Wiring diagram- this is a text that describes the content and operation of an electrical device or a set of devices with certain symbols, which allows short form express this text.
In order to read any text, you need to know the alphabet and reading rules. So, to read the schemes, you should know the symbols - symbols and the rules for decoding their combinations.
The basis of any electrical circuit is conditional graphic symbols various elements and devices, as well as the connections between them. The language of modern diagrams emphasizes in symbols the main functions that the depicted element performs in the diagram. All the correct conventional graphic designations of the elements of electrical circuits and their individual parts are given in the form of tables in the standards.
Conditional graphic symbols are formed from simple geometric shapes: squares, rectangles, circles, as well as from solid and dashed lines and points. Their combination of special system, which is provided by the standard, makes it possible to easily depict everything that is required: various electrical devices, devices, electrical machines, mechanical and electrical connection lines, types of winding connections, type of current, nature and methods of regulation, etc.
In addition, special signs are additionally used in the conventional graphic symbols on electrical circuit diagrams to explain the features of the operation of one or another element of the circuit.
So, for example, there are three types of contacts - closing, opening and switching. Conventions reflect only the main function of the contact - closing and opening the circuit. To specify additional functionality For a particular contact, the standard provides for the use of special characters applied to the image of the moving part of the contact. Additional signs allow you to find contacts, time relays, limit switches, etc. on the diagram.
Individual elements on electrical diagrams have not one, but several options for designation on the diagrams. For example, there are several equivalent designations for changeover contacts, as well as several standard designations for transformer windings. Each of the designations can be used in certain cases.
If the standard does not contain the necessary designation, then it is compiled based on the principle of operation of the element, designations adopted for similar types of apparatus, instruments, machines in compliance with the construction principles stipulated by the standard.
Standards. Conventional graphic symbols on electrical and automation diagrams:
GOST 2.710-81 Alphanumeric designations in electrical circuits:
Reading electrical diagrams is a necessary skill for representing the operation of electrical networks, nodes, as well as various equipment. Not a single specialist will proceed with the installation of equipment until he has familiarized himself with the regulatory accompanying documents.
Schematic diagrams allow the developer to convey a complete report about the product in a compressed form to the user using conditionally graphical symbols (UGO). To avoid confusion and waste when assembling according to drawings, alphanumeric designations are listed in single system design documentation(ESKD). All circuit diagrams are developed and applied in full accordance with GOSTs (21.614, 2.722-68, 2.763-68, 2.729-68, 2.755-87). The GOST describes the elements, provides a decoding of the values.
Reading blueprints
The circuit diagram shows all the elements, parts and networks that make up the drawing, electrical and mechanical connections. Reveals the full functionality of the system. All elements of any electrical circuit correspond to the designations positioned in GOST.
A list of documents is attached to the drawing, in which all elements and their parameters are prescribed. Components are listed in alphabetical order, taking into account numerical sorting. The list of documents (specification) is indicated on the drawing itself, or is taken out as separate sheets.
The order of studying the drawings
First, the drawing type is determined. According to GOST 2.702-75, each graphic document corresponds to the individual code. All electrical drawings have the letter designation "E" and the corresponding digital value from 0 to 7. The code "E3" corresponds to the electrical circuit diagram.
Reading the circuit diagram:
- Visually get acquainted with the presented drawing, pay attention to the indicated notes and technical requirements.
- Find on schematic representation all components specified in the list of the document;
- Determine the power source of the system and the type of current (single-phase, three-phase);
- Find the main nodes, and determine their power source;
- Familiarize yourself with the elements and devices of protection;
- To study the control method indicated on the document, its tasks and algorithm of actions. Understand the sequence of actions of the device when starting, stopping, short circuit;
- Analyze the operation of each section of the chain, determine the main components, auxiliary elements, explore technical documentation listed details;
- Based on the studied data of the document, draw a conclusion about the processes occurring in each link of the chain shown in the drawing.
Knowing the sequence of actions, alphanumeric symbols, you can read any electrical circuit.
Graphic symbols
The circuit diagram has two varieties - single-line and full. On a single-line drawing, only a power wire with all elements is drawn, if the main network does not differ in individual additions from the standard one. Two or three slashes applied to the wire line indicate a single-phase or three-phase network, respectively. The entire network is drawn in full and generally accepted symbols are affixed in electrical circuits.
Single line electrical circuit diagram, single-phase network
Types and meaning of lines
- Thin and thick solid lines - in the drawings depict the lines of electrical, group communication, lines on the elements of the UGO.
- Dashed line - indicates the shielding of the wire or devices; denotes a mechanical connection (motor - gearbox).
- A thin dash-dotted line - is intended to highlight groups of several components that make up parts of a device, or a control system.
- Dash-dotted with two dots - the line is disconnecting. Shows sweep important elements. Indicates an object remote from the device that is associated with a mechanical or electrical system.
Network connecting lines are shown in full, but according to the standards, they are allowed to be cut off if they interfere with the normal understanding of the circuit. A break is indicated by arrows, next to it are the main parameters and characteristics of electrical circuits.
A bold dot on the lines indicates a connection, a soldering of wires.
Electromechanical components
Schematic representation of electromechanical links and contacts
A - UGO coils of an electromechanical element (magnetic starter, relay)
B - thermal relay
C - device coil with mechanical blocking
D - contacts making (1), breaking (2), switching (3)
E - button
F - designation of a switch (knife switch) on the electrical circuit of the UGO of some measuring instruments. Full list of these elements is given in GOST 2.729 68 and 2.730 73.
Elements of electrical circuits, devices
| Number in the picture | Description | Number in the picture | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Electricity meter | 8 | electrolytic capacitor |
| 2 | Ammeter | 9 | Diode |
| 3 | Voltmeter | 10 | Light-emitting diode |
| 4 | temperature sensor | 11 | Diode optocoupler |
| 5 | Resistor | 12 | Image of npn transistor |
| 6 | Rheostat (variable resistor) | 13 | Fuse |
| 7 | Capacitor |
UGO time relays, buttons, switches, limit switches are often used in the development of electric drive circuits.
Schematic representation of a fuse. When reading an electrical circuit, you should carefully consider all the lines and parameters of the drawing so as not to confuse the purpose of the element. For example, a fuse and a resistor have minor differences. In the diagrams, the power line is depicted passing through the fuse, the resistor is drawn without internal elements.
The image of the circuit breaker in the full diagram
Contact switching device. Serves automatic protection electrical network from accidents, short circuits. Operated mechanically or electrically.
Circuit breaker on a single line diagram
The transformer is a steel core with two windings. There are single and three-phase, step-up and step-down. It is also divided into dry and oil, depending on the method of cooling. Power varies from 0.1 MVA to 630 MVA (in Russia).
UGO transformers
Designation of current transformers on a complete (a) and single-line (c) circuit
Graphic designation of electrical machines (EM)
Electric motors, depending on the type, are capable of more than just consuming energy. When developing industrial systems, motors are used that, when there is no load, generate energy into the network, thereby reducing costs.
A - Three-phase electric motors:
1 - Asynchronous with squirrel-cage rotor
2 - Asynchronous with squirrel-cage rotor, two-speed
3 - Asynchronous with a phase rotor
4 - Synchronous electric motors; generators.
B - DC commutator motors:
1 - with excitation of the winding from a permanent magnet
2 - electrical machine with excitation coil
In conjunction with electric motors, the diagrams show magnetic starters, soft starters, frequency converter. These devices are used to start electric motors, the smooth operation of the system. The last two elements protect the network from "drawdown" of voltage in the network.
UGO magnetic starter in the diagram
Switches perform the function of switching equipment. Disable and enable certain sections of the network, as needed.
Graphic symbols in the electrical circuits of mechanical switches
Conditional graphic designations of sockets and switches in electrical circuits. They are included in the developed drawings of the electrification of houses, apartments, and industries.
Bell on the electrical diagram according to UGO standards with the indicated size
UGO dimensions in electrical diagrams
On the diagrams, the parameters of the elements included in the drawing are applied. Prescribed full information about the element, capacitance if it is a capacitor, nominal voltage, resistance for the resistor. This is done for convenience, so as not to make a mistake during installation, not to waste time calculating and selecting the components of the device.
Sometimes the nominal data does not indicate, in this case the element parameters do not matter, you can select and install a link with a minimum value.
The accepted dimensions of the UGO are prescribed in the GOSTs of the ESKD standard.
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Dimensions in ESKD
The sizes of graphic and alphabetic images in the drawing, the thickness of the lines should not differ, but it is permissible to change them proportionally in the drawing. If in the symbols on various GOST electrical circuits there are elements that do not have information about the dimensions, then these components are performed in sizes corresponding to the standard UGO image of the entire circuit.
UGO elements that are part of the main product (device) are allowed to draw smaller size compared to other elements.
Along with the UGO, for a more accurate definition of the name and purpose of the elements, a letter designation is applied to the diagrams. This designation is used for references in text documents and for drawing on an object. With the help of a letter designation, the name of the element is determined, if this is not clear from the drawing, technical specifications, amount.
Additionally, one or more numbers are indicated with the letter designation, usually they explain the parameters. Additional letter code, indicating the denomination, model, additional data is prescribed in the accompanying documents, or is placed in the table on the drawing.
You don't have to know everything by heart to learn how to read electrical circuits. letter designations, graphic images various elements, it is enough to navigate in the relevant GOST ESKD. The standard includes 64 GOST documents, which reveal the main provisions, rules, requirements and designations.
The main designations used on the diagrams according to the ESKD standard are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
|
First letter of the code (mandatory) |
Group of element types | Element Type Examples |
| A | Devices | Amplifiers, telecontrol devices, lasers, masers |
| B | Loudspeakers, microphones, thermoelectric sensing elements, ionizing radiation detectors, sound pickups, selsyns | |
| C | Capacitors | |
| D | Integrated analog digital circuits, logic elements, memory devices, delay devices | |
| E | Elements are different | Lighting devices, heating devices |
| F | Discrete flow and voltage protection elements, fuses, arresters | |
| G | Generators, power supplies, quartz oscillators | Batteries, accumulators, electrochemical and electrothermal sources |
| H | Indicating and signaling devices | Sound and light signaling devices, indicators |
| K | Relays, contactors, starters | Current and voltage relays, electrothermal relays, time relays, contactors, magnetic starters |
| L | Chokes for fluorescent lighting | |
| M | Engines | DC and alternating current |
| P | showing, registering and measuring instruments, counters, clock | |
| Q | Disconnectors, short circuiters, circuit breakers(power) | |
| R | Resistors | Variable resistors, potentiometers, varistors, thermistors |
| S | Switching devices in control, signaling and measuring circuits | Switches, switches, switches triggered by various influences |
| T | Current and voltage transformers, stabilizers | |
| U | Converters of electrical quantities into electrical, communication devices | Modulators, demodulators, discriminators, inverters, frequency converters, rectifiers |
| V | Electronic tubes, diodes, transistors, thyristors, zener diodes | |
| W | Microwave lines and elements, antennas | Waveguides, dipoles, antennas |
| X | Contact connections | Pins, sockets, collapsible connections, current collectors |
| Y | Electromagnetic clutches, brakes, cartridges | |
| Z | Terminal devices, filters, limiters | Modeling lines, quartz filters |
The main two-letter designations are given in Table 2
| First letter of the code (mandatory) | Group of element types | Element Type Examples | Two letter code |
| A | Device ( general designation) | ||
| B | Converters of non-electrical quantities into electrical quantities (except generators and power supplies) or vice versa analog or multi-digit converters or sensors for indicating or measuring | Speaker | BA |
| Magnetostrictive element | BB | ||
| Detector of ionizing elements | BD | ||
| Selsyn - receiver | BE | ||
| Phone (capsule) | bf | ||
| Selsyn - sensor | BC | ||
| Thermal sensor | BK | ||
| Photocell | BL | ||
| Microphone | BM | ||
| Pressure meter | BP | ||
| Piezo element | BQ | ||
| Speed sensor (tachogenerator) | BR | ||
| Pickup | BS | ||
| Speed sensor | BV | ||
| C | Capacitors | ||
| D | Integrated circuits, microassemblies | Circuit integrated analog | DA |
| Integrated circuit, digital, logic element | DD | ||
| Information storage device | D.S. | ||
| delay device | DT | ||
| E | Elements are different | Heating element | EK |
| Lighting lamp | EL | ||
| Igniter | ET | ||
| F | Surge arresters, fuses, protective devices | Discrete instantaneous current protection element | FA |
| Discrete current protection element of inertial action | FP | ||
| fuse | FU | ||
| Discrete voltage protection element, arrester | FV | ||
| G | Generators, power supplies | Battery | GB |
| H | Indicator and signal elements | Sound alarm device | HA |
| Symbolic indicator | HG | ||
| Light signaling device | HL | ||
| K | Relays, contactors, starters |
Current relay | KA |
| Relay index | KH | ||
| Relay electrothermal | KK | ||
| Contactor, magnetic starter | KM | ||
| Time relay | KT | ||
| Voltage relay | KV | ||
| L | Inductors, chokes | Fluorescent lighting choke | LL |
| M | Engines | - | - |
| P | Instruments, measuring equipment | Ammeter | PA |
| Pulse counter | PC | ||
| Frequency meter | PF | ||
| Note. PE combination not allowed | Active energy meter | PI | |
| Reactive Energy Meter | PK | ||
| Ohmmeter | PR | ||
| Recording device | PS | ||
| Clock, action time meter | PT | ||
| Voltmeter | PV | ||
| Wattmeter | PW | ||
| Q | Switches and disconnectors in power circuits | Automatic switch | QF |
| short circuit | QK | ||
| Disconnector | QS | ||
| R | Resistors | Thermistor | RK |
| Potentiometer | RP | ||
| Measuring shunt | RS | ||
| Varistor | EN | ||
| S | Switching devices in control, signaling and measuring circuits. Note. The designation SF is used for devices that do not have power circuit contacts. |
Breaker or switch | SA |
| push button switch | SB | ||
| Automatic switch | SF | ||
| Switches triggered by various influences: - from the level |
SL | ||
| - from pressure | SP | ||
| - from the position (travel) | SQ | ||
| - on the frequency of rotation | SR | ||
| - on temperature | SK | ||
| T | Transformers, autotransformers | Current transformer | TA |
| Electromagnetic Stabilizer | TS | ||
| voltage transformer | TV | ||
| U | Communication devices. Electrical to electrical converters |
Modulator | UB |
| Demodulator | UR | ||
| Discriminator | UI | ||
| Frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier | USD | ||
| V | Electrovacuum devices, semiconductor | diode, zener diode | VD |
| Electrovacuum device | VL | ||
| Transistor | VT | ||
| Thyristor | VS | ||
| W | Lines and elements of microwave antennas | coupler | W.E. |
| short circuit | WK | ||
| Valve | WS | ||
| Transformer, heterogeneity, phase shifter | wt | ||
| Attenuator | WU | ||
| Antenna | WA | ||
| X | Contact connections | Current collector, sliding contact | XA |
| Pin | XP | ||
| Nest | XS | ||
| Collapsible connection | XT | ||
| High frequency connector | XW | ||
| Y | Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive | Electromagnet | YA |
| Brake with electromagnetic drive | YB | ||
| Coupling with electromagnetic drive | YC | ||
| Electromagnetic chuck or plate | YH | ||
| Z | Terminal devices Filters. Limiters | limiter | ZL |
| Quartz filter | ZQ |
Related videos
Almost all UOS, all products of radio electronics and electrical engineering manufactured by industrial organizations and enterprises, home craftsmen, young technicians and radio amateurs, contain in their composition a certain amount of various purchased ERI and elements produced mainly by the domestic industry. But for recent times there is a tendency to use ERE and components of foreign production. These include, first of all, PPP, capacitors, resistors, transformers, chokes, electrical connectors, batteries, HIT, switches, installation products and some other types of ERE.
Used purchased components or independently manufactured ERE are necessarily reflected in the circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams of devices, in drawings and other TD, which are carried out in accordance with the requirements of ESKD standards.
Particular attention is paid to circuit diagrams, which determine not only the main electrical parameters, but also all the elements included in the device and the electrical connections between them. To understand and read circuit diagrams, you must carefully familiarize yourself with the elements and components included in them, know exactly the scope and principle of operation of the device in question. As a rule, information about the applied ERE is indicated in reference books and specifications - a list of these elements.
The connection of the list of ERE components with their conditional graphic designations is carried out through reference designations.
To construct conventional graphic symbols for ERE, standardized geometric symbols are used, each of which is used separately or in combination with others. Moreover, the meaning of each geometric image in the symbol in many cases depends on the combination with which other geometric symbol it is used.
The standardized and most commonly used ERE graphic symbols in circuit diagrams are shown in fig. 1. 1. These designations apply to all components of circuits, including ERE, conductors and connections between them. And here essential acquires the condition for the correct designation of the same type of ERE components and products. For this purpose, positional designations are used, the mandatory part of which is the letter designation of the type of element, the type of its construction and the digital designation of the ERE number. The diagrams also use an additional part of the designation of the ERE position, indicating the function of the element, in the form of a letter. The main types of letter designations of circuit elements are given in Table. 1.1.
Designations on drawings and diagrams of elements general use relate to qualification, establishing the type of current and voltage,. type of connection, control methods, pulse shape, modulation type, electrical connections, direction of current, signal, energy flow, etc.
At present, the population and trading network is in operation a significant number of various electronic appliances and devices, radio and television equipment, which are manufactured by foreign companies and various joint-stock companies. Available in stores different types ERI and ERE with foreign designations. In table. 1. 2 provides information on the most common ERE foreign countries with the corresponding designations and their analogues of domestic production.
This information is published for the first time in such volume.
1- transistor structure p-n-p in the case, general designation;
2- transistor n-p-n structures in case, general designation,
3 - field effect transistor with p-n junction and n channel,
4 - field effect transistor with p-n junction and p channel,
5 - unijunction transistor with an n-type base, b1, b2 - base terminals, e - emitter terminal,
6 - photodiode,
7 - rectifier diode,
8 - zener diode (avalanche rectifier diode) one-sided,
9 - thermal-electric diode,
10 - diode dinistor, lockable in the opposite direction;
11 - zener diode (diodolavin rectifier) with bilateral conductivity,
12 - triode thyristor;
13 - photoresistor;
14 - variable resistor, rheostat, general designation,
15 - variable resistor,
16 - variable resistor with taps,
17 - trimmer resistor-potentiometer;
18 - thermistor with a positive temperature coefficient of direct heating (heating),
19 - varistor;
20 - fixed capacitor, general designation;
21 - polarized capacitor of constant capacitance;
22 - oxide polarized electrolytic capacitor, general designation;
23 - constant resistor, general designation;
24 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.05 W;
25 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.125 W,
26 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.25 W,
27 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.5 W,
28 - constant resistor with a rated power of 1 W,
29 - constant resistor with a rated power dissipation of 2 W,
30 - constant resistor with a rated power dissipation of 5 W;
31 - constant resistor with one symmetrical additional tap;
32 - constant resistor with one asymmetrical additional tap;
Fig 1.1 ERE graphic symbols in electrical, radio engineering and automation circuits
33 - non-polarized oxide capacitor;
34 - pass-through capacitor (arc designates case, external electrode);
35 - capacitor of variable capacity (the arrow indicates the rotor);
36 - tuning capacitor, general designation;
37 - varicond;
38 - noise suppression capacitor;
39 - LED;
40 - tunnel diode;
41 - incandescent lighting and signal lamp;
42 - electric bell;
43 - galvanic or battery cell;
44 - electrical communication line with one branch;
45 - electrical communication line with two branches;
46 - a group of wires connected to one point electrical connection. two wires;
47 - four wires connected to one electrical connection point;
48 - a battery of galvanic cells or a battery;
49 - coaxial cable. The screen is connected to the body;
50 - winding of a transformer, autotransformer, inductor, magnetic amplifier;
51 - working winding of the magnetic amplifier;
52 - control winding of the magnetic amplifier;
53 - a transformer without a core (magnetic circuit) with a constant connection (dots indicate the beginning of the windings);
54 - transformer with a magnetodielectric core;
55 - inductor, choke without magnetic circuit;
56 - single-phase transformer with a ferromagnetic core and a screen between the windings;
57 - single-phase three-winding transformer with a ferromagnetic magnetic circuit with a tap in the secondary winding;
58 - single-phase autotransformer with voltage regulation;
59 - fuse;
60 - fuse switch;
61 - fuse-disconnector;
62 - connection pin detachable;
63 - amplifier (the direction of signal transmission is indicated by the top of the triangle on the horizontal communication line);
64 - pin of detachable contact connection;
Fig 1.1 ERE graphic symbols in electrical radio engineering and automation circuits
65 - socket of detachable contact connection,
66 - collapsible connection contact, for example, using a clamp
67 - contact of a non-separable connection, for example, carried out by soldering
68 - single-pole push-button switch with self-resetting closing contact
69 - switching device opening contact, general designation
70 - contact of the switching device (switch, relay) closing, general designation. The switch is single-pole.
71 - switching device contact, general designation. Single pole two way switch.
72 - three-position switching contact with neutral position
73 - closing contact without self-return
74 - push-button switch with break contact
75 - push-button exhaust switch with closing contact
76 - push-button switch with button return,
77 - push-button switch with normally closed contact
78 - push-button switch with return by pressing the button again,
79 - electrical relay with make, break and changeover contacts,
80 - relay polarized in one direction of current in the winding with a neutral position
81 - relay polarized in both directions of current in a winding with a neutral position
82 - electrothermal relay without self-return, with return by pressing the button again,
83 - detachable single-pole connection
84 - socket five-wire pin connector
85 - pin plug-in coaxial connection
86 - contact socket
87 - four-wire connection pin
88 - four-wire socket
89 - jumper switching opening circuit
Table 1.1. Letter designations of circuit elements
Continuation of Table 1.1
When conducting electrical works each person, one way or another, is faced with the symbols that are in any electrical circuit. These schemes are very diverse, with various functions, however, all graphic symbols are reduced to uniform forms and correspond to the same elements in all schemes.
The main symbols in the GOST electrical circuits are displayed in the tables
At present, not only domestic elements are used in electrical engineering and radio electronics, but also products manufactured by foreign firms. Imported electrical radio elements make up a huge assortment. They, without fail, are displayed on all drawings in the form of symbols. They determine not only the values of the main electrical parameters, but also their complete list included in a particular device, as well as the relationship between them.
To read and understand the contents of the electrical diagram
It is necessary to study well all the elements that make up its composition and the principle of operation of the device as a whole. Usually, all information is either in reference books or in the specification attached to the circuit. Positional designations characterize the relationship of the elements included in the device kit with their designations on the diagram. In order to graphically designate one or another electrical radio element, standard geometric symbols are used, where each product is depicted separately, or in combination with others. The meaning of each individual image largely depends on the combination of symbols with each other.
Each diagram shows
Connections between separate elements and conductors. In such cases, the standard designation of identical components and elements is of no small importance. For this, there are positional designations, where the types of elements, their design features and digital values are displayed in literal expression. Elements used in general order, are indicated in the drawings as qualification, characterizing current and voltage, control methods, types of connections, pulse shapes, electronic communication, and others.
Almost all UOS, all products of radio electronics and electrical engineering manufactured by industrial organizations and enterprises, home craftsmen, young technicians and radio amateurs, contain a certain amount of various purchased ERI and elements produced mainly by domestic industry. But lately there has been a tendency to use ERE and components of foreign production. These include, first of all, PPP, capacitors, resistors, transformers, chokes, electrical connectors, batteries, HIT, switches, installation products and some other types of ERE.
Used purchased components or independently manufactured ERE are necessarily reflected in the circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams of devices, in drawings and other TD, which are carried out in accordance with the requirements of ESKD standards.
Particular attention is paid to circuit diagrams, which determine not only the main electrical parameters, but also all the elements included in the device and the electrical connections between them. To understand and read circuit diagrams, you must carefully familiarize yourself with the elements and components included in them, know exactly the scope and principle of operation of the device in question. As a rule, information about the applied ERE is indicated in reference books and specifications - a list of these elements.
The connection of the list of ERE components with their conditional graphic designations is carried out through reference designations.
To construct conventional graphic symbols for ERE, standardized geometric symbols are used, each of which is used separately or in combination with others. Moreover, the meaning of each geometric image in the symbol in many cases depends on the combination with which other geometric symbol it is used.
The standardized and most commonly used ERE graphic symbols in circuit diagrams are shown in Fig. 1. These designations apply to all components of circuits, including ERE, conductors and connections between them. And here, the condition for the correct designation of the same type of ERE components and products is of paramount importance. For this purpose, positional designations are used, the mandatory part of which is the letter designation of the type of element, the type of its construction and the digital designation of the ERE number. The diagrams also use an additional part of the designation of the ERE position, indicating the function of the element, in the form of a letter. The main types of letter designations of circuit elements are given in Table 1.
The designations on the drawings and diagrams of elements of general use refer to qualification ones, establishing the type of current and voltage, the type of connection, the methods of regulation, the shape of the pulse, the type of modulation, electrical connections, the direction of transmission of current, signal, energy flow, etc.
At present, the population and the trade network use a significant number of various electronic devices and devices, radio and television equipment, which are manufactured by foreign firms and various joint-stock companies. In stores, you can purchase various types of ERI and ERE with foreign designations. In table. 1. 2 provides information about the most common ERE foreign countries with the appropriate designations and their analogues of domestic production.
This information is published for the first time in such volume.
1- transistor structure p-n-p in the case, general designation;
2- transistor structure p-p-p in the case, general designation,
3 - field effect transistor with pn junction and n channel,
4 - field effect transistor with p-n junction and p channel,
5 - unijunction transistor with an n-type base, b1, b2 - base terminals, e - emitter terminal,
6 - photodiode,
7 - rectifier diode,
8 - zener diode (avalanche rectifier diode) one-sided,
9 - thermal-electric diode,
10 - diode thyristor, erasable in the opposite direction;
11 - zener diode (diodolavin rectifier) with double-sided
conductivity,
12 - triode thyristor.
13 - photoresistor,
14 - variable resistor, rheostat, general designation,
15 - variable resistor,
16 - variable resistor with taps,
17 - construction resistor-potentiometer;
18 - thermistor with a positive temperature coefficient of direct heating (heating),
19 - varistor,
20 - fixed capacitor, general designation,
21 - polarized capacitor of constant capacitance;
22 - oxide polarized electrolytic capacitor, general designation;
23 - constant resistor, general designation;
24 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.05 W;
25 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.125 W,
26 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.25 W,
27 - constant resistor with a rated power of 0.5 W,
28 - constant resistor with a rated power of 1 W,
29 - constant resistor with a rated power dissipation of 2 W,
30 - constant resistor with a rated power dissipation of 5 W;
31 - constant resistor with one symmetrical additional tap;
32 - constant resistor with one asymmetrical additional tap;
Conventional graphic symbols of ERE in electrical, radio engineering and automation circuits
33 - non-polarized oxide capacitor,
34 - pass-through capacitor (arc denotes body, external electrode),
35 - capacitor of variable capacity (the arrow indicates the rotor);
36 - tuning capacitor, general designation
37 - varicap.
38 - noise suppression capacitor;
39 - LED,
40 - tunnel diode;
41 - incandescent lighting and signal lamp
42 - electric bell
43 - galvanic or battery cell;
44 - electrical communication line with one branch;
45 - electrical communication line with two branches;
46 - a group of wires connected to one electrical connection point. two wires;
47 - four wires connected to one electrical connection point;
48 - a battery of galvanic cells or a battery;
49 - coaxial cable. The screen is connected to the body;
50 - winding of a transformer, autotransformer, inductor, magnetic amplifier;
51 - working winding of the magnetic amplifier;
52 - control winding of the magnetic amplifier;
53 - a transformer without a core (magnetic circuit) with a constant connection (dots indicate the beginning of the windings);
54 - transformer with a magnetodielectric core;
55 - inductor, choke without magnetic circuit;
56 - single-phase transformer with a ferromagnetic core and a screen between the windings;
57 - single-phase three-winding transformer with a ferromagnetic magnetic circuit with a tap in the secondary winding;
58 - single-phase autotransformer with voltage regulation;
59 - fuse;
60 - fuse switch;
b1 - fuse-disconnector;
62 - connection pin detachable;
63 - amplifier (the direction of signal transmission is indicated by the top of the triangle on the horizontal communication line);
64 - pin of detachable contact connection;
Conventional graphic symbols of ERE in electrical, radio engineering and automation circuits
65 - socket for detachable contact connection,
66 - collapsible connection contact, for example, using a clamp
67 - contact of a non-separable connection, for example, carried out by soldering
68 - single-pole push-button switch with NO contact
self-return
69 - switching device opening contact, general designation
70 - contact of the switching device (switch, relay) closing, general designation. The switch is single-pole.
71 - switching device contact, general designation. Single pole two way switch.
72 - three-position switching contact with neutral position
73 - closing contact without self-return
74 - push-button switch with break contact
75 - push-button exhaust switch with closing contact
76 - push-button switch with button return,
77 - push-button exhaust switch with NC contact
78 - push-button switch with return by pressing the button again,
79 - electrical relay with make, break and changeover contacts,
80 - relay polarized in one direction of current in the winding with a neutral position
81 - relay polarized in both directions of current in a winding with a neutral position
82 - electrothermal relay without self-return, with return by pressing the button again,
83- plug single-pole connection
84 - socket for a five-wire plug-in connection,
85 pin connector coaxial connection
86 - contact socket
87 - four-wire connection pin,
88 four-wire socket
89 - jumper switching opening circuit
Symbols of circuit elements
Standard conditional graphic and letter designations of elements of electrical circuits
| E | EMF source | |
| R | Resistor, active resistance | |
| L | Inductance, coil | |
| C | capacitance, capacitor | |
| G | Alternator, feed circuit | |
| M | AC motor | |
| T | Transformer | |
| Q | Power switch (for voltage over 1kV) | |
| QW | Load break switch | |
| QS | Disconnector | |
| F | Fuse | |
| Busbars with connections | ||
| Detachable connection | ||
| QA | Automatic switch for voltage up to 1 kV | |
| KM | Contactor, magnetic starter | |
| S | knife switch | |
| TA | Current transformer | |
| TA | Zero sequence current transformer | |
| TV | Three-phase or three single-phase voltage transformers | |
| F | Discharger | |
| To | Relay | |
| KA, KV, KT, KL | Relay winding | |
| KA, KV, KT, KL | NO relay contact | |
| KA, KV, KT, KL | Relay opening contact | |
| CT | Timing relay contact | |
| CT | Time relay contact closing with return delay | |
| Measuring instrument | ||
| measuring instrument | ||
| Ammeter | ||
| Voltmeter | ||
| Wattmeter | ||
| Varmeter |
Site materials used.
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