When transmitted in writing, it requires special punctuation. It depends on the position of direct speech and the words of the author relative to each other.
The following cases are possible:
"It's good that you stopped by," said the neighbor.
"I'm so glad to see you!" the neighbor said.
"Will you come tomorrow?" the neighbor asked.
The neighbor said: "It's good that you stopped by."
The neighbor said: “How glad I am to see you!”
The neighbor asked: “Will you come tomorrow?”
Scheme:
r.a.: "P.r."
r.a.: "P.r.!"
r.a.: "P.r.?"
“It’s good,” the neighbor said, “that you stopped by.”
"Olenka! the neighbor said. - I'm so glad to see you!"
“Olenka,” the neighbor asked, “will you come tomorrow?”
Scheme:
"P.r., - r.a., - p.r."
"Etc.! - r.a. - Etc.!"
“P.r., - r.a., - p.r.?”
Note:
If the first part of direct speech ends with a dot, question mark or exclamation point, then the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.
If the first part of direct speech ends with a comma, semicolon, dash, colon, ellipsis, i.e. if the sentence is not completed, then the second part begins with a lowercase (small) letter.
For example:
“Paris is the capital of France,” he corrected his younger sister. “Not Italy.”
"Paris," he corrected his younger sister, "is the capital of France, not Italy."
He immediately corrected his younger sister: "Paris is the capital of France, not Italy" - and left the room so as not to interfere with the girls' communication.
Saying: “Goodbye!”, He left the room so as not to interfere with the girls to communicate.
§2. Dialogue punctuation
Dialogues and polylogues (conversation of several persons) in fiction, journalism, or rather, in printed publications are drawn up without the use of quotation marks.
A dash is placed at the beginning of dialogue lines, for example:
“The crowd was noisy, everyone was talking loudly, shouting, cursing, but it was really impossible to make out anything. The doctor approached a young woman holding a fat gray cat in her arms and asked:
Could you please explain what is going on here? Why are there so many people, what is the reason for their excitement, and why are the city gates closed?
- Guardsmen do not let people out of the city ...
Why aren't they released?
- So that they do not help those who have already left the city ...
The woman dropped the fat cat. The cat plopped down like raw dough. The crowd roared."
(Yu. Olesha, Three fat men)
Separate replicas can also be decorated with a dash:
“When he came to, it was already evening. The Doctor looked around.
- What a shame! The glasses are broken, of course. When I look without glasses, I probably see as a non-short-sighted person sees if he wears glasses. It's very annoying."
(Yu. Olesha, Three fat men)
Note:
If direct speech is combined with the author's speech, then different schemes placement of punctuation marks. Punctuation will vary depending on the relationship between direct speech and the author's speech. But the quotes are not needed. Direct speech is separated by a dash.
1) R.a.: - P.r. For example:
Then he grumbled about the broken heels:
- I'm already small in stature, and now I'll be an inch shorter. Or maybe two inches, because two heels broke off? No, of course, only one vershok ... (Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men)
2) - P.R., - R.A. For example:
- Guard! - the seller shouted, not hoping for anything and kicking his legs (Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men).
3) R.a.: - P.r.! - r.a. For example:
And suddenly the guardsman with a broken nose said:
- Stop! - and raised the torch high (Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men).
4) -P.r., - r.a. - Etc. For example:
- Stop screaming! he got angry. - Is it possible to shout so loudly! (Yu. Olesha, Three fat men)
That is, the logic of the design of direct speech and the speech of the author is preserved, but quotes are not used. Instead, a dash is put at the beginning of direct speech every time.
In contact with
Direct speech is someone else's speech, accurately reproduced and transmitted on behalf of the one who uttered it. Sentences with direct speech include two components: the actual speech and the introductory words, which indicate who this speech was said (the words of the author).
To highlight direct speech in a sentence, punctuation marks are used: dashes or quotation marks. The placement of punctuation marks depends on the design of direct speech.
1.1. start a paragraph, then it must be preceded by a dash:
“Everything is forgiven for work,” Vedeneyev says dryly. (Panova)
1.2. formatted as a string and separated with quotation marks:
"Maxim Maksimych, would you like some tea?" - I shouted out the window to him (Lermontov)
Note: Both rules are valid when building a dialogue:
- Svetlana, where is the piece of chocolate that I left on the table?
- His cat ate it.
Why did you let her? (L.A. Barto)
“How, how? .. Could you turn it up louder? .. What kind of song? ..” - “I accidentally remembered this one ... My father once sang. You can come up with something else ... "-" Do not need another, let's do this one! (according to B. Chirkov)
2.1. before direct speech, then a colon is put after the author's words, direct speech begins with capital letter and ends with the punctuation mark required by the nature of the statement:
Raising Alka in her arms and showing the sea, Natka quickly said: “Alka, look what a fast big ship!” (A. Gaidar)
Once, when Gianni Rodari was visiting the Krasnodar guys, one boy asked him:
Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?
2.2. after a direct speech, at the end of which a sign of a suitable meaning is placed (a question or exclamation mark, an ellipsis or a comma, but not a period), then follows a dash and the words of the author, starting with a lowercase letter:
"You're lying, you won't catch!" - Metelitsa solemnly said.
"Is it necessary to be an optimist?" - Tanya asked somehow. “It is desirable, because an optimist is smarter than a pessimist,” Andrey answered cheerfully (K.A. Ketlinskaya)
Note: as can be seen from the last example, the peculiarity of setting a comma after direct speech is that it is placed not inside the statement, but after the closing quote.
2.3. inside direct speech, breaking the latter into two parts. It has its own peculiarities of writing punctuation marks.
- if direct speech is a single sentence and should be continued after the break, then the author's words are separated from both sides by a comma and a dash, after which the first word is written with a small letter:
"Is it really," I thought, "my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people's hopes?" (Lermontov)
- if the statement consists of several sentences, and the words of the author are after one of them, then the exclamation and question marks, the ellipsis at the end of this sentence are preserved, the dot is replaced by a comma. This is followed by a dash, the words of the author with a small letter, a dot, a dash, and direct speech continues with a capital letter:
“We have nothing to shoot with here,” Popko’s voice answered in the receiver. “I myself wonder why he jumped back?” (L.S. Sobolev);
"Frost! Baklanov shouted after those who were leaving. “You still don’t lose sight of each other.” (Fadeev)
- if the author's words contain verbs that have the meaning of an utterance and are related to different parts broken direct speech, then a colon and a dash are placed before its second part:
“Let’s go, it’s cold,” Makarov said and sullenly asked: “Why are you silent?” (Bitter).
2.4. before and after direct speech, which, in fact, breaks the author's speech. AT this case after the first part of the author's words, a colon, an opening quotation mark, direct speech, a punctuation mark necessary for the meaning (except for a period), a closing quotation mark, a dash, the second part of the author's words are put. If direct speech should have ended with a period, then instead of it, a comma is placed after the closing quote:
To my question: "Is the old caretaker still alive?" - no one could give me a satisfactory answer (Pushkin);
Arriving at the dacha in a large company, the brother suddenly says: "Mishka, let's go to billiards," and they locked themselves up and played billiards for three hours. (Simonov).
Hello! Proper writing of direct speech (PR) and dialogues allows you to increase the visibility of information and better convey the general meaning of what is written. In addition, elementary adherence to the rules of the Russian language can be appreciated. target audience.
Question correct design in the text (PR) will not cause difficulties if you understand the series in time important points. First of all, it is worth understanding that there is a difference between the concepts of direct and indirect speech (CS). The first repeats verbatim the original statements introduced into the author's story or narration without changing the individual character and style (dialectal features, repetitions and pauses).
PR is introduced into the text without the use of conjunctions or pronouns, which greatly simplifies the use of CS.
ETC: The teacher suddenly remarked, "Time is up."
KS: The teacher noticed that the time was up.
In the text of the PR most often:
- written in quotation marks;
- stands out in a separate paragraph, starting with a dash.
Questions about how to correctly write direct speech in the text arise when its structure becomes more complicated. For example - interruptions by the words of the author.
You can view introductory courses for 3 in-demand areas of remote work for free. Details look at the online training center.
Starts or ends a sentence with PR
Direct speech at the beginning of a sentence must be enclosed in quotation marks, capturing question marks, exclamations and ellipsis. The point is taken out of quotes. The dash highlights the author's words and stands in front of them.
“The train has left, now I’m definitely going to be late!” - exclaimed the girl in dismay.
PR at the end of the sentence is distinguished instead of a comma and a dash by a colon, while the words of the author are written with a capital letter.
The girl said with chagrin: “I came too late - the train left, and you need to run to the bus!”.
Let's finish with the examples. Schematically, the rules can be represented as follows:
"PR (!?)" - a. "PR" - a.
A: "PR(!?..)". A: PR.
The author's words are included in the PR
“The train has left,” the girl thought sadly, “now I’ll definitely be late!”
If the beginning of the PR is a logically complete sentence, the author's words should be limited to a dot, and the final part should begin with a dash.
“Well, the train managed to leave,” the student thought sadly. “Now I definitely won’t have time to go to college!”
Conditional schemes are:
"PR, - a, - pr."
"PR, - a. - ETC".
PR is inscribed in the author's narrative
The man sadly thought: “The train has left, now I will definitely be late,” and quickly ran to the bus stop.
If the PR is at the beginning of the sentence, it is followed by a dash:
“The train has left, now I will definitely be late!” - thought the man, and hurried to the bus stop.
Conditional design schemes:
A: "PR", - a.
A: "PR (?! ...)" - a.
Rules for writing dialogues
In dialogues:
- quotes are not put;
- each of the replicas is wrapped on a new line and begins with a dash.
Dialogue example:
- Father has arrived!
- And now for a long time, - Yuri answered happily. - The expedition is over.
Often in one sentence, PR with a certain verb is used twice. This means that there must be a colon before terminating the PR.
“Father has arrived,” Vova said slowly, and suddenly cried out loudly: “Daddy, how long are you going to stay?”
If the replicas are short, they can be entered in one line using a dash as a separator:
- Son? Mom shouted. - It's you?
Having the knowledge described above, I think it will not be difficult to correctly write direct speech in texts in accordance with the rules of the Russian language. A schematic representation of the rules can be rewritten on a piece of paper and information can be used if necessary until it is firmly fixed in memory.
Only one left interest Ask. You know how good money is? Attention, it means normal, not penny work. I hasten to please you. This topic is widely covered on this blog. Check out the posts, there are a lot of interesting things. Subscribe. The publication of new materials continues. Until communication.
The design of direct speech in the text allows you to reproduce all the features of live oral speech.
The concept of direct speech and the words of the author
Direct speech is a reproduced someone else's statement, in which its lexical, syntactic and intonational features are preserved. Direct speech is accompanied by the words of the author, from which it becomes known to whom the thought belongs, under what circumstances and how it will be expressed.
The design of direct speech allows you to reproduce all the features of live oral speech: expression, appeals, exclamations, and the like. Direct speech stores not only the content of the statement, but also its lexical, grammatical and stylistic features:
"Vasya! Come here!" my father shouted from the yard.
Punctuation marks and direct speech
Quoting direct speech is a mandatory rule, and quotes should include question and exclamation marks, as well as an ellipsis that ends the sentence. The dot and comma must be enclosed in quotation marks. However, if there are already signs in quotes, question or exclamation marks, or ellipsis, then neither a period nor a comma is placed behind the quotes. Direct speech may consist of one or more sentences, as well as its parts.
If there is a design of direct speech in the text, the words of the author may be before, inside or after it.
- Grandmother asks: "What, kids? Do you want pies?"
- “What, kids?” Grandma asks. “Do you want pies?”
- "What, kids? Do you want pies?" Grandma asks.
You can learn the use of punctuation marks in constructions when making direct speech (P, p) with the words of the author (A, a) using the following schemes:
It should be noted that the words of the author are highlighted with a comma and a dash on both sides when they are inside a direct speech expressed by a declarative sentence. If the author's words end with an indication (added, said, objected, answered) that direct speech continues, the design of the second part should begin with a capital letter; after the words of the author, in this case, you need to put a colon and a dash.
Dialog
Dialogue is a type of direct speech. Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. The individual messages and questions that make up the dialogue are called replicas. In replicas, the words of the author are often missing. In dramatic works, the words of the author are called remarks.
Dialogue punctuation marks
The dialogue begins with a paragraph and a dash before the line:
- Mother! Does the sun have children?
- There is.
“Where are they?”
- Where? And in the sky... those stars that shine at night are the children of the sun...
In dramatic works, the dialogue is written after the name of the character and a period:
M a l ch i k. My ears are frozen ...
Girl. Put on your hat!
In all cases, the design of direct speech begins with a capital letter.
Transmission of direct speech indirect
In life and in literature it is often necessary to replace direct speech with indirect speech, that is, to convey it in your own words. A sentence with direct speech then becomes complex, in which the main sentence forms the words of the author, and the subordinate one forms direct speech; to connect the main and contracting parts, the unions "to" or "a" are used, as well as pronouns and adverbs:
- "Will you go by boat to Kanev?" the teacher asked the high school students.
- The teacher asked if the high school students would go by boat to Kanev.
The questions expressed by the contract proposal are called indirect; no sign is placed at the end of such a sentence.
Someone else's statement, transmitted on behalf of the narrator along with the words of the author, is called indirect speech. When someone else's statement is conveyed from oneself, that is, by indirect speech, then the words of the author are made the main sentence, and the direct speech is contracted.
Quotation rules
A quotation is a verbatim passage from some work or text to prove or illustrate a particular opinion. The quotation must be enclosed in quotation marks.
- Nothing in the quote can be changed, not even punctuation marks. When a quotation is incomplete, gaps in it should be indicated by three dots.
Quoting is of two types: in the form of direct speech and in the form of indirect speech. - If the quote is given in the form of direct speech, then the design of punctuation marks with it must be done in the same way as the design of direct speech in writing.
- If the quotation is given as component in the author's sentence, then the same requirements apply to it as to indirect speech.
- If the quotation is given in the form of a verse, then it is not taken in quotation marks.
“We speak, we speak ...” or punctuation rules for direct speech
All our words that form into monologues, dialogues and polylogues are direct speech in. Another thing is how to correctly formulate this statement, correctly inserting it into the author's thoughts in a letter. What is the difference between indirect and direct? And what punctuation marks in Russian are used to denote it? Details in this article.
In contact with
Direct speech in Russian: what is it?
In fact, direct speech is called words of the speaker that are inserted verbatim in the mind of the author. This format is individual and has the one whose words are reproduced. A person can use dialectisms, observe pauses, or saturate his statements with introductory constructions.
Attention! The introduction of this speech type does not provide for any additional conjunctions or pronouns.
The design of direct speech is usually distinguished by quotation marks or a separate paragraph. As a variety, quoting can also be attributed here - this is the selection of the author's speech in quotation marks.
What is direct speech?
Design rules
How is direct speech written? The best remedy for remembering punctuation are schematic rules.
Deciphering the designations: "P" - direct speech, "A" - the words of the author.
For a better understanding, here are examples for the left column of schemes:
- He shouted, “It started to rain!”
- He asked, “Has it started raining yet?”
- He thought: “It will rain soon…”
- He shrugged his shoulders, "It did rain."
- "We are going to walk!" she laughed.
- "We will go out?" she asked.
- “We are already walking,” she answered on the phone.
And last are examples for the right column of circuits:
- He smiled, "The dinner was delicious!" and closed his eyes in pleasure.
- She looked at him, "Do you really think so?" - and was very surprised.
- He thought, looking into the distance: "Maybe you're right ..." - and shook his head.
- She ran up to him: “Daddy, take a maple leaf,” and held it out with her small hand.
"P-a. - P".
Such difficult cases the whole statement is taken in quotation marks along with the author's words.
Example: “I'll come later,” he said. "Dine without me."
Important! Such a speech type is not a member of the sentence!
Punctuation schemes
How to format a dialogue?
Dialogue is an exchange of remarks between two people, therefore, in writing, this speech type is made out without quotes, and each replica is written on a new line. There is also a dash before the beginning of the utterance.
Sample dialogue diagram:
Where "R" is a replica.
The same verbal example:
We went on a tour today.
- To the paleontological museum.
- Great!
Yes, it was very interesting!
Sometimes you can find an unusual dialogue that is extended into a line. This is because the lines are very short. These dialogues are drawn up according to the same rules as the inclusion of author's words.
For example:
- Who's there? she asked. - It's me!
In the event that the sentence contains two constructions with direct speech and each has its own verb at the base, then a dash is placed before the start of the “second” construction.
“Come on, it’s already getting dark,” he said and asked quietly: “Aren’t you cold?”
And the most interesting case is the following design, when several replicas, it can be both a dialogue and a polylogue (exchange of replicas of several people), follow each other in a line. Moreover, it is not indicated to whom these words belong, whether they are the words of the author or the heroes of the conversation. In addition, each replica is drawn up in separate quotes and with a dash.
"P, - a, - p?" - "P". - "P?" - "P". - "P?" - "P".
For example:
“Tell me, grandmother, this is what,” I asked, “do you need more help around the house?” - "Thank you, granddaughter, there is still work for you." - "What, grandma?" - "Yes, screw the door to the closet." “And how long has it been falling off?” "It's been two days now, it's uncomfortable."
Dialogue design
Attention! A dash and a hyphen are not the same. A dash is placed inside sentences or at the beginning of a dialogue, and a hyphen divides only words into component parts.
Varieties: quotation and improperly direct speech
As mentioned above, quoting differs from direct speech in Russian in that the second one can be indirect. And the most important difference is that a quote with its uniqueness can also be proposal member. The only similarity between a quotation and a given speech type will be quotation marks: both of them are always made out in writing.
Punctuation rules for quoting:
- If a quote becomes an indirect statement or another part of a sentence that fits organically into the text, then it is taken in quotation marks and is written with a lowercase letter. When analyzing a sentence, such a quote is also analyzed, as well as the author's words. For example: “For those who acted as independent judges on the show, it was immediately clear “who is who”, and they did not let themselves be deceived.
- If a quote becomes a member of a sentence, then it is written with a capital letter and will be highlighted with quotation marks when writing. Such quotation is also not considered direct speech.
For example: “The love boat crashed into everyday life” - this line is already more than 80 years old.
An improperly direct construction stands apart, which looks like a fragment of the narrative that conveys thoughts, emotions, mood or attitude depicted character. However, such direct speech with a special intonation does not stand out in any way: neither syntactically nor punctuationally. The author of this technique in the literature is A.S. Pushkin to speak and at the same time think for his character. Such a speech position is a translation of someone else's thought.
For example: This is his house. It is dilapidated, no one has been in there for a long time. And here is the front door. God! How could he live here? There is a layer of dirt on the floor, the wallpaper is torn. Real hole!
This construction, of course, is related to the author, therefore all pronouns and verb forms are chosen precisely from his position, but still such improperly direct speech has lexical and stylistic features that are inherent in our speech type. For example, the use of colloquial
Examples of direct speech
When Andrei arrived home, his determination gradually evaporated ... he looked out the window: Moscow was beautiful in spring. The townspeople admired the first dandelions... Where is Anna now? What is it like in a foreign land? Completely disappeared. What is she doing? Andrei returned to the computer and started typing the message again.
The problem of this type of narration was first studied by Mikhail Bakhtin, and Voloshinov has already started talking about its double-accent and how polyphonic this tone of narration gives off. Ouspensky, on the other hand, proposed to combine these constructions with the hero’s internal monologue and designate them as intermediate stage of the transition of direct speech into an indirect one.
Proposals with direct speech. Punctuation marks in them
Proposals with direct speech. Ways to design someone else's speech
Conclusion
Thus, the answer to the question of what direct speech is is the complete conviction that this is a rather important part of text fragments, since it incorporates not only the stylistic features of the speaker and reflects his personality, but also conveys character traits, and also contributes to better understanding meaning. This speech type makes the text more alive, saturates with emotions and brings the reader closer to reality. And making it out is not at all difficult if you schematically memorize light punctuation rules.
Loading...