He inherited a heavy legacy in the foreign policy field. The USSR was in the world, split into two opposing camps, and was in a state of .
The need for changes in foreign policy was declared by the adopted concept of the need for peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems and multiple ways of building socialism.
The CPSU abandoned the rigid ideological dictate in relations with the countries of "people's democracy". At the same time, the volume of material assistance and the coordination of the economic development plans of the CMEA participants increased.
The Warsaw Pact Organization was created in May 1955 to carry out military cooperation between the socialist countries and as a counterbalance to NATO. It included the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania.
Despite efforts to consolidate the socialist camp, there were serious contradictions in it. This was confirmed by the events in Germany in 1953 and in Hungary in 1956, when attempts were made to liquidate socialism. The rebellions were crushed by force Soviet troops.
In 1953, the USSR began rapprochement with China. To this end, a trade agreement was concluded, significant loans were allocated, and a commitment was made to withdraw Soviet troops from Port Arthur. The USSR abandoned economic interests in Manchuria and transferred all joint trading companies to China.
However, in the late 50s. relationships escalated. The reason for this was the refusal of the PRC to deploy Soviet military bases on its territory.
In response, the USSR withdrew military specialists from China, reduced logistical assistance, and curtailed programs for cooperation in the field of nuclear physics.
Despite the proclaimed course of peaceful coexistence, confrontation with the capitalist countries began. One of the main reasons for the controversy was the question of the status of Germany. The USSR prevented the entry of the FRG into NATO, the issue of borders was not regulated. The West refused to recognize the independence of the GDR and called for the unification of Germany under the auspices of the FRG.
Negotiations to resolve the conflict did not produce results, and in the conditions of its aggravation, on August 13, 1961, a concrete wall, which separated the Western part of Berlin from the rest of the GDR.
The most acute was the Caribbean crisis (October 1962), which brought the world to the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. It was caused by an attempt by the USSR to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. Thanks to the negotiations between the leaders of the USSR and the USA, the war was avoided.
A new round of tension between the great powers began as a result of the US military intervention in Vietnam. The USSR provided support to the armed forces of Hungary.
The need for the production of weapons was a heavy burden on the country's budget. The USSR repeatedly came up with initiatives to reduce the size of the army, offensive weapons, and tried to impose a moratorium on nuclear tests.
In 1955, the USSR proposed to convene a World Conference on Disarmament. The initiative on general disarmament was introduced by N.S. Khrushchev at the UN Assembly in September 1959. As a result, in the early 60s. treaties were signed on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and the prohibition of their testing.
The USSR was active in spreading the "socialist orientation" to developing countries. For this purpose, visits were made to Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Burma, Afghanistan. These countries received political, military and economic assistance from the USSR. Despite the activity shown and material costs, this policy did not bring tangible results.
The foreign policy of the USSR in initial period"thaw" was carried out in the conditions of " cold war". It is worth saying that to weaken it, new, more diplomatic, flexible approaches to solving world problems were required.
XX Congress of the CPSU (1956) was determined principle of world coexistence states with different socio-political systems, which allowed the USSR to direct its efforts to détente.
It is worth saying that the policy of peaceful coexistence, alternating pressure with compromises and not bringing matters to a war, explains the seemingly complex intertwining of contradictory initiatives of Soviet diplomacy in the period 1956-1964. combining threats with proposals for detente in world tension.
The policy adopted in relation to the West assumed, first of all, its full recognition of the results of the Second World War and the conquest of the “socialist camp”.
After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the most acute manifestations of the Cold War began to be overcome, economic, political and cultural connections of the USSR with the capitalist countries.
N.S. Khrushchev and D. Eisenhower in the White House
In January 1954 in Berlin A meeting of the foreign ministers of the United States, Great Britain, France and the USSR was held to discuss issues related to Indochina, Korea, the German problem, and collective security in Europe.
In July 1955, ten years after Postdam, the heads of the great powers met again in Geneva - USSR, Great Britain and France. The focus of the meeting was on the interconnected German question and the question of European security. In 1955 Soviet government decided to return to their homeland all German prisoners of war who were in the USSR. Diplomatic relations were established between the USSR and the FRG. A major achievement in the international sphere was the signing in May 1955 by the representatives of the USSR, the USA, Britain, France and Austria of the Treaty on the Restoration of Austrian Independence.
In June 1961. in Vienna, the first meeting of N.S. Khrushchev with a new US President D. Kennedy. It was not her decision to establish a direct telephone connection between the Kremlin and the White House. At the same time, the situation in Berlin escalated again. As a result, on August 12, 1961, a concrete wall was erected overnight around West Berlin and set up checkpoints at the border. This caused even greater tension both in Berlin itself and in the international situation as a whole.
The situation in the Middle East remained no less tense, especially after the national-democratic government of G.A. came to power in Egypt in 1952. Nasser.
The primary task in the foreign policy sphere was fight for disarmament. In an effort to reverse the dangerous course of events, the USSR for the period 1956-1960. unilaterally reduced ϲʙᴏ and the Armed Forces by 4 million people. In March 1958, the USSR unilaterally stopped testing all types of nuclear weapons, thereby expressing the hope that other countries would follow its example. At the same time, this action did not find a response from the United States and its NATO allies at that time. The concept of general and complete disarmament was introduced by the USSR in 1959 and 1960. for discussion at the XIV and XV sessions of the UN General Assembly.
Speech by N. S. Khrushchev at the XIV session of the UN General Assembly on September 18
But the US and its allies blocked these Soviet proposals as well.
It is worth saying - the political union of countries Do not forget that the Warsaw Pact - the USSR, It is worth saying - Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia - set her task maintaining peace in Europe and ensuring the security of the states of the Warsaw Treaty Organization.
It should be noted that the main areas of mutual cooperation between the countries of the ATS were: international trade, coordination of national economic plans, scientific and technical policy, cultural ties. The assistance of the USSR to the socialist countries in the construction of industrial facilities grew.
At the same time, the policy towards the socialist countries was not only in the nature of cooperation, but also open interference when it came to the threat to the "socialist camp" from the anti-Soviet forces. Yes, in 1956. anti-Stalinist and anti-Soviet actions took place in It is worth saying - Poland. Khrushchev initially ordered tanks to be sent to Warsaw, but in the end he decided to negotiate with representatives of the Polish resistance. But in Hungary in 1956. a more severe crisis broke out, and the uprising that broke out in Budapest was suppressed by the combined armed forces of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact.
AT 1962. overdue crisis in Cuba when the Soviet leadership decided to install medium-range nuclear missiles there. Material published on http: // site
The US government demanded that the installed missiles be dismantled, threatening to launch rocket and bomb attacks on them in response. Only direct negotiations between US President D. Kennedy and N.S. helped prevent an international conflict. Khrushchev.
The Cuban crisis largely contributed to the fall of the political authority of the Soviet leader in the international arena. Let us note that, all the more so, in ϶ᴛᴏmu time, his political actions also fell inside the country, which was associated with mistakes, miscalculations and excesses of his voluntaristic course in the economy. Resignation of N.S. Khrushchev in 1964 was the result of domestic and foreign policy failures of a man who held the first post in the party and government.
After the XX Party Congress, the rehabilitation of the innocently repressed began; since 1957, deported peoples began to return to their native places: Chechens, Kalmyks, Balkars, etc.
Khrushchev began to reform.
In the field of management:
In each economic region, sectoral ministries were dissolved and National Economic Councils (Sovnarkhoz) were created; In the future, there was an enlargement of the economic councils (republican SNKh, SNKh of the USSR were formed).
Governance was decentralized;
There is a reduction in the administrative apparatus, etc.
A reform of party organizations was carried out, which were now divided into industrial and agricultural.
Reforms were also carried out in the field of agriculture:
Consolidation of collective farms (I wanted to create agro-cities, i.e. peasants had to live in apartments and work on collective farms);
Canceled the debts of collective farms;
Procurement prices were raised;
Large investments were made in the village;
The tax on personal household plots was abolished;
Peasants received passports
In 1954, the development of virgin lands began (Kazakhstan, the South Urals, Eastern Siberia). In the first years, the virgin lands justified themselves, and large crops were harvested, then all the successes came to naught.
Reorganization of MTS (machine and tractor stations) - they were to be bought out by collective farms (many collective farms went bankrupt on this buyout);
Corn production (but there were unfavorable climatic conditions for this).
In 1957 Khrushchev threw the slogan "Catch up and overtake America" in economic development, but there were no conditions for this, so “subscriptions” appeared.
In the field of science and culture, ideological pressure was weakened. A real breakthrough in these years was achieved primarily in astronautics. The achievements of Soviet scientists in this area ensured the USSR leadership in the world for a whole decade. October 4, 1957 was carried out launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
In 1957, the world's first icebreaker with a nuclear power plant was launched in the Soviet Union. The Institute for Nuclear Research was opened in the city of Dubna in the Moscow region.
Khrushchev tried to solve the housing problem - the construction of the so-called. "Khrushcheb". Among other things, pensions were doubled and the retirement period for townspeople was reduced; the period of mother's leave to care for a child has been extended; the state refused loans and accepted its debts to the population (it promised to pay them back in 20 years); introduced compulsory secondary education; removed all tuition fees; the Gulag was destroyed, etc.
In 1959, at the 21st Party Congress, Khrushchev announced the complete and final victory of socialism in the USSR and announced the beginning of the construction of communism (he promised communism by 2000).
In general, the era of Khrushchev's reforms is usually divided into two stages. The first (1953-1958) was dominated by positive economic results. On the second (1958-1964) negative. This period is characterized by a new crisis in agriculture, decline in production in all sectors of the economy.
In 1962-1963 the country was in an economic crisis. The pace of agricultural production has actually fallen to the level of the early 1950s. The recession has begun industrial production, which was a consequence of the exhaustion of the possibilities of extensive methods of development. Expecting to increase the interest of collective farmers in increasing the production of meat and dairy products, the government raised retail prices for meat and butter. At the same time, this step was accompanied by freezing wages. Taken together, both of these measures led to the discontent of the broad masses of the population. Anti-government demonstrations took place in a number of cities.
In Novocherkassk, local authorities used internal troops against the demonstrators, which led to dozens of civilian casualties. The country is on the verge of an acute political crisis. First of all, the party nomenklatura was dissatisfied with Khrushchev's policy. In addition, the prestige of the First Secretary was undermined by the Caribbean crisis and the rupture of relations with China. Finally, in 1964 a conspiracy arose against Khrushchev, led by L.I. Brezhnev. Khrushchev was accused of "voluntarism" in governing the country, after which he was forced to sign a letter of resignation. Brezhnev became the new First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
Foreign policy of the USSR in the 50-60s.
The main directions in foreign policy:
1 - the state of the cold war with the West
2 - the rapid expansion of the socialist camp.
During the reign of Khrushchev, a policy of "détente" was taken, its main provisions were formulated at the XX Party Congress:
Peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries;
The victory of socialism is also possible by parliamentary means;
Methods of building socialism may be different, depending on the specific conditions of a particular country.
Such a policy led to some stabilization of international relations - the USSR established diplomatic relations with the FRG, concluded a trade agreement with Japan, etc.
The uprising in Hungary was suppressed (1956 - they also wanted to withdraw from the "Warsaw Pact".
The successful policy of the USSR was in relation to the former colonial countries: friendly relations were established with India, Egypt (after participation in the Suez crisis of 1956 on the side of Egypt).
In the mid 60s. there is a certain stabilization of international relations. In August 1963, an agreement was signed in Moscow on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, space and under water. It was the first agreement on the limitation of strategic weapons.
The main tasks of foreign policy during the Brezhnev era:
Prevention of the collapse of the world socialist system;
Normalization of relations with the West;
Support for friendly regimes and movements in third world countries.
Thus, by the end of the 60s-early 70s. after a whole series of crises, the stabilization of relations between East and West began.
Question 1. Foreign policy of the USSR and features of world development in the 50-60s.
Question 2. Socio-economic and political development of the USSR in the 50-60s.
INTRODUCTION
The years 1953-1964 went down in history as the time of Khrushchev's "thaw". During this period, liberalization processes began in domestic and foreign policy. Changes were made in the economic and political spheres. There was a spiritual revival of society. Reforms carried out from above were inconsistent and contradictory. They met with misunderstanding and resistance from the party and state apparatus. Many of these reforms were doomed to failure.
The foreign policy of the USSR in the initial period of Khrushchev's "thaw" was carried out in the conditions of a tense international situation and a tough confrontation with the countries of the West. From the beginning of the 1950s, a law was in force in the United States, according to which the countries receiving aid from them were obliged to interrupt all trade relations with the socialist states. The Western powers, led by the United States, continued to create military-political alliances. An alliance was formed, which included Great Britain and several countries of the Middle East (CENTO). A military-political bloc emerged in South-East Asia(SVATO). The military-political blocs were called upon, in particular, to contain the influence of the "socialist camp" in the world and the national liberation movement of the colonial peoples.
The country's leadership, headed by N.S. Khrushchev saw one of the means of easing international tension in expanding relations between the USSR and the countries of the world. In 1954-1956. Negotiations were held on the establishment of interstate relations with several countries of Europe and Asia.
The new leadership of the country sought to strengthen the position of the USSR in the socialist camp. In 1954, Khrushchev and his entourage carried out liquidation of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict. When Khrushchev flew to Belgrade for talks with Tito, he met the guest accompanied by his retinue. One of the Yugoslav officials reproached Khrushchev: - Russia and Stalin did us so many bad things that it is difficult for us today to trust the Russians. There was a tense silence. Khrushchev approached the speaker, patted him on the shoulder and said: - Comrade Tito, when you need to fail any negotiations, appoint this person as the head of the delegation. Laughter relieved tension and negotiations were successful. All claims of the Soviet leadership to Tito were removed and relations with Yugoslavia were restored. Measures were taken to normalize Soviet-Yugoslav contacts. The declaration signed in 1955 by representatives of the USSR and Yugoslavia outlined cooperation between the parties in the field of economy, science and culture.
The result of the negotiations was the restoration of diplomatic relations with Austria and Federal Republic Germany. Was signed agreement to end the state of war between the USSR and Japan (1956). Diplomatic and trade relations were restored between them. By the end of the 1950s, the USSR was bound by trade agreements with more than 70 world powers.
In the mid-1950s, the USSR and the countries of the "socialist camp" created their own military-political alliance. In 1955, an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance was signed in Warsaw between the USSR and the European socialist countries. Members of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) were Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, East Germany and Czechoslovakia. The organization set itself the task of ensuring the security of the ATS states and maintaining peace in Europe. The countries pledged to resolve conflicts arising between them by peaceful means, to cooperate in actions to ensure the peace and security of peoples, and to consult on international issues affecting their common interests. A unified armed force and a common command were created to direct their activities. A Political Consultative Committee was formed to coordinate foreign policy actions.
One of the consequences of the emergence of new military-political blocs was the further aggravation of the international situation. To weaken it, other, more flexible diplomatic means were required, new, more thoughtful approaches to solving world problems. It became more and more obvious that there was a need to abandon tough confrontation in interstate relations.
Much attention was paid to the development of relations with states "third world"(developing countries) - India, Indonesia, Burma, Afghanistan, etc. The Soviet Union assisted them in the construction of industrial and agricultural facilities (participation in the construction of a metallurgical plant in India, the Aswan Dam in Egypt, etc.). During the stay of N.S. Khrushchev as head of state with the financial and technical assistance of the USSR was built in different countries there are about 6000 enterprises in the world.
New approaches to solving foreign policy problems were clearly defined in the mid-1950s, after the 20th Congress of the CPSU. The congress devoted much attention to questions of the international situation and the prospects for world development. The congress documents drew conclusions about the possibility of preventing a new world war and about the variety of forms of transition to socialism. The loyalty of the Soviet Union to the principles of sovereignty and independence in relations with the states of the world was emphasized.
The second half of the 1950s was a time of further activation of the USSR in the international arena. Relations with the socialist states acquired a stable character, to which the Cuba. The main areas of mutual cooperation were: foreign trade, coordination of national economic plans, contacts in the field of scientific and technological policy, cultural ties. The CMEA remained the main center of intereconomic relations. The help of the Soviet Union in the construction of industrial and other facilities on the territory of the socialist countries increased. At the same time, conflict situations appeared more and more often in the relations between states. One of the reasons for this was the retreat of the USSR from the principles of mutual cooperation proclaimed by it. On the one hand, the multivariate paths to socialism, the sovereignty and independence of countries were recognized. of Eastern Europe. On the other hand, there were attempts to dictate and open military intervention in the affairs of independent states.
The anti-Stalin campaign launched by Khrushchev led to a number of adverse consequences. both at home and abroad. Two socialist countries - Albania and China, refused to recognize the anti-Stalinist ideology of Moscow and regarded it as a revision of the communist ideology. And in Hungary criticism of Stalinism, on the contrary, caused an anti-Soviet movement and almost led to the overthrow of the socialist system. At the beginning of 1956, Stalin's henchman Rakosi was forced to resign. The new leader of Hungary was Imre Nagy, who, like Khrushchev, began a policy of de-Stalinization in the country. But this policy caused a wave of anti-Soviet speeches supported from the West, which in October 1956 grew into an uprising. Imre Nagy capitulated to the demands of the rebels and, in fact, took over the leadership of the uprising. His government announced the restoration of a multi-party system and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. In early November, the Warsaw Pact Council decided to send troops into Hungary. November 4, 1956 Warsaw Pact troops entered Budapest. The anti-Soviet uprising was crushed. About 20 thousand people died. Imre Nagy was arrested and soon shot.
In 1957, A.A. was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. Gromyko is a professional diplomat, long time representing the interests of the country in the UN.
Khrushchev's foreign policy was equally impulsive and inconsistent. Khrushchev sought to improve relations with the West and, at the same time, sought to assert the priority of the USSR in all areas. With the advent of intercontinental ballistic missiles in the USSR in 1957, it became possible to talk on an equal footing with the United States and its NATO allies.
In 1959, Khrushchev, during a trip to the United States, was able to reach Eisenhower's preliminary consent to negotiations on the status of Berlin. Official negotiations on this issue were to take place in 1960 in Paris. However, on May 1, 1960, an American pilot Powers flew over the territory of the USSR and was shot down. The show of force turned into an international scandal and the negotiations were broken. Negotiations with the new US President Kenedy in Vienna in 1961 also failed. Khrushchev threatened to unilaterally transfer East Berlin to the GDR, but these threats had no effect. As a result, East Berlin really passed to the GDR, and on August 6, 1960, the construction of the famous Berlin Wall began.
Insufficiently balanced and thoughtful actions to provide military assistance to Cuba almost brought the world to the brink of world war (Caribbean crisis). In 1962, the government of the USSR agreed with the Cuban leader F. Castro on the deployment of missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba. In connection with the commencement of deliveries of missiles, the US government announced the introduction of a "quarantine" on all types of weapons sent to Cuba. It demanded that the installed missiles be dismantled, threatening otherwise to inflict missile and bomb strikes on them. Only direct negotiations between US President John F. Kennedy and N.S. helped prevent an international conflict. Khrushchev. American pilots were already sitting in the cockpits of the planes and were waiting for the command to take off. In Moscow and Washington, none of the leaders slept on those nights: war could break out at any moment. Each of the politicians was sure that he was right. The world is merry by a thread. But in the end a compromise solution was found and war was avoided. Cuba could no longer fear an invasion from America.
Not less than important aspect Khrushchev's foreign policy became worsening relations with China where they did not accept the anti-Stalinist ideology. The Chinese leader Mao Zedong carried out a cruel policy in the country. Especially many victims were brought by the so-called "cultural revolution", which was carried out in 1966-1976. As a result of mass repression, many cultural figures and politicians of China, who advocated democratic reforms in the country, died. Mao Zedong's policy was very controversial. On the one hand, he was able to create strong state On the other hand, Mao did a lot of cruel things. Mao Zedong, who claimed to be the leader in the "socialist camp", accused the Soviet leadership of revisionism and retreat from communist ideals. In addition, Khrushchev did not come out in support of China in its conflict with India in 1960 and tried to play the role of an impartial arbiter. This was the reason for the final break. Work on the joint nuclear project was curtailed and Soviet specialists recalled. The supply of raw materials and equipment has been cut off. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, Mao said that the USSR capitulated to world imperialism and now only China is the stronghold of communism in the world. The conflict with China caused a split in the world communist movement. Albania, North Korea and the Communist Party of Indonesia supported Beijing in its fight against Moscow. Also, Khrushchev's policy towards developing countries was not very successful: generous assistance to Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq and other countries could not persuade them to move along the path of socialism.
The liberalization of the foreign policy course was closely connected with the emergence new forms of interstate relations. In particular, direct contacts between the leaders of the USSR and the heads of other states were developed. One of the tasks of his activities in the field of foreign policy N.S. Khrushchev saw it as achieving a reduction in armaments and an end to nuclear weapons testing. Attempts were made to reach an agreement with the West on disarmament issues. Representatives of the Soviet Union in the UN came up with initiatives aimed at reducing conventional weapons and banning nuclear weapons. In the USSR, specific disarmament measures were taken: military spending and the size of the armed forces were reduced, and a moratorium was introduced on testing atomic and hydrogen weapons.
In 1963, an agreement was signed in Moscow between the USSR, the USA and Britain on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water. In a short time, more than a hundred states acceded to the Moscow Treaty. The expansion of political and economic ties with other countries, the growth of personal contacts between heads of state led to a short-term softening of the international situation.
The foreign policy of the USSR in the initial period of the "thaw" was carried out in the conditions of the "cold war". To weaken it, new, more diplomatic, flexible approaches to solving world problems were required.
XX Congress of the CPSU (1956) was determined principle of world coexistence states with different socio-political systems, which allowed the USSR to direct its efforts to détente.
The policy of peaceful coexistence, alternating pressure with compromises and not bringing things to a war, explains the seemingly complex intertwining of contradictory initiatives of Soviet diplomacy in the period 1956-1964. combining threats with proposals for detente in world tension.
The policy adopted in relation to the West assumed, first of all, its full recognition of the results of the Second World War and the conquest of the “socialist camp”.
After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the most acute manifestations of the Cold War began to be overcome, economic, political and cultural connections of the USSR with the capitalist countries.
N.S. Khrushchev and D. Eisenhower in the White House
In January 1954 in Berlin A meeting of the foreign ministers of the United States, Great Britain, France and the USSR was held to discuss issues related to Indochina, Korea, the German problem, and collective security in Europe.
In July 1955, ten years after Postdam, the heads of the great powers met again in Geneva - USSR, Great Britain and France. The focus of the meeting was on the interconnected German question and the question of European security. In 1955, the Soviet government decided to return to their homeland all German prisoners of war who were in the USSR. Diplomatic relations were established between the USSR and the FRG. A major achievement in the international sphere was the signing in May 1955 by the representatives of the USSR, the USA, Britain, France and Austria of the Treaty on the Restoration of Austrian Independence.
In June 1961. in Vienna, the first meeting of N.S. Khrushchev with a new US President D. Kennedy. It was not her decision to establish a direct telephone connection between the Kremlin and the White House. However, the situation in Berlin escalated again. As a result, on August 12, 1961, a concrete wall was erected overnight around West Berlin and set up checkpoints at the border. This caused even greater tension both in Berlin itself and in the international situation as a whole.
The situation in the Middle East remained no less tense, especially after the national-democratic government of G.A. came to power in Egypt in 1952. Nasser.
The primary task in the foreign policy sphere was fight for disarmament. In an effort to reverse the dangerous course of events, the USSR for the period 1956-1960. unilaterally reduced its Armed Forces by 4 million people. In March 1958, the Soviet Union unilaterally stopped testing all types of nuclear weapons, thus expressing the hope that other countries would follow its example. However, this action did not find a response from the United States and its NATO allies at that time. The concept of general and complete disarmament was introduced by the USSR in 1959 and 1960. for discussion at the XIV and XV sessions of the UN General Assembly.
Speech by N. S. Khrushchev at the XIV session of the UN General Assembly on September 18
But the US and its allies blocked these Soviet proposals as well.
The political union of the Warsaw Pact countries - the USSR, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia - set itself the task of maintaining peace in Europe and ensuring the security of the states of the Warsaw Treaty Organization. The main areas of mutual cooperation between the WTO countries were: foreign trade, coordination of national economic plans, scientific and technical policy, cultural ties. The assistance of the USSR to the socialist countries in the construction of industrial facilities grew.
However, the policy towards the socialist countries was not only in the nature of cooperation, but also open interference when it came to the threat to the "socialist camp" from the anti-Soviet forces. Yes, in 1956. anti-Stalinist and anti-Soviet actions took place in Poland. Khrushchev initially ordered tanks to be driven into Warsaw, but eventually decided to negotiate with representatives of the Polish resistance. But in Hungary in 1956. a more severe crisis broke out, and the uprising that broke out in Budapest was suppressed by the combined armed forces of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact.
AT 1962. overdue crisis in Cuba when the Soviet leadership decided to install medium-range nuclear missiles there. The US government demanded that the installed missiles be dismantled, threatening to launch rocket and bomb attacks on them in response. Only direct negotiations between US President D. Kennedy and N.S. helped prevent an international conflict. Khrushchev.
The Cuban crisis largely contributed to the fall of the political authority of the Soviet leader in the international arena. Moreover, at this time, his political actions also fell within the country, which was associated with mistakes, miscalculations and excesses of his voluntaristic course in the economy. Resignation of N.S. Khrushchev in 1964 was the result of domestic and foreign policy failures of a man who held the first post in the party and government.
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