The process of settlement of the forest part of the Middle Volga region began in the Upper Paleolithic in the preborial period (20 thousand years ago). Separate finds of tools of the Paleolithic period are scattered over a vast territory and are not associated with the long-term residence of groups in a particular place. Attention is drawn to the confinement of such localities to the loess layers of the Permian deposits of coastal terraces.
More or less related to the Yunga-Kusherginskaya and Yulyalskaya sites on the right bank of the Volga. The few Late Paleolithic materials are typologically similar in appearance to the collections of the Middle and Lower Volga regions and the Russian Plain. In the further settlement of the region, a gap of several thousand years is observed, up to the developed Mesolithic.
During the Mesolithic period (X-VII millennium BC) there were short-term settlements and long-term settlements with residential buildings (from 1 to 10). The material culture of the population of the Mesolithic period testifies to the heterogeneity of the complexes presented here. With some similarity of flint inventory, in terms of the set of tools and the technique of their processing, individual sites have their own specific features (the presence or absence of geometric tools, ancient forms of arrowheads, micro-cutting technique, the predominance of certain categories in the tool set, etc.), suggesting chronological differences, functional features or heterogeneity of their carriers. There is a complex process of cultural formation of the Mesolithic community, where the bearers of the eastern (Kama-Ural) and western (Volga-Oka) traditions take part in the flint industry.
In the Neolithic era, three cultural formations are recorded on the territory of the region, determined by different types utensils, a set of flint implements, house-building traditions and the topography of settlement.
The Kama culture is characterized by covered semi-ovoid utensils with a comb ornament. The territory of settlement is the Ilet River and rare short-term parking in the coastal areas of the left bank of the Volga River. The nature of the stone inventory, insignificance cultural layers, the small number of long-term settlements testify to the active mobility of the population with the dominant hunting industry. The main territory of carriers of this type of dishes is the Kama region.
The culture of comb-pit ceramics occupies a vast territory of the floodplain of the river. Volga and its tributaries. In contrast to the Kama sites, it is represented by numerous settlements with dwellings (from 2 to 20) located on dune hills of the floodplain of rivers, lakes or oxbow lakes. The presence of a system of long-term dwellings indicates a significant sedentary population, and a set of tools indicates the dominant role of fishing in the presence of other types of fishing activities. The whole appearance of culture, to a certain extent, brings it closer to the Volga-Oka tribes of the Balakhna (more precisely, Lyalovo) culture, who advanced into the Middle Volga region at the beginning of the 4th millennium BC.
Topographically, settlements with comb-hole pottery are located on loose sandy deposits (as in the Mesolithic). They are related to the local Mesolithic by the tradition of house building, the layout of settlements, some types of flint tools, and a number of technical and typological features in the primary and secondary processing of flint.
Assemblages with utensils decorated with pricked ornaments are confined to coastal areas near wide floodplains. In its appearance, the culture is close to the Don and Upper Volga formations with pricked and comb-pricked utensils; it appears on the middle Volga in the middle of the 6th millennium BC. The population of this culture is characterized by ground dwellings (southern tradition) and with recessed floors (local tradition).
The flint industry is very developed, the set of tools is rich and varied. Domestic animals were known to the population: horse, large and small cattle. The bones of domestic animals were collected during the study of Dubovsky III, Dubovsky VIII and Otarsky VI settlements. The settlements are quite large, with several dozen buildings. The location of the settlements near wide floodplains suggests occupation by domestic cattle breeding, although a set of stone tools indicates occupation by hunting and fishing.
The development of any of the Neolithic cultures noted above directly on the basis of local Mesolithic complexes is currently problematic. Most likely, the carriers of pottery penetrated into the forest zone of the Middle Volga into the environment of non-ceramic tribes and quickly mastered it due to the similarity of the ecological niche, economic structure and related roots in the Mesolithic period of the local and newcomer population.
In the developed, especially late, Neolithic, the population with the Kama and Volga-Oka traditions consolidated. Increasing all-round, including marriage, ties lead to the formation of a new cultural phenomenon, which developed from the proto-Volosov antiquities to a peculiar variant of the Volosovo community. A new cultural formation with features of the eastern (Kama) and western (Volga-Oka) Neolithic, originating in the Neolithic, ends its existence already in the Early Metal Age.
At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, the forest-steppe Balanov-Atlikasin tribes advanced among the local Volosovo tribes, constant mutual contacts led to the formation of a new cultural formation - the Chirkov culture.
The more culturally and ethnically developed alien cattle-breeding Balan-Atlikasin substrate becomes dominant. At the same time, another wave of migrants from the Trans-Urals with comb-roller ceramics poured into the environment of the Volosovo-Balanovo-Atlikasinskaya population, which left a bright imprint on the appearance of the Chirkovo culture, and, ultimately, determined its identity [Soloviev, 2000. P. 98-99]. The formation of domestic cattle breeding is connected with the Balanovskaya and Chirkovskaya cultures.
In the second half of the II millennium BC. the difficult cultural and historical situation in the region is further complicated by the emergence of a new wave of migrants - the Abashevo pastoral tribes, who sought to occupy part of the Balanovo territories in the elevated areas of the Vetluzhsko-Vyatka interfluve and the right bank of the Volga.
Apparently, the Abashevo population did not last long here, since their settlements have not yet been discovered. Despite the Abashev manifestations in the Chirkov and Balanov materials, the carriers of the Abashev culture did not leave a noticeable trace in the cultural genetic processes that took place in the Early Bronze Age of the forest belt of the Middle Volga.
The Seima-Turbino population had a certain influence on the ethno-cultural situation. Direct evidence of the stay of the carriers of this culture here is the Yurin burial ground.
At the beginning of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, there was a sharp change in the ethnocultural picture of the region. The development of former cultures is not traced, they are replaced by the cultures of the Late Bronze Age: Prikazanskaya, Pozdnyakovskaya textile ceramics, which are associated by researchers with the forest-steppe Andronovo-Srubny and forest Proto-Finnish world.
Studies of the last two decades show that the Mari Volga region was not included in the area of formation of cultures of the Bronze Age. The Kazan population is formed in the more eastern regions, the Pozdnyakovskaya population in the southwestern forest-steppe and partly forest regions, the carriers of textile ceramics penetrate into the Middle Volga from the Upper Volga basin. Contacts between the Kazan and Upper Volga populations continued until the beginning of the Early Iron Age.
The eastern (Kazan) and western (textile ceramics) tribes, with the evidence of close rapprochement, steadily preserve their cultural traditions. Having formed a kind of community, they did not create an original archaeological culture. Only their symbiotic coexistence on a single territory for a considerable time is stated. In the 7th century BC, the Ananyino cultural and historical community was formed, marking the beginning of the Iron Age.
In the early Iron Age, a population with textile (mesh) ceramics became more active, which, as a result of long-term, diverse contacts, managed to create a sub-ethnic system of Finnish-speaking peoples, including the Volga Finns: Mordovians, Muroms, Meri and Mari [Patrushevu 1992; Khalikov, 1992].
In the first half of the 1st millennium AD, a group of people appeared on the right bank of the Middle Volga, leaving necropolises such as Piseralsky and Klimkinsky barrows of the Pyanobor culture. AT recent times their Pyanobor affiliation has been questioned and an opinion has been expressed about a strong Savromato-Sarmatian component in the funeral rite.
From the 3rd century AD, the Middle Volga region was settled by the tribes of the Azelin culture, who advanced from the Kama region and existed in this territory until the 7th century.
Source
Mari. Historical and ethnographic essays. Collective monograph. Yoshkar-Ola: MarNIYALLI, 2005.-336s.
Republic of Mari El from ancient times to the XVI century.
Finno-Ugric tribes have inhabited the territory of modern western, northern and central Russia since prehistoric times. Archaeological sources dating back to the first millennium BC have been preserved on the territory of the Republic of Mari El. e. Since the Mari script (tishte) was used exclusively for recording economic and economic information, and the Tatar written sources were destroyed during the capture of Kazan, almost all written information about the history of the middle Volga is associated with Russian sources.
Cheremis ( modern name Mari) are first reliably mentioned in the 10th century. in a letter from the Khazar Khagan Joseph to the dignitary of the Caliph of Cordoba Hasdai ibn Shaprut. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the ancestors of the modern Mari interacted with the Goths, later with the Khazars and Volga Bulgaria, which was located on the territory of modern Tatarstan and was destroyed in 1236 by the Mongol troops of Batu Khan advancing on Russia. With the Golden Horde formed after that, the Mari, apparently, were in allied relations. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the Mari were part of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate.
Since the 9th century, the Mari also come into contact with the Slavs of Kievan Rus moving eastward, who settled on the land of the Western Mari (mere) the cities of Rostov, Galich, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Vladimir and in 1221 Nizhny Novgorod. Gradually, the Western Mari (mere), after the adoption of Christianity, are glorified, those who do not want to accept Christianity flee east into the depths of the Mari region. In the Middle Ages business as usual there are Russian-Tatar clashes on the Mari lands (while the Mari are on the side of the Tatars). For the time being, the Tatars and Mari prevail, but then Ivan the Terrible begins a planned war of conquest: in 1551, the lands of the mountain Mari (the right bank of the Volga) fall under the control of Moscow, and in 1552, the tsarist troops take Kazan, and the meadow Mari begin to pay tribute to Moscow . Then systematic colonization begins: for example, Cheboksary was founded in 1555, Kozmodemyansk in 1583, and Tsarevokokshaysk, now Yoshkar-Ola, in 1584.
Republic of Mari El in the XVII-XIX centuries.
In the 17th century in the region, the possessions of Russian landowners appear. However, most of the Mari were not employed in corvee, they paid yasak to the tsarist government. The Mari participated in the peasant wars of the early 17th century. under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov, in 1670-71. - S. T. Razina, in 1773-75 - E. I. Pugachev a. Russian peasants settled on the Mari lands, which became state lands. Under Peter I, something begins to change - Mari are drafted into the army, begins Scientific research territory, the first written monuments of the Mari language are compiled.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the first factories with civilian workers and ascribed peasants appear. Significant lands were owned by monasteries and large entrepreneurs. The timber and sawmill industries developed.
In 1872, the Kazan Teachers' Seminary was opened, one of the tasks of which was to train representatives of the Volga peoples, including the Mari. This gave a serious impetus to the national revival, Mari schools were opened, books were printed in the Mari language, including textbooks.
In the 2nd half of the XIX century. enterprises of the factory and manufactory type were founded; built ship repair, glass and distilleries. Forced Christianization leads to the fact that the Mari go into the forests, leaving entire villages empty.
Republic of Mari El during the Civil War
The first Marxist circle was organized in 1899 by the teacher K. I. Kasatkin in Yurino. In 1905, Social Democratic circles arose in Yurino, Kozmodemyansk, Urzhum, Cheboksary, and elsewhere. During the Revolution of 1905–07, Mari workers and peasants participated together with Russians in the revolutionary movement (demonstrations in Yurino, Zvenigovsky Zaton, and the surrounding villages). After the February Revolution of 1917, Soviets were created in Yurino, Tsarevokokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk, and other places in April and May in Yurino, Tsarevokokshaisk, and Kozmodemyansk, which, with the exception of the Yurinskiy Soviet, were dominated by Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois nationalists, and kulaks.
The Great October Socialist Revolution became a radical turn in the history of the Mari people. Soviet power was established on December 23, 1917 (January 5, 1918) in Tsarevokokshaisk (since 1919 - Krasnokokshaisk), on December 31 (January 13, 1918) in Kozmodemyansk, and by mid-1918 everywhere. The struggle for the power of the Soviets was led by the Bolsheviks M. F. Krasilnikov, P. T. Kochetov and others. In February-April 1918, Bolshevik organizations were created in Kozmodemyansk and Yaransk. In the summer of 1918, counter-revolutionary rebellions broke out in the region (Stepanovsky, Tsarevokokshaysky, Kozmodemyansky, Knyazhninsky and others), but they were suppressed by the Red Army together with the Mari workers. In July 1918, a mari department was created under the People's Commissariat for National Affairs of the RSFSR. On July 20–24, 1920, the First All-Russian Conference of Mari Communists took place in Kazan. On November 4, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree "On the formation of an autonomous region of the Mari people." On November 25, 1920, the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars "On the Autonomous Region of the Mari People" determined the administrative-territorial composition of the region with the center in Krasnokokshaisk (since 1927 - Yoshkar-Ola). On February 20–23, 1921, the 1st Mari regional party conference was held in Krasnokokshaisk, at which the regional committee of the RCP(b) was elected. On June 21-24, 1921, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mari Autonomous Okrug elected a regional Executive Committee. In 1929–32, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was part of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, and in 1932–36, the Gorky Territory. On December 5, 1936, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. On June 21, 1937, the Extraordinary Eleventh Congress of Soviets of the Republic approved the Constitution of the Mari ASSR.
During the years of the pre-war five-year plans (1929-40), the Mari people, with the support of the Russians and other peoples of the USSR, basically built socialism. During these years, 45 industrial enterprises. Engineers, technicians, skilled workers, and also experienced party cadres were sent to new buildings and enterprises from the industrial centers of the country, especially from Gorky. In Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky and other cities, national personnel were trained for the industry and agriculture of the republic. The output of large-scale industry in the Mari ASSR in 1940 increased by 7.4 times in comparison with 1913. By 1941 the collective farms united 94.2 percent of the peasant farms; construction started railways(the first of them Zeleny Dol - Yoshkar-Ola was completed in 1928), a cultural revolution was carried out: illiteracy was basically eliminated, tribal feudal and religious remnants disappeared; national cadres of the working class and the people's intelligentsia have grown; developed national literature and art. The Mari people consolidated into a socialist nation. The region has turned from a backward region of Russia into an industrial-agrarian republic.
Republic of Mari El during the Great Patriotic War
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Mari ASSR had achieved tremendous success. Socialist industry was anew created in it on the basis of which the development of the branches of the national economy moved forward.
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 became a huge test of strength for millions of Soviet people both at the front and in the rear, a test that our grandfathers and fathers withstood with honor, providing decades of peaceful life in their country and all of humanity.
On Saturday, June 21, 1941, on the day of the 4th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Mari SSR, the jubilee session of the Supreme Council of the Republic opened. It was the last day of peace. The regional committee and district committees of the party skillfully directed the patriotic aspirations of the working people, roused people to fight against fascist invaders. At the head of the patriots, party workers and ordinary communists voluntarily went to the front. Over 1620 communists went to the front in the first six months. Following the communists, Komsomol members also filed statements about their desire to voluntarily go to the front. Over 130 thousand people were sent by the Mari ASSR to defend the Motherland. A little over 56 thousand of them returned from the battlefields. From the first days of the war, the life of the republic was restructured on a military basis. Most of the industrial enterprises of the republic in the first months of the war switched to the production of military products. Per short period the work of enterprises evacuated from the western regions has been adjusted. During the war years, only 48 enterprises were built, which made it possible to double the output of military products. They produced air bombs, shells, searchlights, optical instruments, trailers for artillery and small arms, vehicles, skis, containers for military equipment equipment, Mari lumberjacks gave the country 14 million cubic meters of timber Many forest industry enterprises also worked well. The Mari forest was used to restore cities, destroyed villages, enterprises and mines in Ukraine and other republics. Lumberjacks supplied gun blanks and birch to defense plants for the manufacture of skis for the soldiers of the Soviet Army.
The labor prowess of the collective-farm village during the war years is invaluable. It was a mass feat of village women, old people, teenagers, children, who, in the most difficult conditions, provided food for our army and rear. Women and children mastered tractors, and sometimes harnessed themselves instead of horses and plowed collective farm fields. Agricultural workers of the republic during the war gave the country and the front more than 21.7 million poods of bread, about 4 million poods of potatoes, 1.3 million poods of meat, a lot of milk and other products.
Many industrial enterprises of military importance were evacuated to the Mari land from different regions Russia, more than 36 thousand residents evacuated from the western regions of the country: from Moscow, including adults and children of the besieged Leningrad, Kyiv, Smolensk, Kalinin, Belarus, the Baltic states, as well as 26 orphanages, also received a warm welcome on the Mari land. The local population rendered great assistance in their arrangement, helped them settle in, get used to it.
Republic of Mari El in the post-war years
In the post-war five-year plans, the economy and culture of the Mari ASSR received further development. New large enterprises machine-building, instrument-making and other industries. The material and cultural standard of living of the people has risen significantly. The rise of the economy and culture was accompanied by a comprehensive expansion of mutual assistance and the deepening of ties between the Mari ASSR and the fraternal republics. National in form, socialist in content, internationalist in spirit and character, the culture of the Mari people flourished. The working people of the republic in the conditions of a developed socialist society, together with the peoples of all Soviet Union participate in the creation of the material and technical base of communism. In the Mari ASSR in 1974, 19 Heroes of Socialist Labor. For success in the development of the national economy of the Mari ASSR, she was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965, and in 1970 - the Order of October revolution; in commemoration of the 50th anniversary USSR in 1972 - the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
In October 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted, since 1992 the modern name is the Mari Republic (Mari El).
AT mid-sixteenth century, the Mari people found themselves in a zone of military confrontation Russian state and the Kazan Khanate, which ended in 1552 with the conquest of Kazan. During this war, the mountain Mari, who lived on the right bank of the Volga, supported the troops of Ivan the Terrible - in 1551 they came under the rule of the Russian Tsar. The left-bank, meadow part of the Mari land entered the Russian state a year later, after the fall of the Kazan Khanate.
The integration of the Mari Territory into the Russian state continued until late XVI century. Fortified cities were founded on its territory, which later became the administrative centers of counties. In 1574, the first city in the region, Kokshaysk, was founded, in 1583 - Kozmodemyansk, in 1584 - Tsarevokokshaysk (now Yoshkar-Ola). As part of the Russian state, the Mari people retained their rights to arable land, meadows, forest, hunting, and side lands.
Gradually, the settlement of the Mari region by Russians began. Russian peasants moved here from many places, but mainly from the northern districts of the Vyatka province. Mostly Russians were settled, for example, in the lands of the Yurinsky volost of the former Vasilsursky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, which from the beginning of 1812 belonged to the landowners Sheremetevs.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries, industry began to develop in the Mari Territory: enterprises associated with logging and woodworking, ship repair, glass and distilleries appeared. The education of the population is increasing - Mari schools are being opened, books are being printed in the Mari language.
National autonomy
After establishing Soviet power in the Mari region, as well as in the country as a whole, there was a national-state construction. On November 4, 1920, the Mari Autonomous Region was formed by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR; on December 5, 1936, in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR, it was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Together with the whole country, the Mari Territory experienced both collectivization and industrialization. During the years of the first five-year plans, 45 industrial enterprises were built and put into operation in the republic, to which specialists from all over the country were sent. In parallel, training of national personnel for the industry and agriculture of the republic was going on.
Massive repressions did not bypass the Mari region. The 30s became a black page in the history of the republic - according to various estimates, up to 40 thousand people of different nationalities died and ended up in camps. The Mari national intelligentsia was then practically destroyed.
During the Great Patriotic War, more than 130 thousand people went to the front from the Mari ASSR, and almost 74 thousand of them did not return home. 44 natives of the Mari region were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, more than 14 thousand were awarded orders and medals. The industry of the republic located in the rear was redesigned for the production of military products. The work of enterprises evacuated from the western regions was adjusted. Among the products produced were aerial bombs, shells, searchlights, optical instruments, trailers for artillery and small arms, sleds and skis. The Mari forest was used to restore cities, destroyed villages and enterprises.
In the postwar years, the economy and culture of the Mari ASSR received further development. New large enterprises of machine-building, instrument-making and other branches of industry arose in the republic. For its success, the republic was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the October Revolution and Friendship of Peoples.
The transformations of the last decades of the last century, which led to the collapse of the USSR, also changed the state structure of the Mari region. In October 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted, from July 8, 1992 the republic officially became known as the Republic of Mari El, and on June 24, 1995 it was adopted new constitution Republic of Mari El.
The ancestors of the modern Mari were neighbors with the Khazars and the Volga Bulgaria, were in contact with Kievan Rus, and between the 13th and 15th centuries they were part of the Golden Horde, then the Kazan Khanate.
Which have their own statehood. This entity, located in the European part of Russia, has had the rights of autonomy since Soviet times. This region is quite distinctive and is of interest for research in various fields. Let's take a closer look at what the Mari Republic and its population are like.
Territorial location
The Republic of Mari El is located in the east of the European part of the Russian Federation. In the north and west, this subject of the federation borders on the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north and east - on the Kirov region, in the southeast - on Tatarstan, and in the south - on Chuvashia.
The Mari Republic is located in a temperate climate zone with a temperate continental climate.
The area of the territory of this subject of the federation is 23.4 thousand square meters. km, which is the 72nd indicator among all regions of the country.
The capital of the Mari Republic - Yoshkar-Ola
Brief historical background
Now let's take a look at the history of the Republic
Since ancient times, these territories were inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, which, in fact, are the titular nation of the republic. In ancient Russian chronicles, they were called Cheremis, although they called themselves Mari.
After the formation of the Golden Horde, the Mari tribes became part of it, and after the collapse of this state into parts, they became tributaries. As a result of the annexation of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible in 1552, the lands of the Mari became part of the Russian kingdom. Although the western tribes of the Cheremis accepted Russian citizenship even earlier and were baptized. After that, the history of the Mari is inextricably linked with the fate of Russia.
But some Mari tribes did not want to accept Russian citizenship so easily. Therefore, the period from 1552 to 1585 was marked by a number of Cheremis wars, the purpose of which was to force the Mari tribes to accept Russian citizenship. In the end, the Mari were subjugated, and their rights were significantly limited. But in subsequent years they took Active participation in various uprisings, for example, in the Pugachev uprising of 1775.
Meanwhile, the Mari began to adopt Russian culture. They developed their own script based on the Cyrillic alphabet, and after the opening of the Kazan Seminary, some representatives of this people were able to get a good education.
After the Bolsheviks came to power in 1920, the Mari Autonomous Republic was created. In 1936, the Mari Autonomous Republic (MASSR) was formed on its basis. At the very end of the existence of the USSR, in 1990, it was transformed into the Mari SSR.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, the Mari Republic, or, as it is called in another way, the Republic of Mari El, became one of the subjects of this state. the constitution of this public education provides for the equal use of these names.
The population of the republic
The population of the Mari Republic on this moment is 685.9 thousand people. This is only the 66th result among all subjects of the federations of Russia.
The population density in the republic is 29.3 people/sq. km. For comparison: in the Nizhny Novgorod region, this figure is 42.6 people/sq. km, in Chuvashia - 67.4 people / sq. km, and in the Kirov region - 10.8 people / sq. km.
Despite the fact that the Mari are the indigenous and state-forming people of Mari El, at the moment they are not the most numerous ethnic group in the republic. Most of all among the population of this region are Russians. They make up 45.1% of total number residents of the subject of the federation. Maris in the republic make up only 41.8%. The last census, in which the Mari outnumbered the Russians, was carried out in 1939.
Among other ethnic groups, the Tatars are the most numerous. Their number is 5.5% of the total population in Mari El. In addition, Chuvash, Ukrainians, Udmurts, Belarusians, Mordovians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Germans live in the republic, but their number is significantly less than that of the three above-mentioned peoples.
Spread of religions
A fairly large number of different religions are spread in Mari El. At the same time, 48% consider themselves Orthodox Christians, 6% are Muslims and 6% are supporters of the ancient Mari pagan religion. At the same time, about 6% of the population are atheists.
In addition to the confessions listed above, there are Catholic communities in the region, as well as communities of various Protestant movements.
Administrative division
The Republic of Mari El consists of fourteen districts and three cities of regional subordination (Yoshkar-Ola, Volzhsk and Kozmodemyansk).
The most populated areas of the Mari Republic: Medvedevsky (67.1 thousand inhabitants), Venigovsky (42.5 thousand inhabitants), Sovetsky (29.6 thousand inhabitants), Morkinsky (29.0 thousand inhabitants). Geographically, the largest is the Kilemarsky district (3.3 thousand sq. km).
Yoshkar-Ola - the capital of Mari El
The capital of the Mari Republic is the city of Yoshkar-Ola. It is located approximately in the center of this region. Currently, about 265.0 thousand inhabitants live in it with a population density of 2640.1 people / sq. m. km.
Among the nationalities, Russians predominate, and even more pronounced than in the whole republic. Their number is 68% of the total population. The Mari following them have specific gravity in 24%, and Tatars - 4.3%.
The city was founded back in 1584 as a Russian military fortification. From the moment of foundation and until 1919 it was called Tsarevokokshaysk. In 1919, after the Bolshevik revolution, it was named Krasnokokshaisk. In 1927, it was decided to rename it to Yoshkar-Ola, which is translated from Mari as "red city".
At present, Yoshkar-Ola is a relatively large regional center with a developed infrastructure, industry and culture.
Other cities of the republic
The rest of the cities of the Mari Republic are much smaller than Yoshkar-Ola. The largest of them, Volzhsk, has a population of 54.6 thousand inhabitants, which is almost five times less than in the capital of the republic.
Other cities in the region boast even smaller populations. Thus, 20.5 thousand people live in the city of Kozmodemyansk, 18.1 thousand people live in Medvedevo, 11.5 thousand people live in Zvenigovo, and 10.4 thousand people live in the village of Sovetsky.
The remaining settlements of the republic have a population of less than 10,000 people.
Infrastructure of the Republic
In comparison with other regions of Russia, the infrastructure of the Mari Republic, excluding the city of Yoshkar-Ola, cannot be called highly developed.
There is only one airport on the territory of the republic, located in its capital. In addition, the region has 2 bus stations and 51 bus stations. Railway transport represented by fourteen stations.
The houses of the Mari Republic are often built of wood. This material has been used for more than one hundred years as ideal for these places. Fortunately, there is enough wood in the region. But at the same time, skyscrapers and private houses are being built more and more often from modern building materials.
Since the beginning of this millennium, large-scale reconstruction work has been carried out in the capital of the republic, Yoshkar-Ola, aimed at restoring the cultural and architectural monuments of the city.
Economy of the Republic
Metalworking and mechanical engineering are the most developed among the branches of industry. There are also enterprises operating in the woodworking, textile and Food Industry. Almost all production is concentrated in the cities of Yoshkar-Ola and Volzhsk.
AT agriculture Animal husbandry is most developed, mainly cattle breeding and pig breeding. Crop production specializes in the cultivation of the following crops: cereals, flax, fodder crops, potatoes and other vegetables.
Tourism
The Mari Republic is famous for its huge potential. Rest in this region, of course, differs from the usual seaside resorts, but it can bring no less, and perhaps even more pleasure. Nothing can replace the clean air that fills the protected corners of this region.
Of particular note are the lakes in the Mari Republic. There are a large number of them in the region, and they are of considerable interest to tourists. Especially noteworthy is Kulikovo Lake near the city of Volzhsk.
For those tourists who prefer organized recreation, recreation centers, children's camps and sanatoriums of the Mari Republic open their doors.
It is noteworthy that although the titular nation of Mari El is the Mari, the majority of the inhabitants of the region are ethnic Russians.
Prior to the creation of the Mari Autonomous Region in 1920, the Mari did not have their own self-government, and the territory of the present Republic of Mari El was divided between several provinces.
Outside the Mari Republic lives more Mari than inside it.
General characteristics of the Mari Republic
Although the Mari Republic cannot be called an advanced industrial region of Russia, this region has great potential. His main wealth is hardworking people. Most of the inhabitants of the region are ethnic Russians and Mari. The region is quite sparsely populated and has only one city, which can be called conditionally large - the capital Yoshkar-Ola.
In addition to human potential, the Mari Republic is known throughout Russia for its unique recreational resources. Healthy rest in this region can cure a large number of diseases.
General information
Ras-lo-same-on in the center of the European part of Russia, in the Middle Volga region. Included in the composition of the Pri-Volzh-sko-th fe-de-ral-no-go ok-ru-ha. The area is 23.4 thousand km2. The population is 698.2 thousand people (2010; 647.7 thousand in 1959; 749.4 thousand in 1989). Sto-li-tsa - Yosh-kar-Ola. Administrative-territorial division: 14 districts, 4 cities, 15 villages of mountains. ty-pa.
Government departments
Sis-te-ma or-ga-nov of state power op-re-de-la-et-sya Kon-sti-tu-qi-ee of the Russian Federation and Kon-sti-tu-qi-ee Res-pub-li -ki Mari El (1995). State power in the republic-pub-li-ke os-sche-st-in-la-et-sya State so-b-ra-ni-em Mariy El, head of the republic, pra-vi-tel-st-vom and other-mi or-ga-na-mi in co-ot-vet-st-vie with Kon-sti-tu-qi-her res-pub-li-ki. The state association of par-la-ment is the highest and only-st-ven-ny for-co-no-dative body of state power of the res-pub-li-ki. So-it from 52 de-pu-ta-tov, from-bi-rae-my on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years (26 de-pu-ta-tov from bi-ra-yut -sya according to one-but-man-date-ny from-bi-rational ok-ru-gams, formed on the basis of a single norm, we are pre-sta-vi-telst- va from-bi-ra-te-lei; 26 de-pu-ta-tov - according to the republic-pub-li-kan-sko-mu from the bi-rational ok-ru-gu pro-por-tsio-nal- but the number of go-lo-owls, given for the lists of can-di-da-tov in de-pu-ta-you, you-dvi-well-ty from bi-rational volumes -di-ne-niya-mi).
De-pu-ta-you work ra-bo-ta-yut without ot-ry-va from the main profession or service activity and on a professional one-to-yan-noy basis ve. The number of de-pu-ta-tov, ra-bo-melting in the State So-b-ra-nii on a professional one-hundred-yan-noy os-no-ve, us-ta-nav-li- va-et-sya for-ko-nom. The head of the res-pub-li-ki is the highest obligatory person and heads the executive power of the res-public. Half-but-mo-chia-mi of the head of the Republic of Ma-riy El on-de-la-et-sya -lo-women-nyh Pre-zi-den-tom of the Russian Federation. The head of the res-pub-li-ki for-mi-ru-et is the highest executive body of state power - pra-vi-tel-st-vo.
Population
Pain-shin-st-in-se-le-niya is composed of Russians (47.5%) and Mari-tsy (42.9%; of which lu-go-vo- eastern Mari-tsy - 7.3%, mountainous Mari-tsy - 2.4%). Pro-zhi-va-yut also ta-ta-ry (6%), chu-va-shi (1%), uk-ra-in-tsy (0.7%), ud-mur-ty ( 0.3%), Mordovians (0.2%), be-lo-ru-sy, ar-my-ne, azerbai-jan-tsy, etc. (2002, re-writing) .
Since the second half of the 1990s, the de-mo-graphic si-tua-tion in the republic-pub-li-ke ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et-sya us-toy-chi-vym has been reduced - we don’t have the number of people on the se-le-nia (for 1995-2010 by 58 thousand people), which is due to its natural decline (2.2 per 1000 inhabitants , 2009) and in a hundred-yan-ny migratory from-to-com (6 per 10 thousand inhabitants; mainly in neighboring regions of the Russian Federation).
The death rate is 14.9 per 1000 inhabitants, ro-zh-dae-mo-sti - 12.7 per 1000 inhabitants; infant mortality is 7.2 per 1000 live-in-ro-well-days. To-la on-se-le-niya mo-lo-same work-to-spo-own-but-age-ra-ta (up to 16 years old) 16.5%, older work-to-spo- sob-no-th age-race-ta - 19.7%. The share of women is 53.7%. The average life expectancy in May is 67.1 years (men - 60.8, women - 73.8).
The average population density is 29.9 people/km2. The most dense-but-for-se-le-ny Volzh-sky, Ser-nur-sky, Para-ran-gin-sky, So-vet-sky and New-tor-yal-sky paradise- they. The proportion of the urban population is 63.5% (2010; 28.2% in 1959; 61.1% in 1989). Over-the-lo-vi-na of the city-ro-zhan pro-zhy-va-et in Yosh-kar-Ola (248.7 thousand people, 2010); other significant cities (thousand people): Volzhsk (56.2), Koz-mo-dem-yansk (22.7), Zve-ni-go-vo (12.0).
Religion
According to the socio-logical research-sle-before-va-nia (2004), 51.1% of the population of Ma-ri El are right-in-glorious: for-re-gi-st -ri-ro-va-no (as of 01/01/2009) 82 or-ga-ni-za-tions of the Yosh-kar-Olin and Mari eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church (os-no-va-na in 1993), some of them include 2 mo-on-stay-rya (including the female Mi-ro-no-sits-kai pus-tyn, os-but -va-na in 1649), as well as the 3 old-ro-rite-or-ga-ni-za-tsii. After-to-va-te-whether traditional cults make up 15% of the population, for-re-gi-st-ri-ro-va-no 5 volumes edi-not-ny Mari-sky traditional re-li-gy.
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