The main issue for young families is housing. If you approach this matter with imagination, then it will not be necessary to take a mortgage. This is how different peoples of the world solve their housing problem.
Yurt
Ancient portable dwelling of nomads. It is convenient because it takes several hours to assemble and install it, you can stop at any convenient place. Such a house is easily transported on a horse. Felt covering, reliable protection against cold, rain and wind.
These amazing domed dwellings in a modern design can be found in the northeast of Asia, in Greenland, on the Canadian island of Baffin Island. Housing is made of snow blocks. To enter, they break through a special tunnel in the snow. Nearby igloos are interconnected by separate snowy corridors so that you can visit without going out into the cold.
house in a cave
In the south of Tunisia there are quarries with sandy rocks. These deposits of sand are not one thousand years old. Over the years, it has become strong enough to cut through these sands almost entire hotels for tourists. The walls of such caves protect from the incredible heat and sandstorms.
Rondavel means round house. Such stone houses are built in southern Africa. Instead of cement, a mixture of earth, sand and manure is used in the construction of walls. The floor of the dwelling is also leveled with manure and dried. The round shape of the house and the thatched roof give it a slightly fairytale look. These buildings were conceived as hunting lodges, but now they are increasingly being used for permanent housing.
Houses on stilts
These exotic and practical dwellings can be found in Southeast Asia,. In the local climate, where rainy days prevail, the locals came up with the idea of building houses on stilts. Do not be surprised that the piles are so high. At this height, the house becomes inaccessible to snakes and mosquitoes.
Tiny houses in the USA
In Oregon, there was a fashion for such tiny houses. Their main advantage is the presence of wheels. The construction of such inexpensive and original housing was the beginning of a whole direction.
houses underground
Underground houses in - this is not a whim of the jaded rich. This is an urgent need to protect yourself from the daily heat, up to 45 ° C, from sandstorms. Due to such difficult weather conditions, a good half of the town of Coober Pedy moved into apartments dug underground. Now this city is famous not only for opals, but also for a network of underground living quarters.
Houses made of adobe bricks
Saman is essentially clay concrete. It is from these blocks that the Indians from the Acoma Pueblo reservation in the US state of New Mexico have been building houses for many centuries. Saman is a mixture of clay, water, sand and chopped straw. Lime and manure are also added there.
Colored houses on the island of Martha's Vineyard
It seems that the inhabitants of this American island are very fond of gingerbread houses. For the first time, such houses of different colors began to be built at the end of the 19th century.
house in a boat
Remember, as in the classic - "He was seized by the desire to change places." If the same thing happened to you, come to London. A certain number of the British were tired of land dwelling, and they moved to live in boats. On the water channel, 14 kilometers long, there are parking lots for small yachts and boats. The restless part of English society lives on them. However, one "small" feature should be taken into account. Each boat has the right to stay in one parking place for no more than 14 hours. So, enjoy your swim.
A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.
Dwellings of the peoples of the north
The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.
This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.
The chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with sacking in the summer, and skins in the winter. The entrance to the dwelling is also hung with burlap. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Due to the high hearth temperature, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the plague, snow is raked up to its base from the outside. The temperature inside the chum ranges from +13 to +20°C.
The whole family, including children, is involved in the installation of the plague. Skins and mats are laid on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, featherbeds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.
The Yakuts lived in it in the winter. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. Building it was pretty easy and fast. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many logs of a smaller diameter. Unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark, and then with earth. This was done in order to maximize the insulation of the home. The floor inside the booth was trampled down sand, even in severe frosts its temperature did not fall below -5 ° C.
The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in summer - with the afterbirth of a calf or mica.
To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.
This snow dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.
The igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.
When building an igloo, a prerequisite was the location of the entrance below the floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat as much as possible.
The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloos did not melt from the heat of the walls, but simply melted, which helped maintain a comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. Ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, which allowed the room to remain dry.
Nomad dwellings
The yurt has always been the home of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles placed in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth.
Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.
This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the climate inside the room. The round shape of this building gives it stability, which is necessary in case of strong steppe winds.
Dwellings of the peoples of Russia
This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.
The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of tessel and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and sprinkled with earth outside, and the floor was coated with clay.
The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only escape through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:
Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in the heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Practically does not demand repair.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.
The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made gable, which made it possible to save material. In order to keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When settling at home, it became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted earth.
The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served as a good means of protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.
Dwellings of the European part of our continent
The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: mud hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, palyaso. Many of them still exist.
It is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and its structural features were explained by the small area of forests.
The hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were covered with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earth or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand for up to 100 years.
This stone building is a traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-roomed with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.
This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using the technology of dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, it would be possible to destroy the whole house. The fact is that in this area of Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came with a check, the trullo quickly collapsed.
The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was cone-shaped. Sometimes, boards were laid on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.
This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallazo was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so stone was the main building material. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was wooden, and on top it was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallazo, and the exit was located on the east side.
Due to the peculiarities of its structure, pallazo protected from cold winters and rainy summers.
Indian dwellings
This is the dwelling of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam is a hole for the exit of smoke. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places for sleeping and resting, food was cooked outside the wigwam.
The Indians associated this dwelling with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left everything unclean behind him. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.
Tipis were inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made up of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. Inside the dwelling, a special belt descended from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and along the edges - places for rest and utensils.
The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly dismantled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.
Ancient dwellings of other nations
This is the traditional dwelling of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and dung. From the inside they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The basis of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.
Minka
The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, covered with clay. Inside, the main part of the Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in a Japanese house.
The traditional dwelling of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, keeps history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.
Greenland: The structure of the blocks of dense snow. Igloo - home of the Eskimos
Georgia: Stone building with outbuildings and defensive tower. Saklya - dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders
Russia: A building with a mandatory "Russian" oven and cellar. The roof is gable (in the south - four-slope). Izba - a traditional dwelling of Russians
Konak - a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. This is an expressive building under a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates a deep shadow. Often such "mansions" resemble the letter "g" in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. Buildings are oriented to the east (tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a covered roomy balcony and an asam steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfy all the needs of the owners, so outbuildings are not needed.
North America: dwelling of the Indians of North America, a hut on a frame made of thin trunks, covered with matting, bark or twigs. It has a domed shape, in contrast to tipis, dwellings of a conical shape. Wigwams built by North American Indians
Dwellings on trees in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - at six or seven meters above the ground. The building is erected on a site prepared in advance tied to the branches of poles. The structure balancing on the branches cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the structure. Such a house is arranged with two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a hearth for cooking, and the upper floor, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. They get into the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
Felij - a tent that serves as a home for the Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair, and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning Samoum or Sirocco are not afraid of nomads who have taken refuge in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such a dwelling is most secure during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed, they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure, pasted over with translucent paper that transmits light. And in the cold season they are covered with wooden panels. The inner walls (fushima) are also movable frame-like shields covered with paper or silk and help to divide a large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which they walk without shoes. A tiled or thatched roof has large canopies that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and the scorching sun.
The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara desert are deep earthen pits in which interiors and a courtyard are made. About seven hundred caves are located on the slopes of the hills and in the desert around them, in some of them troglodytes (Berbers) live to this day. Craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the inner courtyard (khausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Often, troglodyte dwellings have several floors, the stairs between which are tied ropes. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber hostess needs a shelf, she simply digs it into the wall. However, TV antennas can be seen near some of the pits, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings save well from the heat - it is cool in these chalk caves. This is how the housing problem is solved in the Sahara.
Yurts are a special type of dwelling used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kirghiz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours, it is convenient to transport it. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter, on a wooden platform. Having chosen a place for parking, first of all they put stones under the future hearth, and then they set up the yurt according to the routine - the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The skeleton is covered with felt from the outside, and a door is made from it. Felt coverings keep the hearth warm in summer and keep it warm in winter. From above, the yurt is tied up with belts or ropes, and some peoples - with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with cloth. Light enters through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the dwelling, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to carefully listen to the sounds outside.
South India: The traditional dwelling of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and thatch, without windows, with one small entrance.
Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval section, from 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical straw roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or there was only a small window opening. Pallazo.
One can say about the national types of housing of the peoples of the world with the words of a song - they were molded from what was: the peoples of the north - from snow, the Slavs - from logs, the Indians - from corn stalks. National dwellings certainly became a reflection of the lifestyle and way of life of their inhabitants. Some national dwellings have long ceased to be built, some are being built only for demonstration to tourists, but wooden houses are still very popular.
1. Igloo
People - American Eskimos
Material: ice, snow, seal skins and intestines
If you build an igloo correctly, then there will always be fresh air, warm and dry. The American Eskimos build them from blocks of ice and hard-packed snow stacked in a spiral. The sizes of the blocks vary so that the dwelling tapers upwards - the domed igloo is more spacious and better resists the wind. The entrance to the igloo is located below the floor level, due to which the heavier carbon dioxide is forced out of the dwelling, making room for oxygen, while warm air is retained. Therefore, a rather comfortable atmosphere is maintained inside the igloo. The walls of the dwelling adsorb excess moisture, so it is always dry in it. As lighting in the needle, bowls with whale or seal oil were used. From their heat, the walls only slightly melt, but do not melt, since they are actively cooled from the outside by frosty air. The ice walls are transparent and allow light from outside, but usually to keep the igloo warm, they are hung with skins, and where necessary, the Eskimos make windows from seal intestines and pure ice.
Between neighboring igloos, residents dug tunnels in the snow. This is what the snow village used to look like. Now, the ability to properly build an ice house is more important for military or extreme tourists, because a shelter built in an hour can save the life of a lost traveler.
2. Dugout
The people are Slavs
Material: wood, straw, earth
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More than a thousand years ago, the ancestors of modern Slavs did not live in huts, but in their predecessors - dugouts. It was arranged as follows: a hole was dug in the ground with a depth of half or the full height of the walls, then 3-4 log crowns were placed on its bottom, and inside a hearth was made of stones and clay. From above, a rolling of logs was made, covered with turf or straw. Instead of a door, there is a manhole no more than a meter high, covered by a pair of halves of logs tied together and a canopy. In the dugout, the floor was also earthen - the soil was plentifully watered, and when it dried out, they swept it.
Having exhausted the resources of the earth, the ancient Slavs migrated to a new place. There they dug out a new dugout, and the old one was dismantled into logs, which were floated along the river to the new parking lot. Over time, the life of the Slavs became more sedentary, and the houses became capital, which no longer went deep into the ground. To release the smoke, they began to breathe first in the walls, and then in the roof.
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3. Dobo
The people are Indonesians
Material: wood, leaves
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In the distant past, the Korowai tribe and other tribes of Polynesia and Indonesia hunted for heads, including each other. Therefore, they built their houses at a height of 30-50m in the middle of the forest, fleeing from predators, cannibal neighbors and white demons with fire-breathing sticks that came from nowhere. Scientists first visited the Karavai tribe in the 1970s, and until then, the latter had no idea about the big world. Even now, only a few of this people have mastered the letter.
Korowai dobos make their dwellings high above the ground, and thin tree trunks serve as piles. A square platform of thin poles and leaves is erected above them, and then walls of the same material. The roof is covered with leaves. To stay in the house of a cow, you have to climb a tree trunk. Many whites cannot do this, but the locals can easily cope with this task, even for pregnant women or women with babies, this does not cause difficulties. Upstairs, the Korowai even learned how to make a fire.
4. Tepee and Tipi
People - North American Indians
Material: tree trunks, elm and birch bark, reeds, reeds, grass, corn leaves, fabric, skins
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The Indians of North America had different dwellings - the more famous wigwams and the lesser-known tipi, which have a lot in common. But if the wigwam was intended for 25-30 people, then the tipi was for one family.
Tipi is more like a small cone-shaped tent, it was used mainly by tribes that roamed the Great Plains. In the upper part of the cone there was a hole for the exit of smoke, and the Indians made the tipi frame from juniper or pine poles, which were covered with rawhide on top, and after the advent of Europeans, they were often replaced with canvas. Sometimes the skins were decorated with traditional tribal patterns, hanging amulets, hunting or military trophies.
The wigwams were inhabited by Indians from the forests of northern North America. On its frame were flexible thin trunks, which were covered with elm or birch bark, mats woven from grass, reeds, reeds or corn leaves, as well as pieces of fabric and skins. Modern wigwams serve only for ritual purposes.
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5. Trullas, Pallazos and Nuraghi
People - Spaniards, Italians
Material: wood, stone, straw
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Even in the Bronze Age, the Etruscans built nuraghi - high stone cone-shaped towers with a circular cross section. It is not established whether they served as housing, maybe only the local nobility lived there or temples were located. It is known for certain that they were built without a binder solution, using the dry masonry method. Much later, in the Middle Ages, the Italians learned to build stone houses with conical roofs - trulli. They were also built without mortar, with the intent that they could be demolished quickly when the estate tax collector approached.
The ancient dwellings in neighboring Spain looked about the same. They were built in Galicia, located in the northeast of the country. The Galicians called them pallazo or pallosa. The frame of the building was made of wood, the walls were made of stone, and the roof was thatched. The latter often descended to the very ground, which made a house with the only noticeable opening - the entrance, similar to the fabulous dwelling of the gnomes. Pallazo had a diameter of 10-20 meters, and inside there was usually one room, less often a corral for cattle was separated.
6. Yurt
People - Mongolian and Turkic nomads
Material: poles and felt
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The oldest depiction of a yurt is about 1,500 years old, but it is believed that their mass construction began in the 13th century. A yurt can be called a large, comfortable folding tent, where a hearth is arranged in the center, and the smoke comes out through a hole in the roof, which also serves as lighting. In bad weather or just at night, this hole was covered with a piece of felt, simply by pulling on the lasso. The wooden frame of the yurt was made of lattices, folding in the manner of an accordion, the axes of which were long poles converging in a dome. On top of the frame, it was completely covered with felt felt, thanks to which it was always warm in the yurt and there were no drafts, and in the heat the side felt was removed. The floor in the yurt was covered with carpets.
The room was divided into a large male half, located on the eastern side, and a smaller female half, which were separated by a curtain. In the men's part of the wall, talismans, weapons and horse harness were decorated. In the women's section, one could see utensils, provisions, bed linen and clothes for women and children. At the entrance they put a cupboard for dishes and a mortar in which they whipped koumiss, all this symbolized the prosperity of the family. Many Mongols still live in yurts, and in neighboring Kazakhstan they are installed for national holidays or especially for tourists.
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7. Saklya
The people are Georgians
Material: wood, stone, clay
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Georgians have long been accustomed to building their sakli monumentally - from stone. Often they had several floors and numerous loopholes, since they served both for housing and as a shelter in case of attack.
Sakli was also built in the Crimea, but there they looked different - small houses made of clay, wood, air-dried adobe bricks (loam mixed with straw or other fillers), with a flat roof. Sakli were usually built on the slopes of mountains in terraces closely adjacent to each other, so the roof of the lower sakli served as a floor or courtyard for the sakli located one level higher. The oldest Crimean saklis consisted of a single room with an earthen floor, no windows, and a hearth in the middle, the smoke from which escaped through a hole in the ceiling.
8. Sod house
The people are Icelanders
Material: wood, stones, turf
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The construction of Icelandic turf houses resembled a dugout. They were built for centuries on this island with a harsh climate, on which there was little wood that well protected from the cold. Icelanders lived in such houses from the 9th to the middle of the last century. They were built like this: on a flat area of large flat stones, a floor was laid out, on which a wooden frame was erected, capable of withstanding the weight of the turf. Window and door openings were provided in the frame, and on the outside it was covered with turf in several layers.
The house was divided into several rooms, the largest of which had a hearth. The livestock room was located a little lower, due to which its heat also participated in heating the house. From the 14th century, instead of large turf houses, they began to build several smaller ones, but interconnected. They were half buried in the ground. Unfortunately, there was too much moisture in them.
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9. Ikukwane
People - South African Zulus tribes
Material: cane
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A large domed house made of reeds was called Ikukwane by the Zulus. It was built from thin long rods, reeds and tall grass, which were intertwined and tied with ropes. The entrance to the house was blocked by a special shield. Travelers noticed that this national dwelling was unusually in harmony with the surrounding landscape. There were no windows in the ikukvane, only the fire of the hearth gave light.
The house was built by men and women, but the former were only responsible for the supply of building materials. Having brought materials and outlining the boundaries of the future home, the man considered his work done, and then only women worked. The floor there was a mixture of sand from a termite mound with manure, which, after boiling, lost its characteristic smell, and the thermite component added strength.
10. Felige
The people are Bedouins
Material: wood, skins of sheep, goats and camels
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The tent of the Arab Bedouin nomads is called felij. Its frame of interwoven thin poles was covered with a cloth obtained from goat or camel hair. It was so dense that it did not let the moisture of the rain through. During the day, the cover was raised for ventilation, and in a strong wind or at night it returned to its place. In the Sahara, the nights are very cold, so after sunset, the Bedouins tightly batten down all the windows and the entrance.
The felig has a male and female section separated by a patterned curtain. There are foci in both halves. Mats lay on the floor. The dwelling is mobile - it is easily disassembled and assembled, which is necessary for a nomadic tribe.
House of the Peoples of the North on "Bit of Life!"
Northern peoples, "Bit of Life!" - Miraslava Krylova.
What associations come to your mind when you hear the word "house"? Of course, everyone has their own. For some, "home" is a social concept, inextricably linked with the family, parents. But in most cases, when we hear the word "house" we imagine a certain structure, tied to certain images, taken from childhood or from further life experience. And for each person it is different. For some, this is a room in a shared apartment, for someone an apartment in a large house, or a separate stone or wooden building. We will not delve further into the psychology of the concept, this is a topic for another article and another column.
In this particular case, we will talk about the national houses of the peoples of the north of Russia. I must say that they are not only radically different from the traditional concept of "house", but also carry many national, characteristic of these peoples, elements of local color, features of nature, culture, and most importantly, the forced need and the absence of many traditional means in the construction of houses.
Chum - the home of reindeer herders
Chum is a universal dwelling of the nomadic peoples of the North, engaged in reindeer herding - the Nenets, Khanty, Komi and Enets. It is curious, but contrary to the often encountered opinion and the words of the notorious song “The Chukchi in the plague is waiting for the dawn”, the Chukchi in the plagues have never lived and do not live - in fact, their dwellings are called yarangas. Perhaps the confusion arose due to the consonance of the words "chum" and "Chukcha". And it is possible that these two somewhat similar buildings are simply confused and not called by their proper names.
As for the plague, in fact it is a portable tent, which has a conical shape and is perfectly adapted to the conditions of the tundra. Snow easily rolls off the steep surface of the tent, so when moving to a new place, the tent can be dismantled without any extra effort to clear the building of snow. In addition, the shape of the cone makes the chum resistant to strong winds and blizzards.
In summer, the tent is covered with bark, birch bark or burlap, and the entrance is hung with a coarse cloth (for example, the same burlap). In winter, the skins of elk, deer, red deer, sewn into one cloth, are used for arranging the plague, and the entrance is hung with a separate skin. In the center of the chum there is a stove that serves as a source of heat and is adapted for cooking. The heat from the furnace rises and does not allow precipitation to get inside the plague - they simply evaporate under the influence of high temperature. And in order to prevent the wind from penetrating the chum, snow is raked up to its base from the outside.
As a rule, the tent of reindeer herders consists of several coverings and 20-40 poles, which are laid on special sleds when moving. The dimensions of the plague directly depend on the length of the poles and their number: the more poles there are and the longer they are, the more spacious the dwelling will be.
Since ancient times, the installation of the plague was considered a matter of the whole family, in which even children took part. After the chum is completely installed, women cover it inside with mats and soft deer skins. At the very base of the poles, it is customary to put malitsa (outer clothing of the peoples of the North made of deer skins with fur inside) and other soft things. Reindeer herders also carry pillows, featherbeds and warm sheepskin sleeping bags. At night, the hostess spreads the bed, and during the day she hides the bedding away from prying eyes.
Yaranga - the national dwelling of the peoples of Chukotka
As we have already said, the yaranga has some similarities with the plague and is a portable dwelling of nomadic Koryaks, Chukchis, Yukaghirs and Evenks. The yaranga has a round plan and a vertical wooden frame, which is built of poles and topped with a conical dome. Outside, the poles are covered with walrus, deer or whale skins.
Yaranga consists of 2 halves: canopy and chottagin. The canopy looks like a warm tent, sewn from skins, heated and illuminated with a fat lamp (for example, a strip of fur dipped in fat and soaked in it). The canopy is a sleeping area. Chottagin is a separate room, the appearance of which is somewhat reminiscent of a canopy. This is the coldest part of the house. Usually boxes with clothes, dressed skins, barrels of fermentation and other things are stored in chottagin.
Nowadays, the yaranga is a centuries-old symbol of the peoples of Chukotka, which is used during many winter and summer holidays. Moreover, yarangas are installed not only in the squares, but also in the club foyers. In such yarangas, women cook traditional dishes of the peoples of the North - tea, venison and treat guests to them. Moreover, greenhouses, greenhouses and some other structures are being built in the form of yaranga today in Chukotka. For example, in the center of Anadyr, you can see a yaranga - a vegetable tent made of transparent plastic. Also, the yaranga is present in many Chukchi paintings, engravings, badges, emblems and even coats of arms.
Igloo - an Eskimo dwelling made of snow and ice
The neighbors of the Chukchi, the Eskimos, lived much poorer and the yarangas appeared much later. Initially, the poor Eskimos wintered in real "ice huts", which were called igloos and were a dwelling built from snow or ice blocks. Such domed buildings still exist today: they usually have a height of about 2 m and a diameter of about 3-4 m. If the snow is shallow, then the entrance to the igloo is built in the wall, to which an additional corridor of ice (snow) blocks is attached. In deep snow, the entrance to the dwelling is located directly in the floor, and a corridor is laid outside to it. It is very important that the entrance to the house is below the floor level, as this allows the inflow of oxygen and the outflow of heavier carbon dioxide, and also allows you to keep the room warm.
Light enters the igloo directly through the ice walls, although in some cases ice windows are made in snow houses. The interior, as a rule, is covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also covered with them - in whole or in part. Grease bowls are used for heating and additional lighting. An interesting fact is that when the air is heated, the internal surfaces of the walls of the igloo melt, but do not melt due to the fact that the snow quickly removes excess heat outside the house, and due to this, a comfortable temperature for a person is maintained in the room. Moreover, snow walls are able to absorb excess moisture, so the igloo is always dry.
It is also curious that, despite the simplicity of construction, it is actually not so easy to build a needle with your own hands. An example of this is the first explorers-travelers, who for a long time could not comprehend the secret of building an igloo, while the locals erected a similar structure in just 1-2 hours. And all because the igloo is built from slabs of a special shape, and different parts of the house are built from different slabs. The igloo is shaped like a snail shell and gradually narrows towards the arch, and the slabs are laid according to a special technique that the northerners have been honing over the years. For greater stability, the needle is poured with water from the outside.
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