In field crop rotations, awnless brome crops are placed after corn, sunflower, potatoes and leguminous crops.
The fire responds well to the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. The greatest increase in yield can be obtained by applying 3-4 quintals of superphosphate and 1 quintal of potassium salt per 1 ha under the main plowing. Nitrogen fertilizers enhance the growth of vegetative mass, so they are applied annually as top dressing in the spring before harrowing at a dose of 50-60 kg of active substance per 1 ha.
When using grass stand on grass meal, higher doses of nitrogen are applied fractionally, at the first and subsequent cuttings.
Cultivation of fire for hay is possible both with coverless and under cover crops (under the cover of grain crops or millet, mogar). It is sown in early spring, as well as in summer and autumn. Best term sowing - autumn, especially in dry-steppe rainfed areas. The fire also works well for summer coverless crops.
The seeding rate for continuous row sowing is 7-6 million viable seeds (20-25 kg per 1 ha). On fertile lands, the seeding rate can be reduced to 5-6 million viable seeds (20 kg per 1 ha), and on saline soils, on the contrary, it can be increased to 8-9 million. Bonfire seeds are lightweight and therefore difficult to sow. For uniform sowing, fine granulated superphosphate is added to them in an amount of 50 kg per 1 ha. For sowing, grain and grass seeders SUT-47, C3TH-31, C3T-3.6 are used.
The depth of planting of the tillering node, which can be adjusted by the depth of seed placement, is important for resistance to unfavorable conditions. In an awnless fire, the normal depth of the tillering node is achieved when seeds are planted to a depth of 4-5 cm, at heavy soils it should not exceed 2-3 cm. Normally moist soil is rolled after sowing.
When sowing without cover, in the first year of life, to combat weeds, mow the weeds two to three times. In the second and third years of life in the spring, the crops are cultivated with heavy harrows in two or three tracks, in the fourth - sixth years - with a disc hoe in one or two tracks. On old-growth crops, deep (25 cm) moldless loosening, harrowing and rolling are carried out to rejuvenate the grass stand. Rejuvenation is combined with the application of mineral fertilizers.
The bonfire produces the highest hay yields and protein yields in the panicle formation phase, in more late dates The hay turns out to be coarse and of little nutrition.
If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.
In contact with
Classmates
Tillage
depends on the predecessor and cover crop. In the fall, peeling is carried out, and after 2 - 4 weeks - plowing to a depth of 25 - 30 cm. When sowing under the cover of early spring crops, pre-sowing harrowing is carried out in two tracks. If the cover crops are Sudan grass, millet or corn, then before sowing the field is cultivated 2-3 times with simultaneous harrowing. In steppe regions, pre-sowing soil rolling is important.
Fertilizers
in steppe areas, 15-20 tha of manure are applied, and in more humid areas - 25-40 tons, or 45-60 kg of active substance phosphorus and potassium per 1 ha. It is better to apply organic fertilizers under the predecessor. When sowing, it is recommended to incorporate up to 50 kg ha of granulated superphosphate into the soil along with the seeds.
Preparing seeds for sowing
Gives good results pre-sowing treatment seeds with molybdenum, boron and nitragine.
Sowing dates, seeding rates, planting depth
Bonfireless brome mixed with leguminous grasses is sown under the cover of spring grains in early spring in a row manner. The seeds are sown in wide rows. Seed sowing rate (per 1 ha): with row sowing 16 - 18 kg, and with wide row sowing 10 - 11 kg.
Bonfire (boneless)
The seeding depth is 3 - 4 cm.
Care
After sowing, the field is rolled, and when a soil crust appears, it is destroyed with rotary hoes. A mandatory practice is harrowing after each mowing and in the spring. In the steppe regions great importance has snow retention and melt water retention.
Cleaning
The best time to harvest hay is when panicles appear. Seeds are harvested in the phase of full ripeness.
Rump without awn
Rump without awn(Bromopsis inermis Holub) is a perennial tall grass, which occupies one of the first places among perennial forage grasses in terms of feeding qualities and prevalence.
Contains an average of 12.5% crude protein, about 50 feed. units (in 100 kg of hay).
Rump without awn– an excellent haymaking plant and, as one of the components of grass mixtures, a pasture plant. It is of great value for permanent pastures and water meadows. It is well eaten, especially before heading, by all types of animals, but better than others - by large cattle and horses.
All things being equal awnless rump produces higher yields than other perennial cereal grasses. Including it in grass mixtures with legumes increases the yield of hay and pasture forage, and creates conditions for better grass growth.
Botanical and biological features:
The root system is rhizomatous, capable of taking root at nodes, which leads to the formation of new bushes. The roots penetrate the soil to a depth of 2 m. Thanks to its highly developed root system, awnless brome tolerates drought well.
The stems are straight, well leafy, up to 180–200 cm high. The leaves are broad-linear, flat. The inflorescence is a panicle of various shapes (drooping, prostrate, semi-compressed, compressed, compact, single-maned). The fruit is a grain in dark gray flower scales. Weight of 1000 seeds is 3.5 g.
There are many varieties of awnless brome, which can be reduced to three groups associated with the areas of their cultivation.
Meadow group, confined to a humid climate - to the taiga-forest zone, Non-Chernozem zone, to the northern regions, floodplain meadows; It is characterized by high foliage, productivity and good feeding properties.
The steppe group is distributed in the steppe arid regions of the southeast. Compared to meadow grass, it has weaker foliage, is inferior in feeding qualities and yield, but superior in drought resistance.
The forest-steppe group occupies an intermediate position between the two previous groups, but according to its main characteristics it is closer to the steppe group. Grows in forest-steppe and steppe zones, on moderately moist soils, along steppe estuaries and ravines.
Rump without awn can grow on a wide variety of soils, but loose alluvial soils of river floodplains, as well as chernozem sandy loam or loamy soils are considered the best for it.
Technology for cultivating awnless fire
It grows poorly on heavy chestnut, clay soils and does not tolerate waterlogged and saline soils.
It is characterized by high winter hardiness and drought resistance. It grows in one place for 12–14 years, and with the use of fertilizers on floodplain lands – up to 20 years. Good harvest produces within 4–5 years, but reaches its highest productivity in the second and third years of life.
Agricultural technology:
The awnless rump is a good predecessor for grain crops, in particular for wheat. When mixed with legumes and perennial grasses, it significantly increases grain yield.
As a rhizomatous grass, awnless brome was not previously recommended for field crop rotations for fear of clogging the fields. However, data from experimental institutions, as well as a number of farms various areas show that with deep plowing (25-27 cm), the rhizomes do not grow and do not pose a threat of clogging of subsequent grain crops.
Tillage for awnless brome begins with stubble peeling and deep plowing. In the plowed land, snow retention and melt water retention are carried out. In early spring The plowed land is harrowed in 2–3 tracks.
Fertilizer application gives good results. The main fertilizer (mineral and organic) should be applied under the fallow land, and top dressing should be applied after mowing.
The optimal time for sowing grass mixtures of awnless brome and leguminous grasses is early spring and late summer. The best sowing method is inter-row sowing.
The seeding rate for row sowing is 20–25 kg/ha, and for wide-row sowing – 15 kg/ha. The seeding rate for the alfalfa-rump mixture is 12 kg of awnless rump and 5–6 kg of alfalfa. The sowing depth of seeds is 4–5 cm, and in grass mixtures – 3–4 cm.
During the tillering phase, crops are fed with organic and mineral fertilizers; After the first mowing, harrowing and fertilizing are carried out. Fertilizers can be applied in the fall after the last mowing.
The grass stand should be mowed for hay during the panicle sweeping phase. For better preservation nutrients Drying hay in swaths and windrows should be completed within 2–3 days.
It is advisable to plant seed crops of awnless brome using a wide-row method. For seed purposes, they are isolated from continuous grass stands in the fall. best plots third and fourth years of use. These crops are fertilized with mineral fertilizers in the fall after mowing, and snow retention is carried out in winter. Additional pollination helps to increase seed yield (by 50 kg or more per 1 ha). The yield of awnless brome seeds can reach 6–7 c/ha.
Koster, Bromus ) - plant of the family. Cereals. "Bromus" is the ancient Greek name for oats.
The genus includes about 30 species, some of them grow in fields and on roadsides as weeds. Perennial species can form loose clumps with the help of long cord-like rhizomes, annual and biennial - often densely bushy, with erect stems 30-120 cm high and loose panicle inflorescences of various shapes, blooming in June-July. Bonfires are widely used to feed livestock; some types have decorative value.
Most often grown as an ornamental plant shaking fire(IN. briziformis ). Domestication of other species is proceeding quickly, and seed catalogs constantly appear decorative types of this kind. For example, large bonfire(IN. macrostachys).
| VIEW | DESCRIPTION |
| Shaker-shaped bonfire - In romus briziformis . Biennial, found on open rocky and fine-earth slopes, among shrubs and forest clearings in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus, Iran and Turkmenistan; rises to the middle mountain zone. Zones 4-6. |
Winter plants 15-40 cm tall. Leaf blades are 0.2-0.5 cm wide. Panicles 4-10 cm long, usually racemose and with only 3-10 drooping spikelets on long stalks; spikelets 1.5-3 cm long, with 10-20 flowers; lower flower scales are awnless. Blooms in late spring-early summer. Large and beautiful spikelets are very similar to spikelets Briza major L . Used for dry bouquets. It is recommended to test from the broad-deciduous forest region to the south of Russia. |
| Large bonfire (V. macrostachys) | Same height, panicle of large spikelets with slight pubescence. |
| The fire is soft(B. mollis ). |
Annual or biennial, common in Europe, the Caucasus and Asia Minor. |
| Plant height is 15-60 cm. The panicle is relatively dense, 5-10 cm long, the spikelets are large, up to 2 cm long, soft, densely pubescent with long hairs. Zones 3-6. Rye fire |
(V. secalinus). |
| An annual plant 50-100 cm high. The panicle is large (20 cm long), wide, airy. Spikelets are numerous, relatively small, with short awns or without awns. Zones 4-6. Barley-shaped brome | (V. hordeaceus). |
| Annual 40-60 cm high. Panicles are compressed, spikelets with long hard awns, reminiscent of barley inflorescence. Zones 3-6. Bonfire without bones |
-B. inermis. |
It is used in grass mixtures for meadow lawns, as well as as a sod on highways and slopes. The rhizomes are long, elastic, producing numerous shoots, the root system goes deep to 1.5-2 m. It is undemanding to soils, drought-resistant, and cold-resistant. Resistant to fungal diseases. In turf coverings, even in the steppe zone, without watering, it lasts up to 7-20 years. Tolerates trampling well. Forms leveled, hummock-free, but not dense grass stands with low decorative value. Location : plants are not demanding, cold-resistant, light-loving and quite drought-resistant. Grows well on various types
soils, preferably on fertile, moderately moist soils. They prefer a sunny location, but can tolerate some shade.: seeds, sowing them in May directly into the ground. Annual and biennial species must be sown as early as possible, in the Moscow region - in late April-early May. After sowing, roll the area and do not allow it to dry out until young plants appear, after which watering can be reduced. For 100 plants you need about 4 g of seeds (they are sold unpeeled). It is better to sow in nests at a distance of 10-15 cm. Seedlings in nests should be thinned out. In order for the plants to be powerful and bloom for a long time, in hot, dry summers they must be watered when the soil dries out. By autumn, pruned bushes grow back and produce secondary, but weaker flowering. Perennial species are propagated by seeds and by dividing bushes in spring and late summer. Perennial varieties - only vegetatively, by dividing bushes.
Usage: Bonfires are mainly used for dry bouquets, but they are very decorative with fresh flowers. Light whisks of fires will decorate the rocky hill and mixborder. For drying, panicles are cut off at various stages of flowering. Dried in bunches, loosely and in vases.
Syn: awnless brome, wheatgrass brome.
Bonfire is a perennial grass with a long rhizome, flat leaf blades and a long stem with a panicle at the end. This plant is considered a valuable forage crop in many countries and is grown for pastures and hay. Due to its strong creeping roots, awnless brome is often used to prevent soil destruction by covering slopes with it.
Ask the experts a question
In medicine
Bonfire is not a pharmacopoeial plant and is not used in official medicine. However, its pollen is included in immunobiological preparations against hay fever, allergic disease associated with the flowering of many plants. Such drugs work like vaccinations and can develop the body's resistance to allergens.
Contraindications and side effects
The use of any parts of the plant internally or externally is contraindicated for children, nursing and pregnant women, as well as for persons with allergies to pollen. If signs of hay fever appear, you should consult a specialist and get tested for laboratory testing.
In cooking
Now awnless brome is not used for human food and is considered suitable only for livestock, but during the years of famine in the south of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, porridges, stews and flour jelly were prepared from this nutritious grain.
In gardening
The awnless bonfire is sometimes used to frame lawns on garden plots. Its panicles look quite impressive in combination with other plants. In addition, the grass inhibits soil erosion, which is why it is often planted on alpine hills.
On the farm
Bonfire grass is capable of fixing the soil and preventing it from crumbling, so it is often planted on slopes along roads, ravines and banks. The grain is also included in special grass mixtures intended for grassing drained swamps and land reclamation. But the awnless brome has become widely known due to its nutritional properties; in many countries it is used to create pastures and produce hay, grass meal, silage, and haylage. Rump is one of the most adaptable and fastest growing cereals. Its rhizome grows well, capturing new territories and producing young shoots. In addition, brome is resistant to frost, drought and flooding; it can survive up to 60 days of flooding.
The plant prefers rich, drained soils with a slightly acidic or neutral reaction. At good conditions it can produce crops for 8 years in a row, even with frequent mowing. The seed yield of awnless brome in cultivation is 6-7 c/ha, and the hay yield is 50-150 c/ha. The nutritional value of cereal is one of the highest - 100 kg of finished hay contains almost 6 kg of digestible protein and a large amount of useful minerals. This forage crop is loved not only large species livestock, but also smaller animals: awnless brome is included in special grass mixtures for domestic rodents.
Classification
Bromus inermis is one of about 170 species of the genus Bromus, which is part of the Poaceae family.
Botanical description
Bonfireless bonfire - perennial herbaceous plant with a long, powerful fibrous rhizome that penetrates deeply into the ground. The stem is straight, smooth or pubescent, highly leafy, up to 100 cm high. The leaf blades are rough, flat, long, from 5 to 40 cm in length and 4-10 mm in width. The color of the leaves is dark green, sometimes grayish. The tongue is membranous, dissected, 1-2 mm in length. The inflorescence is a large oblong panicle 10-20 cm in length; during flowering it is spreading, and after that it is one-sided. The spikelets are large, oblong-linear, 1-3 cm long and 3-5 mm wide, with 3-12 small flowers pointed towards the apex. The flowers are pale green or grayish-lilac, the upper one is underdeveloped. The spikelet scales are bare, 5-8 mm long. The fruit of the awnless brome is an oblong, broadly lanceolate grain 8-12 mm long, surrounded by floral scales. The seeds are flattened, up to 3 mm wide and up to 12 mm long. The embryo is oval, slightly curved. The average weight of 1000 seeds is 3.5 g.
Spreading
The awnless brome is found in meadows, on the banks of reservoirs, in sparse forests and on embankments along roads. It is widespread in Europe, Central, Eastern and Northern Asia, in North America. In Russia, it most often grows in the Volga, Northwestern and Central districts, less often in Western and Eastern Siberia. The awnless brome is cultivated as a fodder crop in many countries and regions.
Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.
Procurement of raw materials
The awnless rump plant is not harvested in medicinal purposes. To obtain hay, the grass is mowed during the formation of inflorescences, since it is at this time that a lot of protein and fats accumulate in the grain, and little fiber.
Chemical composition
The bezostom bonfire contains a large amount of protein, fiber, nitrogen-free extractives, sugars, fat and starch. The plant also contains amino acids (lysine, methionine, cystine), minerals (potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, etc.), vitamins D, E and group B.
Characteristics and biological features of growing awnless fire. Bonfire awnless is a perennial riding grass, a plant with straight, smooth stems up to 2 m high, with a root system penetrating into the soil to a depth of 2 meters. The root system is rhizomatous, capable of taking root at nodes, which allows the formation of new bushes. Winter hardiness and drought resistance are good. Withstands prolonged flooding.
Bonfire on floodplain lands produces very high hay yields. Does not tolerate acidic and highly compacted soils. It grows well on permeable soils of flooded meadows, as well as on loamy soils rich in humus and succeeds in solonetzes. In one place, a fire can grow from 8 to 12 years, and with the use of fertilizers on floodplain lands - up to 15-20 years.
Cultivation techniques. The seeding rate for row sowing is 16-18 kg, for wide-row sowing 10-11 kg per 1 ha, the fruits are dark gray, weighing 1000 brome seeds 3.5 g. Awnless brome seeds are not very free-flowing, so they are passed through a vegetable grater with rubber rubbing surfaces. After such additional work, the seeds can be sown with any seeders. The seeds of the awnless brome can be harvested using combines in a vase of fully ripe seeds or using a separate method. In the latter case, the plants are mowed in the phase of waxy seed ripeness.
The seeds are cleaned of foreign impurities, dried and stored.
Bonfire without assailant. The range is very wide - found in various countries Europe, Asia, America. On the territory of the USSR, the awnless bonfire is widespread throughout the European part, as well as in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and Siberia. On Far East occurs as an alien plant. In the Moscow region. found in all areas.
Morphological description. Bonfire without awn is a perennial, long-rhizome (rhizomatous-bush, according to T.I. Serebryakova, 1971), polycarpic herbaceous plant. Mature plant represents a separate system of vegetative and non-vegetative partial bushes and a primary bush (plants of seed origin) or a system of partial bushes (plants of vegetative origin), within which continuity and morphophysiological integrity are maintained (Serebryakova 1971; Egorova, 1976).
At the beginning of development, a young plant has a germinal root and 1-2 adventitious germinal roots. Embryonic roots penetrate 20-30 cm under cultural conditions, and 10-15 cm in natural cenoses (Ovesnov, 1961; Egorova, 1976). In the development phase of the second green leaf, an adventitious branch begins to form at the base of the main shoot. root system.
Intensive branching of adventitious roots begins when 4-6 green leaves appear. In natural cenoses, embryonic roots die off relatively quickly.
The roots of adult brome plants penetrate up to 2-2.25 m. According to S.P. Smelov (1947), deepening of the roots in the spring begins in the tillering phase and continues throughout the growing season. The bulk of the roots (75-94% of the total) in adult plants are formed by the time of fruiting and are located in the top layer of soil (0-10 cm).
The stem of the fruiting shoot is straight, smooth or pubescent, well leafy. Pubescence is sometimes observed only near the nodes. The height ranges from 30 to 100-134 cm. The main shoot forms 20-25 leaves (Chibrik, 1968).
The leaves are flat, less often slightly curled. Width leaf blades varies from 0.1 to 1.4 cm depending on the age of the plants and habitat conditions. The leaves are bare or have hairs on the upper side, rough along the edges and veins; vaginas are bare. The tongue is 1-2 mm long, dissected. The length of leaf blades in natural cenoses ranges from 4-6 to 40 cm.
The inflorescence is a panicle 10-15 cm long, oblong, straight with branchlets facing obliquely upward, extending 3-7 together; The spikelets are oblong-linear, 1.5-3 cm long and 3-5 mm wide, 5-12 flowers with a rough or pubescent stem, pale green or grayish-lilac. The glumes are bare, rough along the veins.
The caryopsis is oblong, broadly lanceolate, 9-12 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide and 0.75-1 mm high. It is densely surrounded by flower scales. The embryo is oval, basal, slightly curved, reaches 0.5 mm in diameter and 1.93 mm in length. It lies obliquely in relation to the endosperm, adjacent to it on one side.
Ontogenesis. Bonfire seeds can germinate within 5 days after flowering ends. However, the highest percentage of germination is found in freshly harvested seeds, 17 days after the end of flowering, when they have heaviest weight. The germination rate of freshly harvested seeds collected in natural cenoses ranges from 5-6 to 80-95%. The duration of post-harvest ripening of seeds collected from fire crops ranges from 1 to 3 months.
Brome seeds have the lowest viability among other cereals; after 3-5 years their germination rate drops to 40%. In floodplain cenoses (Volga and Kama floodplains) they have lower germination and an extended germination period compared to seeds collected in plant communities of watersheds (Markova, 1955; Ovesnov, 1961). Seeds of southern and steppe forms of brome, on the contrary, have shallow dormancy and germinate amicably and quickly in a wide temperature range.
Bonfire seeds (especially freshly harvested and immature ones) germinate better at variable temperatures and from a depth of 1-2 cm. Light inhibits their germination to a slight extent. They tolerate long stays under water (up to 24 days). They have high biological resistance during germination; dried at a temperature of 14-16° in the coleorhiza and embryonic root phase to an air-dry state during secondary germination after 30 days, they had 100% viability (Ovesnov, 1961; Filimonov, 1961).
The optimal soil moisture for germination of brome seeds is 40-60% of the total moisture capacity. Germination begins at 3-5° ( optimal temperature 18-30°). The swelling of the grain occurs within 24 hours.
Seed germination begins with coleorhiza, which breaks through the integument of the seed and fruit. The coleorhiza elongates by 1-2 mm, forms numerous hairs that firmly attach it to the substrate.
The duration of the period from the beginning of germination of the grain to the emergence of the coleoptile on the soil surface is 4-5 days. In approximately the same time, the first green leaf unfolds. The formation of the first secondary roots at the base of the stem part of the main shoot is timed to coincide with the deployment of the second, green leaf.
In the initial period of development of the main shoot of the fire, A. M. Ovesnov (1961) distinguishes the phases of coleorhiza, the main embryonic root, and the first green leaf. P.V. Lebedev (1968) in the same period of development of the main shoot distinguishes 3 phases of morphogenesis: the formation of an embryonic bud, the seedling - from the beginning of the germination of the grain to the complete expansion of the first green leaf, the shoot - a young plant with the first unfolded leaf.
In natural cenoses, seedlings appear throughout the growing season. Seedlings that emerged in spring and autumn and were collected in mid-summer under conditions middle zone in the floodplain
Juvenile plants also represent the main shoot, but with a dead embryonic root system and intensively forming adventitious roots in the stem part of the main shoot, which by this time penetrate up to 10-15 cm deep. Root branching increases up to 2-3 orders of magnitude, the length of the main shoot increases up to 15-17 cm.
Immature plants initially represent a developing primary bush. At the end of the immature age state, the brome individual forms a system; consisting of primary and partial bushes (up to three orders). The plagiotropic part of the first rhizomatous shoots is small (2-4 cm), and therefore immature brome plants are quite compact.
Adult vegetative plants combine individuals of vegetative and seed origin. Individuals of seed origin consist of a primary bush and partial bushes, individuals of vegetative origin - from a system of partial bushes that arose as a result of vegetative propagation.
In natural cenoses, this is observed in the third or fourth year of life of the seed plant. On average, a seeded adult vegetative individual consists of 6-7 bushes, of which 2-3 are non-vegetative. Among the vegetating partial bushes there are 3-5 orders. Adult vegetative plants of vegetative origin consist of 4-5 partial bushes, among which 1-3 are non-vegetative. In natural cenoses, the development of brome plants of the pregenerative period is carried out in 3-5 years, and in cultural conditions - in one growing season at spring term sowing
Young generative plants can also be of seed and vegetative origin. Seed individuals consist of 7-9 bushes, of which 2-3 are non-vegetative. Among the vegetative ones there are partial bushes of the 1st-2nd (less often the 3rd) year of life. In the general shoot system of the plant, 4-5 orders of partial bushes can be traced. In a young generative plant, newly emerging partial bushes quickly move away from the mother bush in different directions due to quite sharp increase plagiotropic part of the shoots in comparison with previous age states of plants of the pregenerative period. Young generative individuals of vegetative origin consist of 4-5 partial bushes, among them vegetative ones predominate.
Middle-aged generative plants reach maximum development. They are, as a rule, of vegetative origin, consisting of 5-7 partial bushes of 1-3 years of life. This age-related state is characterized by a high intensity of shoot formation. In partial bushes of the 1st year of life, up to three orders of shoots can be traced.
Old generative individuals have 3-4 non-vegetative and 1-3 vegetative partial bushes. Partial bushes of old generative plants are characterized by a reduced shoot-forming ability; the duration of shoot formation in them is reduced to 2 years. During this time, no more than 3-4 orders of shoots are formed in partial bushes. Among old generative plants there are often individuals that do not have partial bushes of the 1st year of life. The nature of shoot formation in partial bushes changes.
Subsenile individuals most often have one vegetative partial bush.
Senile plants of two categories. The first includes plants with. underdeveloped but elongated vegetative shoot; to the second - with one shoot in a rosette state. 1 partial bush grows in the 2nd year of life. The number of non-vegetating partial bushes can vary from 3 to 7. The length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots decreases sharply, and therefore the partial bushes are located close to each other (Egorova, 1976).
Seasonal development. The development of brome plants from seed in natural cenoses is possible throughout the growing season. However larger number seedlings in the cenosis appear in the spring (in May - in the middle zone) and fewer in Summer-autumn period growing season. Autumn seedlings, after overwintering in natural cenoses, form 5-7 green leaves by the end of May or in the first half of July, of which 2-3 are dead. In the underground sphere, they are characterized by a mixed root system. In the second half of the growing season they reach the next age state. Spring seedlings in the middle zone also transform into a juvenile state during the current growing season. However, in natural cenoses, up to 94% of seedlings die.
Adult seed plants of brome are formed by the main shoot arising from the embryonic bud, in the process of sympodial branching. Adult plants of vegetative origin are represented by a system of partial bushes resulting from the formation of a clone.
The annual renewal of the aboveground sphere of adult brome specimens occurs as a result of the formation of shoots from the axillary buds of renewal. Within the shoot system of brome plants, long-rhizome (hypogeogenic, diageotropic, plagiotropic), short-rhizome and orthotropic (intravaginal, apogeotropic) monocyclic shoots and winter-type shoots function.
Short-rhizome and orthotropic shoots are “intra-bush” and provide the vital activity of the partial and primary bush; long-rhizomatous shoots are “out-of-bush”. Moving a considerable distance from the maternal axis due to prolonged plagiotropic growth and emerging with their apex into the above-ground sphere, they give rise to new partial bushes.
The formation of the main shoot occurs from the bud of the embryo. The capacity of the embryonic bud is one cap leaf under the coleoptile (Knobloch, 1944; Serebryakova, 1959); the seedling bud capacity increases to three to five metamers (Lebedev, 1968). The growth point has the shape of a convex, it consists of a single-layer tunic and several rows of body cells. When the second assimilating leaf expands, the growth point of the main shoot increases by more than 2 times. Maximum size it reaches 2-4 unfurled green leaves. With the formation of elongated internodes on the main shoot, the size of the growing point gradually decreases (Lebedev et al., 1972),
During the formation of the main shoot, a change in the morphological structure of the apical meristem is observed, which is manifested in a change in its shape and size. From the emergence of seedlings to autumn tillering, the height of the growth cone increases by 11-22 times, the width (diameter) - by 9.5-23 times; the height of the growing point is 4-9 times, the width is 2-28 times.
The main shoot of the fire is orthotropic, elongated vegetative. Under cultural conditions, the tillering zone of the main shoot at spring sowing has 4-5 nodes and internodes with a length of 2-3 mm, in summer there are 6-8 nodes and a length of 5-6 mm.
The buds in the tillering zone of the main shoot differ in capacity and shape: 1-2 lower buds are round, obtuse, directed perpendicular to the axis of the shoot, i.e. horizontally to the soil surface. The formation of the tillering zone of the main shoot lasts 20-25 days. The elongated part of the main shoot is formed in 60-80 days. The first lateral bud of the main shoot begins to grow when the fifth green leaf unfolds (Chibrik, 1968).
The rate of leaf formation activity of the growth cone of the main shoot changes sharply during the growing season: at the beginning of development, the duration of the plastochron is 7-9 days, at the end of the growing season - 14. The average duration of the plastochron is 6 days (Lebedev, 1968).
Side shoots are formed from buds located in the axils of the leaves in the area of shortened internodes. The axillary bud has a greater number of leaf formations compared to the embryonic bud.
The capacity of a mature lateral closed bud is 7-10 ridges, and the open apical bud of a growing shoot is from 5-6 to 8-9 ridges (Lamp., 1952; Lebedev, 1968; Serebryakova, 1971). In the apical bud of the rhizomatous shoot, which remains underground for the winter, there are 8-10 ridges in the fall. The lateral buds located along the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoot have on average 3 primordia of lower leaves (Borisova, 1960).
Lateral buds are formed in the axil of the coleoptile and then in the axils of the overlying true green leaves in the zone of shortened internodes. They are also formed in the axils of green leaves in the zone of elongated internodes of the shoot, but here the lateral buds do not form completely and gradually degenerate. Lateral buds are also formed along the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots. They are located on the upper and lower sides of the rhizome. The buds on the lower side are larger than those on the upper side.
IN side shoots The buds of the tillering zone develop. Buds located in the zone of elongated internodes do not develop into shoots.
The first plagiotropic shoots in the tillering zone of the main shoot begin to form when 4-6 green leaves are deployed on it. The plagiotropic part of the first rhizomatous shoots is short (2-4 cm), and they soon become orthotropic. position. Starting from the 3rd-4th order of shoots, the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots increases sharply.
In natural cenoses of brome plants of seed origin, the first generative shoots, as a rule, are shoots of the third and subsequent orders.
The stretching and segmentation of growth cones of future generative shoots begins in the autumn. The inflorescence is formed after overwintering. IN spring period in future generative shoots, after the development of 2-3 green leaves and the laying of 1-3 leaf primordia on the growth cone, an inflorescence begins to form (Serebryakov, 1952; Borisova, 1960).
The awnless brome is characterized by rather intense tillering, although the nature and intensity of tillering change significantly during ontogenesis. In natural cenoses, during the period of maximum development of individuals during the growing season, 2-3 orders of shoots are formed and in general there are up to 15 shoots in a partial bush .
As plants age, the growing season of a partial bush is reduced to 1-2 years. In a partial bush no more than 3 orders of shoots can be traced. New partial bushes (plagiotropic shoots) are not formed annually. The growth of plagiotropic shoots begins, as a rule, after the death of the mother shoot in the aerial part.
During ontogenesis, rhizomatous (rhizomatous-bush) and bushy life forms.
The shoots of the fire are blooming in the Moscow region. at the end of June - beginning of July. Flowering can continue until September. Intense flowering is observed within two weeks from the moment of flowering. In rainy weather, flowering occurs later and extends over a longer period. In dry years it is noted early flowering lasting no more than a week. The panicle blooms for 6-10 days. Flowering begins in the upper part and proceeds in the basipetal direction. Within the spikelet, the lower flowers bloom first and the flowering process spreads in the acropetal direction.
In spikelets, 1-2, sometimes 3-5 flowers open daily. Flowers open within 1.5-3 minutes. The growth rate of stamen filaments is -1--1.5 mm/min. Getting your own pollen onto the stigma of the same flower is impossible, since the opening of the anthers occurs after they are overturned and hang on the stamen filaments below the stigma. Blooms in the afternoon: between 15 and 20 hours. Mass opening of flowers from 16 to 17 hours.
Flowering is explosive and portioned.
Methods of reproduction and distribution. Bonfire propagation is carried out by seed and vegetative means. Individuals of the generative period, when they reach maximum branching and are characterized by the highest vitality, have the greatest potential for vegetative propagation. In natural cenoses, if brome individuals have a relatively high vitality, they can be renewed indefinitely for a long time and maintain a sufficiently high number mainly by vegetative means.
In culture, single-species populations of brome are significantly thinned out in the 2-5th year of life. The number falls, the shoot-forming ability is sharply reduced, and, consequently, the potential for vegetative propagation. The relatively rapid loss of fire in culture is associated primarily with the accumulation of upper layers soil large quantities underground plant organs, which slowly decompose under these conditions.
In natural cenoses, seed propagation is of less importance for self-maintenance and renewal of brome cenopopulations, although there is a potential for this. According to our observations, in the Oka floodplain, the seed productivity of bonfire ranges from 23.8 to 144.5; the number of seeds per 1 m2 is from 114 to 18,000, depending on the abundance of fire in the cenosis and the vitality of individual plants. Of these, the number of viable seeds per 1 m2 is 105-16,700, but the number of seedlings in the cenosis is small: only a few specimens reach adulthood.
Ecology. The awnless brome is found in conditions ranging from meadow-steppe to damp-meadow moisture - 62-80 steps of the Ramensky scale. According to G. Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1974), the bonfire is at level 4 of the moisture scale, i.e. it grows on dry and fresh soils. Particularly resistant to flooding (up to 40-53 days). The fire forms its maximum biomass at the optimal duration of flooding with hollow water (Khitrovo, 1967). It tolerates overlapping with a sufficiently powerful fluff due to the ability to move renewal buds to the surface layers of the soil, for example, overlapping with sandy loam and sandy fluff with a thickness of 5-10 cm. It reacts negatively to close proximity of soil groundwater, although the relationship to the groundwater level may vary depending on the mechanical composition of the soil and the fertilizer regime. It grows better on slightly acidic or neutral soils; it cannot grow in anaerobic conditions (Shlygina, 1926; Rabotnov, 1974).
The bonfire is demanding of lighting, and therefore grows better in open and lightly shaded places. G, Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1974) places it between semi-light-loving and light-loving species (3rd level of the scale, at least 50% of full illumination).
Belongs to the group of highly frost-resistant plants, does not freeze even in snowy and harsh winters. Buds in the tillering zone are preserved at minus 46°, and during spring frosts - at minus 18°. Little resistant to ice crust (Kolosova, 1947; Rabotnov, 1974).
The brome is demanding on soil richness; it is found in greatest abundance on rich soils - 11-20 steps of the soil richness scale (Ramensky et al., 1956). Medium salt resistant.
Responsive to fertilization, especially nitrogen. Potassium-phosphorus fertilizers also have a positive effect on the productivity of the fire. The influence is less clear potash fertilizers(Savitskaya, 1966; Rabotnov, 1974).
The awnless bonfire in the mountains is widespread up to the middle zone (2000-2800 m). In the subalpine zone it is found, as a rule, on open slopes (Larin et al., 1950; Bykov, 1960).
Phytocenology. Within its range, the bonfire often acts as a codominant and dominant in many natural cenoses of meadows and steppes. It constantly grows in fallow lands, in bushes, light forests, along ravines, especially where sediment deposits are well expressed. (Lyubarsky, 1968). In floodplain cenoses, the bonfire is often the dominant species and can form monodominant plant communities (Likhachev, 1959). Most often this is observed in areas when high doses are applied nitrogen fertilizers and haymaking use of plant communities.
The size of brome populations varies greatly depending on habitats and anthropogenic impacts on plant communities. According to our data, in the studied cenoses the number of brome cenopopulations ranged from 4-5 to 105 individuals per 1 m2. According to the position of the species in the cenosis, the structure of age spectra, the vitality of individuals of individual age groups and cenopopulations as a whole change.
In plant communities where the brome occupies a dominant position, cenopopulations are characterized by a full age spectrum. The structure of the age spectrum is dominated by plants of the generative and post-generative periods; individuals of the pregenerative period are also represented quite fully with a maximum in the group of young vegetative plants, which is due to the intense vegetative propagation. With a decrease in numbers, the age spectra continue to remain full, but subsenile and senile plants begin to predominate in their structure. The participation of plants in the generative and especially virginal periods decreases due to a decrease in the efficiency of vegetative propagation.
Meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, yellow alfalfa, mouse pea, and loosestrife have a fairly strong negative effect on fire.
Economic importance . Bonfire is a valuable forage plant, widely used in meadow farming and field grass sowing, as well as in the fight against soil erosion in ravine areas of the European part of the USSR and in mountainous regions.
Under cultural conditions maximum yield bonfire produces in the second year of life, high biomass here remains for 2-5 years, depending on soil fertility.
Literature: Biological flora of the Moscow region. Vol. 5. Moscow University Publishing House, 1980
Loading...