a new, genetic direction in mineralogy, which revealed the origin of minerals, became his teacher. Since Fersman entered the university, teacher and student have been working together; they create a new science - geochemistry, study the chemical composition of the Earth.
A.E. Fersman devotes his life to revealing the riches of the earth's bowels of his homeland. He seeks to know the laws of the occurrence and distribution of minerals in various types of pegmatite bodies, the results of which are reflected in his generalizing classic work - "Pegmatites" (1931).
A.E. Fersman did not conceive of a science divorced from practice. As early as 1917, he took part and was the leader of many expeditions to the Urals, Central Asia and other regions. Under his leadership, since 1920, the study of the Khibiny Mountains began, where a deposit of apatite was discovered - a raw material for obtaining phosphorus fertilizers, which are of great importance in agriculture. On the Kola Peninsula, the scientist also discovered deposits of copper, iron and nickel ores. Since 1924, A.E. Fersman organizes expeditions to the Karakum desert, where he discovers deposits of sulfur in its center, later in 1932 in Kyzylkum he discovers deposits of ores with various rare metals.
Geochemical ideas completely changed the idea of minerals - the riches of Central Asia. Being the scientific director of the Tajik-Pamir expedition, Fersman skillfully directs its detachments, which discover deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals where, as previously thought, they should not be. It is difficult to find a corner in our country where there is no scientist.
AE. Fersman wrote about 700 works. For the development of geochemistry as a science, the four-volume work of the academician "Geochemistry" is of particular importance.
Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin is better known in literary circles as an anarchist revolutionary who preached a stateless society and denied any form of power. For promoting the ideas of anarchism, he spent more than two years in prison. Peter and Paul Fortress and 3 years in French prisons.
The other side of his activity, mainly in his early youth, as a researcher of Siberia: the Amur Territory, Transbaikalia, the Irkutsk Region and Buryatia, the geographical and geological study of the regions adjacent to Baikal from the northern and southern sides, is known to an insignificant part of people who, on duty of their activities were associated with field prospecting and geological exploration, gold mining, and were also interested in the toponymy of their region.
Together with you, I would like to partially go through the life route that Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin went through, and after the path traveled, draw my own conclusions about this. extraordinary person. For what purpose, for what purpose did the prince, geographer, geologist, discoverer pass through the unexplored expanses of Eastern Siberia?
In my opinion, the most worthy goals of a person's stay on Earth are the knowledge of unknown remote territories and a great desire to bring benefits to their Fatherland. It was they who were the main ones for Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin (1842 - 1921). He was born in Moscow in the family of a general, a descendant of the Rurikovichs, graduated with honors from the Corps of Pages, was chamber-page of Alexander I. After graduating from the Corps of Pages in St. appointed adjutant to the governor and remained in this position until his retirement and return to St. Petersburg in 1867.
Great love for nature, its careful study by P.A. Kropotkin was born from childhood, which was largely facilitated by her older brother.
Peter Kropotkin was especially interested in the nature of the eastern, at that time almost undeveloped regions of Russia. Not having the appropriate education for a number of his hobbies, having arrived in Irkutsk, he devoted all his free time to studying geology, hydrology, botany, spent a lot of time in museums and tried in every possible way to get into a scientific research expedition. In 1862 - 1864 he leaves for Eastern Transbaikalia in the region of the Greater Khingan, from the Amur he rises up the Sungari, and later, in 1865, makes a trip to the Eastern Sayans. When visiting the Greater Khingan and the Eastern Sayan, he discovers the existence of young (Quaternary) volcanism. In the Sayans, one of the volcanoes is named after him.
P. A. Kropotkin gained considerable fame for his explorations of Northern Transbaikalia. In 1866, several gold miners, namely: the Lena Association of Baskin and Katyshevtsev, the Coastal Vitim Association - Bazanov, Nemchinov, Sibiryakov and Trapeznikov, equipped with the assistance of the department of the Russian Geographical Society the Vitim-Olekma expedition led by P. A. Kropotkin with the purpose of finding a cattle route from the Chita region to the Olekminsk (Lena) mines. “The main task is to find a way, and whether it will be possible to collect scientific material or not is a secondary issue,” Kropotkin wrote in his field diary. The scientific tasks of a zoological nature in the expedition were entrusted to an even younger than Kropotkin, a researcher, who also did not have a special education, I. S. Polyakov - the son of a Transbaikal Cossack from Argun, who later became a professor at St. Petersburg University. The description of the route and all other observations were conducted by Kropotkin. There was also a topographer on the expedition.
Previously, attempts were made to explore the planned cattle route - expeditions went out from the Chita side towards Bodaibo, but in difficult terrain, no one reached the goal, all the researchers returned back. The foresight and advantages of Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin was that he carefully analyzed all the unsuccessful attempts of previous explorers and decided to start his route with fresh forces and a supply of food in reverse direction, that is, start the expedition from the side of Bodaibo and move to inhabited places - to Chita.
To solve this problem, Kropotkin left Irkutsk by the Yakut tract to Kachug, then by rafting along the Lena to the village of Krestovsky, which is below the mouth of the Vitim, then on horseback in an easterly direction 250 miles to the Tikhono-Zadonsky mine (now the village of Kropotkin) on the stream, flowing into Zhuya, and she - into Chara. This mine was the starting point of the cattle route. The expedition detachment, consisting of 12 people and 52 purchased Yakut horses, on July 3, 1866, set out on its intended path.
“At the mouth of the Tsinigi river, we crossed to the left side of the Vitim and went to the Muya valley. On July 23, they reached the vast plain of Mui. Its luxury amazed us after the gloomy scenes of the mountainous country.
Several Yakut and Tungus families lived at the mouth of the Mui. They left the Muya on July 31 and along the valley of the Mudirikan, its right tributary, again climbed up the mountain, then descended to the top of the Bambuika River and, in the wintering area of the Uyu, reached the Tsipe River. Further, the path ran along the right tributary of the Tsipa Kuduru River, through the Tsipinskiye Mountains, the Tala River to the Zadornoy mine in the upper part of the Usoy River (a tributary of the Maly Amalat). From here we went along the beaten path to Chita. At present, the Chita-Bagdarin-Goryachiy Klyuch highway on the Upper Tsipa is laid in the same place approximately. “In the area of the village of Bagdarin on the Aunika stream, at that time, there were already 3 mines - Serafimovsky, Vladimiro-Uspensky and Bututsa. Gold panning here continues to this day. The expedition arrived in Chita on 8 September. On the proposed route, it was only possible to drive the cattle away twice (Chistokhin drove it), the third attempt failed and this option was later abandoned.
At present, the Taksimo-Bodaibo-Kropotkin highway has been laid along the specified route in the northern direction, the length of this road is 365 km. In the south direction from Taksimo in winter, we have the opportunity to drive off-road vehicles to the district center of the Bauntovsky district of the village of Bagdarino, and from Bagdarino along a dirt road on any type of transport to Chita. Based on the foregoing, today we can easily overcome the distance traveled in four days, and the expedition took 68 days of hard work. Based on the results of the expedition, P. A. Kropotkin establishes that the ranges he passed have a northeasterly direction, and not meridional, as previously thought, gives them names (Delyun-Uransky, North Muysky and South Muysky) and the intermountain basin - Muyskaya. In general, it significantly expands knowledge in the field of Asian orography. The published report on the results of the expedition was 680 pages, and in total, by the way, he published more than 2000 works in different languages.
For these studies, P. A. Kropotkin was awarded a gold medal by the Russian Geographical Society. In addition, Kropotkin, as a scientist, was the first to substantiate the theory of continental ice cover in northeastern Siberia. In all this, his extraordinary abilities, as a scientist, who was able to analyze and generalize the natural phenomena and processes he observed, affected. He advocated comprehensive studies, for their connection with the social conditions of life of the people, pointed out the possibility of farming in underdeveloped areas (for example, in the Muya Valley), noting fenced and improved meadows among the Buryats on winter roads, he highly appreciated them. Already in those years he rejects ignorant arguments about the inexhaustibility of the natural resources of Siberia.
A good addition to the results of Kropotkin's expedition is the report of I.S. Polyakov. On the route from Irkutsk to Chita, he lists the species of mammals and birds encountered. “It was difficult to observe wild animals,” he notes, “out of 5 dozen horses with ringing bells, some fell from fallen packs, another drowned in the mud, others walked to the side, and all this was accompanied by a frantic cry of mushers. All living things shied away." According to the collected herbarium, he described two plant species unknown to science. Ivan Semyonovich Polyakov (1845 - 1887), a native of the village of Novo-Tsurukhaytuevskaya on the Argun. The tireless traveler. It was even believed that it was his life principles of a scientist-ascetic, a national intellectual, that served I. S. Turgenev when writing the image of Bazarov in the work “Fathers and Sons”.
You have read information from twenty years ago. A new book is now out of print called One Hundred Great Expeditions. This hundred included almost all the expeditions conducted by P. A. Kropotkin, there are very interesting data, which we did not know at all before. Let's read!
A brilliant court or diplomatic career awaited him, and he chose to serve in the Amur Cossack army and in five years rode and in a wagon, sailed in a boat and walked a total of 70 thousand km. In essence, it was one expedition. During it, he became the first explorer of the vast regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, discovered groups of recently active volcanoes, which refuted the prevailing opinion about their indispensable connection with the sea coasts; discovered patterns in the structure and location of the mountain systems of Eastern Siberia and traces of great glaciations in these parts.
He wrote about his impressions: “Passing through the endless grain-growing steppes of the Tobolsk province and peering with surprise at my surroundings, I asked myself the question: why are we all familiar only with bleak Siberia, with its dense taigas, impenetrable tundras, wild nature-stepmother ...., and meanwhile, all of us are so little familiar with that wonderful Siberia, this fertile country where mother nature generously rewards their slightest labor, their slightest care? ... This is what this terrible Siberia appeared to me: a rich country with a wonderful unexpelled population.
At first Pyotr Kropotkin worked in Chita. But he didn't like that kind of life. When the settlers on the Amur and the troops did not have enough local food, Kropotkin willingly agreed to accompany barges with provisions sent from Sretensk along the Shilka River to the Amur.
A characteristic episode of the alloy. When the shore was not visible from the barges at dusk or in the fog, the soldier sitting at the helm would say to Kropotkin: It's time to land.... If I only knew where the village was... Pyotr Lekseich, be so kind as to bark a little. And Prince Kropotkin burst into barking. Having learned where the return barking came from, the helmsman turned to the shore (Pyotr Kropotkin learned to bark masterfully when he was in the punishment cell for violations in the Page Corps). Their caravan got into a storm, 44 barges were broken and washed ashore. One hundred thousand pounds of flour perished in the Amur. Kropotkin had to urgently go to the Trans-Baikal governor. The settlers on the Amur were threatened with starvation. Until the end of navigation, it was necessary to equip new barges.
On a fragile boat with rowers, Kropotkin was sailing up the Amur when they were overtaken by a strange steamer, the crew of which ran along the deck, and someone jumped into the water. Kropotkin directed the boat to the scene. A middle-aged sailor was floundering in the water, fighting off rescuers: “Away, damned demons!”. With difficulty they pulled him out of the water and pacified him. It was the captain of the ship, he had delirium tremens. “I was asked to take command of the steamer,” he recalled, “and I agreed. But soon, to my great amazement, I was convinced that there was almost nothing for me to do ... except for a few really responsible minutes ... Everything worked out as well as possible. The team knew their responsibilities well. We safely reached Khabarovsk (Then for the first time the thought of the benefits of anarchy dawned on him: everyone will do his own thing, so long as he is not interfered with). There was no time to rest. The road was every day: the cold was approaching, navigation was ending. They will not have time to send new barges with provisions - there will be famine on the Amur.
Along the mountain paths, accompanied by one Cossack, he moved up the Argun valley, shortening the path. Only in complete darkness did they stop. Plowed through the windbreaks. They crossed mountain rivers on horseback. They slept by the fire, wrapped in overcoats and blankets. The horses were saddled at dawn. Stop. Shot in a capercaillie. A bird baked on coals, oats for the horses and on the road again. Completely exhausted, he reached the village of Nara. Here I met the Trans-Baikal governor. Gathering of a new caravan of barges has begun. And Kropotkin hastened further, to Irkutsk. Even experienced Siberians were surprised by the extraordinary speed with which he covered a huge distance. Almost without waking up, he lay in bed for more than a week, restoring his strength. And then a new order: urgently go by courier to St. Petersburg. It is necessary to personally report the disaster there. He will be believed, both as an eyewitness and as an impeccably honest person.
Winter came. Crossings over the mighty Siberian rivers were especially dangerous. This did not stop Kropotkin. Slept on the way. He crossed five thousand miles in twenty days. In the capital, I managed to dance at a ball and a few days later again in a sleigh along the winter road, towards the sunrise. Returning to Irkutsk, he received a new, no less difficult and dangerous task: under the guise of the Irkutsk merchant Pyotr Alekseev and his comrades, explore the northern part of Manchuria. Not a single European has been there, the topographer Vaganov, recently sent there, was killed. The disguised merchant could still be exposed on the Russian side, in the Cossack villages. The rumor about the arrival of an important boss has already reached here. In one of the tea houses, the hostess asked him: “They said that some prince Rapotsky should come from Irkutsk. Well, where are they in such weather? “That’s right,” Pyotr Alekseevich agreed sedately, “the weather is not for the prince.”
He was accompanied by five mounted Cossacks. Of the entire group, only one Buryat had a firearm. He shot deer. They crossed the Khingan mountains without much difficulty. Kropotkin became the first European to succeed. He wrote: “Every traveler can easily imagine my delight at the sight of this geographical discovery. Khingan has hitherto been considered a formidable mountain range. A Chinese official on the border of Manchuria, when Kropotkin showed him his red certificate, looked at the passport of the "merchant Alekseev", said that the document was bad and the path was closed further. And then Kropotkin showed extraordinary ingenuity: he took out a copy of the Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper and, pointing to the state emblem: “Here is my real passport!” The official was dumbfounded. The squad moved on.
The journey ended with another geographical discovery: on the western slope of the Ilkhuri-Alin ridge, he discovered a volcanic country. Pyotr Alekseevich reported on the results of his expeditions at a meeting of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Geographical Society. Petersburg on general meeting Society, the famous geographer P.P. Semenov (later awarded the addition of the word “Tien Shan” to his surname Semenov) called the first of these expeditions a “remarkable geographical feat”, and the second even more important for physical geography than the Sungaria.
... The St. Petersburg newspaper "Northern Bee" published an article about waterfalls on the Oka River, a tributary of the Angara, which are not inferior in size to the famous Niagara Falls. The Russian Geographical Society commissioned P. A. Kropotkin to check this message. He passed through the little-studied areas of the Eastern Sayan 1300 km. But the waterfalls disappointed: one is no more than 20 meters high, and the other even less with a small water flow. He continued the route. Having hired horses, he went with a Cossack up the Dzhunbulak gorge and discovered a relatively recently active volcano.
... In Russian folk tales, Ivan Tsarevich is constantly given tasks, one more dangerous than the other. So Prince Peter Kropotkin was finally offered to conduct a desperate expedition - by land from the Lena gold mines to Chita. No one has yet succeeded in laying this path through unknown mountains and valleys. Communication was carried out along the rivers, which greatly lengthened the distance. And by land from Chita it would be possible to drive cattle to the mines, transport goods and mail. Gold mines expanded; thousands of people already worked for them.
From the Olekminsk mines, Kropotkin's detachment went south, taking provisions for three months. A middle-aged Yakut agreed to be the conductor. “He really accomplished this amazing feat, although there was positively no path in the mountains,” wrote Kropotkin, admiring the courage and quick wit of the local resident, for whom the taiga is his home. But didn’t the young leader of the detachment accomplish a feat?
One of the most important trips in the region was the expedition of R. Maak. She was discussed above. With the formation in 1851 of the Siberian Department of the IRGS, it began to serve as the organizing and methodological center for most expeditions to study the productive forces of this territory. Later, a network of departments emerged; the West Siberian department was formed in 1877, the Amur department in 1894, and the Yakut department in 1913. Particular attention of researchers was attracted by the regions of the Baikal region, Transbaikalia, the Ussuri Territory, and less often the northern regions.
In 1849-1852. in the southeastern part of Siberia, a topographic expedition under the command of N.Kh. Akhte. Its result was new maps of Baikal (1850) and Transbaikalia (1852). A member of the expedition, mining engineer N.G. Meglitsky discovered deposits of lead and silver.
In 1855-1859. in Transbaikalia, a detachment of L.E. Schwartz, who participated in the Akhte expedition as an astronomer. Based on the materials of the expedition, Schwartz compiled a detailed and accurate map of the southern part of Eastern Siberia. On it, in particular, a new ridge with alpine landforms appeared. It was named after one of the topographers, Lieutenant I.S. Kryzhina. Naturalist G.I. Radde on a boat made a circular detour of Lake Baikal and discovered a number of organisms unknown until that time. The name of Radde is associated with the study of Lake Gusinoe, climbing highest point Sayan-mountain Munku-Sardyk (3492 m), establishing the asymmetry of its slopes in terms of steepness and distribution of vegetation. He discovered the first glacier in the Eastern Sayan.
In 1862, a young graduate of the page corps arrived in Eastern Siberia, a prince who neglected his court career. Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin(1842-1921). He joined the study of a little-studied region. The first journey was made by Kropotkin in 1863 along the Shilka and the Amur up to its lower reaches. In the spring of the following year, Kropotkin crossed the Greater Khingan and traveled almost incognito through Manchuria, discovering and describing for the first time two cones of extinct volcanoes. In summer and autumn, he explored the banks of the Amur, Ussuri and Sungari to the city of Girin.
In 1865, P. A. Kropotkin worked in the southern Baikal region and in the Eastern Sayan. In the Tunka basin, he discovered two volcanic cones and a lava cover erupted by them in the Quaternary period. He described the lava plateau in the upper reaches of the Oka River (a tributary of the Irkut), revealed hot mineral springs, witnesses of troubled bowels. On the Oka plateau, Kropotkin noted traces of ancient glaciation.
In 1866 Kropotkin, together with the biologist I.S. Polyakov, laid out a route from the Olekminsky-Vitimsky gold mines to Chita in order to find a convenient cattle route. The Patom Highlands and one of its ranges, later named by V.A. The hoop name of Kropotkin, a system of steep-walled ridges (grooms said that they climb to “submit a petition to God”), named by Kropotkin Delyun-Uransky, North-Muysky and South-Muysky, Vitim Plateau. Traveling impressions and data from other researchers allowed Kropotkin to create a new, more perfect idea of the orography of Asia. New evidence was obtained about the past glaciation of Transbaikalia. Kropotkin also expressed original ideas about the origin of the Baikal Basin.
In 1865, mining engineer I.A. Lopatin, who discovered traces of recent volcanism and forms associated with the widespread development of permafrost. In 1867-1868. Lopatin conducted a complex of geological studies on Sakhalin. In 1871, Lopatin continued to study the trap covers of the Central Siberian Plateau, begun by Chekanovsky, going up the Podkamennaya Tunguska River for 600 km.
Since 1869, mining-geological and geographical research in Eastern Siberia was carried out Alexander Lavrentievich Chekanovsky(1833-1876), exiled to Siberia in connection with Polish uprising 1863 At the request of Academician F.B. Schmidt Chekanovsky was placed at the disposal of the Siberian Department of the Geographical Society. Since 1869, on the instructions of the department, he has completed a number of routes along the Irkutsk basin, the Baikal region, and the Eastern Sayan. But he obtained the most significant results in studying the basins of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Olenek rivers. Within three years (1872-1875), he was the first to describe in detail the lava covers of the Central Siberian Plateau with table-like relief forms separated by terraced ledges of river valleys, which, in turn, are associated with outcrops of igneous rock layers; mineral. According to F.B. Schmidt, Chekanovsky's expedition was "the richest in geological results that have ever been active in Siberia" up to that time. In the lower reaches of the Olenek, Chekanovsky discovered and preserved for posterity the grave of the Pronchishchevs, who gave their young lives to the study of the north. In the area of the mouth of the Lena River, Chekanovsky singled out two asymmetric ridges; now these ridges bear the names of Pronchishchev and Chekanovsky. The life of Alexander Lavrentievich ended tragically. Released under an amnesty in 1875, he left for St. Petersburg, began processing the huge amount of material he had collected, but during an attack of mental illness in the autumn of the following year he committed suicide.
Junior comrade Chekanovsky Ivan Dementievich (Jan Domenik) Tersky(1845 -1892), who also ended up in Siberia against his will, received the basics of field research from G.N. Potanin, Chekanovsky and other travelers. Since 1873, he conducted a complex of studies in Baikal and the Baikal region, established observations on changes in the level of the lake in its individual sections, which made it possible to judge diverse tectonic movements, compiled a geological map of the lake shoreline and published a detailed report on the studies performed. Chersky used the research data in compiling two volumes of supplements to K. Ritter's Geoscience of Asia.
In 1885, Chersky, on behalf of the Academy of Sciences, carried out geological observations along the Siberian tract, identified two altitudinal levels of the area: to the east of the Yenisei valley and to the west of it.
For five years, Ivan Dementievich lived with his family in St. Petersburg, processed materials from his collections, paleontological collections of other researchers. In 1891, on his own initiative, Chersky led the Kolyma expedition of the Academy. In addition to him, the expedition included his wife, a faithful companion in a number of his travels, Mavra Pavlovna, and 12-year-old son Alexander. Difficult way through the whole country, Yakutsk, Oymyakon... In September 1891 we reached Verkhne-Kolymsk. The transferred influenza and severe wintering undermined the health of the expedition leader. Nevertheless, with the beginning of navigation, Chersky set off on a boat down the Kolyma, describing the geological outcrops along its shores. When the forces began to leave the researcher, Mavra Pavlovna took over the main work. One cannot but marvel at the courage and devotion to duty of these people. Feeling that the disease had become irreversible, Chersky prepared a will. Here is its content: “In the event of my death, wherever she finds me, the expedition led by my wife Mavra Pavlovna Cherskaya must still sail to Nizhne-Kolymsk this summer, engaged mainly in zoological and botanical collections and permits. solving those of the geological questions that are available to my wife. Otherwise, if the expedition of 1892 did not take place in the event of my death, the Academy would have to suffer large monetary losses and damage in scientific results; and on me, or rather on my name, still unsullied by anything, falls the whole burden of failure. Only after the expedition returns back to Sredne-Kolymsk should it be considered completed. And only then should the surrender of the remainder of the expeditionary amount and expeditionary property ”(Quoted by: Shumilov, 1998. P. 158) - July 7, 1892, Ivan Dementievich died. Mavra Pavlovna completed the rest of the expedition's program, delivered to Irkutsk its materials and collected collections, handed over them and unspent money to the person responsible for geological work in Siberia, E.V. Toll... How I would like the meaning of this deed of the Cherskys to reach the consciousness of those who settle in science, and do not live for science!
M.P. Cherskaya returned to St. Petersburg, then moved to relatives in Vitebsk. The last years, 1936-1940, she lived in Rostov-on-Don. Her son Alexander Chersky became, like his father, a traveler-zoologist, worked in the Far East, died on the Commander Islands.
Between the rivers Indigirka and Kolyma, Chersky on the route map outlined the beginning of three unknown mountain ranges. Described in 1927 by S.V. Obruchev, they made up the now well-known ridge (more precisely, the highlands) of Chersky.
Among the Polish exiles, Benedikt Dybowski and Viktor Godlevsky left a good memory in the study of Siberia. They carefully studied the organic life of Baikal, established its species richness and endemicity. They determined the main ecological parameters of the lake, including the depth of the lake, the temperature and density of water at all horizons. Dybovsky and Godlevsky conducted zoological studies of the Amur and Ussuri. And when the news of the long-awaited amnesty arrived, Dybovsky obtained permission for further research in Siberia and went to Kamchatka. Dybovsky returned to his homeland, more precisely to Lvov, only in 1884 and lived to a ripe old age.
In 1889-1898. a geologist worked in a number of regions of southern Siberia Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev(1863-1956). Together with mining engineers A.P. Gerasimov and A.E. Gedroits, he significantly refined the orographic appearance of Transbaikalia. The ridges of Yablonovy, Borshchovochny, Chersky and a number of others, previously unknown, were surveyed and put on the map. Obruchev revealed traces of Quaternary glaciation, expressed his own view on the problem of the origin of the Baikal Basin in the form of a graben. This hypothesis was supported by one of the largest scientists of that time, Eduard Suess, and up to last quarter XX century was the main one until data on riftogenic processes in the Baikal zone appeared.
In 1898, on the Vitim plateau, Gerasimov discovered two volcanic cones, witnesses of Quaternary eruptions. They received the names of Obruchev and Mushketov.
In 1853 L.I. was sent by the Academy to the Far East. Schrenk. He traveled to Kamchatka on the Aurora frigate, then on another ship to De-Kastri Bay. In 1854 he arrived in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. He met Sakhalin explorers Boshnyak and Rudanovsky. I visited Sakhalin myself. Then he explored the basin of the river Girin and returned to the Gulf of De-Kastri. The following summer, Schrenk and the botanist Maksimovich climbed up the Amur to the mouth of the Ussuri. In the winter of 1856, Schrenk again headed for Sakhalin, went to the Tym River, described the route and the life of the Orochs, and on March 12, with rich collections, returned to the Amur, to Nikolaevsk. In the same year, Schrenk returned to St. Petersburg, prepared a description of the journey, published in German in 1858-1895. He wrote the first book on the hydrology of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. His Outline of the Physical Geography of the North Sea of Japan was awarded the Gold Medal of the Geographical Society.
The first Russian traveler who climbed up the Ussuri River in 1855 was K.I. Maksimovich. In 1855 and 1859. in the Amur Region” and the Ussuri Territory, R.K. Maak, explored the nature of the Aehtsir ridge. Detailed studies of Primorye in 1857-1859. conducted by M.I. Venyukov. He not only passed along the Ussuri, but also from its sources crossed the Sikhote-Alin ridge, went to the seashore and returned the same way.
But the most remarkable result was a trip to the Ussuri region Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky(1839-1888). The name and work of Przhevalsky occupies a special place in the history of travel and geographical discoveries. Early in childhood, Przhevalsky, who was left without a father, was taken care of by his uncle, his mother's brother, a passionate hunter. Together with him, the boy repeatedly wandered around the neighborhood of the family estate in the Smolensk region, became addicted to hunting, and this, obviously, played an important role in choosing the life path of the great traveler. When he studied at the Academy of the General Staff, he completed the term paper "Military Statistical Review of the Primorsky Territory." He taught history and geography at the Warsaw Junker School. There he prepared a textbook on geography. And he dreamed of traveling to Central Asia. With this thought and a detailed development of the plan in 1866, he appeared in the Geographical Society for support. Here is how it is written in the report of P.P. Semenov about half a century of activity of the society: “It was enough to talk with this man to make sure that he had no shortage of enterprise, energy and courage. A passionate hunter, he was obviously a good ornithologist, and in general showed a great penchant for the natural history sciences ... but no scientific merit in the field of geographical sciences, he was not behind him then ... P.P. Semyonov advised the young future traveler, first of all, to try his hand at exploring ... a little-known region ... namely the Ussuri. At the same time, P.P. Semenov promised N.M. Przhevalsky that if he fulfills his task quite satisfactorily and shows his talents as a traveler and naturalist, then the Department of Physical Geography will already take care of his equipment for an expedition to Central Asia ”(Semenov, 1896, p. 214).
P.P. Semenov provided Przhevalsky with a flattering description of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia M.S. Korsakov, and the expedition took place. Przhevalsky spent two and a half years in the Far East. With the student Yagunov, he descended the Amur, explored the Khekhtsir ridge, climbed the Ussuri to Lake Khanka, whose shores he visited twice, walked along the coastal steeps from the Posyet Bay to the Olga Bay, crossed the Sikhote-Alin and returned to the Ussuri. Hundreds of specimens of plants, stuffed birds were collected, a route survey was compiled, a meaningful diary was prepared with detailed specifications nature, in particular, with the results of observations of animals and birds, with descriptions of the life and life of the Golds, Orochs, Korean and Chinese colonists. Przhevalsky learned a lot of information from communication with the natives.
Returning to St. Petersburg, in 1870, at his own expense, Przhevalsky published his work “Journey in the Ussuri Territory”, testifying to the originality of the naturalist and traveler, to the undoubted gift of a literary record of what he saw. Przhevalsky was struck by the diversity of manifestations of nature (“... the Khekhtsirsky Range represents such a wealth of forest vegetation, which is rarely found in other even more southern parts of the Ussuri Territory” (p. 51). Przhevalsky not only captures the richness of nature, but also evaluates it from the point of view of the colonization of the region: "In general, the Khanka steppes are the best place in the entire Ussuri region for our future settlements. Not to mention the fertile, chernozem and loamy soil, which does not require special labor for the initial development, about the vast , beautiful pastures, - the most important benefit is that the steppes are not subject to floods, which are everywhere in the Ussuri
this is such a huge hindrance to agriculture” (p. 73). How the scientist Przhevalsky sees the relationship of natural components: “Such a special character of the climate also determines the special nature of the Ussuri Territory, which represents an original mixture of northern and southern forms in the flora and fauna” (p. 218). Przhevalsky respected the indigenous population: “... The naturally good-natured disposition of this people leads to the closest family connection: parents passionately love their children, who, for their part, pay them the same love” (p. 87). And how unprofitable against the background of the aborigines looked Russian pioneers. Przhevalsky noted with bewilderment that Ussuri was full of fish and meat, but most of Russians are “satisfied with shult and wineskins, that is, with such dishes that a fresh person cannot even look at without disgust. The results of such horrendous poverty are, on the one hand, various diseases, and, on the other hand, the extreme demoralization of the population, the most vile debauchery and apathy for any honest work ... ”(S. 45). In the person of Przhevalsky, geography found one of the smartest and most honest researchers.
Concluding the history of the study of the Far East, it is impossible not to mention two more travelers, whose research activities developed especially fruitfully in the 20th century.
Vladimir Leontievich Komarov(1869 - 1945) in 1895 was involved in surveys in the area of the proposed construction of the Amur railway. By that time, the young scientist had already received training in field research in the Karakum desert, in the foothills and mountains of Gissar-Alay. Komarov got to the Far East in a roundabout way: from Odessa by steamboat through the Suez Canal, with visits to Singapore and Nagasaki, until he arrived in Vladivostok. And from there, to the Amur region. He conducted research on the Zeya-Bureinsky plain, on the Bureinsky ridge, in the basins of the Tunguska and Bira rivers. Based on the materials of these travels, the article "Conditions for the further colonization of the Amur" was written, published in Izvestia of the Geographical Society. Assessing the features of nature, Komarov noted the desirability of resettling people here from places with similar conditions, from the European North, accustomed to cool, rainy summer weather and waterlogged soils. They were given recommendations for more productive use of local land resources. He wrote about the strong swampiness of the territory. Along Bira, “a completely flat area stretches with rare woods of oak in dry areas and larch in wetlands, meadows and meadow swamps ...” To the south of Bira, “a significant part ... of the surface is covered with deciduous, in places even with oaks and grapes, forests "... In the upper part of the Khingan valley, "the soil layer is quite trustworthy, and this area, combining lands, comfortable arable land, with wonderful meadows and an abundance of forests, seems to suggest itself for a settlement" (Gvozdetsky, 1949. pp. 27-28). In 1896 studies were carried out in the south of the Ussuri region with a completely different type of landscape. “The tall trees of the Manchurian walnut were showered with flower earrings, venus slippers bloomed among the grasses of the oak forest ... meadow and forest, as it were, mutually permeate each other ... The virgin forests of this region are known among the local population under the name of cedar forests, according to the dominant species, But their composition is very diverse, some maples ... there are six of them ... ". In the same year, they worked on the territory of Manchuria. The way back to St. Petersburg also passed by sea through Odessa. In 1897, Komarov conducted research in North Korea and Manchuria. The capital three-volume work of Komarov was awarded the Przhevalsky Geographical Society Prize and the Baer Prize of the Academy of Sciences.
In the summer of 1902, Komarov directed research within the Eastern Sayan and Northern Mongolia. The route was laid around Lake Ubsugul and along the Tunkinsky graben. A number of forms of glacial relief have been identified. The materials of the expedition were included in the book "Introduction to the floras of China and Mongolia", published in 1908-1909. and defended as a doctoral dissertation.
In 1908, Komarov was in Kamchatka, explored the Paratunka valley, went by boat from the headwaters to the mouth of the Bolshaya River and in the opposite direction on a horse ... The following summer, he explored the Kamchatka River valley to the village of Shchapino, made the transition to Kronotsky lake, made observations in the craters of the Uzon and Krasheninnikov volcanoes. In 1912, Komarov's book "Journey through Kamchatka in 1908-1909" was published. The fundamental result of the trip was the three-volume book "Flora of Kamchatka", the publication of which was delayed until 1927-1930. Komarov identified six physical and geographical regions in Kamchatka: the plain of the western coast; western or stanovoy ridge; longitudinal dislocation valley; eastern ridge (Valaginskiye mountains); volcanic area; coast of the Bering Sea. This structure of the territorial division of the peninsula is also used in modern geographical descriptions.
In 1913, on the instructions of the Resettlement Administration, Komarov again visited the Ussuri Territory. He formulated a number of interesting conclusions about the history of the formation of vegetation in the Far East.
V.L. Komarov worked a lot and fruitfully in the Geographical Society, being its secretary for many years. He was also president of the Academy of Sciences.
Since 1902, a very enthusiastic person and a famous local historian have been studying Primorye, taiga forests and the mountains of Sikhote-Alin Vladimir Klavdievich Arseniev(1872 -1930). At first it was an acquaintance with the Southern Primorye. In 1906, he went to Sikhote-Alin, met Dersu Uzala, a wise Gold, who became Arseniev's guide and comrade in his wanderings through the Far Eastern taiga. In six months, Arseniev crossed the mountain range nine times, collected numerous collections of minerals, plants and animals, archaeological finds, and compiled a detailed map of the routes traveled. In 1907, Arseniev explored the central part of Primorye, the Bikin River basin, in 1908, the North of Sikhote-Alin. I had to endure cold and hunger, to escape from a forest fire.
In subsequent years, Arseniev processed collected materials, organized a local history museum in Khabarovsk, wrote books. "Across the Ussuri taiga", "Dersu Uzala", "In the wilds of the Ussuri region" enjoyed wide popularity. After the Civil War, Arseniev visited Kamchatka and Komandory, popularized local history excursions and tourism.
The systematic study of Siberia began under Peter I through the organization of expeditions. As part of these expeditions, along with the Russians, there were also German scientists who were invited to serve by the Russian government and made a great contribution to the study of the history of Siberia, its nature and natural wealth. The descriptions of travel routes they left and the settlements they encountered on their way are in some cases the only source containing information about the existence of some settlements and their location.
The first foreign scientist invited by the reformer Tsar Peter I to Russia to study its natural wealth was Daniil Gottlieb Messerschmidt, a German physician and botanist, a native of Danzig (09/16/1685–03/25/1735), doctor of medicine, doctor and naturalist, a good draftsman, a philologist who knew oriental languages. Messerschmidt arrived in Russia in April 1718. In November 1718, he was appointed head of the first scientific expedition heading to Siberia to study and describe its natural wealth, history, geography, medicinal plants, minerals, ancient monuments, rituals, customs and languages indigenous peoples and in general all Siberian sights. The journey of the expedition led by Messerschmidt from St. Petersburg to Siberia and back lasted eight years, from 03/01/1719 to 03/27/1727. The expedition that left St. Petersburg for Tobolsk, in addition to himself, included: servant and translator Peter Kratz, cook Andrei Gesler and two Russian orderly soldiers. Messerschmidt did not know the Russian language, he needed educated assistants, and at his request in Tobolsk, captured Swedish officers who knew Russian were included in the expedition: Captain Philip Johann Tabbert (von Strahlenberg), who became Messerschmidt's main assistant, non-commissioned officer Daniil Kapell and a draftsman Carl Gustav Shulman, nephew of Strahlenberg. The expedition also included a 14-year-old Russian boy Ivan Putintsev, bought by Messerschmidt in Yalutorovsk for 12 rubles to collect medicinal herbs, catch insects and climb trees to collect collections of bird eggs.
The expedition left Tobolsk on 03/01/1721 and through the Baraba forest-steppe headed east into the depths of Siberia and at the end of March 1721 arrived in the Chaussky prison. After a short stay in it, the expedition continued its journey to Tomsk. The route of her movement from the Chaussky prison to Tomsk ran along the left side of the river. Ob, where by the beginning of the 18th century a number of Russian villages and settlements already existed: Bazoi, Chilino, Elovka, Ekimovo, Voronovo, Urtamsky prison, with. Kozhevnikovo and roads suitable for the movement of horse-drawn vehicles appeared. By right side Ob from the Chaussky prison in the direction of Tomsk for about 150 km. before the village of Zudovo in 1721 there were no settlements except for the Umrevinsky prison, naturally, in a wooded, uninhabited area there were no land roads suitable for the unimpeded passage of horse-drawn transport. The first documentary information about the appearance of the settlements Oyash and Tashara on the above-mentioned segment of the path dates back to 1734 in the description of the Tomsk district by G.F. Miller. The village of Dubrovina did not yet exist in 1734, naturally there was no crossing over the Ob in this place either. The first mention of the “Dubrovskaya winter hut” is contained on the Land Map of the Tomsk District, compiled by the surveyor Vasily Shishkov in 1737. crossing the Ob to Dubrovino - in the 40s of the 18th century. Academician I.G. Gmelin, returning from an expedition to Siberia in the summer of 1741, crossed the Ob in Tashara, and not in Dubrovino.
Messerschmidt's expedition crossed the Ob on ice on March 29, 1721 in the village of Kozhevnikovo (now the regional center of the Tomsk region). Further, crossing the river Tagan, the right tributary of the Ob, the expedition proceeded to Tomsk, where it arrived on March 30, 1721. On the right bank of the river. Tagan not far from its mouth in the travel diary of the expedition noted the Tatar village "Chatskaya" and the Russian village of Evtyushina and 5 km. from it Tatar yurts, in which those who migrated from the river lived. Chulym Tatars converted to Christianity in 1719.
During his stay in Tomsk from 03/30/1721 to 07/05/1721, Messerschmidt collected information on the history of the county, got acquainted with the life, language and rituals of the Tomsk Tatars and Ostyaks, researched and collected various antiques and coins, traveled to the outskirts of the city for collection of medicinal herbs, collected information about the presence of useful minerals. In Messerschmidt's diary on April 28, 1721, an entry appeared about the corner "between Komarov and the village of Krasnaya." The former villages of Komarova (Kemerova) and Krasnaya (Shcheglova, Krasnoyarskaya) are now part of the city of Kemerovo.
The route of movement of the Messerschmidt expedition from Tomsk to Kuznetsk was described in detail in his scientific work by the historian Igor Vyacheslavovich Kovtun. Having thoroughly analyzed the diary of the expedition and the scientific information published earlier on this issue, he quite convincingly managed to prove that the Tomsk pisanitsa (“Pismagora”, as Messerschmidt called it), was first discovered and described not by Stralenberg, as previously thought, but by D.G. Messerschmidt.
On the morning of July 5, the boat expedition left Tomsk up the river. Tomy. D. Capell, who acted as quartermaster and supplier, left for Kuznetsk on horseback on July 2, to prepare an apartment and everything necessary for further travel. By 6 pm on July 7, the expedition arrived in the village of Tomilovo. From the moment of its foundation in 1670 and until about 1816, the village of Tomilovo was located on a short elevated section of the floodplain of the left bank of the Tom next to its channel, and due to the strong spring floods that periodically occurred on the Tom in the early 19th century. was relocated from the floodplain to the root bank, approximately 1 km. from the riverbed. Along the way from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo, in Messerschmidt's diary, which was kept by Stralenberg in 1721, settlements encountered by expeditions along the banks of the Tom were noted. On the left bank - Takhtamyshpur (modern Takhtamyshevo), Mogilev (modern Kaftanchikovo), Barabinskaya yurt, the village of Zeledeevo. On the right bank of the Tom, the diary noted: the village of Spasskoye, the Kazan yurts, the summer yurts of the Tutal Tatars (they moved from the Chulym River, fleeing from their complete extermination by the Yenisei Kirghiz), the village of Yarskoye and Sosnovsky prison. For some unknown reason, the diary did not mention settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo: Kaltai, Alaevo, Varyukhino - along the left bank of the Tom, Baturino, Vershinino, Ust-Sosnovka, Konstantinov, Yurty-Konstantinov, Vesnina - on the right bank of the Tom. Perhaps this happened because these settlements are located at some distance from the main channel of the river. Tom and did not come into the view of the expedition members.
In the village of Tomilovo, the expedition was delayed until July 11, 1721. Here Messerschmidt measured the height of the sun, prepared letters for sending to Tobolsk, traveled to the right bank of the Tom in the region of Sosnovsky prison to collect medicinal herbs. From Tomilovo on July 11, 1721, the paths of Messerschmidt and Stralenberg diverged until they met in Abakan on December 22, 1721. Stralenberg, on 2 horses provided to him by the clerk of the Sosnovsky prison, went to Tomsk to continue collecting information on history, geography etc. Tomsk district. From August 6 to August 11, 1721, Stralenberg, with pastor Vestadius and cornet Bukhman, went on horseback to the village of Taimenka with stops and overnight stays in Kazan yurts, the village of Ust-Sosnovka and the village of Mugalovo. In the village of Taimenka, located on the right bank of the Tom, in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Stralenberg and his companions arrived on August 8, 1721, where they stopped for the night. On the 9th of August they went back to Tomsk. cornet Bukhman fell ill and on August 11, by 6 pm, arrived in Tomsk. Thus, as follows from the diary of the expedition, above the village of Taimenka along the river. Tomi Stralenberg did not climb and personally did not get acquainted with the rock paintings of the Tomsk petroglyph. Returning from the village of Taimenki to Tomsk, Stralenberg continued to explore the district. By water along the Tom and Ob, he made a trip to Narym and back to Tomsk. On November 29, 1721, Stralenberg left Tomsk for the village of Zyryanskoye (now the regional center of the Tomsk region on the Chulym River near the mouth of the Kiya River) and further up the river. Kie to the river. Sert, further through about. Barsyk-Kul to the river. Urup, then through God's lake and steppes to the village. Bellyk on the river. Yenisei and further to Abakan, where he met with Messerschmidt.
Messerschmidt, after Stralenberg's departure from the village of Tomilovo to Tomsk, with the members of the expedition remaining with him, continued his way up the Tom. Having passed the settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom, but were not noted in the expedition diary due to the fact that in 1721 the diary was kept by Stralenberg, who returned to Tomsk, Messerschmidt saw the Tomsk inscription, according to the calculations of I.V. Kovtun, this happened around July 15, 1721. According to historians D.N. Belikov and N.F. Emelyanov in 1721, settlements already existed along the banks of the Tom: on the left bank (Yurginsky district) - the village of Asanova, Ankudinova, Kuzhenkina, Ust-Iskitim, on the right bank (Yashkinsky district) - the village of Skorokhodova , Itkara, Salamatov, Korchuganov, p. Kulakovo, d. Gutova, Mokhova, Palamoshnova, Taimenka Malaya, Taimenka Bolshaya, with. Pacha. After examining the rock paintings of the Tomsk petroglyphs, Messerschmidt continued his journey up the Tom. Having passed the Verkhotomsky prison, the village of Komarova (Kemerovo), Krasnaya (Shcheglov) and other settlements of the Middle Tom region, the expedition arrived on July 30 in Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk, the expedition set off up the Tom River to its sources and then on horseback along the path through the Abakan Range and the Uibat steppe moved to Abakan. Above Kuznetsk along Tom at the mouth of the river. Abasheva, on August 9 or 10, Messerschmidt examined the burning coal seam (“fire-breathing mountain”) and took soil samples from this seam, which were examined by M.V. Lomonosov and confirmed that it was coal. Stralenberg himself was not personally in Kuznetsk and did not see the burning layer of coal, having learned about it from Messerschmidt or from the members of the expedition, in his work, published in 1730, said that Messerschmidt took the burning layer of coal for a volcano. But historians doubt this message of Stralenberg, it is unlikely that such a prominent specialist, who later discovered the Tunguska coal basin, did not recognize in the collected by him at the mouth of the river. Abasheva samples of hard coal.
Messerschmidt was distinguished by his enormous capacity for work and diligence in his work. While traveling in Siberia, he collected a lot of material on the history, geography, archeology, ethnography and mineral resources of Siberia. He also collected large collections of plants, minerals, animals, insects, birds and ensured their delivery to St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, most of the materials and collections perished in a shipwreck while transporting them from St. Petersburg to Danzig and in a fire in St. Petersburg in 1747. Basically, only Messerschmidt’s travel diaries remained, which are scattered in archives and have not yet been fully studied by historians, his work in the benefit of Russia has not yet been appreciated.
A great contribution to the creation of the history of Siberia was made by its outstanding researcher, German scientist, academician Gerard Friedrich Miller. While traveling in Siberia as part of the Academic Detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of 1733-1743, he compiled detailed historical and geographical descriptions of almost all districts of Siberia, including: “Description of the Kuznetsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in September 1734.” and "Description of the Tomsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in October 1734"
At the end of the survey of the Kuznetsk district, Miller on September 27, 1734 (according to the old style) went to Tomsk by land along the Tomsk road, which in its main direction coincided with the later equipped Tomsk-Kuznetsk Zemstvo tract. The route of the Miller detachment ran through the territories of seven districts of the Kemerovo region, through the settlements that existed already in 1734, or in their vicinity: Kuznetsk-Bungurskaya-Kalacheva-Lucheva (modern Luchchevo) - Monastyrskaya (modern Prokopyevsk) - Usova (Usyaty) - Bachatskaya - Sosnova (modern Ust-Sosnovo) - Transverse Iskitim (from Transverse) - Ust-Iskitim-Tutalskaya (modern Talaya) - Elgino-Maltsevo-Zeledeevo-Varyukhino - and further, after crossing to the right bank of the river. Tom on the modern territory of the Tomsk region through the settlements: with. Yarskoye - the village of Vershinina - the village of Baturina - with. Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo) - Tomsk.
Approximately one hundred years after the journey of G.F. Miller, the road along which he traveled from Kuznetsk to Tomsk was finally equipped and received the status of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk Zemstvo tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, this tract changed its direction in some places compared to the former road. From Transverse Iskitim, the tract went to Zimnik, which appeared as a settled Tatar settlement in the first half of the 19th century. At the same time, the village of Ust-Iskitim remained aloof from the tract. From the village of Zimnik, the tract went to the village of Tutalskaya (Taluy) and further to the village of Bezmenovo and with. Proskokovo, where it connected with the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract laid here in the first quarter of the 19th century.
In conclusion about the journey of G.F. Miller, it should be noted that from Kuznetsk to Tomsk it lasted less than 6 days, from 09/27/1734 to 10/2/1734 according to the old style, according to the new style it is mid-October, the period of autumn thaw in our area. According to the diary entry of S.P. Krasheninnikov on the day of the expedition's departure from Kuznetsk on September 27, 1734, it was snowing. The distance from Kuznetsk to Tomsk is about 400 km, the expeditionary group of G.F. Miller, who, apart from himself, consisted of several soldiers and an interpreter, overcame it in less than 6 days. I must say that the speed of movement of the detachment on horseback for the 18th century on bumpy roads, and even in the autumn thaw, was quite high.
Simultaneously with G.F. Miller on September 27, 1734, from Kuznetsk to Tomsk, the second part of the academic detachment set off along the river. Tommy on three boats. Academician I.G. Gmelin and student Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, the future author of the book Description of the Land of Kamchatka. On behalf of G.F. Miller Krasheninnikov described the geographical objects and settlements of the Tomsk district along the banks of the Tom met on the way of the academic detachment.
On the modern territory of the Yurginsky district along the left bank of the river. Tom, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:
the village of Kolbikha at the mouth of the Kolbikha River;
the village of Ubion (Ubiennaya, the modern village of Novoromanovo) on the river. killed;
d. Pashkova (modern d. Mitrofanovo), Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Narymsky";
the village of Bruskurov (according to Proskurov's archival documents), the modern village of Verkh-Taymenka, Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Chukreva";
d. Popova (Popovka) at the mouth of the river. Suri (the modern name of this river is "Popovka");
v. Iskitimskaya (according to archival documents Ust-Iskitim, at the mouth of the Iskitim river);
the river Yurga, there were no settlements on this river at that time;
the village of Tala (modern Talaya) at the mouth of the Tala River;
the village of Kuzhenkina, 4 versts downstream of the Tom from the village of Tala, opposite the village of Mokhovaya (the village of Pyatkovo did not yet exist);
the village of Ankudinova, opposite the village of Itkara;
the village of Asanova or Silonova (Filonova), 3.5 versts from the mouth of the river. Swan;
between the village of Ankudinova and the village of Asanova, two Tatar yurts are indicated, apparently nomadic Tatars, who temporarily settled in this place;
v. Tomilova and in it the chapel of Peter and Paul. Due to the large shoals near the Sosnovsky prison, Krasheninnikov's detachment landed at the village of Tomilova to change the working people recruited in the Verkhotomsk prison. A messenger was sent to the Sosnovsky prison, who soon returned with a shift and the prison clerk, after which the detachment continued on its way to Tomsk;
With. Seledeevo (Zeledeevo) there is a wooden church in the name of Flora and Laurus;
d. Varyukhina, or Babarykina, against the mouth of the river. hype;
village Alaevo on the river. Little Black.
Further along the left bank of the Tom in the modern territory of the Tomsk region, villages and rivers are marked. Kaltai Russian village, Kaltai Tatar village, Baraba Tatar yurts, village of Koftanchikova (Mogileva), Muratov Tatar yurts, Tokhtamyshev Tatar yurts, Chernaya River, Tomsk.
On the right bank of the Tom in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:
the village of Irofeeva, according to Miller's updated information, this is the village of Erefiev (modern Kolmogorova);
d. Pisanaya at the river. Written, a little higher than the Written Stone;
With. Pacha on the river. Pace, in the village there is a wooden church in the name of John the Baptist;
Taimenka - a monastic village (at present, the village of Krylovo is located on this site);
d. Taimenka stands at the mouth of the river. Taimenki, the modern village of Nizhnyaya Taimenka, and the river has a new name "Kuchum";
v. Polomoshna on the river. Polomoshnaya (Miller, apparently, mistakenly called this river Monastyrskaya). At present, this river is called "Talmenka";
the village of Mokhova opposite the village of Kuzhenkina;
the village of Gutova on the left bank of the Gutova river, which flows into the Tom;
Kulakov churchyard (modern village of Kulakovo), in which there is a wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Miller also gave the second name of this village, the village of Nikolskoye;
the village of Korchuganov, 1.5 versts from the Kulakov churchyard;
the village of Salamatova, 2 versts from the village of Korchuganova;
Itkara churchyard, there is a wooden church in the name of Peter the Metropolitan, Miller clarified the name - the village of Itkarinskoye;
the village of Skorokhodova, 5 versts from Sosnovsky prison, upstream of the Tom River;
Sosnovsky jail, there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord;
d. Visnikova, Miller clarified the name of the village "Vesnina" 3 versts from the Sosnovsky prison downstream the river. Tomy;
the village of Konstantinov and Konstantinovy Yurts;
d. Sosnovka (modern Ust-Sosnovka), on the banks of the river. Sosnovki is not far from its mouth.
Further down the river. Tom, on the modern territory of the Tomsk region, Krasheninnikov indicated the settlements: Yarsky churchyard (modern Yar or Yarskoye), in it there is a wooden church in the name of the Presentation of the Virgin. The village of Vershinin, Russians and Tatars-Tutals live in it, then the village of Baturina, Kazan yurts, the village of Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo), there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Tomsk. The rivers flowing into the Tom from the right side are also indicated: Shumikha, Tugoyakovka, Basandaika and within the city of Tomsk, the river. Ear.
In the summer of 1741, the famous German scientist, explorer of Siberia, academician Johann Georg Gmelin was returning from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. The route of its passage from Tomsk to Chaussky prison (modern Kolyvan, Novosibirsk region) and further to the west ran through settlements located, among other things, in the modern territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky districts.
Leaving the city of Tomsk, Gmelin crossed the river. Tom on the upper ferry (near the modern automobile bridge across the Tom). Further, its route ran to the border of the current Yurginsky district through the settlements: Burlakovs (Chernorechensky yurts), the village of Kaftanchikovu-Kaltai yurts, the Kaltai machine tool (stanets).
On the territory of the Yurginsky district, the route of Gmelin ran through the villages: Alaeva, Varyukhina, Kozhevnikova. At that time, the modern village of Kozhevnikova consisted of two villages: Lonshakova, founded in 1686 by the plowed peasant Grigory Pechkin, and the village of Zababurina (Kozhevnikova), Gmelin called this village Sankina or Panova.
Further, Gmelin's path ran through the current territory of the Bolotninsky district through the villages: Chernaya, in which there was a post station, the village of Elizarov, the village of Pashkov (modern Zudovo), the Elbatsky peaks (we are apparently talking about the peaks of the rivers Elbak and Chebulinsky Padun), etc. Zhukov or Oyash.
Further, the path of Gmelin ran outside the modern territory of the Bolotninsky district through the Umrevinsky prison, Tasharinsky village (machine) with a crossing over the river. The Ob to its left bank and further through the Orsk yurts, the village of Skalinsky (the village of Skala) to the Chaussky prison.
In the winter of 1773, the famous German scientist, doctor of medicine, professor of natural history, member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society, member of the Roman Imperial Academy, the Royal English Assembly and the Berlin Natural Science Society Peter Simon Pallas was also returning from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. His route from Tomsk to Chaussky Ostrog, especially the route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, set out in Pallas’s scientific work “Journey through different provinces of the Russian state”, translated from German into Russian by Vasily Zuev, who accompanied Pallas on the expedition, is described so confusingly and it is not clear that professional historians are still unable to reliably establish this route.
Here Full description the route of Pallas from Tomsk to Chaussky prison, translated by Zuev from German into Russian: “In Tomsk, I delayed until the 29th of Genvar, so as not to catch up with the carts sent from me and thus not have a shortage of horses to change. In the evening of the same day I left this city and continued my way to Tara along the ordinary road. The post road goes first on the right side of the river. Tom to the village of Varyukhina, lying on the left bank of the river. Here we must leave the river and turn west towards the Ob. At the village of Kandinsky I moved Malaya, and at Chernorechinsk a large branch called Cherny, which, connecting with it, flows into Tom. In the last village there are 18 households, in which Tomsk philistines and peasants live. Here the Volok begins, lying between the Tom, on which there is only the village of Kanshura at the source. The first river that flows into the Ob, which must be passed, is called the Iska, after which the lying village was nicknamed after it. Then I rode through the villages of Elbak, Agash, Umreva, lying by the rivers of the same name, of which the first one flows into Isk, and the other into the Ob, and finally through the village of Tashara at the source of the same name lying. Then there is a road up the Ob through Dubrovina to a village called Orsky Bor, which lies more than forty versts away on a wooded island, which, on the left side of the flowing river, is a branch. On the 31st, in the morning, I arrived at the Cheussky prison, lying on the left bank of the Ob, into which the Cheus River flows here.
Some historians in their works devoted to the study of the history of the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract, for example, N.A. Minenko, in the book “Along the Old Moscow Highway” Novosibirsk 1990, describing the Pallas route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, is limited to a short message: “Having passed the portage between the Ob and Tom, the traveler arrived in the village of Iksu (modern Zudovo), from here he moved to the village of Elbak ... "and then there is a detailed description of the route of Pallas's movement to Tara, indicating all the settlements through which he passed. Grigoriev A.D., the first dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Tomsk University, in his scientific work "The arrangement and settlement of the Moscow tract in Siberia from the point of view of the study of Russian dialects", published in 1921, described in most detail the route of Pallas from Tomsk to Tara . However, for some reason, he began describing the route of Pallas's movement from Tomsk to Tara from the end, i.e. from Tara and bringing his description to the village of Iksy (Zudovo), Grigoriev himself found himself in a difficult position in determining the further direction of the Pallas route. Here is an excerpt from the text of its description: “... - 29 days of Iksa (near Pallas Iska on the river of the same name, flowing into the Ob, modern Zudova): the village must be meant here, maybe it is the village of Shelkovnikova on the river Kanderep): 31 village Chernaya Rechka at the river. Bolshoi Chernaya, which had 18 households in which Tomsk philistines and peasants lived: - 32 village Kandinsky near the river. Malaya Chernaya (west of Kaltai: - 33 village Varyukhinskaya on the left bank of the Tom river, from where the postal road was already on the right bank of the Tom river, and not on the left, as it is now: - 34 Tomsk) ”. On the same page below, under a footnote (1), Grigoriev gave an explanation: “The tract from Oyash to Varyukhina during Pallas passed through other villages than now. Several villages cannot be exactly dated to the current names due to errors in the names of Pallas or his translator, as well as due to a change in the names of the villages.
(The numbers 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 denote the serial numbers of the settlements that Grigoriev marked on the Pallas route, starting from Tara).
But let's return to the description of Pallas' route from Tomsk to Chaussky prison, set out in his above-mentioned book in Zuev's translation, and note the key points in it:
– Pallas was returning from Eastern Siberia in winter, when, according to all travelers, travel along the Siberian roads was easier, more reliable and less tiring. And even in swampy places, the winter sleigh path did not cause difficulties.
- He was in no hurry to catch up with his previously sent convoy, so as not to have a delay in changing horses.
- From Tomsk, he set off along an ordinary road, while writing in his travel diary that the postal road from Tomsk goes first along the right side of the Tom to the village of Varyukhina, which lies on the left bank, from which the road turns west.
- In his description, Pallas also mentioned the drag between Tom and Ob, which begins at the Black River.
– It is noteworthy that Pallas did not mention settlements in his description: p. Spasskoe (modern Kolarovo), village Baturin, village Vershinin, s. Yarskoye, located on the postal road on the right side of Tom and further west from the village of Varyukhina, lying on this road to Zudova village: Kozhevnikov, Chernaya and Elizarov.
- Not mentioned in the description of Pallas are the settlements that lie along the road from Tomsk to Varyukhina along the left bank of the Tom village: Takhtamyshevo, Kaftanchikova, Kaltai and Alaevo.
All the above key points in the description of Pallas's route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya indicate that he left Tomsk on the same road as Gmelin in 1741. Having crossed the ice road across the Tom to its left bank near the city, he proceeded further through the village of Black River to the village of Kandinka, located on the river. Mind. In the area of the Black River and the river. The mind began to drag between the Tomyu and Ob rivers. In the beginning, it was a riding path laid by the Chat Tatars in the 17th century. On the map of the Tomsk city from the “Drawing Book of Siberia” by S.U. Remezov shows the road from Tomsk to Urtam through the taiga, which originates from the river. Tom between the Black River and the river. Mind. At the time of Pallas, a long-developed road to the Urtamsky prison passed here, from which, in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Kirek, a well-trodden winter road departed south to the village of Zudovaya, of course, Tomsk coachmen knew this road well and took Pallas along it to the village of Zudovaya. The distance from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya along this road is practically the same as along the postal road through the village of Varyukhina. In addition, in the event of a snowstorm, this taiga winter road is more reliable than the road through open (treeless) places along the Tom.
At that time there was only one village along this road from the village of Kandinka to the village of Zudova, which, in the description of Pallas, was called the “village of Kanshura”. However, “Kanshura” is a distorted name of the Kunchuruk River, which Pallas crossed on his way to the village of Zudovaya, and not the name of the village, as Pallas erroneously indicated or translated by Zuev. On the oldest map of the Tomsk Province, born in 1816 Kunchuruk is called "Kunchurova", consonant with the word "Kanshura" and, apparently, this is why there was confusion. And the mysterious “village” is the small village of Elizarov, which could not be bypassed on the way from Tomsk on any road, both along the postal road from the villages of Varyukhina-Chernaya, and along the forest road from the village of Kandinka, other roads at that time it just wasn't. The village of Elizarova was founded in 1715 and it has always been small, from the moment of its foundation until the end of the 19th century there were no more than 5 households in it. To the confusing description of the Pallas route, it is also necessary to make an explanation that the small and large branches of the river. Black, these are two different rivers: r. Um and R. black; Russians lived in the village of Kandinka from the moment of its foundation, and Tatars lived in the village of Chernaya Rechka. It must be borne in mind that the path from Tomsk to the village of Zudovoy Pallas made at night, and the description of this path was apparently completed later from memory, possibly in the Chaussky prison, according to the coachmen who transported him, therefore this path is described so incomprehensibly and confusingly.
In conclusion, it should be noted that in late XVIII century, on the route of Pallas from the village of Kandinka, the village of Smokotina appeared, and in the 19th century at the beginning of the 20th century. Zaimkas and villages arose: Klyuchi, Batalina, Kirek Birch River - in the Tomsk region; Barkhanovka, Krutaya, Krasnaya, Gorbunovka, Solovyovka, Kunchuruk in the Bolotninsky district. By the end of the 20th century, most of these villages had disappeared. On this road, through the mentioned villages in the 50-60s of the XX century, all year round in summer and winter, day and night, trucks and tractors were transported from the Tomsk region to the railway. station Bolotnaya pine forest and lumber. The forest was cut down and gradually most of the villages disappeared. In the 1950s, the author of these lines happened to drive along this road from the city of Bolotnoye, through the village of Zudovo, to the village of Barkhanovka (to the border of the Tomsk region) and back along a fairly well-equipped road. This road went mainly along sandy hills, overgrown with pine forests, crossing swampy lowlands, through which a “lezhnevka” was laid (logs fastened together, laid in each rut along the direction of the road). The village of Barkhanovka was located on a huge sandy hill (really on a dune), from a height of which the surrounding taiga was visible for ten kilometers and, on clear days, the smoke from the chimneys of steamers cruising along the Ob.
Summing up the journey of Pallas, it should be noted that some historians referring to him in their scientific works, for example, O.M. Kationov in his monograph "The Moscow-Siberian tract and its inhabitants in the XVII-XIX centuries." It is reported that from the Chaussky prison the tract passed to Tomsk at that time through 11 settlements. However, this is not the case; in 1773 there were much more such settlements along the postal road from Tomsk to Chaussky prison: with. Spasskoe-d. Baturina-d. Vershinin-s. Yarskoe-d. Varyukhin–Kozhevnikova–Chernaya–Elizarova–Zudov–Elbak–Oyash–Umreva–Tashara–Dubrovino–Orsky pine forest, and also according to I.G. Gmelina d. Skala total 16 settlements.
In June-July 1868, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Romanov traveled through the Tomsk province. He began his journey through the province from the Altai mining district. Having familiarized himself with the work of factories, the sights of Altai, the life and way of life of the population, the Grand Duke visited the city of Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk he proceeded to the city of Tomsk along the Tomsk-Kuznetsk tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, its route ran through the settlements: Poperechny Iskitim-d. Zimnik-d. Tutalskaya (Taluy) - d. Bezmenovo and further along the Great Siberian Highway through the village. Proskokovo - d. Maltsev - with. Zeledeevo - d. Varyukhin - the village of Alaevo to the border of the Tomsk region.
The Grand Duke arrived in Tomsk on July 10, 1868 (according to the old style) at five o'clock in the evening. In the next two days, he rested and got acquainted with the sights of the city of Tomsk. This is how Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich described the further stay in the Tomsk province in his essay, Prince N.A. Kostrov: “... On the 13th, His Highness deigned to hunt black grouse 12 versts from Tomsk, and on the 14th he left Tomsk at 4 o’clock in the afternoon ... On the first day of his departure from Tomsk, the Grand Duke drove only 75 versts and stopped in the village of Proskokovsky. This completely insignificant village, fell to the lot of such happiness, which did not fall to the lot of any of the cities of the Tomsk province. In it, His Highness proposed to spend the day of his namesake, July 15th. To perform a prayer of thanksgiving on this solemn occasion, in sec. His Grace Alexy and the rector of the Tomsk Seminary, Archimandrite Moses, were already in Proskokovsky.
Until that time in the temple with. Proskokovsky had never yet performed a bishop's service.
The Grand Duke settled in the house of the postal station, the retinue and other persons who accompanied him, in the houses of the townsfolk.
On Monday, July 15, the day was unusually hot, from early morning the village of Proskokovskoye began to fill with people, who poured in crowds from the surrounding villages. Near the premises of his highness there was almost no possibility of crowding.
At half past eight, the Grand Duke graciously accepted congratulations, except for those who made up his retinue, from the Governor-General of Western Siberia, the Tomsk Governor and some others. At 9 o'clock after the prayer service, He arrived at the church and listened to the mass, which was performed by His Grace Alexy and Archimandrite Moses, the Archpriest who arrived from Tomsk and the local priest. After Mass, His Grace presented to His Highness the image of his ancestor and patron, the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. The people solemnly welcomed the Grand Duke. Now, after mass, the clergy, the Governor-General and the Governor were invited to tea with the Grand Duke, and at 3 o'clock His Highness had dinner.
Due to the lack of space in the premises at the post station, dinner table was prepared in the yard of the house next to the station, under a shed arranged for hay folds.
The floor of the shed was covered with freshly cut grass, the walls were lined with birches and bird cherry.
For a long time they had not seen the Grand Duke in such an excellent mood. On this day, His Highness received a bunch of addresses from everywhere with congratulations.
Happy name day from His Imperial Highness, the Sovereign Grand Duke, Alexander Alexandrovich, and His wife.
Before leaving from Proskokovsky, His Highness presented his portrait of an orphanage located in Tomsk at the prison castle: over time, He allowed this orphanage to be called “Vladimir”.
At about 10 o'clock the Grand Duke's train moved on. The night was moonlit, but rather cold... At 7 o'clock in the morning on July 16, the Grand Duke crossed the Ob near the village of Dubrovina, and at 11 o'clock he arrived in the provincial town of Kolyvan.
From s. Proskokovo to the village of Dubrovina, the Grand Duke's motorcade proceeded along the Great Siberian Highway through the modern territories of the Yurginsky, Bolotninsky and Moshkovsky regions, covering a distance of 110 km in less than 9 hours. In 1868, this was the territory of the Oyashinsky volost of the Tomsk district, which also extended to the northeast from the village. Proskokov, about 60 km, including the settlements of the current Tomsk region and the Yashkinsky district.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the participants of all scientific expeditions organized by the Russian government in the 18th century to study Siberia, whose routes from the European part of Russia to Eastern Siberia ran through the city of Tomsk, necessarily followed the current territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky regions.
In the second half of the 18th century, through the territories of the above-mentioned regions, expeditions proceeded to Eastern Siberia and back, which included famous scientists I.V. Georgi, I.P. Falk and other travelers. In the 19th century, travel routes of learned travelers ran through the same territories: G.I. Potanina, N.M. Yadrintseva, P.N. Nebolsin, as well as writers: A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharova, N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky and many others.
All scientific expeditions, travelers, civil servants, military teams, exiles (including the Decembrists), free settlers, mail and cargo traveling from the west of Russia to the east, from south to north (from Kuznetsk and Barnaul) and in the opposite direction from beginning of the 18th and until the end of the 19th century, before the construction of the railway, they necessarily crossed the territory of the modern Yurginsky district. On the territory of the district there is one settlement (junction station), through which almost all transportations followed for almost two hundred years - this is the village of Varyukhino. The date of foundation of this village is considered to be 1682, however, given the fact that 10 years earlier, the equestrian Cossack Stepan Babarykin founded the village of Babarykina, which was still in early XVIII in. united with the village of Varyukhina, apparently it is more correct to consider 1672 as the date of foundation of the village of Varyukhino.
Literature
1. Emelyanov N.F. Settlement by Russians of the Middle Ob region in the feudal era. – Tomsk, 1981
2. Belikov D.N. The first Russian peasants - inhabitants of the Tomsk Territory and different features in their living conditions. - Tomsk, 1898
3. Barsukov E.V. "Transportation" across the Ob River in the 17th century, geographical, historical and cultural aspects. // Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. History, issue 3, 2012
4. Kovtun I.V. Lettergor. Kemerovo: ASIA-PRINT, 20
5. Elert A.Kh. Expeditionary materials of G.F. Miller as a source on the history of Siberia. - Novosibirsk, 1990
7. Kostrov N.A. Journey through the Tomsk province of His Imperial Highness, Sovereign Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in June-July 1868. - Tomsk, 1868
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