The role of the church in Kievan Rus. Introduction. The role of the church in the ancient Russian state

Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (early 17th century)
Russia in the 17th–18th centuries
Russia in the 19th century
Russia in the 20th century

Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (early 17th century)

IX century. - Formation of the Old Russian state.
862- "The Calling of the Varangians" to Russia.
862–879- The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.
879–912- The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.
882- The unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.
907, 911- Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad. Treaties with the Greeks.
912–945- The reign of Igor in Kyiv.
945- Rebellion of the Drevlyans.
945–962- The reign of Princess Olga in the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.
957- Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople.
962–972- The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.
964–972. - Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav.
980–1015- The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.
988- Adoption of Christianity in Russia.
1019–1054- The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
1037- Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
1045- Beginning of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.
OK. 1072- The final design of "Russian Pravda" ("The Truth of the Yaroslavichs").
1097. - Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
1113–1125. - The great reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
1125–1157. - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.
1136- Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
1147- The first mention of Moscow in the annals.
1157–1174- The reign of Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky.
1165- Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
1185- The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".
1199- Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.
1202- Formation of the Order of the Sword.
1223, 31 May.- Battle on the Kalka River.
1237–1240. - Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Batu Khan to Russia.
1237- Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238, 4 March. — The Battle of the River City.
1240, July 15. - Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich on the Neva River. Nicknamed Nevsky.
1240- The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars of Kyiv.
1242, April 5. - Battle on the Ice. The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipsi.
1243. - Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.
1252–1263. - The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the grand princely Vladimir throne.
1264- The collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.
1276- Formation of an independent Moscow principality.
1325–1340- The reign of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow.
1326- Transferring the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, turning Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.
1327- The uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
1359–1389- The reign of Prince (from 1362 - Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after 1380 - Donskoy) in Moscow.
OK. 1360–1430. - The life and work of Andrei Rublev.
1378. - Battle on the Vozha River.
1380 8 September- Battle of Kulikovo.
1382. - The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
1389–1425. - The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.
1410., July 15- Battle of Grunwald. Defeat of the Teutonic Order.
1425–1453. - Dynastic war between the sons and grandchildren of Dmitry Donskoy.
1439. - The Florentine Church Union on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.
1448– Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Russia. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium.
1453- Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
1462–1505- The reign of Ivan III.
1463- Joining Yaroslavl to Moscow.
1469–1472- Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India.
1471- The battle on the Shelon River of Moscow and Novgorod troops.
1478- Accession of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
1480. - "Standing on the Ugra River." Liquidation of the Horde yoke.
1484–1508- Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. The construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber, brick walls.
1485- Accession of Tver to Moscow.
1497- Compilation of the "Sudebnik" of Ivan III. Establishment of uniform norms of criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the whole country, restriction of the right of a peasant to move from one feudal lord to another - a week before and a week after November 26 (St. George's Day in autumn).
Late 15th - early 16th century– Completion of the process of folding the Russian centralized state.
1503- The controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-possessors, who preached the rejection of the church from all property) and Abbot Joseph Volotsky (the leader of the possessors, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council.
1503- Accession to Moscow of the South-Western Russian lands.
1505–1533- The reign of Basil III.
1510- Accession of Pskov to Moscow.
1514- Accession of Smolensk to Moscow.
1521- Accession of Ryazan to Moscow.
1533–1584- The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible.
1547- The wedding of Ivan IV the Terrible to the kingdom.
1549- The beginning of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors.
1550- Adoption of the Sudebnik of Ivan IV the Terrible.
1551- "Stoglavy Cathedral" of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1552- Accession of Kazan to Moscow.
1555–1560- Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).
1556. - Accession of Astrakhan to Moscow.
1556- Adoption of the Code of Service.
1558–1583- Livonian war.
1561- The defeat of the Livonian Order.
1564- The beginning of book printing in Russia. The publication by Ivan Fedorov of The Apostle, the first printed book with a fixed date.
1565–1572- Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible.
1569- The conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Commonwealth.
1581- The first mention of "reserved years".
1581- Yermak's campaign in Siberia.
1582- The signing of Yam Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.
1583– Conclusion of the Plyussky truce with Sweden.
1584–1598- The reign of Fedor Ioannovich.
1589- The establishment of the patriarchate in Russia. Patriarch Job.
1597. - Decree on "lesson years" (a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants).
1598–1605- Board of Boris Godunov.
1603- The uprising of peasants and serfs led by Cotton.
1605–1606- The reign of False Dmitry I.
1606–1607- The uprising of the peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
1606–1610- The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
1607–1610- An attempt by False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the "Tushino camp".
1609–1611. - Defense of Smolensk.
1610–1613. - "Seven Boyars".
1611, March - June. - The first militia against the Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov.
1612- The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin.
1612, 26 October. - The liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders by the Second Home Guard.
1613- Election by the Zemsky Sobor of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty. 1613–1645 - The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1617– The conclusion of the Stolbovsky "eternal peace" with Sweden.
1618 Deulino truce with Poland.
1632–1634- Smolensk war between Russia and the Commonwealth.

Russia in the 17th–18th centuries

1645–1676- The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
1648- Expedition of Semyon Dezhnev along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.
1648- The beginning of the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine.
1648- "Salt Riot" in Moscow.
1648–1650- Uprisings in various cities of Russia.
1649- Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new code of laws - the "Council Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants.
OK. 1653–1656- Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism.
1654 January 8. - Pereyaslav Council. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
1654–1667- The war between Russia and the Commonwealth for Ukraine.
1662- "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1667- The conclusion of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.
1667- Introduction of the New Trade Charter.
1667–1671- Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.
May 30, 1672- Birth of Peter I.
1676–1682- Board of Fedor Alekseevich.
1682. - Cancellation of locality.
1682, 1698- Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
1682–1725- The reign of Peter I (1682-1689 - under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - together with Ivan V).
1686- "Eternal peace" with Poland.
1687. – Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
1695, 1696- Campaigns of Peter I to Azov.
1697–1698. - Great Embassy.
1700–1721- North War.
1703 May 16- Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1707–1708- Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin.
1708, 28 September.- Battle of the village of Lesnoy.
1709 June 27.- Battle of Poltava.
1710–1711- Prut campaign.
1711- Establishment of the Senate.
1711–1765– Life and work of M.V. Lomonosov.
1714- Decree on single inheritance (cancelled in 1731).
1714, 27 July.- Battle of Cape Gangut.
1718–1721- Establishment of boards.
1720- Battle of Grengam Island.
1721- Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.
1721- Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia has become an empire.
1722- Adoption of the "Table of Ranks".
1722- Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne.
1722–1723- Caspian campaign.
1725. – Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
1725–1727- The reign of Catherine I.
1727–1730- The reign of Peter II.
1730–1740- The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovshchina".
1741–1761. - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1755 January 25– Opening of the Moscow University.
1756–1763- The Seven Years' War.
1757– Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
1761–1762- The reign of Peter III.
1762- "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility."
1762–1796- The reign of Catherine II.
1768–1774- Russo-Turkish war.
1770- The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Chesme and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles near the Larga and Cahul rivers.
1774– Conclusion of the Kyuchuk Kaynarji peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The Crimean Khanate passed under the protectorate of Russia. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits.
1772, 1793, 1795- Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of the Right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were ceded to Russia.
1772–1839. – Life and work of M.M. Speransky.
1773–1775- Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.
1775. - Carrying out provincial reform in the Russian Empire.
1782. - Opening of the monument to Peter I "The Bronze Horseman" (E. Falcone).
1783. - The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Georgievsky treatise. The transition of Eastern Georgia under the protectorate of Russia.
1785. – Publication of letters of commendation to the nobility and cities.
1787–1791- Russo-Turkish war.
1789- Victories of Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov at Focsany and Rymnik.
1790- The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria.
1790- Publication of the book by A.N. Radishchev Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.
1790- Capture by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov Turkish fortress Izmail on the Danube.
1791– Conclusion of the Iasi peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The accession to Russia of the Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester was confirmed.
1794- Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
1796–1801- The reign of Paul I.
1797. - Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoration of the order of succession to the throne by birthright in the male line.
1797- Publication by Paul I of the manifesto on the three-day corvee.
1799- Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov.

Russia in the 19th century

1801–1825- The reign of Alexander I.
1802– Establishment of ministries instead of collegiums.
1803- Decree on "free cultivators".
1803– Adoption of a charter that introduced the autonomy of universities.
1803–1804– The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
1804–1813- Russian-Iranian war. It ended with the Peace of Gulistan.
1805–1807– Participation of Russia in III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
1805 December.- The defeat of the Russian and Austrian troops in the battle of Austerlitz.
1806–1812- Russo-Turkish war.
1807- The defeat of the Russian army near Friedland.
1807– Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia's accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia's consent to the creation of the vassal France of the Duchy of Warsaw).
1808–1809- Russo-Swedish war. Accession of Finland to the Russian Empire.
1810– Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M.M. Speransky.
1812, June - December. - Patriotic war with Napoleon.
1812– Conclusion of the Bucharest peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war.
1812, August, 26th- Battle of Borodino.
1813–1814- Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1813- "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig.
1813– The conclusion of the Gulistan peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war.
1814–1815- Vienna Congress of European States. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Accession to Russia of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland).
1815- Creation of the "Holy Alliance".
1815- Granting of the Constitution by Alexander I to the Kingdom of Poland.
1816. - The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A.A. Arakcheev.
1816–1817- Activities of the Union of Salvation.
1817–1864- Caucasian war.
1818–1821- Activities of the Union of Welfare.
1820- The discovery of Antarctica by Russian sailors under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev. 1821–1822 - Formation of the Northern and Southern societies of the Decembrists.
1821–1881– Life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky.
1825, December 14.- The uprising of the Decembrists on the Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826.- The uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
1825–1855- The reign of Nicholas I.
1826–1828- Russian-Iranian war.
1828– Conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war. The death of A.S. Griboyedov.
1828–1829- Russo-Turkish war.
1829– The conclusion of the Adrianople peace following the results of the Russian-Turkish war.
1831–1839- The activities of the circle N.V. Stankevich.
1837. - Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo.
1837–1841– Conducting P.D. Kiselev reforms in the management of state peasants.
1840s–1850s— Disputes between Slavophiles and Westernizers.
1839–1843- Monetary reform E.F. Kankrin.
1840–1893. – Life and work of P.I. Tchaikovsky.
1844–1849. - The activities of the circle of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
1851- Opening of the railway Moscow - St. Petersburg.
1853–1856- Crimean War.
1853 November- Battle of Sinop.
1855–1881- The reign of Alexander II.
1856- Paris Congress.
1856– Foundation of P.M. Tretyakov collection of Russian art in Moscow.
1858, 1860– Aigun and Beijing treaties with China.
1861 February 19- The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1861–1864- The activities of the organization "Earth and Freedom".
1862- Formation of the "Mighty Handful" - an association of composers (M.A. Balakirev, Ts.A. Cui, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky Korsakov, A.P. Borodin).
1864 Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms.
1864–1885- Accession of Central Asia to the Russian Empire.
1867– Sale of Alaska to the USA.
1869– Discovery by D. I. Mendeleev of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements.
1870- City government reform.
1870–1923– Activities of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.
1873- Creation of the "Union of the Three Emperors".
1874- Carrying out military reform - the introduction of universal military duty.
1874, 1876- Implementation of populists "going to the people."
1876–1879– Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”.
1877–1878- Russo-Turkish war.
1878- Treaty of San Stefano.
1878- Congress of Berlin.
1879. - The split of the organization "Land and Freedom". The emergence of the organizations "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Redistribution".
1879–1881- The activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya".
1879–1882- Establishment of the Triple Alliance.
March 1, 1881- Assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.
1881–1894- The reign of Alexander III.
1882– Cancellation of the temporarily obligated position of the peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
1883–1903- Activities of the Emancipation of Labor group.
1885- A strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory T.S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuev (Morozov strike).
1887- Adoption of the circular "on cook's children".
1889- Adoption of the "Regulations on zemstvo chiefs".
1891–1893- Registration of the Franco-Russian Union.
1891–1905- Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
1892– Transfer of P.M. Tretyakov of his collection of Russian art as a gift to the city of Moscow.
1894–1917- The reign of Nicholas II.
1895- Invention of A.S. Popov radio communications.
1895- Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
1897- The first general census of the population of Russia.
1897– Monetary reform S.Yu. Witte.
1898- I Congress of the RSDLP.
1899- The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on disarmament, convened on the initiative of Russia.

Russia in the 20th century

1901–1902- The creation of the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles.
1903- II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party.
1903- Creation of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists.
1904–1905- Russo-Japanese War.
1904 August- The battle near the city of Liaoyang.
1904 September- Battle on the Shahe River.
January 9, 1905- Bloody Sunday. Beginning of the first Russian revolution.
1905–1907- The first Russian revolution.
February 1905- The defeat of the Russian army near the city of Mukden.
May 1905- The death of the Russian fleet near the island of Tsushima.
1905 June- Uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky".
1905 August- The conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the results of the Russo-Japanese War. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway.
1905 October 17– Publication of the Manifesto “On the improvement of the state order”.
1905 November- Creation of the "Union of the Russian people".
1905 December- Armed uprising in Moscow and a number of other cities.
1906 April–July- Activities of the First State Duma.
November 9, 1906- Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.
1907 February–June- Activities of the II State Duma.
June 3, 1907- Dissolution of the II State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3 coup).
1907–1912. - Activities of the III State Duma.
1907 August– Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formalization of the Entente alliance.
1912- Lena execution.
1912–1917- Activities of the IV State Duma.
1914, August 1 - 1918, November 9- World War I.
1915 August. – Creation of the Progressive block.
May 1916- Brusilovsky breakthrough.
February 1917- February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia.
March 2, 1917- Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government.
May 1917- Formation of the 1st coalition Provisional Government.
June 1917- Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
July 1917- Formation of the 2nd coalition Provisional Government.
1917 August- Kornilov rebellion.
1917 September 1- Proclamation of Russia as a republic.
1917 October 24–26- Armed uprising in Petrograd. The overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). The adoption of decrees on peace and land. 1918, January. - Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
March 3, 1918- The conclusion of the Brest peace between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The agreement was canceled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany.
1918–1920- Civil war in Russia.
1918- Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.
1918–1921 March- The Soviet government's policy of "war communism".
1918 July- The execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg.
1920–1921- Anti-Bolshevik uprisings of peasants in the Tambov and Voronezh regions ("Antonovshchina"), Ukraine, the Volga region, Western Siberia.
March 1921- The conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus departed to Poland.
1921 February–March- The uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of "war communism".
March 1921- X Congress of the RCP (b). Transition to NEP.
1922- Genoese conference.
December 30, 1922- Formation of the USSR.
1924- Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR.
1925 December- XIV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course for the industrialization of the country. Defeat of the "Trotskyist-Zinoviev Opposition".
1927 December- XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course towards the collectivization of agriculture.
1928–1932- The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
1929. - The beginning of complete collectivization.
1930– Completion of the construction of Turksib.
1933–1937. - The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
1934- Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations.
1934 December 1- The murder of S. M. Kirov. The beginning of mass repressions.
1936– Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR (“victorious socialism”).
1939 August 23- Signing a non-aggression pact with Germany.
1939, September 1 - 1945, September 2- The Second World War.
1939, November - 1940, March- Soviet-Finnish war.
1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9- The Great Patriotic War.
1941 July–September- Battle of Smolensk.
1941 December 5–6- Counteroffensive of the Red Army near Moscow.
November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943- The counteroffensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
1943 July–August- Battle of Kursk.
1943 September–December- The battle for the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
1943 November 28 - December 1- Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
January 1944- The final liquidation of the blockade of Leningrad.
1944 January–February- Korsun Shevchenko operation.
1944 June–August- Operation to liberate Belarus ("Bagration").
1944 July–August- Lvov-Sandomierz operation.
1944 August- Iasi Chisinau operation.
1945 January–February- Vistula Oder operation.
1945 February 4–11- Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
1945 April–May- Berlin operation.
April 25, 1945- Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops.
May 8, 1945- Capitulation of Germany.
1945 July 17- August 2 - Berlin (Potsdam) conference of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
1945, August - September- Defeat of Japan. The signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. End of World War II.
1946- Beginning of the Cold War.
1948– Breaking diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
1949. - The beginning of the campaign against "cosmopolitanism".
1949– Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1949. - Creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.
March 5, 1953- Death of J.S. Stalin.
1953 August- Report on the testing of a hydrogen bomb in the USSR.
1953 September - 1964 October- The election of N. S. Khrushchev as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Removed from office in October 1964
1954– The Obninsk NPP was put into operation.
1955. – Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO).
1956., February- XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences."
1956., October November- Uprising in Hungary; crushed by Soviet troops.
1957., The 4th of October- The launch in the USSR of the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
1961 G., 12th of April- Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space.
1961, October- XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - a program for building communism. 1962 - Caribbean crisis.
1962, June– Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting demonstration of workers.
1963, August- The signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space.
1965- The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygin.
1968- Entering the troops of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia.
1972 May– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA.
1975– Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).
1979– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA.
1979–1989– “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan.
1980, July August- Olympic Games in Moscow.
1985., March– Election of M.S. Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
1986., 26 April- The Chernobyl accident.
1987- The conclusion between the USSR and the USA of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate and shorter range missiles.
1988. - XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for the reform of the political system.
1989, May- June. - First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
1990., March- Election at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of the 6th article.
1990., 12 June- The Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted.
1991. 12 June- Election of B.N. Yeltsin President of the RSFSR.
1991., July– Signing of the treaty between the USSR and the USA on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (START 1).
1991., August 19–21- Attempted coup d'état (GKChP).
1991 G., December 8- Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS.
1991 December 25- Addition of M.S. Gorbachev of the powers of the President of the USSR.
1992. - The beginning of a radical economic reform E.T. Gaidar.
1993., January– Signing of the treaty between Russia and the United States on the reduction of strategic offensive arms (START 2).
1993, October 3–4- Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
1993., 12 December- Elections to the Federal Assembly - the State Duma and the Federation Council and a referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation.
1994. - Accession of the Russian Federation to the NATO program "Partnership for Peace".
1994., December- The beginning of large-scale actions against the Chechen separatists.
1996. - Russia's accession to the Council of Europe.
1996, July- Election of B.N. Yeltsin President of the Russian Federation (for the second term).
1997– Creation on the initiative of D.S. Likhachev State TV channel "Culture".
1998, August– Financial crisis in Russia (default).
1999., September- The beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya.
2000, March- Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000– Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to Zh.I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies.
2002- Treaty between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads.
2003. – Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to A.A. Abrikosov and V.L. Ginzburg for his work in the field of quantum physics, in particular, for studies of superconductivity and superfluidity.
2004., March- Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
2005– Creation of the Public Chamber.
2006. - Launch of a program of national projects in agriculture, housing, health and education.
2008, March- Election of D.A. Medvedev President of the Russian Federation.
2008., August- The invasion of Georgian troops in South Ossetia. Conducting an operation by the Russian army to force Georgia to peace. Russia's recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
November 2008– Adoption of a law to increase the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).

In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will come in handy not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and USE in history must necessarily include the memorization of several of the most important dates in the history of Russia. Stay up to date with the most important events in Russian history - and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by age. Such a simple step will allow you to begin to navigate the history by periods, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents used a similar method, when there were no USE and GIA yet.

We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a voice recorder. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all - in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose of information.

But in no case do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has managed to master the entire school curriculum on the history of Russia in a day. The USE and GIA are designed to check how well you know the full course of the subject. So don’t even think of somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam”, as well as a variety of cheat sheets and “answers to the GIA and the Unified State Examination in the history of 2015”, which are so many on the Internet.

With leaflets, the last hope of negligent schoolchildren, it was always strict at state exams, and every year the situation becomes even more difficult. Exams in the 9th and 11th grades are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outwit technology.

So get enough sleep, do not be nervous, develop your memory and memorize the 35 most important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you pass the exam and the GIA.

862 Beginning of Rurik's reign
988 Baptism of Russia
1147 First mention of Moscow
1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
1240 Neva battle
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1480 Standing on the river Ugra. Fall of the Mongol yoke
1547 Crowning of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom
1589 Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia
1598-1613 Time of Troubles
1613 Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
1670–1671 Rebellion of Stepan Razin
1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
1700–1721 Northern War
1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
1709 Battle of Poltava
1755 Founding of Moscow University
1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
1773- 1775 Peasant war led by E. Pugachev
1812– 1813 Patriotic War
1812 Battle of Borodino
1825 Decembrist uprising
1861 Abolition of serfdom
1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
1914 Russia's entry into World War I
1917 February Revolution. The overthrow of the autocracy
1917 October Revolution
1918– 1920 Civil War
1922 Formation of the USSR
1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
1957 Launch of the first artificial earth satellite
1961 Flight Yu.A. Gagarin in space
1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
1991 Collapse of the USSR

6th-9th centuries The formation of tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs.

9th c. Creation of early state associations of Eastern Slavs in the area of the Dnieper and Lake. Ilmen.

860. Joint sea campaign of the Dnieper Slavs and Varangians to Constantinople (Tsargrad).

862(?)-879. The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.

862-882. Board in Kyiv of princes Askold and Dir.

882-912. The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.

907. Campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople. The first treaty between Russia and Byzantium on friendly relations, norms of international trade and navigation.

911. The second treaty between Russia and Byzantium.

912-945. Reign of Igor and Kyiv.

941. The first campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople, which ended in failure.

944. The second campaign of Prince Igor to Constantinople. Treaty of Russia with Byzantium (Russia lost the right to duty-free trade and pledged to assist in the protection of Byzantium's border possessions).

945-969. The reign of Princess Olga in Kyiv (after the murder of her husband Prince Igor by the Drevlyans).

945-972 (or 973). The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich in Kyiv.

About 957. Embassy of Princess Olga in Constantinople. Her adoption of Christianity (under the name Elena).

965. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate by Prince Svyatoslav (on the Lower Volga). Establishing control over the Volga-Caspian Sea trade route.

968-971. Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav in Danube Bulgaria. Wars with Byzantium and the Pechenegs.

968(969). The defeat of the Pechenegs near Kyiv.

971. Treaty of Russia with Byzantium.

972(or 973)-980. Civil strife in Kyiv after the murder of Prince Svyatoslav by the Pechenegs.

980-1015. The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich in Kyiv.

980. Creation of a single pantheon of pagan gods in Kyiv.

985. Campaign of Prince Vladimir against the Volga Bulgars.

988-989. Baptism of Russia.

990s Construction in Kyiv of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin (Church of the Tithes).

1015-1019. Internecine wars of the sons of Vladimir I for the grand throne.

1016-1018, 1019-1054. The reign of Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise in Kyiv. Compilation of the code of laws "Pravda Yaroslav" - the most ancient part of the "Russian Truth".

1024. Rebellion in the Rostov-Suzdal land; suppressed by Prince Yaroslav.

1024. The division of Russia between Yaroslav the Wise and his brother Mstislav along the Dnieper: the Right Bank (with Kyiv) went to Yaroslav, the Left Bank (with Chernigov) - to Mstislav.

1030-1035. Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

1036. The victory of Prince Yaroslav the Wise over the Pechenegs, which ensured peace for Russia for a quarter of a century (before the Polovtsians came to the Steppe).

1037-1041. Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.

1043. The last campaign of Russia (led by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich of Novgorod) to Constantinople; ended in failure.

1045-1050. Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.

1051. Appointment by Prince Yaroslav the Wise of the author of the "Sermon on Law and Grace" Hilarion (the first of the Russians) to the metropolitan cathedra in Kyiv. Foundation of the hermit Anthony Caves monastery in Kyiv.

1054. Great reign in Kyiv of Izyaslav Yaroslavich. Compilation of Pravda Yaroslavichi, the second part of Russkaya Pravda.

1068. Polovtsian raid on Russia. The campaign of the Russian princes (Yaroslavichi) against the Polovtsy and their defeat on the river. Alta. The uprising of the townspeople in Kyiv. Flight of Izyaslav to Poland.

About 1071. Uprisings in Novgorod and the Rostov-Suzdal land.

1072. Transfer to the new church in Vyshgorod of the relics of Princes Boris and Gleb (sons of Prince Vladimir I), who were killed by supporters of Prince Svyatopolk, who became the first Russian saints.

1073. Expulsion of Prince Izyaslav from Kyiv.

1073-1076. Great reign in Kyiv of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich.

1078-1093. Great reign in Kyiv of Vsevolod Yaroslavich.

1093-1113. Great reign in Kyiv of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich.

1093. The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsy on the river. Stugna.

1096. The victory of Prince Svyatopolk over the Polovtsians in the battle of Pereyaslavl.

1097. Congress of princes in Lyubech.

1103. Dolobsky congress of Russian princes to prepare for a campaign against the Polovtsy.

1103. Campaign of princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians.

1108. Foundation of the city of Vladimir-on-Klyazma by Prince Vladimir II Vsevolodovich.

1111. Campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsians.

1113. Revolt in Kyiv against usurers. The vocation of Prince Vladimir II Vsevolodovich.

1113-1125. Great reign in Kyiv of Vladimir II Vsevolodovich Monomakh. Strengthening of the princely power. Publication of the "Statute of Vladimir Monomakh"; usury restriction.

1116. Victory of Prince Vladimir II Monomakh over the Polovtsians.

1125-1132. Great reign in Kyiv of Mstislav Vladimirovich.

1125-1157. The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich (Dolgoruky) in the Rostov-Suzdal land.

1127 - ca. 1155. Reigning in Ryazan of Rostislav Yaroslavich.

1127-1159. Reigning in Smolensk Rostislav Mstislavich.

1131. Campaigns of Prince Mstislav of Kyiv against Lithuania.

1132-1139. Great reign in Kyiv Yaropolk Vladimirovich.

1135-1136. Unrest in Novgorod. Exile by decision of the veche of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. Strengthening the "boyar republic" and the principle of inviting the prince.

1139-1146. Great reign in Kyiv of Vsevolod Olgovich.

1147. The first mention in the annals of Moscow.

1149-1151, 1155-1157. Great reign in Kyiv of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.

1155. Departure of Prince Andrei Yurievich (Bogolyubsky) from Kyiv to the Rostov-Suzdal land.

1156. The first election of an archbishop in Novgorod.

1157. Uprising in Kyiv.

1157-1174. The great reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky in the Vladimir-Suzdal land.

1158-1161. Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.

1164. Transfer to Vladimir from the Kyiv Vyshgorod Monastery of the icon of the Mother of God (Our Lady of Vladimir).

1168. Campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsians.

1169. The capture and plunder of Kyiv by the army of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.

1170. The battle of Suzdal with Novgorod. The defeat of Suzdal

1174. The murder of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky by boyars-conspirators.

1174-1176. Strife and uprisings in the Vladimir-Suzdal land.

1176-1212. The great reign in the Vladimir-Suzdal land of the brother of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky - Vsevolod Yuryevich (Big Nest).

1183. United campaign of South Russian princes against the Polovtsians. The defeat of Khan Kobyak on the river. Orel.

1185. Unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy of the Prince of Novgorod-Seversky Igor Svyatoslavich, which served as the subject for "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

1190s Trade agreements between Novgorod and the German Hanseatic cities.

1199. Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

1202-1224. Capture by the Order of the Sword-bearers (founded in 1202) of the lands of the Livs, Estonians, Semigallians, and others in the Baltic.

1203-1204. The campaign of the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich against the Polovtsy.

1205-1264 (with interruptions). Reigning in Galicia and Volhynia Daniil Romanovich.

1209. The first chronicle evidence of Tver.

1212. Division of the Vladimir-Suzdal land between the sons of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest.

1212-1216, 1218-1238. The great reign of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the Vladimir-Suzdal land.

1216. Battle on the river. Lipice. The victory of Prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich over the brothers Princes Yuri and Yaroslav in the struggle for the Vladimir Grand Duchy.

1221. Founding of Nizhny Novgorod, an outpost for the fight against the Volga Bulgaria, by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich in the land of the Mordovians.

1223, 31.5. The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars of the Russian-Polovtsian squads on the river. Kalka.

1224. Capture by the Order of the Sword-bearers of Yuryev, a Russian fortress in the Baltics.

1230-1243. Posadnichestvo in Novgorod by Stepan Tverdislavich - a supporter of orientation towards Vladimir.

1236-1251. Reigning in Novgorod of Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky).

1237-1241. The invasion of the Mongol-Tatar troops led by Batu Khan to Russia.

1238, January - February. The capture and destruction by the Mongol-Tatars of Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Galich, Dmitrov, Create, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev, Torzhok and other cities of North-Eastern Russia.

1238, 4.3. The defeat of the united army of the princes of North-Eastern Russia in the battle with the Mongol-Tatars on the river. Sit. The death of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich.

1238-1246. Great reign in Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.

1239. The invasion of Batu's troops into the southern Russian lands. The ruin of Pereyaslavl, Chernigov.

1240-1241. The capture by the knights of the Livonian Order (founded in 1237 as a result of the merger of the Teutonic Order and the Order of the Sword) of the Russian fortresses of Izborsk, Pskov, Koporye.

1240,15.7. Neva battle. The defeat of the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky) of the Swedish army.

1242.5.4. The defeat of the knights of the Livonian Order by the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipsi (“Battle on the Ice”).

Early 1240s Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.

1252-1263. Great reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Vladimir.

1250s Population census ("number"), organized by the Mongol-Tatars with the aim of introducing a centralized tax system.

1257. The uprising in Novgorod against the census.

1261. Establishment of an Orthodox diocese in Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde.

1262. Uprisings in Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir, Yaroslavl against Mongol-Tatar tribute collectors and tax-farmers; the collection of tribute was transferred to the Russian princes.

1262. Treaty between the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Mindovg on a joint fight against the Livonian Order.

1264-1272. Great reign in Vladimir of Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tverskoy.

1266-1282. Participation of Russian princes in the campaigns of the Golden Horde in the Caucasus, Byzantium, Lithuania.

1268. Campaign in Livonia and the victory of the troops of Pskov, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal over the German and Danish knights at Rakovor.

1269. Campaign of the Livonians against Pskov. Peace with the Livonian Order. Stabilization of the western borders of Novgorod and Pskov.

Between 1276 and 1282-1303. The reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Founding of the first Danilov Monastery in the vicinity of Moscow (about 1282).

1281-1283 and 1293-1304 (with interruptions). The great reign of Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky in Vladimir.

1285-1318. The reign of Mikhail Yaroslavich in Tver; Grand Duke of Vladimir (1305-1317).

1299. Moving of Metropolitan Maxim from Kyiv to Vladimir-on-Klyazma.

1301-1303. Accession to Moscow of Kolomna and Mozhaisk.

1303-1325. The reign of Yuri Danilovich in Moscow. The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver for the great reign.

1315-1316. The campaign of Prince Mikhail of Tver and the Horde troops against Novgorod. The defeat of the Novgorodians at Torzhok.

1317-1322. Great reign in Vladimir Yuri Danilovich of Moscow.

1318. Murder in the Horde of Prince Mikhail of Tver.

1319-1326. The reign in Tver of Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes.

1323. Bookmarking by Prince Yuri of Moscow and Novgorodians of the Oreshek fortress at the head of the river. Neva.

1325-1326. The murder by Prince Dmitry of Tverskoy in the Horde of Prince Yuri of Moscow. The execution of Dmitry Tverskoy on the orders of Khan Uzbek.

1325-1340. Great reign in Moscow of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita; from 1328 - Grand Duke of Vladimir.

1325. Moving to Moscow from Vladimir, Metropolitan Peter.

1325-1327. Great reign of Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy.

1326. Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow.

1327. Uprising in Tver against the Horde.

1333. Construction of the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow.

1339. Murder in the Horde of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy.

1340-1353. Great reign of Simeon Ivanovich the Proud of Moscow.

Around 1340. Foundation of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh.

1348. Treaty of Pskov and Novgorod on the recognition of the independence of the Pskov Republic.

1352-1353. Plague epidemic.

1353-1359. Great reign in Moscow to Vladimir Ivan II the Red.

1354. Appointment to the Russian Metropolis of Alexy, a native of the Moscow boyar family.

1359-1386. Grand reign (from 1362 - Grand Duke of Vladimir) Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) in Moscow.

1367-1369. Construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow.

1368-1399. The reign in Tver of Mikhail Alexandrovich.

1368, 1370, 1372. Campaigns of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd against Moscow.

1374. The appearance in Novgorod of the heresy of the Strigolniks, who advocated the administration of worship by the laity.

1374. Uprising in Nizhny Novgorod against the Horde.

1375. Campaign of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich to Tver. Refusal of Tver from claims to the great reign of Vladimir.

About 1377. Compilation of the Laurentian Chronicle.

1378, 11.8. The victory of the Moscow-Ryazan troops over the Horde on the river. Vozhe.

1379-1396. Baptism by Stefan of Perm Zyryan (Komi).

1380, 8.9. Kulikovo battle. The victory of the united Russian army led by Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) over the Horde army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field (at the confluence of the Nepryadva river into the Don).

1382. Campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army led by Khan Tokhtamysh to Moscow. The siege and ruin of Moscow and other cities of North-Eastern Russia.

1382. The first mention of firearms in Russia.

Around 1382. Beginning of minting coins in Moscow.

1389-1425. Great reign in Moscow of Vasily I Dmitrievich.

1392. Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal and Murom principalities to Moscow.

1395. The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Timur (Tamerlane). The ruin of the outlying lands of Russia. Destruction of Yelets.

1395. Transfer of the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir from Vladimir to Moscow.

1395. Establishment of vassal dependence of Smolensk from Lithuania.

1397-1398. Accession of Novgorod possessions - Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Veliky Ustyug to Moscow.

1399-1425. The reign in Tver of Ivan Mikhailovich. Strengthening Tver.

Late 14th century Accession of the Komi lands to Moscow. The campaign of the Moscow army against the Volga Bulgars and the capture of their capital.

Early 15th century The creation of the Trinity icon by Andrey Rublev for the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

1404. The capture of Smolensk by the army of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt. Accession of the Smolensk principality to Lithuania.

1408. Recognition by the Grand Duke of Moscow of the power of Lithuania over Smolensk and the Verkhovsky principalities (in the upper reaches of the Oka).

1408. Invasion of the Horde troops of Edigei into North-Eastern Russia. Siege of Moscow.

1410, 15.7. Battle of Grunwald. The defeat of the united Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of the knights of the Teutonic Order.

1420. Beginning of minting coins in Novgorod.

1425-1462. Great reign (with interruptions) of Vasily II Vasilyevich (Dark) in Moscow.

1425-1453. Internecine war in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

1425-1461. The reign in Tver of Boris Alexandrovich.

1426-1428. Campaigns of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt to Novgorod and Pskov.

1433-1434. The beginning of the open struggle of the Galician princes for the Moscow Grand Duke's table.

1436. Foundation of the Solovetsky Monastery.

1438. Mission of Metropolitan Isidore to Florence to participate in a church council that discussed the question of the union of the Orthodox and Catholic churches under the leadership of the Pope.

1440. Lithuania recognizes the independence of Pskov.

1441. Metropolitan Isidore returns to Moscow with a letter of the Florentine Union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. His removal by Grand Duke Vasily II from the metropolitan throne.

1444-1448. The war of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov, which ended in a 25-year peace.

1446. The capture of Moscow by the appanage prince Dmitry Shemyaka - the brother of Vasily Kosoy. Blinding on his orders of Grand Duke Vasily II (Dark).

1448. Proclamation of the autocephaly of the Russian Church. Election of Jonah, Bishop of Ryazan, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia.

1449. Recognition by Moscow and Lithuania of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.

1450. Expulsion of Dmitry Shemyaka from Galich (died in 1453).

1450s The first mention of restrictions on the transition of peasants.

1456. Campaign of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Novgorod. The defeat of the Novgorodians near Staraya Russa. The conclusion of the Yalzhebitsky Treaty between Moscow and Novgorod, which limited Novgorod's liberties.

1458. The final division of the Kyiv Metropolis into Kyiv and Moscow.

1462-1505. Great reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich.

1463. Accession of the Yaroslavl principality to Moscow.

1466-1472. Journey of the Tver merchant Athanasius Nikitin to India ("Journey beyond the Three Seas").

1467-1469. Campaigns of the Moscow army to Kazan.

1470s The appearance in Novgorod of the heresy of the “Judaizers”, who denied the divine nature of Christ.

1471. The first campaign of Ivan III to Novgorod. The defeat of the Novgorodians on the river. Shelon. Recognition of Novgorod as the “fatherland” of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

1472. Marriage of Ivan III with Sophia (Zoya) Paleolog, niece of the last Byzantine emperor.

1472. The final annexation of the Perm land to Moscow.

1474. Accession of the Rostov principality to Moscow.

1475-1479. Construction of the stone Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin (architect Aristotle Fioravanti).

1477. The second campaign of Ivan III to Novgorod. Annexation of Novgorod to Moscow.

1480. Campaign of Khan Akhmat to Moscow; standing of the Horde and Russian troops on the river. Ugra. Akhmat's retreat. The actual elimination of the Horde yoke in Russia.

1483. Campaign of the Moscow army in the Trans-Urals and Yugra land.

1484-1486. Formation in Moscow of a heretical circle of Fyodor Kuritsyn (denial of monasteries and monasticism, preaching the idea of free will).

1484-1485. Secret alliance of Prince Mikhail of Tver with the Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV. Campaigns of Ivan III to Tver. Accession of the Tver principality to Moscow.

1485-1489. Construction of brick walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin by Italian masters.

1487. "Withdrawal" of boyar families from Novgorod and their settlement on the lands of the Moscow Grand Duchy.

1487. Campaign of the Moscow army to Kazan. The coming to power in Kazan of a pro-Moscow party.

1489. Campaign of the Moscow army to Vyatka. The final annexation of Vyatka, as well as Arsk land (Udmurtia) to Moscow.

1490. Condemnation at the church council of the heresy of the "Judaizers".

1490s Spread of the idea of non-possessiveness (Nil Sorsky) and Josephism (Joseph Volotsky).

1492. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the river. Narva (opposite the Swedish fortress).

1492-1494. War of Grand Duke Ivan III with Lithuania. Accession to Moscow of Vyazma and Verkhovsky principalities.

1493-1494. Termination of Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.

1496-1497. War with Sweden.

1496-1497. The first Russian embassy in Istanbul to Sultan Bayazet II.

1497. Edition of the Sudebnik of Ivan III; the establishment of a single deadline for the transition of peasants (a week before and a week after the autumn St. George's Day, November 26).

About 1500. Compilation of the "Tale of the Princes of Vladimir" with the rationale for the origin of the ruling dynasty (Rurikovich) from the Roman Emperor Augustus.

1503. Controversy between Nil Sorsky (died 1508) and Joseph Volotsky (died 1515).

1503. Truce for 10 years between Ivan III and Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Kazimirovich. Chernigov, Bryansk, Putivl, Gomel and part of the Smolensk land were assigned to the Moscow state.

1505-1533. Great reign of Vasily III.

1505-1516. Construction by Aleviz Fryazin (New) of the Archangel Cathedral and fortifications of the Moscow Kremlin.

1507. The first raid of the Crimean Tatars on Moscow.

1510. Accession of Pskov to Moscow.

Around 1510. Message from the monk of the Pskov Eleazarov Monastery Philotheus to the Grand Duke Vasily III, in which the idea of "Moscow - the Third Rome" is put forward.

1514. The capture of Smolensk by the troops of Grand Duke Vasily III.

1514, 8.9. The defeat of the troops of the Grand Duke Vasily III near Orsha by the Lithuanian troops.

1516. Treaty of Basil III with Denmark on a military alliance against Sweden and Poland.

1519. The conclusion of Vasily III military alliance with the Crimean Khan Mohammed Giray against the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund I and the Kazan Khanate.

1521, June - August. The invasion of the Crimean Khan Mohammed-Girey and the Kazan Khan Sahib-Girey to Moscow.

1525. Church councils condemning Maxim the Greek, I. N. Bersen-Beklemishev and others.

1533-1584. Great reign (since 1547 reign) of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.

1533-1538. Regency of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya, widow of Vasily III.

1535-1538. Completion of the creation of a unified monetary system of the Russian state.

1547, 7.1. The wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom, the official adoption by Ivan of the title of "Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia."

1547. The uprising of the townspeople in Moscow.

1547-1548, 1549-1550. Unsuccessful campaigns of Russian troops against Kazan.

1549. Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor. Creation of a system of orders.

Late 1540s - 1550s The activities of the Chosen One are glad.

1550. Edition of the Sudebnik of Ivan IV. Creation of the archery army.

Around 1550. Foundation of the fair at the Makaryevsky Monastery on the Volga.

1551, summer. Accession of Chuvashia to the Russian state.

1552. Campaign of the Russian army led by Tsar Ivan IV against the Kazan Khanate. Capture of Kazan (2.10). Accession of the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state.

1552-1557. Accession of most of Bashkiria to the Russian state.

1555. Formation in England of the Moscow (Russian) trading company and granting it privileges for trade in the Russian state.

1555. Recognition by the Siberian khan of vassal dependence on Moscow.

1555-1560. Construction of the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral) on Red Square in Moscow.

1556. The capture of Astrakhan by Russian troops. Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate to the Russian state.

1558-1583. Livonian war.

1558. The capture of Narva (11.5) and Dernt (Yuriev) (18.7) by Russian troops.

1559, summer. Truce with the Livonian Order.

1561. Disintegration of the Livonian Order.

1563, 18.2. The capture of Polotsk by Russian troops.

1564. Publication by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow of "Apostle" - the first Russian printed book.

1564. Defeat of Russian troops near Orsha.

1564, 3.12. Departure of Tsar Ivan IV from Moscow to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda.

1565. 2.2. Return of the Tsar to Moscow. Establishment (3.2) of the oprichnina.

1566, June. The conclusion of a truce between Tsar Ivan IV and the Polish king Sigismund II August.

1572. Abolition of the oprichnina.

1579, 30.8. Capture of Polotsk by Polish troops.

Late 1570s - early 1580s Ermak Timofeevich's campaign in Siberia.

1581. The beginning of the introduction of reserved years (prohibition of the passage of peasants).

1581, 26.10. The entry of Yermak's squad into the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kash-lyk.

1581, 19.11. Death of the eldest son of Ivan IV, Tsarevich Ivan.

1582. 6.2. Yam-Zapolsky peace with the Commonwealth.

1583. Plyussky truce with Sweden.

1584. Foundation of Arkhangelsk.

1584-1598. The reign of Fyodor Ivanovich.

1585, 6.8. The defeat of the Siberian Khan Kuchum detachment of Yermak. Ermak's death.

1586. Foundation of Voronezh, Samara, Tyumen, Ufa, Tobolsk.

1589, 26.1. The establishment of the patriarchate in the Russian state. Election of Metropolitan Job as Patriarch (died 1605).

1589. "Sudebnik" of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich.

1590-1593. War with Sweden. Return of the fortresses Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye.

1591, 15.5. Death in Uglich of the youngest son of Ivan IV, Tsarevich Dmitry.

1591, summer. Campaign to Moscow of the Crimean Khan Kazy Giray. Battle (4.7) at the Danilov Monastery (near Moscow). The retreat of the Tatar troops.

About 1592-1593. Completion of the introduction of reserved years. Cancellation of St. George's Day (autumn).

1594. The official appointment of the boyar Boris Godunov as the ruler of the state under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich.

1595, 18.5. Tyavzinsky "eternal peace" between the Russian state and Sweden. Sweden yielded Yam, Korely, Ivangorod, Koporye, Nyenschanz, Oreshek.

1596. Proclamation by the Brest Church Council of the union of the Orthodox and Catholic churches on the territory of the Commonwealth.

1597, 24.11. Establishment of a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive and forcibly exported peasants.

1598, 6.1. Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Termination of the Rurik dynasty.

1598-1605. The reign of Boris Fedorovich Godunov.

1601-1603. Famine in Russia.

1603. The uprising of peasants and serfs led by Cotton.

1604. Foundation of Tomsk.

1604. The entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into Russia.

1605-1606. Board of False Dmitry I.

1605-1606. Patriarchy of Ignatius.

1606, 17.5. Uprising in Moscow against the Poles. Assassination of False Dmitry I.

1606-1610. The reign of Vasily IV Shuisky.

1606-1607. Peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov.

1606-1612. Patriarchy of Hermogenes.

1606, October - December. Siege of Moscow by Bolotnikov's army. The defeat of Bolotnikov's troops in the Kolomenskoye area near Moscow (2.12).

1607, 9.3. "Code" of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky. Establishment of a 15-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants.

1607, 10.10. The capture of Tula by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. The arrest of Bolotnikov (exiled to Kargopol, drowned).

1608. The beginning of the campaign of False Dmitry II to Moscow. Creation of the "Tushino camp".

1609-1611. Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.

1609-1618. Polish-Swedish invasion of Russia.

1610, 17.7. The overthrow of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky.

1610. Treaty of the “Tushins” with the King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III on the calling of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne.

1610-1613. The board of the "seven boyars" headed by Prince Mstislavsky.

1611, January-March. The formation of the first militia against the Polish troops, led by P. Lyapunov.

1611, September-October. The formation in Nizhny Novgorod of the second militia, led by Kuzma Minin and Prince D. M. Pozharsky.

1612, 26.10. The entry of troops of the second militia in Moscow. Capitulation of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin.

1612-1633. Patriarchy of Filaret.

1613, 21.2. Election by the Zemsky Sobor to the Russian throne of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty.

1613-1645. The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich.

1617, 27.2. Stolbovsky "eternal peace" with Sweden.

1618, 1.12. Deulino truce with the Commonwealth.

1619, June. Return from Polish captivity of Father Mikhail Fyodorovich Filaret. His elevation to the rank of Patriarch of Moscow (until 1633).

1628. Foundation of Krasnoyarsk.

1630-1632. military reform. Formation of regular regiments and regiments of a foreign system.

1632-1634. The war between Russia and the Commonwealth for the return of Smolensk.

1634. Polyanovsky peace with the Commonwealth. Refusal of King Vladislav IV from claims to the Russian throne.

1634-1640. Patriarchy of Joasaph I.

1635-1638. The construction of new defensive structures - "barrier lines" on the southern borders of Russia.

1636. Foundation of Simbirsk.

1640-1652. Patriarchy of Joseph.

1643-1651. Campaigns of V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov beyond the Amur.

1645-1676. The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.

1647. Foundation of Okhotsk.

1648. "Salt Riot" in Moscow. Uprisings in Solvychegodsk, Veliky Ustyug, Solikamsk, Kozlov, Kursk, Voronezh, Tomsk, Surgut, etc.

1648. Campaign of S. Dezhnev. Opening of the strait between Asia and America.

1649, 29.1. The adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new code of laws - the Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

1650. Uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod.

Around 1650. The formation in Moscow of a circle of "zealots of piety", who advocated the implementation of church reform.

1652-1658, 1667. Patriarchy of Nikon.

1652. Establishment of a state monopoly on the trade in bread wine (vodka).

1653. The beginning of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon.

1654, 8-9.1. Pereyaslav Council. Accession of Ukraine to Russia.

1654-1667. Russian-Polish war.

l656-1658. Russian-Swedish war.

l661. Foundation of Irkutsk.

1661, 21.6. Peace of Cardis with Sweden.

1662, 25-26.7. "Copper Riot" in Moscow.

l663-1664. Revolts in Siberia and Bashkiria.

1666. Establishment of a post office in Russia.

1666-1667. Church Cathedral. Condemnation of Patriarch Nikon, deprivation of his patriarchal rank.

1667-1672. Patriarchy of Joasaph II.

1667, 30.1. Andrusovo truce with the Commonwealth. Return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Russia.

1668-1676. Uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery ("Solovki seat").

1670-1671. Peasant-Cossack uprising led by S. T. Razin (executed on May 26, 1671).

1672-1673. Patriarchy of Pitirim.

1674-1690. Patriarchy of Joachim.

1676-1681. War of Russia with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate.

1676-1682. The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich.

1679. Introduction of house-to-house taxation (instead of field tax).

1681, 13.1. Bakhchisarai truce with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate.

1682. Abolition of parochialism (a system of feudal hierarchy that had existed since the 15th century).

1682, 4.4. The burning in Pustozersk of the leaders of the church schism Avvakum, Epiphanius and others.

1682, April. The struggle for power of the boyar groups of the Naryshkins and Miloslavskys after the death of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. Shooter riot.

1682-1696. Joint reign of the brothers Ivan V and Peter I.

1682-1689. The reign of Princess Sofya Alekseevna - regent for minor sovereigns.

1686. Creation of "amusing troops" by Peter I.

1686, 6.5. "Eternal Peace" with the Commonwealth.

1687. Foundation of the Hellenic-Greek (since 1701 Slavic-Greek-Latin) Academy in Moscow.

1687, 1689. Crimean campaigns of Russian troops under the command of Prince V.V. Golitsyn.

1689, 27.8. Nerchinsk treaty with China. Establishment of the Russian-Chinese border along the Argun and Gorbina rivers.

1690-1700. Patriarchy of Hadrian.

1695, 1696. Azov campaigns of Peter I. The capture of Azov (19.7.1696).

1696-1725. The sole reign of Peter I (after the death of Tsar Ivan V).

1697-1698. "Great Embassy" of Peter I to Europe.

1698. Revolt of archery regiments. Mass executions of archers.

1698, 19.8. Decree of Peter I on the prohibition of wearing a beard and the introduction of European clothing.

1699. Reform of city government. Establishment of the Burmese Chamber.

1699. Disbandment of the archery troops.

1700, 1.1. Introduction of a new chronology (Julian calendar).

1700, 13.7. Treaty of Constantinople with Turkey.

1700-1721. Northern war between Russia and Sweden.

1700. Death of Patriarch Adrian. Appointment of Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne.

1701 Opening of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Moscow.

1703, 2.1. Publication of the first Russian newspaper Vedomosti.

1703, April. The capture by Russian troops under the command of B.P. Sheremetev of the Nyenschanz fortress at the mouth of the Neva.

1703, 16.5. Foundation of St. Petersburg.

1703. The publication of the textbook "Arithmetic" by L. F. Magnitsky.

1704, summer. The siege and capture of the fortresses of Dernt and Narva by Russian troops.

1705. Introduction of annual recruitment duty.

1705-1706. The uprising of the citizens of Astrakhan (after the promulgation of the royal decree banning the wearing of beards and Russian dress).

1705-1706. Streltsy uprising in Astrakhan. Suppressed by B.P. Sheremetev.

1705-1711. The uprising of the Bashkirs.

1707-1708. The peasant-Cossack uprising led by Kondraty Bulavin, which engulfed the Don, Left-bank and Sloboda Ukraine, and the Middle Volga region.

1708, 28.9. The defeat of the Swedish corps near Lesnaya by Peter I.

1709. Destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich.

1709, 27.6. Poltava battle. The defeat of the Swedish troops. The flight of the Swedish king Charles XII and Mazepa to Turkey (30.6).

1710. The capture of Riga, Revel, Vyborg by Russian troops.

1710. Podvorno-tax census of the population.

1711, 12 July. The conclusion of the Prut (Iasi) peace between Russia and Turkey. The return of Azov to Turkey, the obligation to tear down the fortresses in the South and destroy the Azov fleet.

1712. Decrees of Tsar Peter I on the creation of the Armory Yard in Tula and the Foundry Yard in St. Petersburg.

1712, March. The wedding of Peter I with Marta Elena Skavronskaya (after the adoption of Orthodoxy - Ekaterina Alekseevna).

1713. The offensive of Russian troops in Finland. Capture of Helsingfors and Abo.

1714. Decree of Tsar Peter I on single inheritance.

1714, 27.7. Gangut naval battle. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedes.

1717. The trip of Tsar Peter I to France.

1718, January. Return of Tsarevich Alexei to Russia (at the request of Peter I). Manifesto on the deprivation of Tsarevich Alexei of the rights to the throne.

1718, n. The death of Tsarevich Alexei after he was sentenced to death on charges of organizing a conspiracy.

1718-1721. Liquidation of Orders, establishment of the Collegium.

1718-1731. Construction of the Ladoga Canal.

1719. Administrative reform. Division of provinces into provinces. "General regulations" of Peter I (charter of the civil service).

1720, 28.6. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish squadron near Grengam Island.

1720-1737. Compilation by V. N. Tatishchev "History of Russia from the most ancient times."

1721, 30.8. Nystadt peace between Russia and Sweden. End of the Northern War. Assignment to Russia of Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland, part of Karelia with Vyborg and part of Southern Finland.

1721, 11.10. The adoption of the imperial title by Peter I.

1721. Establishment of the state post office.

1721. Beginning of the construction of the Yekaterinburg fortress.

1721. Establishment of the Holy Synod (instead of the patriarchate).

1722, 13.1. The publication of the "Table of Ranks", the division of all civil servants into 14 ranks (ranks).

1722-1723. Russian-Persian war. Persian campaign of Peter I.

1722. Liquidation of the hetmanate in Ukraine.

1723. Capture of Derbent, Baku by Russian troops.

1723, 1.9. Russian-Persian peace treaty. Recognition by Persia of Russia's rights to the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea.

1724. Establishment of the Academy of Sciences. The grand opening of the Academy in St. Petersburg 12/27/1725.

1724, June. Treaty of Constantinople between Russia and Turkey on the delimitation of possessions in Transcaucasia.

1725, 28.1. The death of Peter I. The struggle for power between court factions led by A. D. Menshikov and Dolgoruky. Enthronement by the Menshikov group of Catherine I.

1725-1727. Reign of Empress Catherine I.

1725, June. Marriage of the eldest daughter of Peter I Anna Petrovna with Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorn.

1725-1730. The first Kamchatka expedition of V. Bering.

1726. Opening at the Academy of Sciences of the Academic Gymnasium and the Academic University.

1727-1730. The reign of Emperor Peter II (son of Tsarevich Alexei).

1727. Restoration of the hetmanship in Ukraine (until 1734).

1727, 21.10. Treaty of Kyakhta between Russia and China on the establishment of boundaries and conditions of Russian-Chinese trade.

1730, January. Election to the Russian throne of the widow of the Duke of Courland, daughter of Tsar Ivan V - Anna Ivanovna.

1730-1740. Reign of Empress Anna Ivanovna. Removal from power Dolgoruky. "Bironovshchina".

1730. Cancellation of the primacy in the inheritance of estates.

1730-1732. Transfer of part of the territory of Northern Kazakhstan under the protection of Russia.

1731, 18.10. The abolition of the Supreme Privy Council and the establishment of the Cabinet of Ministers.

1731. Declaration of all lands of landowners as their hereditary property.

1732. January. Resht Treaty between Russia and Persia. The return to Persia of the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, acquired by Russia during the Russian-Persian war of 1722-1723.

1733-1743. The second Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition of V. Bering (the final confirmation of the existence of the strait between Eurasia and America). Academic expedition of I. G. Gmelin and G. F. Miller in Siberia and the Far East.

1733-1735. Union of Russia with Austria and Saxony in the war with France for the Polish inheritance. Recognition by France of the Polish King August of Saxony (August III).

1735-1739. Russian-Turkish war.

1736. Decrees on fixing artisans in manufactories, on the prohibition of manufacturers to buy settlements with land, on the forced recruitment of beggars and vagabonds to work at manufactories.

1736. Construction of the Kizlyar fortress in the North Caucasus.

1739, 18.9. The signing of the Belgrade peace with Turkey. Return of Azov and Zaporozhye.

1740, 17.10. Death of Anna Ivanovna. The enthronement of Ivan VI Antonovich (born August 2, 1740), the son of Anna Leopoldovna (granddaughter of Tsar Ivan V) and Duke Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick, the proclamation of Biron as regent.

1740, 8.11. The overthrow of Biron. Proclamation of the regent Anna Leopoldovna.

1741-1743. Russian-Swedish war.

1741-1761. The reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter I. She was elevated to the throne as a result of a palace coup on 11/25/1741.

1743, August. The signing of the Russian-Swedish treaty in Abo (Finland), Russia receiving part of Finland.

1743. Foundation of Orenburg.

1743-1747. "Diplomatic Revolution". Russia's conclusion of a series of treaties with Western European countries.

1750. Appointment of Count KG Razumovsky as Hetman of Ukraine.

1754-1761. Work of the Elizabethan Legislative Commission.

1754. Beginning of economic reforms by P. I. Shuvalov. Customs regulations. Establishment of the Noble and Merchant Loan Banks.

1755, 12.1. Foundation of Moscow University (on the initiative of M. V. Lomonosov, under the auspices of I. I. Shuvalov).

1756-1762. Participation of Russia in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763 on the side of Austria, France, Spain, Saxony and Sweden against Prussia, Great Britain and Portugal.

1757, 19.8. The defeat of the Russian troops under the command of S.F. Apraksin of the Prussian army at Gross-Egersdorf. The subsequent withdrawal of Russian troops to Tilsit.

1757. Introduction of a protective customs tariff.

1757. 30.12. The capture of Konigsberg by Russian troops under the command of V.V. Fermor.

1758, January. Manifesto of Elizabeth Petrovna on the inclusion of East Prussia into the Russian Empire.

1759, 1.8. The victory of the Russian troops under the command of P. S. Saltykov over the Prussian army of Frederick II at Kupersdorf (near Frankfurt).

1760, 28.9. Capture of Berlin by Russian troops.

1761, 25.12. Death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Accession to the throne of Peter III Fedorovich - the son of Anna Petrovna (daughter of Peter I) and Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorn.

1762, February. Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility. Manifesto on the destruction of the Secret Chancellery and the abolition of the investigation on oral denunciation.

1762, 13.4. Peace with Prussia. Russia conceded all its gains during the Seven Years' War.

1762, 29.5. The conclusion of an alliance with Prussia.

1762, 29.6. Palace coup. The overthrow of Emperor Peter III and the enthronement of his wife Catherine II Alekseevna (nee Sophia Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst).

1762-1796. Reign of Empress Catherine II.

1762, 6.7. Assassination of Peter III.

1764, July. Attempt of a coup d'état with the aim of returning Ivan VI Antonovich to the throne, undertaken by lieutenant V. Ya. Mironich. Assassination of Ivan VI. Execution (September) of Mirovich.

1764, Oct. Election to the Polish throne of the protégé of Catherine II, Count Stanisław Poniatowski.

1764. The final abolition of the hetmanship in Ukraine.

1766. Trade agreement with Great Britain.

1767-1768. The activities of the Commission on the Code, created with the aim of codifying laws.

1767. Publication of Catherine II's "Instruction" for the Commission on the drafting of a new Code.

1768-1774. Russian-Turkish war.

1768-1774. Academic expeditions to study the eastern and northern regions of the Russian Empire.

1769. Issue of banknotes (the first paper money in Russia).

1769. The first external loan of Russia (in Amsterdam).

1770, 26.6. The victory of the Russian fleet at Chesme.

1771. Occupation of Crimea by Russian troops.

1771. Plague epidemic in Moscow. "Plague riot".

1772, 25.7. Petersburg convention on the first division of the Commonwealth between Russia, Prussia and Austria. Accession to Russia of the Dvina, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Mstislav and part of the Minsk provinces, the Polish part of Livonia.

1772, September. The victories of the Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov near Karasu and Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi.

1773-1775. Peasant-Cossack uprising led by E. I. Pugachev.

1773, Nov. The defeat of government troops in the battle with Pugachev's army near Orenburg.

1774, 10(21).7. Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace with Turkey.

1775, 10.1. The execution of Pugachev in Moscow.

1775. Publication "Institutions for the administration of the provinces of the Russian Empire". Division of the country into 51 provinces.

1779. Foundation of the Black Sea Fleet.

1780. Declaration of Catherine II on "armed neutrality" in order to protect merchant shipping during the war of British colonies in North America for independence.

1783, 28.3. Manifesto of Catherine II on the annexation of Crimea to Russia.

1783, 3.5. Decree on the enslavement of peasants in the Left-Bank Ukraine.

1783, 24.7. Treaty of Georgievsky - an agreement on the voluntary acceptance of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia) under the auspices of the Russian Empire.

1784. Creation by G. I. Sholokhov of the first Russian settlements in Alaska.

1785, 21.4. "Charter to the nobility" and "Charter for the rights and benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire."

1786, 31.12. Trade agreement between Russia and France.

1786. Secularization of church and monastery lands in Ukraine.

1787-1791. Russian-Turkish war.

1788-1790. Russian-Swedish war.

1788, 6.7. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish at Gogland.

1788, September - October. The expedition of the squadron under the command of D.N. Senyavin and his victory over the Turkish fleet at Sipon.

1788, 18.9. The capture of the Khotyn fortress by the Russian-Austrian troops under the command of I.P. Saltykov and the Prince of Coburg.

1788, 6.12. The capture of the Turkish fortress Ochakov by Russian troops under the command of G. A. Potemkin.

1789, 21.7. The victory of the Russian-Austrian troops under the command of A. V. Suvorov and Prince Coburg at Focsani.

1789, 11.9. The victory of the Russian troops under the command of A. V. Suvorov at Rymnik.

1789, 28.9. Ackermann surrender.

1790, 3.8. Peace of Verel between Russia and Sweden.

1790, 28.8. The victory of the Russian fleet under the command of F. F. Ushakov over the Turkish fleet at Tendra.

1790. Decree of Catherine II on the return of all Russians from revolutionary France.

1790, 11.12. The capture of the Izmail fortress by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov.

1791, 31.7. The defeat of the Turkish fleet at Cape Kaliakria.

1791, 29.12. Peace of Jassy with Turkey. Turkey's recognition of the annexation of Crimea to Russia.

1793,12.1. Petersburg convention between Russia and Prussia on the second division of the Commonwealth. Transition to Russia of most of Ukraine and Belarus (with Minsk).

1793. Replacement of lifelong soldier's service with a 25-year term.

1794. Suppression of the uprising by T. Kosciuszko in Poland by Russian troops.

1795, 13.10. Petersburg convention between Russia, Austria and Prussia on the third division of the Commonwealth. Transition to Russia of Lithuania, Courland, Western Belarus and Western Ukraine.

1796, 6.11. Death of Empress Catherine II.

1796-1801. The reign of Emperor Paul I.

1797. Introduction of succession to the throne by genealogical seniority.

1799. Participation of Russia and the wars of the second anti-French coalition.

1799. Russian-Turkish expedition to the Ionian Islands under the command of F. F. Ushakov, the formation of the Ionian Republic under the protectorate of Russia (until 1807).

1799, September. Swiss campaign of A. V. Suvorov. A breakthrough through the Saint Gotthard Pass and the Devil's Bridge Gorge.

1799. Formation of the Russian-American Company.

1801, 18.1. Accession of Kartli-Kakheti kingdom to Russia.

1801, 11.3. Palace coup. Assassination of Emperor Paul 1.

1801-1825. The reign of Emperor Alexander I.

1801, 24.6. Establishment of the Unspoken Committee for the preparation of reforms, which consisted of the "young friends" of the emperor.

1802, 8.9. ministerial reform. Replacement of collegiums by ministries. Establishment of the Committee of Ministers.

1802 Dernt University founded.

1803, 20.2. Decree on "free cultivators".

1803-1804. Annexation of Megrelia (Mingrelia), Imeretia, Guria and the Ganja Khanate to Russia.

1803-1806. The first Russian circumnavigation of the world by I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky on the ships Nadezhda and Neva.

1804. Foundation of Kazan University. Adoption of a unified university charter; introduction of university autonomy.

1804-1808. Decrees prohibiting the slave trade in the Caucasus.

1805. Foundation of Kharkov University. Foundation of the Moscow Society of Naturalists.

1805. Accession of Karabakh and Shirvan to Russia.

1805-1807. Participation of Russia in the 3rd and 4th coalition wars against France.

1805, 20.11(2.12). The defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops in the battle with the French troops near Austerlitz.

1805-1812. Construction of Russian forts in Alaska and California.

1806-1812. Russian-Turkish war.

1807, 26-27.1(7-8.2). Battle of Russian and French troops at Preussisch-Eylau.

1807, 2(14).6. The defeat of the Russian troops in the battle with the French troops near Friedland.

1807, 13(25).6-28.6(9.7). Appointment of Alexander I with Napoleon in Tilsit. Peace of Tilsit between Russia and France: Russia's recognition of all the conquests of Napoleon, the obligation to join the Continental blockade against Great Britain.

1808. Appointment of M. M. Speransky as head of the Commission on the drafting of laws.

1808. Formation of the Siberian Cossack army.

1808-1809. Russian-Swedish war. Accession (according to the Friedrichsham Peace, signed in September 1809) of Finland to Russia.

1809, March. The convocation by Emperor Alexander I of the Borgos Diet of representatives of the Finnish estates. Formation of the Grand Duchy of Finland as part of the Russian Empire.

1809. The project of reforms by M. M. Speransky, which provided for a gradual transition to a monarchy of a constitutional type.

1810, 1.1. Establishment of the State Council (with advisory functions).

1810. Beginning of the organization of military settlements.

1810. Accession of Abkhazia.

1811, 19.10. Opening of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

1812, 16(28).5. Bucharest peace between Russia and Turkey. Accession of Bessarabia to Russia.

1812, 12.6. The invasion of Napoleon's "Great Army" into Russia. The beginning of the Patriotic War of the Russian people.

1812, 4-5.8. Smolensk battle. The connection of the armies of M. B. Barclay de Tolly and P. I. Bagration.

1812, 8.8. Appointment of M. I. Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army.

1812, 26.8. Battle of Borodino.

1812, 1.9. Military council in Fili (near Moscow). The decision to surrender Moscow.

1812, 2.9. The entry of Napoleon's troops into Moscow. The beginning of the Moscow fire.

1812, 2.10. Retreat of Napoleon from Moscow.

1812, 6.10. The victory of the Russian troops in the battle with the corps of I. Murat near Tarutin.

1812, 12.10. Battle of Maloyaroslavets.

1812, 14-16.11. The defeat of the remnants of the "Great Army" of Napoleon while crossing the river. Berezina.

1813-1814. Foreign campaigns of the Russian army in Europe.

1813, 4-7(16-19).10. The victory of the Russian-Austrian-Prussian army over the French troops in the battle of Leipzig ("Battle of the Nations").

1813, 24.10(5.11). Gulistan peace with Persia. Accession of the territory of Northern Azerbaijan and Dagestan to Russia.

1814, March. The entry of allied troops (including Russians led by Emperor Alexander I) in Paris. The abdication of Napoleon and his reference to Fr. Elbe.

1814. Opening of the Public Library in St. Petersburg.

1814, 18(30).5. Paris Peace Treaty. Return of France to the frontiers 1792.

1815. Construction of the first steamship in Russia.

1815, nurse. Signing of the final documents of the Vienna Congress. The Duchy of Warsaw is divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia.

1815, 14(26).9. The act of establishing the Holy Alliance was signed by the Russian Emperor Alexander I, the Austrian Emperor Franz I and the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III (later almost all European monarchies joined the union).

1815, 8(20).11. The Second Paris Peace Treaty, which provided for a 5-year occupation of France by the troops of the allied powers (terminated ahead of schedule in 1818).

1815, 27.11. Granting by Emperor Alexander I of the Constitution to the Kingdom of Poland.

1816-1819. The abolition of serfdom in the Baltic provinces.

1817. Formation of the Astrakhan Cossack army.

1817-1834. Construction of the highway St. Petersburg-Moscow.

1817-1864. Caucasian war. Conquest of the North Caucasus.

1817-1823. The construction of a line of cordons along the river. Sunzha in the North Caucasus.

1818. Formation of the "Union of Welfare" - a secret "Decembrist" society.

1819. Foundation of St. Petersburg University.

1819. Unrest in the Chuguev military settlements.

1819-1821. Expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev. Discovery of Antarctica.

1820. Unrest in the Semyonovsky regiment.

1821. Formation of secret northern and southern societies.

1823. Formation of the secret Society of united Slavs.

1824. Removal of restrictions on peasant trade.

1825-1855. The reign of Emperor Nicholas I.

1825, 14.12. The uprising in St. Petersburg, prepared by members of the Northern Society.

1825, 29.12-1826, 3.1. The uprising of the Chernigov regiment, prepared by members of the Southern Society.

1826, 4.4. Petersburg protocol of Russia and Great Britain demanding that Turkey grant autonomy to Greece.

1826-1830. Compilation of the Complete Code of Laws of the Russian Empire.

1826. Establishment of the Corps of Gendarmes and the Third Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery (secret police agency). Tightening of censorship ("cast-iron" charter).

1826, 13.7. The execution of the Decembrists M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P. G. Kakhovsky, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, P. I. Pestel, K. F. Ryleev.

1826, 25.9(7.10). Akkerman Convention between Russia and Turkey. Recognition by Turkey of the accession of Sukhum to Russia, restoration of the autonomy of the Danube principalities, recognition of the autonomy of Serbia.

1827, 24.6(6.7). London convention between Russia, Great Britain and France on the autonomy of Greece and joint action against Turkey.

1827, 1.10. The capture of Erivan by Russian troops under the command of I.F. Paskevich.

1827, 8(20).10. Navarino battle. The destruction of the combined Anglo-Russian-French squadron of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet.

1827. Foundation of the University of Helsingfors.

1828, 10(22).2. Turkmenchay peace between Russia and Persia. Accession of Eastern Armenia to Russia.

1829, 2(14).9. Adrianople peace between Russia and Turkey. Transition to Russia of the mouth of the Danube and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (from the Kuban to Poti). The right of passage of Russian ships through the straits. Recognition of the autonomy of Greece, Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia.

1829. First All-Russian Manufactory Exhibition.

1830-1831. cholera epidemic. "Cholera riots" in a number of provinces.

1830-1837. The activities of the circle of NV Stankevich in Moscow.

1830-1834. The activities of the circle of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev in Moscow.

1831. Uprising in the military settlements of the Novgorod province.

1832. Nomination by the Minister of Public Education, Count S. S. Uvarov, of the formula "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality", which became the basis of the theory of "official nationality".

1832, February. Replacing the constitution of the Kingdom of Poland with an "Organic Statute" that limited Poland's autonomy within the Russian Empire.

1833. Manifesto on the introduction (since 1835) of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire.

1833, 26.6(8.7). Unkar-Iskelesi Treaty between Russia and Turkey on a defensive alliance.

1834. Foundation of Kyiv University.

1834-1859. Imamate of Shamil in Dagestan and Chechnya.

1835. First factory law.

1835. New university charter. Abolition of university autonomy.

1837. Opening of the first railway in Russia (between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo).

1837-1841. Reform of the management of state peasants (reform of Count P. D. Kiselev). Establishment of the Ministry of State Property.

1839-1840. Khiva campaign of General V. A. Perovsky,

1839-1843. Monetary reform of Count E.F. Kankrin. The introduction of the silver ruble as the basis of monetary circulation.

1840-1843. "Potato riots" of state peasants.

1840. Cancellation of the Lithuanian statute, which had been in force since 1588. Extension of all-Russian laws to the western provinces.

1842. Law on obligated peasants, according to which peasants could, with the consent of the landowners, receive personal freedom and land for hereditary use.

1843. Establishment of the Sixth Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery for the management of Transcaucasia.

1845-1849. Activities in St. Petersburg of the circle of M. V. Petrashevsky.

1845-1847. The activities in Kyiv of the secret Cyril and Methodius Society, which advocated the abolition of serfdom and the creation of a Slavic federation.

1840s The beginning of the controversy between the "Westerners" and the "Slavophiles".

1848, February. Mobilization measures in the Russian army in connection with the revolution in France. Establishment of a secret committee to oversee censorship.

1848, March. Order of Emperor Nicholas I on the return of all Russian subjects from France. A ban on publishing messages from Europe in the press.

1848, April. Establishment of a Committee for the highest supervision of the spirit and direction of works published in Russia (the "Buturlin Committee").

1849, May - August. The campaign of the Russian army under the command of I.F. Paskevich to suppress the revolution in Hungary, undertaken at the request of the Austrian government.

1849-1855. Expedition of Captain G. I. Nevelskoy to the Far East, exploration of the mouth of the Amur, foundation of Nikolaevsk (1850). Announcement of the Amur region and Sakhalin as possessions of Russia.

1851. Opening of the railway St. Petersburg - Moscow (since 1855 the Nikolaev railway).

1852-1853. Mission of E. V. Putyatin to Japan. "Opening" Japan for Russia.

1853. Kokand campaign of General V. A. Perovsky.

1853, nurse. The entry of Russian troops into the Danubian principalities. Aggravation of Russian-Turkish relations.

1853, 18.11. The defeat of the Russian fleet under the command of P. S. Nakhimov of the Turkish fleet in the Sinon Bay.

1853, December. The actual entry of Great Britain and France into the Crimean War. On December 23, the Anglo-French fleet entered the Black Sea.

1854. Foundation of the Zaili military fortification (Verny, modern Alma-Ata).

1854, 9.2. Russia's declaration of war on Britain and France.

1854, September - 1855, September. The defense of Sevastopol under the leadership of V. A. Kornilov and P. S. Nakhimov (taken by the Anglo-French troops on September 28, 1855).

1855-1881. Reign of Emperor Alexander II.

1855. 16.11. The capture by Russian troops under the command of N. N. Muravyov of the Kars fortress in Transcaucasia.

1856, 18(30).3. Peace of Paris that ended the Crimean War. Neutralization of the Black Sea with the prohibition of Russia and Turkey to keep a navy on it, the abolition of the exclusive protectorate of Russia over the Danubian principalities.

1857. Liquidation of military settlements.

1857-1858. Mission of E. V. Putyatin to China.

1858. Formation of the Main Committee on the Peasant Question. Formation of provincial committees for the preparation of the peasant reform.

1858, 16(28).5. Aigun Treaty between Russia and China. Announcement of the left bank of the Amur (from the Argun River to the mouth) as the possession of Russia, the lands from the Ussuri River to the Pacific Ocean as joint possession.

1859, March. Establishment of editorial commissions to consider projects of peasant reform submitted by provincial committees.

1859. Occupation by Russian troops of the entire territory of Chechnya and Nagorno-Dagestan. Capture of Shamil.

1860. Establishment of the State Bank.

1860. Foundation of Vladivostok.

1860, 2(14).11. Peking treatise of Russia and China. Securing the Ussuri Territory for Russia. Opening for Russian merchants of Beijing, Urga, Canton and Kashgar.

1861, 19.2. Manifesto on the liberation of the peasants from serfdom.

1861-1864. The activities of the secret society "Earth and Freedom".

1861. Student unrest in St. Petersburg and Moscow against the restriction of the rights of female students. Temporary closure (20.12) of St. Petersburg University.

1862-1874. Military reforms D. N. Milyutin.

1863. The abolition of wine farming and the introduction of excise duty. Abolition of corporal punishment.

1863, nurse. New university charter. Restoration of university autonomy.

1863-1864. Polish uprising.

1863-1866. The activities of the circle of N. A. Ishutin and I. A. Khudyakov (“Ishutins”).

1864. Zemstvo reform. Judicial reform (introduction of jury trial). Reform of secondary education.

1864-1868. War with the Kokand Khanate and the Emirate of Bukhara.

1865, 6.4. Adoption of the Provisional Rules on the Press.

1865. Foundation of the Novorossiysk University (in Odessa).

1866. Law on the land arrangement of state peasants.

1866, 4.4. The attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander II, committed by a member of the Ishutin circle D.V. Karakozov.

1867, 18(30).3. Agreement on the sale of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands by Russia to the United States.

1868. "Bukhara Campaign" of the Governor-General of the Turkestan Territory K. P. Kaufman.

1869-1874. Activities in St. Petersburg of the populist circle "Chaikovites".

1870. City reform. Replacement of estate city dumas by all-class ones.

1870, 19.10. Circular of the Minister of Foreign Affairs A. M. Gorchakov on Russia's refusal from the terms of the Paris Peace of 1856 regarding the restrictions of its rights in the Black Sea.

1870-1888. Expeditions of N. M. Przhevalsky to Central Asia, China, Mongolia and Tibet.

1871, 1(13).3. London Convention on the Abolition of the Restriction of the Rights of Russia and Turkey on the Black Sea (according to the Treaty of Paris, 1856).

1872-1873. "Khiva Campaign" by K. P. Kaufman.

1872. Strike at the Krenholm manufactory.

1872, June. Establishment of a "Special Presence of the Governing Senate" for the state crimes court.

1873. 25.5. Schonbrunn agreement between the emperors of Russia and Austria-Hungary on joint actions in the event of an attack on one of the countries.

1873, 11.10. Accession of the Emperor of Germany to the Schönbrunn Agreement 25.5.1873. The final design of the "Union of the Three Emperors".

1873-1875. "Journey to the People".

1875, 25.4(7.5). Petersburg treaty with Japan on the transfer of Russia about. Sakhalin in exchange for 18 Kuril Islands, which went to Japan.

1876, 6.12. Student demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg ("Kazan demonstration").

1876. Association of populist circles into a secret society, which in 1878 adopted the name "Land and Freedom".

1877, 3(15).1. Budapest Convention (secret) between Russia and Austria-Hungary on Austrian neutrality in the event of a Russo-Turkish war.

1877-1878. Russian-Turkish war.

1877, 19.7. The capture of the Shinkinsky pass by Russian troops.

1877. "Chigirinsky conspiracy" - an unsuccessful attempt by the populists to raise a peasant uprising in the Chigirinsky district of the Kyiv province.

1877, 6.11. The capture of the Turkish fortress Kars by Russian troops.

1877, 27-28.12. The victory of the Russian troops under the command of M.D. Skobelev and N. I. Svyatopolk-Mirsky at Shipka-Sheinovo.

1877-78. "Trial of the 193's" over the participants of "going to the people".

1878, 8.1. The capture of Adrianople by Russian troops.

1878, 19.2(3.3). Signing of the peace treaty with Turkey in San Stefano.

1878, March-April. Trial in the case of V. I. Zasulich, who attempted (24.1) on the St. Petersburg mayor F. F. Trepov. Issuance of an acquittal.

1878, 1(13).6-1(13).7. Congress of Berlin convened to revise the terms of the Peace of San Stefano in 1878.

1878, 4.8. The murder by S. M. Kravchinsky of the chief of the gendarmes, General N. V. Mezentsov. Transfer of cases of state crimes to military courts.

1878-80. Activities in St. Petersburg of the Northern Union of Russian Workers.

1879, 2.4. A. K. Solovyov's assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II in St. Petersburg.

1879, 20.9(2.10). Signing in Livadia of a preliminary Russian-Chinese agreement on the return of Kashgar to China, the payment by China of 5 million rubles, the right of duty-free trade of Russians in Mongolia and Western China.

1879-1881. The conflict between Russia and China over the refusal to ratify the Livadia Treaty.

1880, 5.2. An explosion in the Winter Palace (an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander II, prepared by S. N. Khalturin).

1880, 12.2. The establishment of the Supreme Administrative Commission headed by M.T. Loris-Melikov.

1880, 6.8. The abolition of the Supreme Administrative Commission and the Third Division, whose functions were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, headed by M.T. Loris-Melikov.

1881, 1.3. Assassination of Emperor Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.

1881-1894. The reign of Emperor Alexander III.

1881, March - April. The process of "First March". Execution of the organizers of the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II.

1881, 29.4. Manifesto of Emperor Alexander III "On the inviolability of autocracy".

1881, 14.8. Regulation "On Measures to Protect State Security and Public Peace".

1881, 28.12. The law on the termination of temporarily liable relations between peasants and landowners and on the mandatory purchase of land plots.

1882-86. The adoption of factory laws.

1882. Establishment of the Peasant Land Bank.

1882. Child Labor Restraint Act. Establishment of a factory inspectorate to control compliance with factory laws.

1882. Abolition of the poll tax in European Russia (since 1899 - in Siberia).

1882. 27.8. Adoption of new "Temporary rules on the press".

1883. Emancipation of Labor group formed in Geneva (G. V. Plekhanov, P. B. Axelrod, L. G. Deich, V. I. Zasulich, V. N. Ignatov). The first Marxist circles in Russia (D. Blagoev's group in St. Petersburg).

1884, 23.8. New university charter; abolition of university autonomy.

1885. Establishment of the Noble Land Bank.

1885, June. Law on prohibition of night work of women and adolescents in industrial enterprises.

1885, 29.8. The signing of the Anglo-Russian Protocol on the establishment of the Russian-Afghan border.

1886, June. The law on the mandatory redemption of land plots by former state peasants. Regulations on the employment of agricultural workers.

1887, 1.3. An attempt by members of the Terrorist Faction "People's Waves" to organize an assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander III.

1887, 6(18).6. Secret agreement on the mutual neutrality of Russia and Germany ("reinsurance agreement"; valid until 1890).

1889. Act to restrict the migration of the population.

1889-1892. The activities of the Social Democratic group of MI Brusnev in St. Petersburg.

1889. "Carian tragedy" (mass suicide of political convicts in Karian penal servitude).

1890. 12.6. Regulations on zemstvo institutions (Zemstvo counter-reform).

1891, 17.3. Imperial rescript on the beginning of the construction of the Great Siberian Railway.

1891, 15(27).8. The conclusion of the Russian-French secret consultative pact.

1891. Famine in 20 provinces of the black earth zone.

1891. Establishment of a protective general customs tariff; Russian-German customs war (1892-94).

1892, 11.6. Urban counter-reform: exclusion of clerks and small merchants from the electorate.

1892, 5(17).8. Secret Russian-French military convention (the basis of the Russian-French alliance).

1893, 8.7. The law on the limitation of land redistribution in the peasant community.

1894. The conclusion of a trade agreement with Germany, beneficial to Russia.

1894. Introduction of the state wine monopoly.

1894-1917. Reign of Emperor Nicholas II.

1895. Russian-British agreement on the establishment of the border between Russia and Afghanistan in the Pamirs along the Pyanj River.

1895, November - December. The unification of Marxist circles in St. Petersburg and the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" headed by V. I. Lenin.

1896, 22.5. The signing in Moscow of a Russian-Chinese treaty on a defensive alliance against Japan and on the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER).

1897. First general census.

1897. Monetary reform S. Yu. Witte: the introduction of gold money circulation.

1897, 2.7. Law limiting the working day in factories to 11.5 hours.

1897-1901. Construction of the CER.

1898, March. Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). 1st Congress of the RSDLP in Minsk.

1898, 15(27).3. Russian-Chinese convention on the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula (with Port Arthur) by Russia for a period of 25 years.

1899. Law on temporary reserved estates (support for noble land ownership).

1899, 16(28).4. Russian-British convention on the demarcation of railway construction in China.

1899, 6-17.6. The Hague Peace Conference. At the initiative of Russia, the Conventions on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes and on the Laws and Customs of War on Land were adopted.

1899-1903. industrial crisis.

1900-1901. Russia's participation in the suppression of the Yihetuan uprising in CHINA. The entry of Russian troops into Manchuria to protect the CER.

1901-1902. Creation of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs).

1901. Establishment of professional workers' organizations operating under the control of the security police departments.

1901, 14.2. Assassination of the Socialist-Revolutionary P.V. Karpovich on the Minister of Public Education N.P. Bogolepov.

1901, 7.5. Clashes between the workers of the Obukhov plant in St. Petersburg and the police ("Obukhov Defense").

1902, 26.3(8.4). Russian-Chinese agreement on the phased withdrawal of Russian troops from Manchuria.

1902, 2.4. The murder of the Minister of the Interior D.S. Sinyagin by the Socialist-Revolutionary S.V. Balmashev.

1902, 23-26.6. Meeting of representatives of zemstvos in Moscow. Adoption of a program of moderate liberal reforms.

1902, July. Creation of the "Society for the sale of products of Russian metallurgical plants" ("Prodamet"), one of the first syndicates.

1902. Completion of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected European Russia with the Far East.

1903, 26.2. The highest manifesto on the inviolability of communal land tenure and the right to lease land by peasants outside communal lands.

1903, June. Introduction of liability of employers for accidents with workers. Establishment of the position of representative of workers in industrial enterprises.

1903, July - August, 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (Brussels, London). Split of the party into "Bolsheviks" (led by V. I. Lenin) and "Mensheviks" (led by L. Martov).

1903, August. The resignation of S. Yu. Witte from the post of Minister of Finance and his appointment as Chairman of the Committee of Ministers.

1904, 2.1. Japan breaks diplomatic relations with Russia.

1904, 26-27.1. Beginning of the Russo-Japanese War. The death of the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets" in Chemulno Bay off the coast of Korea.

1904, 27.1-20.12. Defense of the naval fortress of Port Arthur.

1904, January. The creation of the "Union of Liberation", which united representatives of the liberal intelligentsia.

1904, 15.7. The murder of the Minister of the Interior V. K. Plehve by the Socialist-Revolutionary E. S. Sozonov.

1904, 11-21.8. Liaoyang operation. Defeat of Russian troops

1904, 12.12. The highest decree containing a program of moderate reforms.

1904, 20.12. Fall of Port Arthur.

1905, 3.1. Strike at the Putilov factories in St. Petersburg.

1905, 9.1. "Bloody Sunday" The execution by government troops of a demonstration of St. Petersburg workers who were heading with a petition to the emperor. The beginning of the first revolution in Russia.

1905, 4.2. The murder of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich by the Socialist-Revolutionary I. Kalyaev.

1905, 18.2. The highest manifesto calling for the restoration of order. Statement of the government's intention to involve elected people's representatives in the development of laws.

1905, 25.2. The defeat of Russian troops near Mukden.

1905, 8-9.5. The founding congress of the "Union of Unions", which united the professional organizations of the liberal intelligentsia.

1905, 14-15.5. Battle in the Tsushima Strait. The defeat of the Japanese fleet of the second Pacific squadron under the command of 3. P. Rozhestvensky.

1905, 14.6. Mutiny on the battleship "Prince Potemkin Tauride" on the Odessa roadstead. Unrest in Odessa.

1905, summer. Peasant unrest, in a number of areas turning into uprisings.

1905, 6.8. Regulations on the formation of the State Duma with deliberative rights.

1905, 23.8. Portsmouth Peace Treaty between Russia and Japan (concluded through the mediation of US President T. Roosevelt). Russia ceded Port Arthur and South Sakhalin to Japan.

1905, 8.10. The strike of the railway workers, which grew into the All-Russian political strike.

1905, 12-18.10. The founding congress of the Constitutional Democratic (Cadet) Party, created on the basis of the Liberation Union.

1905, 17.10. The highest manifesto on the granting of civil liberties and giving the State Duma legislative powers.

1905, 19.10. Formation of the Council of Ministers headed by S. Yu. Witte.

1905, 25-28.10. Revolt in Kronstadt.

1905, 3.11. The highest manifesto on the reduction of redemption payments of peasants.

1905, 21.11. Creation of the Moscow Council.

1905. 8-19.12. Armed uprising in Moscow. Street fighting in the Presnya area.

1906. 20.2. The highest decree on the transformation of the State Council into the upper chamber, working in parallel with the State Duma.

1906, 4.3. Issuance of temporary rules allowing the creation of political unions and professional organizations.

1906, 16.4. Resignation of S. Yu. Witte. Appointment of I. L. Goremykin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

1906, 23.4. Publication of the "Basic State Laws of the Russian Empire" (determining the powers of the State Council and the State Duma).

1906, 27.4. Opening of meetings of the 1st State Duma.

1906, 5.5. Duma address to the emperor demanding the introduction of constitutional government.

1906, summer. Mass peasant unrest.

1906, 8.7. Resignation of I. L. Goremykin. Appointment of the Minister of Internal Affairs P.A. Stolypin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

1906, 9.7. Dissolution of the 1st State Duma.

1906, 10.7. Vyborg appeal of 182 deputies of the State Duma. A call to the population not to pay taxes and not to send soldiers to the army.

1906, 17-20.7. Armed mutinies in Sveaborg, Kronstadt and Revel.

1906, 12.8. Assassination attempt on P.A. Stolypin.

1906, 19.8. Establishment of courts-martial.

1906, 5.10. Granting peasants equal rights with other estates in relation to public service, choice of residence; the abolition of corporal punishment by the verdicts of the volost courts.

1906, 9.11. The highest decree, which granted the peasants the right to freely leave the community with their land plot. The beginning of the agrarian reform P. A. Stolypin.

1906. Completion of the construction of the Baku-Batum oil pipeline.

1907, 20.2. Opening of meetings of the 2nd State Duma.

1907, 2.6-5.10. Participation of Russia in the 2nd Hague Conference.

1907, 3.6. Manifesto on the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and the new electoral law.

1907, 18.8. Russian-English agreement on the division of spheres of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and other parts of Asia. The final design of the Anglo-Russian-French alliance (Entente).

1907, 1.11-1912, 9.6. The work of the 3rd State Duma.

1909. Foundation of the Saratov University.

1910, 14.6. Adoption by the State Duma of the law "On changing and supplementing some regulations on peasant land ownership" (at the initiative of P.A. Stolypin).

1910, 21.6. agreement with Japan. The actual consent of Russia to the annexation of Korea by Japan, the recognition of Outer Mongolia as a sphere of interests of Russia.

1910. Establishment of the Russian-Asiatic Bank.

1911, 1.9. Assassination attempt in Kyiv on P. A. Stolypin (died 5.9).

1911, 11.9. Appointment of VN Kokovtsov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

1912, 4.4. Execution of striking workers at the Lena mines.

1912. Strengthening the influence of G. E. Rasputin at court (“Rasputinism”).

1912, 25.6. Secret Russian-Japanese convention on the division of spheres of influence in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia.

1912, 21.10. Agreement with Mongolia on the autonomy of Outer Mongolia.

1912. 5.11. Opening meeting of the 4th State Duma.

1913. Adoption of the "Great Military Program" (on the reorganization and rearmament of the army by 1917).

1913, September - October. The trial in Kyiv in the case of M. Beilis, accused of ritual murder (acquittal).

1914, 30.1. Resignation of V. N. Kokovtsov. Appointment of I. L. Goremykin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

1914, 7-10.7. Visit to St. Petersburg of French President R. Poincaré. Confirmation of the Franco-Russian alliance.

1914, 19.7. Germany's declaration of war on Russia. The beginning of the 1st World War.

1914, 24.7. Declaration of war on Russia by Austria-Hungary.

1914, 3.8. Appointment of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army.

1914, 4.8-2.9. East Prussian operation.

1914, 5.8-8.9. Galician battle.

1914, 15.9-26.10. Warsaw-Ivangorod operation.

1914, 20.10. Russia's declaration of war on Turkey.

1914, 29.10-11.11. Lodz operation.

1915, March - April. Agreements with Great Britain and France on the transfer of Constantinople and the Black Sea Straits to Russia after the end of the war.

1915, 25.5. Kyakhta treaty with China and Mongolia on non-interference in the internal affairs of the latter.

1915, 10.7. Formation of a joint committee of Zemsky and City unions (Zemgor).

1915, August. Registration of the "Progressive Bloc" in the State Duma (included "progressive" nationalists, Octobrists, Cadets, "progressives", etc.). Establishment of "Special Meetings" under the emperor.

1915, 26.8. Acceptance by Nicholas II of the duties of the Supreme Commander.

1915. Evacuation of Warsaw University to Rostov-on-Don (since 1931 Rostov University).

1916Yu 20.1. Resignation of I. L. Goremykin. Appointment as Chairman of the Council of Ministers BV Stürmer.

1916, 3.2. The capture of Erzurum by Russian troops.

1916, 5.4. The capture of Trebizond by Russian troops.

1916, July-1917, January. The uprising in Turkestan (after the imperial decree on the conscription of the inhabitants of Turkestan for forced labor).

1916, 10.11. The resignation of B. V. Stürmer. Appointment of A. F. Trenev as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

1916, 17.12. The murder of G. E. Rasputin.

1916, 27.12. Resignation of A. F. Trenev. Appointment of Prince N. D. Golitsyn as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

1916. Opening of a branch of Petrograd University in Perm (since May 1917 Perm University).

1917, February. Introduction in Petrograd of a rationing system for the distribution of bread and other products. The beginning of the "bread riots".

1917, 18.2. Start of a strike at the Putilov factory in Petrograd. Declaring a lockout (22.2).

1917, 23.2. Mass demonstrations in Petrograd on the International Day of Proletarian Women.

1917, 25.2. General strike in Petrograd. The highest decree on the dissolution of the 4th State Duma. Refusal of the Duma to carry out this decree. Order of Nicholas II on the suppression of unrest in the capital.

1917, 26.2. Execution of demonstrations in Petrograd.

1917, 27.2. Mass transfer of soldiers of the Petrograd garrison to the side of the demonstrators. Capture of the Winter Palace. Formation by members of the "Progressive Bloc" of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, chaired by M. V. Rodzianko. Formation by representatives of parties of socialist orientation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies (Petrosoviet) under the chairmanship of the leader of the Menshevik faction in the Duma N. S. Chkheidze.

1917, 28.2-2.3. Uprisings on the ships of the Baltic Fleet. Formation of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

1917, 2.3. Formation by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma of the Provisional Government headed by Prince G. E. Lvov.

1917, 2.3. Abdication of Emperor Nicholas II in favor of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich.

1917, 3.3. Abdication of Michael (before the decision of the Constituent Assembly on the form of government).

1917, 8.3. Arrest of the imperial family.

The Russian Federation is the state that ranks first in terms of area and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from disparate principalities to a candidate for a superpower. How did the formation of this political, economic and military colossus take place?

In our article we will consider the main dates in the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mention of it until the end of the twentieth century.

IX - X century

For the first time the word "Rus" is mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Tsargrad (Constantinople) and the plunder of its environs. According to researchers, more than eight thousand people participated in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they could not give a worthy rebuff. “The Russ left with impunity,” reports the chronicler.

The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes were invited to rule Rurik.

The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a new ruler could put an end to.

Like 862, the next year, 863, became important in the history of Russia. This year, according to chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - is being created. It is from this time that the official written history of Russia begins.

In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik's successor, conquers Kyiv and makes it a "capital city". This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went to the Khazars, recapturing many lands. Now the northerners, drevlyans, radimichi pay tribute not to the kaganate, but to the prince of Kyiv.

We are considering only the main dates in the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went to the Pechenegs (920) and to Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became Prince of Kyiv. Together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, he is collecting a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the tribes of Serbs and Bulgarians on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.

However, during the campaigns mentioned above, the prince becomes imbued with Christianity. Earlier, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and was misunderstood by her surroundings. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

So, in 988, a series of ceremonies were held to baptize most of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily were forced to do so by force.

The last important date in the tenth century is the construction of the Church of the Tithes. It was with the help of this building that Christianity finally took root in Kyiv at the state level.

11th century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, civil strife begins.

This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav, who was later called the Wise, sat on the throne in Kyiv. He reigned for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign, Kievan Rus practically reaches the level of European states.

Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of unrest (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiles one of the most famous codes - Yaroslav's Truth. This is the oldest part of Russkaya Pravda.

For five years, starting from 1030, he erected the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital, in 1037, the construction of the famous temple - St. Sophia of Kyiv - began. It was completed in 1041.

After a campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kyiv prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. Izyaslav ruled from 1054 to 1068. Further, with the help of an uprising, he is replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics, he is referred to as Volga.

In view of the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, the properties of a werewolf are attributed to him in folk tales. In epics, he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. In official history, he was given the nickname of the Wizard.

Listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the Pravda Yaroslavichi in 1072 and the Izbornik of Svyatoslav in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is Russkaya Pravda. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second - in 1072. This collection contains the norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance law.

The last event worth mentioning within the framework of the eleventh century was the princes. He marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only his patrimony.

12th century

Oddly enough, the Polovtsians played an important role in the reunification of the ancient Russian princes. Speaking about the main dates in the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot but mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that rallied the Eastern Slavs and created the prerequisites for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His son Mstislav Vladimirovich became his successor.

During the years of the reign of these princes, the Tale of Bygone Years was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia gradually move away. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.

While the struggle for power was going on here, caused by the collapse of the Kievan state, the unification of Spain and several crusades were being carried out in Western Europe.

In Russia, the following happened. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147, chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was destined to later become the capital of a united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by an even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Russia is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them further.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu's campaigns, which is given below, as well as the maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the failure of many princes in matters of military operations.

Campaigns of Khan Batu

The Council of the Mongol khans decides to start a campaign against Russia, the army was led by Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan	1235
The defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols	1236
The subjugation of the Polovtsy and the beginning of the campaign against Russia	1237
Siege and capture of Ryazan	December 1237
Fall of Kolomna and Moscow	January 1238
Capture of Vladimir by the Mongols	3-7 February 1238
The defeat of the Russian troops on the City River and the death of the Prince of Vladimir	March 4, 1238
The fall of the city of Torzhok, the return of the Mongols to the steppe	March 1238
Beginning of the siege of Kozelsk	March 25, 1238
Rest of the Mongolian army in the Don steppes	summer 1238
The fall of Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorokhovets	autumn 1238
The invasion of Batu into the southern Russian principalities, the fall of Putivl, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov	summer 1239
The siege and capture of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars	5-6 September 1240

Several stories are known when the inhabitants of the cities were able to give a heroic rebuff to the invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Regarding Kozelsk, this is just a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Batu Khan, who from 1237 to 1240 ravaged North-Eastern Russia, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of its defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince and governor. At this time, the grandson of Mstislav, twelve-year-old Vasily, “ruled” in Kozelsk. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the capture of the fortress by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground, and all the inhabitants were killed. No mercy was given to infants or frail old people.

After this battle, other important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion relate exclusively to the southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier, there was a battle near the Kolomna River. In 1239, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kyiv also fell.

In 1243, the state of the Mongols, the Golden Horde, was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take a "label for reigning" from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time there is a completely different picture. Swedish and German troops are advancing on Russia. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240 he defeats the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he utterly defeats the German knights (the so-called Battle on the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Russia took place. They were directed against objectionable princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252, and in 1293, Khan Duden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Russia.

Due to difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.

14th century

More significant dates in the history of Russia belong to the fourteenth century. In 1325 Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to gather all the principalities into a single state. So by 1340, some lands join Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita becomes the Grand Duke.

In 1326 Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir moved his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

The plague (“black death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reaches Russia in 1352. She killed a lot of people.

Mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth dwelling on the events associated with Moscow. In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascended the throne. For two years, starting from 1367, the stone Kremlin in Moscow was being built. It was because of this that she was later called "white-stone".

By the end of the fourteenth century, Russia finally got out of the dominion of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) are important events. These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone's rule.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose tributaries so easily. In 1382 he gathers a large army and ravages Moscow.

This was the last catastrophe associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Russia was finally freed from their yoke only after a century. But during this time, no one else disturbed its borders.

Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroys the Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

15th century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of lands into a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century passed in civil strife. Over the years, Vasily I and Vasily II Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a bit reminiscent of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many princelings, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Outwardly, the political activities of the temporary rulers are connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes raided. Some princelings were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of decades of civil strife turned out to be that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small specific lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kyiv and All Russia were proclaimed here. That is, the dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, in 1458 the separation of the Moscow metropolis from the Kyiv metropolis took place.

Discord between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally annexed Veliky Novgorod to the Moscow principality.

In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the annals under the name This is a very interesting story, which contemporaries considered "the mystical intercession of the Virgin." gathered a large army and marched against Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.

But the battle did not come. After a long stand of troops against each other, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found out that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow principality becomes a fully sovereign state.

Similar in importance was the year 1552 in the history of Russia. We will talk about it a little later.

In 1497, the Code of Laws, a set of laws for all residents of the state, was officially adopted and approved.

16th century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. During the reign of Vasily III, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521) join Moscow. Also for the first time in 1517 it is mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at that time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by the Boyar power. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, John Vasilyevich, put an end to arbitrariness.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on zemstvo councils and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.

Noteworthy is the year 1552 in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the khanate to the Muscovite state. In addition to him, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognizes himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, severed all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquests, the Grand Duke turns his eyes to the internal situation in the country. In 1565, the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that have begun to attach themselves to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. Executions continued until 1572.

In 1582, Yermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became the real king only in 1598, after the death of Fyodor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598, the line of Rurikovich was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605), the Time of Troubles and the Seven Boyars began.

17th century

The most important event was the year 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Moscow kingdom. In foreign policy there are conflicts with Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnitsky.

There were riots in the Moscow kingdom itself in 1648 (Salt), 1662 (Copper), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism were brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.

Thus, for seven decades there was a process of formation of a single state, in which different institutions "grinded" to each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that the year 1613 in the history of Russia was the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Peter Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

18th century

The century of the most powerful rise that the history of Russia only knew - the 18th century. The founding dates of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main military educational institution of the country, the land gentry corps. In 1755 Moscow University was founded. These are just some of the events that show the powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was transferred from the "old" Moscow to the "young" Petersburg. In addition, in 1721 Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those who are interested in the military history of Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.

In the nineteenth century, the country entered a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, the Commonwealth.

19th century

If the cultural and military growth of the state became a feature of the previous century, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Rapid economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

Dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the attempts of the authorities to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic politics, there are many reforms aimed at further enslavement of ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship (1865), and universal military service (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucracy is striving for the maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - an uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II.

In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the positions of the Social Democrats are strengthening. The first congress took place in 1898.

20th century

Despite the wars, catastrophes and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. The history of Russia until that time did not know such a nightmare that the Bolsheviks staged in the first quarter of the century.

The revolution of 1905 and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, his family was captured and shot in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar upheaval and devastation marked another 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social catastrophes of enormous proportions. These are the famine in 1932-1933 and the repressions in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR enters World War II. In our historical tradition, this conflict is called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.

1991 was a turning point in the history of Russia. The Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all the dreams of a "bright future" under the rubble. In fact, people had to learn life from scratch in a market economy in the new state.

Thus, we, dear friends, briefly walked through the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that the answers to the questions of the future are stored in the lessons of the past.

Chronicle of events, 1350 - 1648

1356 - Battle of Poitiers

On September 19, one of the greatest battles of the Hundred Years War took place. On the one hand, French troops under the leadership of King John II the Good participated in it, and on the other hand, English troops under the leadership of the Black Prince Edward. Despite the overwhelming numerical superiority of the French, the British won a decisive victory, and the French king was captured.

1361 - Rise of Tamerlane

In 1361, Timur the conqueror left the submission of the Mongol Khan and went over to the side of his enemies. He led the life of an adventurer and during one of the skirmishes he lost two fingers of his right hand, and was also seriously wounded in his right leg. Because of the consequences of this injury, he suffered all his life, with which many attribute his cruelty, unusual even for those times. Lameness gave him the nickname "lame Timur" - Timur-e lang - later turned into the surviving "Tamerlane".

1378 - Great Schism

In 1377, the last Pope of the Avignon Captivity, Gregory XI, decided to return from Avignon to Rome. However, shortly thereafter he died, and then a split occurred in the Roman Catholic Church: the first election of the Pope was held under pressure from the Roman crowd and was declared invalid. The elected pope was excommunicated, and the election of a new pope soon took place. However, Urban VI, elected first, continued to perform the functions of Pope from Rome, and Clement VII, elected second, retired back to Avignon. Following the split of the church, there was a split among the European countries. The final point in this story was put only in 1417, with the beginning of the reign of Pope Martin V.

1380 - The emergence of the Kalmar Union

In the XIV century, the Scandinavian countries experienced great difficulties associated with the monopolization of trade in the Baltic by the German free cities and the Hansa. This was opposed by the unification of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in a union under the supreme authority of the Danish kings. At the same time, countries sacrificed their sovereignty, but formally remained independent. In 1380, Denmark and economically dependent Norway were the first to unite and enter into a union under the rule of Queen Margaret.

1381 - Peasants' revolt in England

In 1381 there was an uprising that became the largest in the history of medieval England. During it, the rebels managed to capture Canterbury and London, and then stormed the Tower. King Richard II was forced to negotiate and even promised to fulfill the numerous demands of the rebels, among which were the abolition of serfdom and equalization of the rights of all classes. However, during the second meeting, the king's associates killed the leader of the rebels, Wat Tyler, after which the uprising was crushed.

1389 - Battle of Kosovo

In 1389, one of the largest battles between Christians and the Ottoman Empire took place. On July 28, the army of the Serbian prince Lazar, numbering 80,000, converged with the army of Murad, numbering about 300,000 people. During the battle, both leaders were killed and the Serbian army was defeated. But, despite this, Serbia formally retained its independence, although it paid tribute and undertook to supply the Turkish Porte with an auxiliary army.

1392 - An attack of madness at Charles VI

In August 1392, King Charles VI of France experienced his first bout of insanity. Later, the king's illness led to a long civil war, which ended with the collapse of France as a state. Part of its territory was captured by the British, and part was under the control of the princes of the blood, who became virtually independent rulers. The king's successors had to start over from scratch - expel the British, rein in the princes and restore the basic mechanisms of state.

1393 - Allowed to play chess

From the moment of penetration into Europe, the game of chess caused constant discontent of the Church. In 1161, the Catholic Cardinal Damiani issued a decree banning the game of chess among the clergy. Subsequently, such prohibitions were issued not only by church leaders, but also by secular rulers - the English king Edward IV, the French Louis IX, and the Polish monarch Casimir IV. However, many continued to play chess underground, and in 1393 the ban was finally lifted at the Regenburg Cathedral.

1396 - Nikopol Crusade

In 1396, the last major crusade of the Middle Ages took place. A large army of crusaders concentrated under the leadership of the Hungarian king Sigismund, Count John of Nevers and others. However, the Crusaders suffered a brutal defeat by the Turks at the Battle of Nicopolis, which forced them to abandon their future plans.

1408 - Rebirth of the Order of the Dragon

December 13, 1408 Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund I of Luxembourg revives the previously existing Order of the Dragon. The order included the best of the knights, and its goals were the tasks of protecting the Cross of the Lord from the Turks. The distinctive sign of the order was medallions with the image of a dragon curled up into a ring.

1410 - Battle of Grunwald

On July 15, 1410, the army of the Teutonic Order entered into battle with the combined army of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The battle ended with the defeat of the Teutonic troops, which significantly undermined the influence of the Order, which later led to its collapse.

1415 - Execution of Jan Hus

In 1415, Jan Hus, who by that time was one of the prominent reformers of the Czech Republic, arrived in Constanta for the cathedral. His goal was to unite the split Roman Catholic Church. Despite the fact that the Holy Roman Emperor promised him personal safety, Jan Hus was accused of heresy and captured. On July 6, 1415, he was burned in Constance, along with all his labors. His death was the cause of the long Hussite wars waged by his followers against the Habsburgs and their allies.

1415 - Battle of Agincourt

On October 25, 1415, the English and French troops clashed at the Battle of Agincourt. Despite the significant numerical superiority of the French, they suffered a heavy defeat from the British. This development of events became possible due to the extensive use by the British of shooters armed with longbows: they made up 4/5 of the English troops.

1429 - Appearance of Joan of Arc

At the end of the 1520s, France was in a very difficult situation. Most of its territory was captured by English troops and it seemed that soon the whole country would come under the rule of England. However, the appearance of Joan of Arc was able to save the situation - the detachments under her command lifted the siege of Orleans, which seemed doomed, and then carried out a successful operation to liberate the Loire. It was Joan who initiated the coronation of Charles VII, an event that greatly rallied the nation. The series of successes was interrupted by the capture of Jeanne, who was captured by the British on May 29, 1430.

1431 - Burning of Joan of Arc

On May 30, 1431, the French national heroine Joan of Arc was burned at the stake. At the trial, which was arranged by the British, she was accused of heresy, apostasy and idolatry, for which she was sentenced to death. Subsequently, all charges against her were dropped, and in 1920 she was canonized as a saint.

1436 - Collapse of Moldavia

The death of the old sovereign of Moldavia, Alexander I the Good, which occurred in 1432, led to an internecine war within the country. Despite the fact that the throne was immediately taken by one of the ruler's sons, Ilya, already in 1433 his brother Stefan began to challenge the right to power. After a long war, Moldova was divided into two states - the Upper and Lower countries, each of which was ruled by one of the brothers. But the weak Moldavian rulers could not save their lands from the Turkish conquerors.

1438 - New Holy Roman Emperor

On March 18, 1438, Albrecht II was elected King of Germany by the German Electors. Thus, he became the first Habsburg to unite under his hand the thrones of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and Germany. From that year until the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, its throne was constantly (except for a brief period from 1742 to 1745) occupied by the Habsburgs.

1439 - The unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches

In 1439, during the Council of Ferrara Florence, an agreement was signed on unification - the union - between the Orthodox and Catholic churches. According to the agreement, the Orthodox retained all their rites, but the Pope became the head of the church. However, already in 1448, the Russian Church officially interrupted communion with the Catholic Church through the decision of autocephaly (a completely independent church), headed by the patriarch, not the Pope.

1445 - Invention of printing

In 1445, the German artisan Johannes Gutenberg began making metal typesetting type, which he used for printing. In the future, his invention spread throughout the world and led to the emergence of printing in the modern sense.

1453 - End of the Hundred Years' War

In 1451, France began the final campaign of the Hundred Years War - the liberation of Normandy and Guinea from English troops. After the end of the war in 1453, the city of Calais remained the only English outpost on the continent.

1453 - Decline of Byzantium

May 29, 1453 marked the end of the history of the Byzantine Empire, the last fragment of ancient Rome. After the capture of Constantinople, the Arab Sultan Mohammed ordered the head of the Roman emperor Constantine XI to be put on public display, and the body to be buried with royal honors. The remaining Byzantine lands became part of the Ottoman Empire.

1455 - War of the Scarlet and White Roses

After the unsuccessful end of the Hundred Years War, a struggle for the throne began in England, in which supporters of the two branches of the Plantogenet dynasty took part. In the course of a fierce struggle, power changed hands several times and a significant part of the heirs to the throne, as well as English lords and chivalry, was destroyed.

1462 - Dracula against the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire captured the Balkans, including the independent principality of Wallachia in southern Romania. But in 1461, the ruler of Wallachia, Vlad III, nicknamed Dracula, refused to pay tribute to the Turkish sultan, and the next year, having armed the free peasants and townspeople, he forced the Turkish army led by Sultan Mehmed II to retreat. However, later he was betrayed by his boyars, and fled to Hungary.

1466 - Travel of Athanasius Nikitin

In 1466, the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin set off on a journey that made him the first Russian to visit India. During his travels, he wrote travel notes, known as "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". They contained detailed information about India, and subsequently were also translated into many European languages.

1469 - Unification of Castile and Aragon

In 1469, the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united into a single state - Spain. This became possible only after the dynastic marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile, and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon. To ensure absolute power for themselves, the royal couple created the Inquisition and crushed the resistance of large feudal lords, as well as the nobility.

1474 - Burgundian Wars

By the end of the 15th century, the Dukes of Burgundy were able to compete in economic and military power with the French kings, whose vassals they were. But their great disadvantage was that the most economically developed parts of the duchy were separated from the rest by the territory of France and the principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. Since 1474, the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, began a military campaign against France and the Swiss Union. However, the fighting developed unsuccessfully, and ended in 1477 with the death of Charles at the Battle of Nancy.

1483 - Cruel inquisitor

In 1483, the first "Grand Inquisitor" Torquemada was appointed in Spain, whose name later became a symbol of religious reaction. After his appointment, Torquemada developed a code that regulated the process of the Inquisition. Then he began persecution, which concerned mainly Jews and Muslims who had recently converted to Christianity. They were accused of insincere confession of the new faith and the secret performance of the rites of forbidden cults.

1485 - New Time in England

With the end of the War of the Scarlet and White Roses, the Tudor dynasty came to power in England. With their arrival, the New Time began on the English Isles, the country took an active part in European politics, many internal reforms were carried out, which significantly strengthened the position of the kingdom.

1492 - Completion of the Reconquista

For a long time, a protracted war was going on in the Iberian Peninsula, the purpose of which was to conquer the kingdoms of the Moors by Christians, called the Reconquista. It ended in 1492, when the last Muslim kingdom in the Pyrenees, the Emirate of Granada, was captured.

1492 - Discovery of the New World

In 1492, the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus set off on his first voyage, seeking to find a sea route to India. Under his command there were only three ships, with a total crew of 90 people. On October 12, travelers discovered the first land in the Western Hemisphere, the island of San Salvador, this date is considered the date of the official discovery of the New World.

1494 - Repartition of the world

In 1494, an agreement was concluded in the city of Tordesillas, which for a long time determined the boundaries of the spheres of influence of Spain and Portugal in the Atlantic Ocean. The dividing line crossed both poles, and passed 1200 km west of Cape Verde Island. The seas and lands to the west of this line went to the kingdom of Portugal, and to the east - to Spain. The treaty was approved by a bull of Pope Julius II in 1506.

1498 - Sea route to India

On July 8, 1497, the Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama left Lisbon for India. He circled Africa from the south, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, and reached the southwestern coast of India on May 20, 1498. Vasco da Gama became the first European to make a sea voyage to India. Returning to Portugal in September 1499, Vasco da Gama was greeted with great honor, received a large cash award and the title of "Admiral of the Indian Ocean".

1501 - The emergence of Azerbaijan

In 1501, the Iranian prince Ismail I captured Iranian Azerbaijan, and proclaimed himself Shahinshah. After that, he began to mint his own coins, and then isolated his state from other Muslim countries, declaring the main state religion of Islam, Shiism, in contrast to the dominant Sunnism in other countries. Under Ismail, the state began to be called Azerbaijan, and the Turkic language remained the state language for almost a century.

1502 - Discovery of America

On April 3, 1502, the last expedition of Christopher Columbus began, during which the great navigator discovered North and South America. On September 12, the expedition set off from the island of Hispaniola towards Spain.

1505 - Riddle of the Ages

In 1505, the great Italian Leonardo da Vinci painted one of the most famous paintings in human history, the Mona Lisa. Its perfect formula captivated the artists of subsequent eras, who repeatedly and unsuccessfully tried to create copies of the masterpiece.

1507 - America got a name

For a long time after the discovery of the American continent, it was called the "West Indies", which was completely wrong. It was only in 1507 that the name for the new land was proposed - "America", in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci. The name was proposed by a geographer from Lorraine named Waldseemüller, and since then this name has become the official name for the New World.

1510 - Third Rome

In 1510, the monk of the Elizarov Monastery in Pskov, Philotheus, addressed Vasily III with an important message, in which he argued that Moscow should become a new world religious center. He came to this conclusion, following the thesis of the charitable unity of the entire Christian world. He also argued that the first center of the world was the old Rome, followed by the new Rome - Constantinople, and recently in their place was the third Rome - Moscow. “Two Romes have fallen,” Philotheus argued, “and the third stands, and there will be no fourth.”

1516 - Venetian Ghetto

For a long time, the Jews in Venice could not obtain land for permanent residence. Only in the 16th century did they receive the right to permanent residence within the city - on March 29, 1516, the corresponding decision of the government was proclaimed. It said: “The Jews must all settle together in the houses of the Court, which is located in the ghetto near San Girolamo, and so that they do not leave there at night, on the one hand through the bridge, and on the other - through the large bridge, two gates must be built who will be guarded by four Christian guards, and who will be paid by the Jews.

1517 - Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

On January 22, 1517, Egypt became part of the Ottoman Empire. At that time it was the state of the Mameluks - members of the military caste, in which young slaves of Caucasian and Turkic origin were recruited. But despite their subjugation to the Turkish Pasha, the Mamluks managed to maintain a privileged status in Turkish society.

1517 - Beginning of the Reformation

In 1517, Martin Luther spoke at Wittenberg with 95 theses for the reform of the Catholic Church. The Reformation began, a mass socio-political movement in Western and Central Europe, which set as its goal a return to the original traditions of Christianity. This process caused many upheavals in Europe, and was finally consolidated by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

1519 - Conquest of Mexico by Cortes

In February 1519, the Cortes flotilla left Cuba and headed towards the mainland. In early March, the expedition landed at a place called Veracruz. Having suppressed the resistance of the local residents, Cortes declared these lands to belong to the King of Spain, Charles V. Then the expedition headed further west, to the lands of the Aztecs. There, the Spaniards captured the leader of the Aztecs, Montezuma II, and seized their state. The victory of the Spaniards was achieved not so much thanks to horses, cannons and firearms (although the Indians had none of the above), but because of the fragmentation and internal struggle of the clans in the Aztec empire, as well as the devastating epidemic that swept across the state.

1525 - Battle of Pavia

On February 23, 1525, the first major battle in the history of the New Time took place. The battle took place under the walls of the Spanish-defended city of Pavia, which was under siege by the French troops. Thanks to the use of a new type of firearms - muskets, the Spaniards won a decisive victory and captured the French king.

1528 - Union of Christians and Muslims

As early as the end of the 15th century, France and the Ottoman Empire began to conduct diplomatic relations. For the Turks, France was a natural and necessary ally against Hungary; at the same time, the countries did not have intersecting interests, and therefore - and reasons for enmity. The defeat in the Battle of Pavia pushed France to the final decision on an incredible military alliance with the Muslims against the Christian power, and already in February 1525 an embassy was sent to the Turks.

1530 - Gift of the Emperor

For a long time, the order state of the Hospitallers was located on the island of Rhodes. However, in 1522, after a long siege by the Ottoman army, the Hospitallers were forced to leave the island. Only in 1530 did the order receive its land - Emperor Charles V transferred the island of Malta to the hospitallers, on which the order state was located until 1798, after which the order began to be called Maltese.

1534 - Creation of the Anglican Church

In 1534, King Henry VIII of England began to reform the English Church. The immediate reason for this was the refusal of the Pope to approve the divorce of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and his marriage to Anne Boleyn. The renovated church was called Anglican, and the king became its head, but it retained all the Catholic rites.

1535 - Viceroyalty of New Spain

In 1535, the Spanish colonies in North America united to form the Viceroyalty of New Spain. New Spain included the present-day territories of Mexico, the southwestern United States (as well as Florida), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Cuba. In addition, the Philippines and various islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea were subordinate to New Spain. The capital was located in Mexico City, and the appointed viceroy reported directly to the monarch of Spain. Antonio de Mendoza became the first Viceroy of New Spain.

1536 - Execution of Anne Boleyn

In May 1536, the second wife of Henry VIII, King of England, went to the scaffold on charges of adultery, and therefore state treason. According to contemporaries, the real reasons for this were the difficult relationship between the spouses and Anna's inability to give the king a son.

1536 - Dissolution of the Kalmar Union

The Kalmar Union ended in 1536. This happened after Denmark declared Norway its province. Despite the fact that Norway retained its laws and a number of government bodies, the former Norwegian territories - Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands - passed into the possession of Denmark.

1540 - Creation of the Jesuit Order

In 1539, Pope Paul III was presented with the charter of the new monastic order. Its main difference from other similar formations was the addition to the three standard vows: obedience, chastity and non-acquisition of the fourth - the vow of direct obedience to the Holy Father. On September 27, 1540, the charter of the Society of Jesus, as the order was called, was approved by papal bull.

1541 - King of Ireland

Until 1536, Ireland was ruled by proteges of England, who did not have absolute power. Having suppressed the rebellion of one of the governors, King Henry VIII of England decided to reconquer the island and already in 1541 Henry proclaimed Ireland a kingdom, and himself its king. Over the next hundred years, the British consolidated control over Ireland, although they failed to turn the Irish into Protestants, they still remained ardent Catholics.

1543 - New astronomical doctrine

In 1543, the main work of Copernicus was published in Nuremberg. It was the fruit of his more than 30 years of work in Frombork, the treatise On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres. Despite the fact that the essay was dedicated to Pope Paul III, its first part spoke about the sphericity of the Earth, which did not correspond to Catholic religious dogmas about the world order.

1553 - Rise of the Bloody Mary

In October 1553 Mary I was crowned in London. The queen was thirty-seven years old, twenty of which were years of trial for her. From the very first days of her reign, Mary began to act actively: her main task was to return England to the bosom of the Catholic Church. In memory, she remained as Mary Bloody (or Bloody Mary), who received such a nickname for the cruel reprisals against Protestants.

1555 - Trade between Russia and England

In 1555, the English navigator Richard Chancellor visited Russia for the second time. A year later he sailed for England with four heavily laden ships and a Russian envoy. The British received a charter allowing them to trade duty-free in all Russian cities.

1555 - Peace of Augsburg

On September 25, 1555, the Reichstag took place in Augsburg, at which the Lutheran and Catholic subjects of the Holy Roman Empire concluded a peace agreement. Under this agreement, Lutheranism was recognized as the official religion in the territory of the empire, and the imperial estates received the right to choose their religion. At the same time, the subjects of the empire still could not choose their religion, which led to the emergence of the expression "whose power, that is faith."

1559 - Beginning of the reign of Elizabeth of England

In early 1559, one of the most famous rulers of the Middle Ages, Elizabeth I of England, ascended the English throne. Thanks to her competent management, the country, divided into two irreconcilable camps, avoided civil war. Later, under her rule, England became one of the greatest powers in Europe.

1564 - Birth of a Genius

On April 26, 1564, a boy named William Shakespeare was baptized in one of the English churches. In the future, he will become the most famous playwright of all time, and such immortal creations as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and many others will come out from under his pen.

1569 - Union of Lublin

On July 1, 1569, a new state appeared on the map of Europe, uniting the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania within its borders. The state was headed by a popular assembly - the Sejm - together with an elected king. The state received the name "Rzeczpospolita".

1571 - Holy League

At the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Turks almost completely controlled the Eastern Mediterranean. This greatly interfered with many European states, because of which, on May 25, 1571, the Venetian Republic, Spain, the Vatican, Genoa, Savoy, Malta, Tuscany and Parma united into a coalition of Christian Catholic countries - the Holy League. Their main goal was to neutralize the power of the Turkish fleet, and free the eastern Mediterranean from its control.

1571 - Third Battle of Lepanto

On October 7, 1571, the largest naval battle of the 16th century took place. It involved the combined forces of the Holy League opposing the fleet of the Ottoman Empire. As a result of this battle, the Turks lost control of the eastern Mediterranean, and the Holy League created to remove this control was dissolved.

1572 - St. Bartholomew's Night

On the night of August 24, 1572, one of the most terrible events in the history of France took place in Paris. Then, on the orders of Catherine de Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, from 3 to 10 thousand Huguenots - French Protestants - were killed in Paris. Such an order was given after the failed attempt on the leader of the Protestants, Gaspard de Coligny, who claimed power in the country. Following these events, about 200 thousand more people left the country.

1579 - Establishment of the Union of Utrecht

In 1579, to fight against Spanish rule, the northern provinces of the Netherlands united in the Union of Utrecht. The agreement actually assumed the creation of a single state, the Republic of the United Provinces, which was supposed to have a federal structure. The provinces were to create a unified financial system, conduct a common foreign policy, and create a unified army.

1580 - Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the world

On September 26, 1580, the English navigator Francis Drake returned from a round-the-world voyage, which he set off on in 1577 at the behest of Queen Elizabeth. From his journey he brought back 600,000 pounds, gold which he had plundered from Spanish ships, for which he was awarded a knighthood.

1581 - Creation of the Ostrog Bible

In 1581, in Ostrog, the Russian printing pioneer Ivan Fedorov created the first Bible in Church Slavonic. This was done with the help of the Polish Orthodox prince, Konstantin Ostrozhsky. The Ostroh Bible was of great importance for Orthodox education in Ukraine and Belarus, where it stood up to strong Catholic influence.

1582 - The beginning of the conquest of Western Siberia

On September 1, 1582, the Cossack ataman Ermak Timofeevich crossed the Ural Mountains and began the conquest of Western Siberia. Initially, he achieved great success by defeating the Tatar Khan Kuchum. However, in the future, his detachment suffered heavy losses, while not receiving sufficient replenishment. This led to the fact that on August 6, 1585, Ermak Timofeevich died, and the Cossacks were forced to retreat back to Russian lands.

1588 - The defeat of the "Invincible Armada"

Beginning in 1586, the Spanish King Philip II began to equip a large fleet, which was intended to conquer England. In 1588, a fleet of 130 galleons was ready, and on July 29 of this year, the grand Battle of Gravelines took place in the English Channel. Thanks to the skill of the British admirals, the Spanish fleet was defeated. This battle was a turning point in the history of Spain, from which the decline of the great maritime empire began.

1596 - Union of Brest

In 1596, on the territory of the Commonwealth, the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches took place, which took place at the cathedral in Brest. According to this union, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and Belarus recognized the Pope as its head, but kept worship in the Slavic language and the rites of the Orthodox Church. This agreement was required in order to weaken the cultural connection of Ukrainians and Belarusians with the Russian people, as well as to ensure the same rights for the higher Orthodox clergy as for the Catholic.

1598 - Adoption of the Edict of Nantes

At the end of the 16th century, the lands of France were torn apart by constant wars between the Huguenots and the Catholics. To put an end to this, the French king Henry IV issued a decree, according to which, on April 13, 1598, an edict was approved in Nantes, granting religious rights and full equality with Catholics to French Huguenot Protestants. No edict of the sixteenth century afforded such extensive tolerance as that of Nantes. Subsequently, this allowed detractors to accuse the Huguenots of trying to form a state within a state.

1595 - A new kind of cards

In 1595, Gerhard Mercator introduced a new way of drawing nautical charts called the "Mercator projection". When using it, the map does not distort the angles and shapes, but the distances are saved only at the equator. This method is still used to draw nautical and aeronautical charts.

1600 - Establishment of the East India Company

On December 31, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I signed a decree establishing the British East India Company. The company was a joint stock company, headed by a governor and a board of directors who were responsible to the shareholders' meeting. The initial authorized capital of the company was 72 thousand pounds sterling. Shortly after its creation, the company received governmental and military functions, which it lost only in 1858.

1603 - Rise of James I

After the death of Elizabeth I, James VI of Scotland, also known as James I of England, ascended the English throne. With his arrival, for the first time there was a union of English and Scottish lands under the rule of one overlord.

1606 - Discovery of Australia

In 1606, a small Dutch expedition led by Willem Janz made the first European landing on the Australian continent. In its course, the eastern and northern coasts of Australia were mapped.

1607 - First colony of England in America

In 1607, the first English colony was founded in America. She received the name Virginia - in honor of the great English "Virgin Queen" Elizabeth I.

1608 - Evangelical Union

In 1608 the Protestants united in the so-called Evangelical Union. The union included eight Protestant princes and 17 Protestant cities of the Holy Roman Empire. The reason for the unification was the conquest of the free city of Donauwert by the Catholics, led by Maximilian of Bavaria, after the Protestants attacked the Catholic procession. During the Thirty Years' War, the Evangelical Union was defeated several times by the Catholic League and in 1621 ceased to exist.

1609 - Catholic League

The union was organized in 1609 as an association of the Catholic principalities of Germany on the eve of the Thirty Years' War. It became the response of German Catholics to the creation of the Evangelical Union of Protestants in 1608. The league included Bavaria, the spiritual principalities - the bishoprics of Cologne, Trier, Mainz and Würzburg. But the Archbishopric of Salzburg and a number of other Catholic principalities did not enter the league.

1614 - Star of the Duke of Buckingham

In 1614, George Villiers Buckingham was presented to King James I of England and Scotland. The king then did not even suspect what role this young nobleman would play in the history of England. It is believed that it was Buckingham's conflict with the Spanish court that caused the breakdown of negotiations on the marriage of the Prince of Wales with the Infanta, and the subsequent declaration of war on Spain. Buckingham's activities as the de facto head of the English government, favored by royal favor, introduced instability into foreign policy, which led to unsuccessful wars with Spain and France. Parliament repeatedly accused Buckingham of violating the national interest and demanded a trial of him. August 23, 1628 Buckingham was killed in his apartments.

1618 - Beginning of the Thirty Years' War

By the beginning of the 17th century, there were many explosive regions in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. The main reason for this situation was the growing pressure of the Catholic Church, which wanted to restore its former influence, lost after the Augsburg religious peace. The situation worsened even more when an ardent Catholic, Ferdinand of Styria, became the head of the empire. As a result, on May 23, 1618, an uprising began in the Protestant Czech Republic, which later developed into one of the longest and bloodiest wars of that period, affecting most of Europe.

1628 - Capture of La Rochelle

Since 1568, the fortified city of La Rochelle became the center of the French Protestants - the Huguenots. In 1627, the soldiers of La Rochelle opposed the royal French troops, King Louis XIII ordered the siege of the city, which ended in 1628 with its capture, as well as new persecution of the Huguenots, who fled en masse from the country. The capture of La Rochelle was one of the most famous deeds of Cardinal Richelieu.

1633 - Trial of Galileo

At the beginning of the 17th century, the theory of the world order proposed by Copernicus in 1543 gradually became more widespread. However, at the same time, there was a second view of the world order, representing the earth as flat, which was defended by the followers of Ptolemy. In 1632, with the permission of Pope Urban VIII, Galileo Galilei published a book written in the form of a dialogue between the followers of both theories. However, after a few months, the sale of the book was banned, and they tried to judge the author. However, despite the lengthy investigation, the trial failed, and Galileo had to be released.

1635 - Creation of the French Academy

On January 29, 1635, Cardinal Richelieu founded the famous French Academy. The academy was created to "make the French language not only elegant, but capable of interpreting all the arts and sciences."

1637 - Cartesian coordinate system

The Renaissance was a time of great discoveries in all fields of science and art. And one of the greatest discoveries in the field of mathematical sciences was the work of Rene Descartes "Discourse on the method that allows you to direct your mind and find the truth in the sciences." As a result of this work, analytical geometry was created, and the world-famous coordinate system - Cartesian.

1637 - Rebellion in Scotland

With the coming to power of Charles I, the new king of England and Scotland, he began to attempt to reform the Scottish church. However, during the first attempt to hold a divine service according to the new liturgy, on July 23, 1637, there were spontaneous unrest in Edinburgh. Despite attempts by the king to resolve the problem peacefully, this failed, and eventually led to a rift that went down in history as the Bishops' Wars.

1642 - English bourgeois revolution

In 1642, a civil war broke out in England, during which the English parliament opposed the English king Charles I. The result of this struggle was the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, which limited the power of the king to the power of parliament and guaranteed people civil liberties.

1642 - First computer

In 1642, the 19-year-old Frenchman Blaise Pascal created his first "Adding Machine". Pascal's machine looked like a box with numerous gears connected to each other. The numbers to be added were entered by turning the wheels accordingly. This principle has become the basis for the creation of most computing devices for almost 300 years. Thus began the era of computing.

1648 - Peace of Westphalia

The Thirty Years' War was the most difficult war in the history of Europe during the Renaissance. The participating countries suffered huge losses in population and economy. Therefore, as early as 1638, the Pope and the Danish king called for an end to the war. This, however, happened much later - on October 24, 1648, a peace treaty was signed simultaneously in Münster and Osnabrück. He went down in history under the name of Westphalsky, and it is from this moment that it is customary to conduct the history of the system of modern international relations.