Conservative movement under Nicholas 1 main ideas. Radical direction under Nicholas I

leader conservative direction public life was S.S. Uvarov, Minister of Education, President of the Academy of Sciences, author of the Theory of Official Nationality - the basis of the ideology of conservatives. Among the theorists of this direction, historians N.M. Karamzin and M.P. Pogodin, playwright N.V. Puppeteer, writers F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech, M.N. Zagoskin.

After the defeat of the Decembrists, Russia is going through a period of political reaction. Late 1820s-early 1830s. the revolutionary trend exists only in a few student circles. Among them are the circles of the brothers Kritsky (1827) and Sungurov (1831), who tried to continue the work of the Decembrists and were mercilessly crushed by the government.

The authorities consistently persecuted those organizations that adopted the new ideas of utopian socialism: the Herzen circle in Moscow (1833-1834) and the Petrashevsky society in St. Petersburg (1845-1849, F.M. Dostoevsky participated in the work of the circle). More peaceful was the existence of the moderately liberal circle of Stankevich (1833-1839), far from politics, whose members were fond of German idealist philosophy.

By the end of the 1830s. There are two distinct trends in liberal thought in Russia: Westernism and Slavophilism, - who offer their concepts of the historical development of Russia and programs for its reorganization.

Westerners (V.P. Botkin, E.F. Kort, K.D. Kavelin, V.P. Botkin, I.S. Turgenev, historians S.M. Solovyov and T.N. Granovsky) believed that Russia was an ordinary European state that deviated from the “correct” path of development after the start Mongolian yoke and returned to it, as a result of the reforms of Peter the Great. The movement to the west is strongly hampered by the persistence of serfdom and despotism. The authorities and society must prepare and carry out well-thought-out, consistent reforms (the abolition of serfdom and the restriction of absolutism), with the help of which the gap between Russia and Western Europe will be eliminated.

From the point of view of the Slavophiles (A.S. Khomyakov, brothers I.V. and P.V. Kireevsky, K.S. and I.S. Aksakov, A.I. Koshelev), Russia is developing in its own, original way. They called the peasant community, Orthodoxy, collectivism, limited absolutism, democratic traditions (in the form of Zemsky Sobors) its main features. As a result of Peter's reforms, this harmonious structure of Russia was destroyed. It was Peter who introduced serfdom interfering with the existence of the community, the despotism of power and European customs. It is necessary to return Russia to the “correct” path of development by abolishing serfdom, limiting absolutism and returning to the original way of life. The Slavophils hoped to achieve this goal with the help of reforms that should be carried out by a convocation of the emperor. Zemsky Sobor. A special, very moderate position was taken by the “Moscow Slavophiles” (Yu.M. Samarin). They opposed radical reforms and serious restrictions on autocracy. Their motto is: “The power of power is for the king. The power of opinion is to the people.

Thus, both currents of liberalism in Russia, interpreting the features of its historical path, acted with the same slogans, calling for the abolition of serfdom and the restriction of absolutism.

Representatives radical direction, A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev and V.G. Belinsky in the late 1830s and early 1840s shared the main ideas of the Westerners. Later, however, the radicals subjected the capitalist system to the sharpest criticism. In their opinion, a new type of society should be built in Russia - communal (Russian) socialism (the author of his theory is A.I. Herzen). The main cell of the new society should be the peasant community, the universal equality of whose members the radicals considered the main sign of socialism. At the end of the 1840s. Herzen and Ogarev emigrated to England. There from 1857 to 1867. they publish the first Russian revolutionary newspaper, Kolokol.

P.Ya. occupies a special place in the social movement. Chaadaev, a participant in the war of 1812 and the Northern Society of Decembrists. In his "Philosophical Letters" (1829-1831) he spoke about the excommunication of Russia from world history, about the spiritual stagnation due to the peculiarities of Orthodoxy, which prevents historical development countries. For the publication of "Letters" in the journal "Telescope" (1836), Chaadaev was declared insane. In 1837, he wrote "The Madman's Apology", in which he expresses his hope for the inclusion of Russia in Western Christian civilization.

Features and Directions social movement 30 - 50s of the nineteenth century:

It developed in the conditions of political reaction (after the defeat of the Decembrists)
The revolutionary and government directions finally diverged
Its participants did not have the opportunity to put their ideas into practice.

Directions of socio-political social movements under Nicholas 1 thoughts of this period:

Conservative (leader - Count S.S. Uvarov)
Westernizers and Slavophiles (ideologists Kavelin, Granovsky, brothers K. and I. Aksakov, Yu. Samarin, etc.)
Revolutionary-democratic ~ ideologists - A. Herzen, N. Ogarev, M. Petrashevsky)

Mugs 20 - 30-ies - Social movement under Nicholas I

Student circles were most active at Moscow University. 1830 V. G. Belinsky created the "literary society of the 11th number" - they criticized the socio-political reality. For the drama "Dmitry Kalitin" Belinsky was expelled from the university.

Circle of brothers of Crete (1826 -1827) - Public movement under Nicholas I

Consisted of 6 people. They tried to put a proclamation to the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. Destroyed by the authorities.

Sungur society (1831) - Social movement under Nicholas I

Consisted of 26 people. N. P. Surgunov planned to prepare an armed uprising, but was crushed by the authorities.

Circle of N. V. Stankevin (1831 - 1839) - Social movements under Nicholas I

Bakunin, Belinsky, Botkin, Herzen. They studied the philosophical systems of Hegel and Schelling.

Conservative direction - Public movement under Nicholas I

Historian Pogodin, philologist Shevyrev, journalists Grech and Bulgarin. In the mid-1920s, they proposed the concept of Russia's identity, "The Theory of Official Nationality". S.S. Uvarov, who became Minister of Public Education in 1833. The essence was that autocracy, Orthodoxy and nationality are the foundations of Russian history. Autocracy is the guarantor the inviolability of the Russian state.Orthodoxy is the basis of the spiritual life of the people.Nationality is the "unity" of the tsar with the people, the absence of social conflicts.

Liberal direction (powerful social movement under Nicholas I)

Slavophiles and Westernizers

Slavophiles - current public thought appeared in 1840. Ideologists - A.S. Khomyakov, brothers Kireevsky, brothers Aksakov, Samarin.

Defense of Orthodoxy and nationality - the most important characteristic Russian society
Nationality (Orthodoxy, community and national Russian character)
In Russia, power is in harmony with the people
Russia develops in a non-violent way
In Russia, spiritual values prevail over material ones.
Negative attitude to the transformative activity of Peter I
Russia has its own way of development from Europe
Serfdom must be abolished, preserving the community and the patriarchal way of life -> spiritual way of life, did not oppose technology)
To determine the path of development - to create a Zemsky Sobor
They rejected the revolution and radical reforms - gradual transformations carried out "from above".

Westernism - Granovsky, Kavelin, Annenkov, Chicherin, Solovyov, Botkin, Belinsky.

Ideas of Westernism:

Russia, a developing country lags behind the West and retains a number of national characteristics
It is necessary to eliminate the historical gap, perceiving the achievements and values of the West
Liberal ideals of individual freedom, civil society, establishing a constitutional monarchy
Develop market relations
The abolition of serfdom, transfer of land for ransom (the main idea of this social movement under Nicholas 1).
The means of updating Russia - reforms "from above" - to prevent a revolution
Exalted the activities of Peter 1 for the renewal of Russia

revolutionary democracy

Combining the ideas of Westernism (freedom of the individual, civil law) and Slavophilism (communal system, collectivism and European socialism).

The goal of the movement is to create a socialist society.

Methods to achieve the goal - radical reforms or mass revolution. The theory of "Russian socialism" (populism) Herzen, Chernyshevsky, Ogarev, Dobrolyubov, Bakunin.

Achieve the goal through the rural community with its collectivism and self-government
Russia needs to bypass capitalism from serfdom to socialism
To avoid a bloody revolution - through radical reforms "from above"
Eliminate serfdom, give land without redemption, preserving the community
Civil liberties and democratic government

Herzen publishes The Bell in London. Bakunin participated in the European revolution of 1848-49. anarchist theorist.

Petrashevsky - Petrashevsky, Butashevich, Speshnev, Saltykov - Shchedrin, Pleshcheev, Dostoevsky.

They talked about the abolition of serfdom. In 1849 the circle is destroyed.

Thus, by the middle of the 19th century, oppositional movements to the government took shape.

Profound influence on all aspects of internal and foreign policy Nicholas I was influenced by the Decembrist movement. By personal order of Nicholas I, a special note was drawn up, which included the projects of the Decembrists, the materials of their interrogations, and even notes compiled by some of the Decembrists, both of their own free will and at the request of the emperor. All this looked more like a possible program of the reign than an analysis of the documents and programs of the Decembrist movement. According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, throughout his reign, Nicholas had this document on his desktop, which he referred to more than once. Nicholas I, being a prudent and intelligent politician, saw the main goal of his reign in strengthening and protecting the existing system.
The main directions of the policy of Nicholas I
1. The peasant question.
. There was a restriction of the sphere of serfdom, while the interests of the landowners were practically not infringed: the sale of peasants at retail was prohibited, the purchase of peasants by landless nobles. By a decree of 1847, peasants were granted the right to redeem themselves with land when selling their estate for the debts of the landowner. In 1848, all categories of peasants were allowed to buy real estate.
. The most significant transformations in peasant question associated with the name of Count P.D. Kiseleva. In 1837 - 1841. he carried out a reform of the management of state peasants: the peasants were endowed with land, their gradual transfer to cash rent, the creation of local peasant self-government, the opening of schools, hospitals, veterinary stations, and the dissemination of agricultural knowledge.
. 1842 - Decree "On obligated peasants": the landowner could, by agreement with the peasants (without any redemption), provide them with personal freedom and a land plot in hereditary possession, for which the peasants are obliged to pay or perform certain duties. In essence, while receiving personal freedom, the peasants remained attached to the land.
2. Strengthening autocracy.
. His Majesty's own office has become government agency. In 1826, the III department of the office was established, main function which became political investigation and supervision. As a military-political force of the III branch, a corps of gendarmes (political police) was formed, the country was divided into 5 gendarmerie districts.
. The new state ideology is the one proposed by S.S. Uvarov (head of the Ministry of Public Education) "the theory of official nationality", which was based on the "triune" formula: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality." main support Nicholas I saw autocracy in the bureaucracy and the patriarchal peasantry. He sought to rely on that part of the nobility, whose incomes were insufficient to make it possible to do without public service and salaries. A class of hereditary officials is being formed, for whom public service becomes a profession.
. Under the leadership of Speransky, the systematization of Russian laws was carried out (1833). The result of this activity was complete collection laws Russian Empire" (beginning with Cathedral Code 1649) and "Code of current laws of the Russian Empire".
3. Economic activities.
. Financial reform E.F. Kankrin, carried out in 1839 - 1843. The basis of monetary circulation was the silver ruble and its obligatory exchange rate was established for paper banknotes (1: 3.5). Banknotes were withdrawn from circulation and exchanged at the rate for credit notes. This normalized the country's economic life and strengthened its financial position.
. Protectionist duties were imposed on imported foreign goods.
. Major industrial exhibitions and extensive railway construction were held.
. In 1828, the Manufactory Council was created, which exercised control over the development of industry, organized industrial exhibitions, and resolved conflicts between manufacturers and workers.
4. Strengthening censorship, the fight against dissent.
. In 1826 and in 1828 new censorship statutes tightened control over the activities of writers and journalists. In creative circles, the charter of 1826 was called "cast iron".
. In 1827, a special decree forbade the education of serfs in secondary and higher educational institutions.
. The University Charter of 1835 significantly limited the independence of these educational institutions, placing them under the ideological and administrative control of the Ministry of Public Education.
5. Social politics.
. Strengthening and conservation of the nobility. Barriers were created to the expansion of this estate at the expense of people from the "taxable estates".
. In order to strengthen the material base of the nobility, a decree of 1845 established indivisible hereditary estates, that is, not subject to splitting between heirs and passing by inheritance to the eldest son.
. In 1832, the titles of hereditary honorary citizens were introduced (assigned to children whose parents had personal nobility, scientists, artists, merchants of the first and second guilds) and honorary citizens (assigned to officials of 4th - 10th grades, persons who graduated from higher educational institutions) . Honorary citizens were exempted from recruitment duty, corporal punishment, poll tax; that is, part of the noble privileges extended to people of "vile origin".
Social movement in the 30s - 50s. XIX century
In the second quarter of the 20th century there was an increase in popular movements. Thus, the number of peasant uprisings increased. In the early 30s. there were mass unrest of specific and state peasants in connection with the increase in duties, the reduction of allotments and the harassment of the local administration.
In 1830 - 1831. a wave of so-called cholera riots swept across the country. The reason for them was strict quarantine measures in connection with the spread of cholera.
The Decembrist uprising prompted the opposition part of the students to organize various kinds of circles and secret societies. In the 20-30s. In the 20th century, the core of these organizations were mainly students of Moscow University. A circle of the Cretan brothers (1827) operated there, the members of which shared the program of the Decembrists; circle N.P. Sungurov (1830-1831), the students who were part of it advocated a revolutionary coup; mugs V.G. Belinsky (1829), A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev (1831-1834), in which they studied the theory of utopian socialism, Western European philosophy. Circles were also created in the provinces. Most of the circles were quickly dispersed by the police, some of their members were exiled.
Ideological and political currents society in the 30s and 40s. XIX century
At the turn of the 30s - 40s. magazines and newspapers became the center of social and political life. In the Moscow magazine "Telescope" in 1836, one of the "Philosophical Letters" by P.A. Chaadaev (in his youth he was a member of the Decembrist Union of Welfare, was a friend of A.S. Pushkin), after the publication of which the Telescope magazine was closed, and Chaadaev himself was declared insane. He made a sharp criticism of the social and moral foundations of the regime existing in Russia. Chaadaev assessed the past, present and future of Russia extremely pessimistically. The presentation of Chaadaev's views in the press accelerated the process of the formation of two ideological currents - Slavophilism and Westernism.
In the 30s - 40s. HC in. In Russian social thought, the following directions can be distinguished:
1) protective;
2) liberal opposition (Westernism and Slavophilism);
3) revolutionary-democratic.
The ideological expression of the protective direction in social thought was the "theory of official nationality." It was promoted by the reactionary professors of Moscow University S.P. Shevyrev and M.P. Pogodin, journalists N.I. Grech and F.V. Bulgarin. They argued that Russia is dominated by best order things, consonant with the requirements of religion and "political wisdom". Serfdom, although in need of improvement, retains much of the patriarchal, and a good landowner guards the interests of the peasants better than they could do it themselves, and the position of the Russian peasant is better than that of the Western European worker.
The liberal-opposition trend in social thought was represented by two currents - Slavophiles and Westerners. Representatives of this direction had a negative attitude towards serfdom and the existing political order. The disputes between the Westernizers and the Slavophiles mainly concerned different approaches to assessments of the past and future of Russia.
The Slavophiles (brothers Aksakov, A.S. Khomyakov, brothers Kireevsky) came up with the idea of a deep difference between Russia and Western European countries, a special way of its development. They saw the main features of Russia in the peasant community and the Orthodox faith as the only true Christianity. They believed that Peter's reforms forced the country to deviate from natural way development, it is necessary to return to this path. Resolutely opposing serfdom, the Slavophils believed that the power of the tsar should remain unlimited, but the people should be given the right to freely express their opinion - at the Zemsky Sobors, in the press. The term "Slavophiles" is essentially accidental. This name was given to them by their ideological opponents-Westerners in the heat of controversy. They themselves called themselves "Russian lovers" or "Russophiles", emphasizing that they were interested in the fate of the Russian people, and not the Slavs in general.
Westerners (T.N. Granovsky, P.V. Annenkov, V.P. Botkin, K.D. Kavelin) - advocated the Europeanization of Russia, based on the recognition of the unity of Russia and Western Europe as inseparable parts of one cultural and historical whole. They were supporters of reforming Russian society "from above", without social upheavals, advocated the establishment constitutional monarchy, the proclamation of political freedoms. The Westerners put forward projects for the liberation of the peasants with land.
The revolutionary democratic movement was represented by V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev, as well as the Petrashevites - members of the circle of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. They adopted the main program slogans of the Decembrists: the struggle against feudal-absolutist institutions and, first of all, the elimination of serfdom and autocracy. Petrashevsky, Herzen and Belinsky introduced the Russian public to the ideas of the utopian socialists. Herzen created an original concept of Russian socialism, which he outlined in his works. He proceeded from the idea of a special, "original" path of Russia's development to socialism, bypassing capitalism, through the peasant community. The objective conditions for the emergence and spread of communal socialism in Russia were the weak development of capitalism, the absence of a proletariat and the presence of a rural land community. These conditions were considered as factors ensuring the transition to socialism, bypassing capitalism. In 1853, in London, Herzen founded the "Free Russian Printing House", which marked the beginning of the uncensored Russian press.
A prominent place in the social movement of the 40s. occupies the activities of the circle of Petrashevists. Its founder was a young official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. Since the winter of 1845, teachers, writers, petty officials, and senior students gathered every Friday at his St. Petersburg apartment. These were people with very different views: both revolutionary-democratic and moderate-liberal. In March-April 1849, the Petrashevites began to create a secret organization and began to discuss plans for an armed uprising. The activities of the circle were interrupted by government repressions. A military court sentenced 21 people to death, but the death sentence was commuted to hard labor.

The leader of the conservative trend in public life was S.S. Uvarov, Minister of Education, President of the Academy of Sciences, author of the Theory of Official Nationality - the basis of the ideology of conservatives. Among the theorists of this direction, historians N.M. Karamzin and M.P. Pogodin, playwright N.V. Puppeteer, writers F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech, M.N. Zagoskin.

By the end of the 1830s. There are two distinct trends in liberal thought in Russia: Westernism and Slavophilism, - who offer their concepts of the historical development of Russia and programs for its reorganization.

Westerners (V.P. Botkin, E.F. Kort, K.D. Kavelin, V.P. Botkin, I.S. Turgenev, historians S.M. Solovyov and T.N. Granovsky) believed that Russia was an ordinary European state that deviated from the “correct” path of development after the beginning of the Mongol yoke and returned to it, as a result of the reforms of Peter the Great. The movement to the west is strongly hampered by the persistence of serfdom and despotism. The authorities and society must prepare and carry out well-thought-out, consistent reforms (the abolition of serfdom and the restriction of absolutism), with the help of which the gap between Russia and Western Europe will be eliminated.

From the point of view of the Slavophiles (A.S. Khomyakov, brothers I.V. and P.V. Kireevsky, K.S. and I.S. Aksakov, A.I. Koshelev), Russia is developing in its own, original way. They called the peasant community, Orthodoxy, collectivism, limited absolutism, democratic traditions (in the form of Zemsky Sobors) its main features. As a result of Peter's reforms, this harmonious structure of Russia was destroyed. It was Peter who introduced serfdom, which interfered with the existence of the community, the despotism of power and European customs. It is necessary to return Russia to the “correct” path of development by abolishing serfdom, limiting absolutism and returning to the original way of life. The Slavophils hoped to achieve this goal with the help of reforms to be carried out by the Zemsky Sobor convened by the emperor. A special, very moderate position was taken by the “Moscow Slavophiles” (Yu.M. Samarin). They opposed radical reforms and serious restrictions on autocracy. Their motto is: The power of power is for the king. The power of opinion is to the people.

Thus, both currents of liberalism in Russia, interpreting the features of its historical path in completely different ways, came out with the same slogans, calling for the abolition of serfdom and the restriction of absolutism.

Representatives of the radical trend, A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev and V.G. Belinsky in the late 1830s and early 1840s shared the main ideas of the Westerners. Later, however, the radicals subjected the capitalist system to the sharpest criticism. In their opinion, a new type of society should be built in Russia - communal (Russian) socialism(the author of his theory is A.I. Herzen). The main cell of the new society should be the peasant community, the universal equality of whose members the radicals considered the main sign of socialism. At the end of the 1840s. Herzen and Ogarev emigrated to England. There from 1857 to 1867. they publish the first Russian revolutionary newspaper, Kolokol.

P.Ya. occupies a special place in the social movement. Chaadaev, a participant in the war of 1812 and the Northern Society of Decembrists. In their " Philosophical letters”(1829-1831) he spoke about the excommunication of Russia from world history, about the spiritual stagnation due to the peculiarities of Orthodoxy, which hinders the historical development of the country. For the publication of "Letters" in the journal "Telescope" (1836), Chaadaev was declared insane. In 1837 he writes “ Apologia for a madman”, in which he expresses the hope for the inclusion of Russia in Western Christian civilization.

culture first half of XIX century - "The Golden Age of Russian Culture"

One of the most important phenomena in the history of Russian culture of that time was the transformation of the system of public education in 1803. The lower step in it was the 2-class parish schools for peasant children; the next - 4-class county schools for the children of the townspeople; in the provincial cities, gymnasiums were established for the offspring of the nobility, from where the path to the university was opened. The system, therefore, was of an estate character, but in principle it was open, not closed: there was the possibility of moving from one stage to another. Under Nicholas I, the situation changed: the transition from one stage to another became practically impossible. In 1835, a new university charter was also issued, which nullified their autonomy.

Significant advances have been made in science. The works of N.I. Lobachevsky (created non-Euclidean geometry) and P.L. Chebyshev (proved the law big numbers). Outstanding discoveries were made in the field of organic chemistry by N.N. Zinin and A.M. Butlerov. Successes in the study of electricity and magnetism are associated with the names of V.V. Petrova (study of the properties of an electric arc), E.Kh. Lenz and B.S. Jacobi (electroplating method). In medicine great importance had the works of N.I. Pirogov, who first used a plaster cast and ether anesthesia. With the name of V.Ya. Struve connected the beginning of the work of the Pulkovo Observatory and major discoveries in astronomy. P.P. Anosov unraveled the secret of Damascus steel.

The most important milestone in the development of Russian historical science was the 12-volume " History of Russian Goverment» N.M. Karamzin. The design of the nobility trend in historiography is associated with the names of historians N.G. Ustryalova and M.N. Pogodin. During this period, the works on world history Professor of Moscow State University T.N. Granovsky.

In the first half of the XIX century. numerous round-the-world trips are undertaken. The first round-the-world trip in the history of Russia was made under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky in 1803 - 1806 New islands were discovered in the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, valuable ethnographic information about the life of the indigenous population of Sakhalin and Kamchatka was obtained and recorded. In 1821, also during world travel, committed under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.I. Lazarev, one sixth of the world was discovered - Antarctica. Expeditions of F.P. Wrangel, F.F. Matyushin made a description of the northeastern coast of Asia, P.K. Pakhtusova, F.P. Litke - the islands of the Arctic Ocean.

In the first half of the XIX century. in Russian literature, new features appear, most clearly manifested in romanticism (V.A. Zhukovsky and K.N. Batyushkov), which at the beginning of the century gradually replaced the inherited from the 18th century. classicism and sentimentalism.

With the names of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasova, N.V. Gogol is connected with the victory of the new and most significant in Russian literature of the 19th century. directions - realism.

AT fine arts the romantic perception of the world is also being strengthened, excellent examples of which are given in the works of O.A. Kiprensky (portraits of Pushkin and Zhukovsky) and K.P. Bryullov (" The last day of Pompeii», « Rider”, “Self-portrait”).

In the 1830s - 1840s. in painting, too, there is a gradual formation of realism. The first steps in this direction were taken by V.A. Tropinin (" Lacemaker”, a portrait of Pushkin) and A.G. Venetsianov (" On the threshing floor», « On arable land"). The pinnacle of realism in painting in the 1840s. genre paintings by P.A. Fedotova ( "Major's Matchmaking", "Aristocrat's Breakfast", "Anchor, More Anchor"). The tragic figure of A.A. Ivanov - a deeply religious artist who devoted his whole life to the embodiment of his thoughts and feelings in a vivid picture " Appearance of Christ to the People».

In architecture, the position of late classicism ( empire), which is characterized by solemn monumentality, rigor and simplicity, turned out to be very durable. His best creations of the first half of the 19th century: building Admiralty(A.D. Zakharov), Saint Isaac's Cathedral (O. Montferrand), Kazan Cathedral, Mining Institute(A.N. Voronikhin), and Ensemble of the General Staff, the Senate and the Synod(K.I. Rossi) in St. Petersburg, big theater (A.A. Mikhailov - O. Bove) and the building of Moscow University rebuilt after a fire (D. Gilardi).

Since the end of the 1830s. under the influence of the theory of official nationality, an eclectic Russian-Byzantine style ( The Grand Kremlin Palace, the Armory, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Moscow railway station in St. Petersburg and Petersburg in Moscow- all K.A. Tone).

First half of the 19th century characterized by the development of the art of sculpture, and primarily monumental. Heroic pages remain the main theme national history: monuments to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow (I.P. Martos), Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly in St. Petersburg near the Kazan Cathedral (B.I. Orlovsky). The sculptural group “ horse taming» on the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg.

Early XIX in. marked by a rather intensive growth in the number of theaters and theater troupes. In 1824, the Bolshoi and Maly theaters were formed in Moscow. In 1832, the Alexandrinsky Theater began its activities in St. Petersburg. The founder of realism in acting art is considered to be M.S. Shchepkin. Outstanding tragic actors P.S. Mochalov, V.A. Karatygin, M.S. Shchepkin created memorable images in the plays of Shakespeare, Schiller, Gogol, Ostrovsky, Turgenev.

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Key concepts: Review: Liberalism Conservatism Revolutionary doctrine Learn: Socialist ideology

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1. Features of the social movement of the 30-50s The reasons for the emergence of the social movement and the composition of its participants: 1. the unresolved main issues of Russia about the preservation of serfdom and landownership, autocracy and Russia remained an empire - a "prison of peoples" 2. in the conditions of a great turn from an agrarian society to an industrial one, it was necessary to resolve the issue of the direction of Russia's further development. Intelligentsia, writers, poets, students, educated part of society, professors, newspaper editors, nobility and raznochintsy

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Features of the social movement of the 30-50s 1. Developed in conditions of reaction 2. Government reformism reached a dead end and did not solve a single main issue. There was a gap between government reformism and revolutionary innovation 3. A conservative trend was formed that formulated its own ideology 4. Liberal and socialist currents of social thought took shape The result of the search: in the conditions of the reaction of Nikolaev Russia, it was impossible to put their ideas into practice. The formation process has begun public consciousness and prepare it for future changes

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2. Directions of public thought Name of the movement Ideology of the movement in Russia Content, goals of the movement and ways to achieve them Conservatism SS Uvarov, NG Ustryalov, MN Pogodin, NV Kukolnik Theory of official nationality. Spiritual unity between the tsar, the people and Orthodoxy will be the foundation and guarantor of the successful development of Russia. The exclusivity of the historical original way of Russia is a guarantee of social progress and tranquility. Propaganda and teaching in all educational institutions Liberalism. Westerners T.N.Granovsky, S.M.Soloviev, K.D.Kavelin, V.P.Botkin, I.S.Turgenev World civilization is one. The isolation of Russia from it leads the country to decay. The transformations of Peter 1 brought Russia out of its “sleeping” state and placed it among the European powers of the world. Russia must join the West and merge into the "single universal culture" Propaganda of the doctrine through the media

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Liberals - Slavophiles Brothers Aksakov, Kireevsky, Yu.F. Samarin, A.S. Khomyakov A.I. Orthodox faith The reasons for social disarray were seen in the reforms of Peter 1. Purpose: to return Russia to its former original state. Propaganda through the media, literature Common features Westernism and Slavophilism The abolition of serfdom, the reduction of the influence of bureaucracy, the rights and freedoms of the individual must be unshakable 2. radical transformations are inevitable and necessary The authorities must rely on the support of the public when carrying out transformations Reforms must be gradual and cautious Peaceful way of implementing reforms Faith in Russia and the possibility its steady progress towards prosperity 7. both movements aroused suspicion and persecution from the government

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3. Circles of the 20-30s of supporters of revolutionary transformations The end of the 20-30s can be called the circle period of the social movement. Moscow University and the circle of N.P. Sungurov, who hatched plans armed uprising The circle of N.V. Stankevich united Westerners, Slavophiles, and revolutionaries. The circle of Ogarev and Herzen was defeated in 1834

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4. Revolutionary movement 1. Alexander Ivanovich Herzen and Nikolai Ogaryov Herzen developed the ideology of "communal socialism" in Russia: The peasant land community is the main cell of socialism. The main condition is the liberation of the peasants and the elimination of the autocracy

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2. Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky Circle of the "Literary Society of the 11th Number" Published in the magazines "Telescope", "Molva", "Contemporary" He criticized Uvarov and his theory of official nationality He acted as one of the recognized spiritual leaders of the revolutionary camp

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“Letter to N.V. Gogol” He sharply criticized autocracy and serfdom.