For people who are not closely familiar with the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this area is associated primarily with the vast expanses of Siberia, huge rivers and, of course, Tunguska meteorite. The main river of this territory is the Yenisei, which serves as a natural border dividing Siberia into Western and Eastern. Based on this, we can say that the Krasnoyarsk Territory is Central Siberia.
Huge wealth of a vast territory
One can briefly assess the Krasnoyarsk Territory in this way: mining is a city-forming factor here. The territory of the region is huge, it makes up almost fourteen percent of the area of Russia, which is much larger than most of the states of the planet. But this area is practically uninhabited. Inhabited is the southern part of the region and dotted - places of mining. But with the reserves of the earth's interior in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, everything is in perfect order. More than ten thousand deposits and ore manifestations of various mineral resources have been discovered here. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is rich in metals: out of seventy known metals, sixty-three deposits have been found. And deposits of nickel and platinoids make up almost ninety-five percent of the total Russian reserves. Nickel-containing polymetallic ores are the most famous minerals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Their photos are presented in the article.
More than twenty percent of Russia's gold-bearing ores are located within the region. In addition, there are significant deposits of rather rare cobalt and nepheline ores. Magnesite, Icelandic spar, fine quartzite sands, refractory clays and graphite have also been found here. Large reserves of coal are developed mainly in two coal basins - Kansk-Achinsk and Tunguska.
The region is rich in oil and gas deposits. A total of twenty-five deposits have been discovered, the largest of them being the Vankorskoye and the Yurubchensky block. The lead deposits of one of the largest deposits in the world - Gorevsky - account for more than forty percent of the total Russian reserves. The Meimecha-Kotui apatite province is rich in apatite raw materials, where over twenty percent of all apatites in the country are concentrated. The Chuktukon deposit of rare earth metals, the largest in Russia, is promising. In the near future, the development of manganese, aluminum and
Coal resources
In terms of the presence of the main twenty-three species, the Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks first in Russia. Minerals related to fuel and energy (coal, oil, gas) are of overwhelming value, followed by deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and, finally, reserves of rare and precious metals. These resources should be considered in more detail.
The geological reserves of the region's coal account for seventy percent of the total Russian reserves. The main part of more than a hundred coal deposits in the territory of the region falls on the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin. The remaining deposits are part of the Tunguska, Taimyr and Minussinsk basins. Minerals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of this type are estimated at seventy-five billion tons. Given the current production volumes, the resources are considered almost inexhaustible, they will last for a millennium. The increased development of the Kansko-Achinsk coals in comparison with other regions is explained by the location of this basin near the Trans-Siberian Railway.
hydrocarbons
Mineral resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, rich in hydrocarbons, include more than twenty deposits. Most of them are considered large. The largest hydrocarbon deposits are located in the fields of the Vankor group, which belong to the Turukhansk and Taimyr regions, as well as in the fields of the Yurubcheno-Takhomskaya zone in the southern part of Evenkia.
The explored oil reserves in the region are almost one and a half billion tons, and gas reserves are almost two trillion cubic meters. Oil at the current rate of production will last for twenty years, and gas, like coal, for a whole millennium.
Sixty-six deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals have huge reserves. Iron ore reserves are estimated at more than four billion tons. The content of lead and zinc in the bowels of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is estimated at several million tons, and copper-nickel ores - at tens of millions of tons. When answering the question of what minerals are mined in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, I immediately want to mention nickel.
But besides it, in the world-famous Norilsk mining region, copper, cobalt, and platinum are being mined. a lot too. Mineral resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, contained in fifteen polymetallic deposits, amount to tens of thousands of tons. There is cobalt, niobium, selenium, cadmium and other metals. with the adjacent Siberian platform, in addition to gold, it is rich in deposits of bauxite and nepheline ores - raw materials for the production of aluminum. In the Gorevsky polymetallic deposit, a unique content of lead and zinc was discovered - more than six percent. In addition, other metals, including silver, are mined from these same ores. For example, only silver reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory amount to fifteen thousand tons.
More than three hundred deposits are available. The main deposits of platinoids are concentrated in the northern regions.
edge gold
Gold mining is carried out in more than a hundred countries around the world. In terms of its production, Russia is in fifth place, although in terms of explored reserves it is in third place. One fifth of the reserves of Russian gold falls on the minerals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Gold is explored here in three hundred deposits. The leading place among them belongs to the deposits, which are located on the Yenisei Ridge. The unofficial capital of the region's gold miners is located just in the Severo-Yenisei region.
Another place of gold deposits are deposits of polymetallic ores near Norilsk and in the Taimyr-Severozemelsky regions. Insignificant placers of precious metal are found in small northern rivers, but it is not economically profitable to mine it. And taking into account the fact that all known gold deposits have been in development for more than a dozen years, the resource base is shrinking.
non-metals
The reserves of non-metallic minerals in the bowels of the Krasnoyarsk land are sufficient for hundreds of years of active development. Flux limestone, graphite, apatite, refractory and refractory clays, quartz and foundry sand are mined in more than 100 deposits of the region. Graphite deposits are important for the economy of the whole country. It is mined mainly in the Noginskoye and Kureyskoye deposits on the Popigai ring structure in the northern regions of the region is rich in unique deposits of commercial diamonds. These deposits have very high potential and are under development. The region has explored deposits of jadeite and jade. In addition, chrysolites, quartzites and tourmaline were found here. In the bins of the region there are reserves of amber and datolite, serpentine and marble onyx.
Building minerals and mineral water
Minerals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are also mined for construction. Their reserves, like other minerals, are very significant, but they are lost against the background of metal and energy deposits. But construction and construction materials are being mined here. facing stone, construction sand and crushed stone, gypsum and many other building materials.
There are more than three hundred deposits of these minerals on the territory of the region. Granite and limestone are mined literally near Krasnoyarsk. Against this background, the presence of twelve deposits with saturated groundwater in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is almost imperceptible. Active exploitation is carried out in three: Kozhanovskiy, Nanzhulskiy and Tagarskiy.
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Introduction
1. The state of the raw material base of gold in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
2. The state of the gold mining industry in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The subject of this control work- Development of the gold mining industry.
It should be noted that the factory industry of Krasnoyarsk in the 19th century was based on capital received mainly from income from the gold mining and trade and usury activities; it is no coincidence that the owners of the first factories and factories - the Gadalovs, Kuznetsovs, Danilovs, Plotnikovs - were both gold miners and merchants.
In Krasnoyarsk itself there were offices of large companies of gold miners - I.F. Bazilevsky. G.V. Yudina, S.V. Vostrotin, the Kuznetsov partnership (the Kuznetsov courtyard has been preserved - Mira Ave., 87, 24; the house of G.V. Yudin - Uritsky St., 123).
A significant part of the urban burghers went to work in the mines.
So, in 1875 the number of otkhodniks was 811 people, and wage laborers was equal to 70-100 rubles for the season, which lasted from April to October. gold mine profitability
The gold industry through market relations stimulated the development of urban industry and trade, and therefore its decline in the 1870-80s had a negative impact on the state of the urban economy, causing a reduction in crafts and trade.
Further, the gold mining industry of the USSR developed according to its own specific laws. The current situation and prospects for the development of each enterprise in the industry depended mainly on its success in fulfilling the planned targets in terms of production volumes, and therefore the existence of obviously unprofitable mines was allowed. Alluvial deposits in Siberia, the Far East and the Northeast were actively developed, which accounted for up to 70% of the gold produced in the country, despite the fact that their reserves were limited. In economic terms, it was not large companies that worked more efficiently, as all over the world, but small artisanal artels. The high productivity of these enterprises was based not only on the personal interest and hard work of workers, but also on the use of relatively cheap fuel and inexpensive equipment. At the same time, the State Geological Service carried out planned and systematic exploration of the country's territory, creating or expanding the mineral resource base of mining enterprises at the expense of the budget.
So, the purpose of this work is to consider the development of the gold mining industry in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, its state, problems and prospects.
Tasks of control work:
· Consider the state of the raw material base of gold in the Krasnoyarsk Territory;
· Determination of the state of the gold mining industry in the Krasnoyarsk Territory;
· Identification and consideration of some problems of development of the gold industry in the region.
1. The state of the gold resource base in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
If in general in Russia the balance reserves of gold of categories A + B + C1 are 5.8 thousand tons, and C2 - 2.4 thousand tons, then the Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies one of the first places in the country in terms of balance reserves - 789 tons (more than 13%), predicted gold resources (more than 20%). The mineral resource base of the gold-mining industry of the region is 68 gold-ore proper, 3 complex gold-bearing and 234 alluvial deposits. The total resource potential of these gold objects, according to various estimates, ranges from 19 to 28% of the Russian one.
The priority place (93% in terms of reserves and 95.4% in terms of predicted resources) is occupied by ore gold deposits. The share of alluvial deposits in the resource potential of gold in the region, as follows from the above figures, is relatively small.
The resource base of ore gold on the territory of the region, when converted into reserves of industrial categories, will allow maintaining and increasing a high level of gold mining for many years. The availability of active placer gold reserves is about 5 years.
In the region, the main areas of distribution of gold deposits are the Yenisei Ridge, the Angara-Kansky region, the Eastern and Western Sayans. In the future, the Yenisei Ridge will apparently remain the leading gold-mining region, since the main resource potential and almost all existing gold-mining capacities are concentrated here.
The main volumes of geological exploration for gold are now concentrated here, carried out both with budgetary funds and with funds from subsoil users. The total gold resources of the Yenisei Ridge are 1570 tons. The Angara-Kansk gold-bearing region, having a smaller resource base than the Yenisei Ridge, has a more advantageous geographical location, which puts it in a number of promising areas. Three ore clusters stand out in it: Posolnensky, Kuzeevsky and Bogunaisky.
The study of the area made it possible to estimate its resources mainly in low categories, in the amount of 336 tons. The Eastern Sayan Mountains are the largest gold-bearing province of the region after the Yenisei Ridge.
The data obtained in recent years allow us to expect a significant increase in the ore base here, primarily in the Mansky gold-bearing region, in which mineralized gold-bearing zones have been identified.
The Sisim gold-bearing region has a similar geological structure, where exploration can lead to a significant increase in the resource base. For the Verkhne-Kansky gold-bearing region, a quantitative assessment of the potential of ore gold-bearing was not carried out.
Here, a concomitant gold content in copper-nickel ores was established, as well as a new for the region platinum-bearing gold-sulfide type of mineralization in the komatiite-basalt strata of the Cannes greenstone belt. The presence of rich placers of gold in the area makes it possible to count on the discovery of primary sources. The total gold resources of the Eastern Sayan are 250 tons.
The Western Sayans, due to their remoteness and inaccessibility, are a little-studied gold-bearing province. Here it is necessary to conduct research, starting from the earliest stages.
In Taimyr, several formational types of gold manifestations have been identified, of which areas of polychronous ore genesis are of interest. In the central part of Taimyr, a number of gold-mercury occurrences are known, the most significant of which are Narrow and Winding.
On Bolshevik Island, the main occurrences of ore gold are concentrated in the southeastern part and confined to a northeastern strike zone about 30 km long and more than 4 km wide.
On Bolshevik Island, floodplain placers 10–30 km long with industrial parameters are found in almost all large valleys.
For three such deposits, reserves have been calculated and approved. The raw material base of alluvial gold is 45-50 tons. The total potential of the province can be estimated at the first thousand tons of gold.
The little-studied Anabar gold-bearing province can be considered as a reserve base for the gold mining industry, focused on eluvial, to a lesser extent alluvial placers and primary gold-quartz mineralization.
In the Severo-Yenisei region of the region there is a unique (second in terms of gold reserves in Russia) Olimpiada deposit, in which proven gold reserves are estimated at 3.1 million ounces.
The total proven ore reserves in the ore reserves category are 20.6 million tons, probable - 71.3 million. The gold content in the ore is 4.6 grams per ton.
A promising feature of the Olimpiada deposit is the presence of areal and linear weathering crusts. The deposit of gold-bearing weathering crusts with a gold grade of 8-10 g/t against the background of 3-4 g/t of primary ores has a complex morphology with a significant depth of occurrence along a large fault, such enriched areas are a prime target for mining. The Kvartsevaya Gora deposit, located 40 km from Olimpiada, is also promising.
Recently ZDK "Polus" became the winner of the auction for this object. The amount of a one-time payment for the right to use subsoil amounted to 1.68 million rubles. The plot area is 2.8 sq. km.
The ore gold of the Quartz Mountain belongs to the gold-quartz low-sulfide formation. Three NE-trending stockwork-vein zones have been identified at the deposit.
Their length is 850-1100 m along the strike and 240-515 m along the dip, the width of the exit to the surface varies from tens of meters to 220 m. The thickness of individual vein bodies is about 2.5 m, and the thickness of the vein-stockwork zones is up to 37 m. gold in separate samples - 100 g/t and more. The content of sulfides is 0.5-5.0%.
They are mainly represented by arsenopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite. At the deposit, balance reserves of category C2 are estimated at 8.3 tons and conditionally off-balance reserves - 4.2 tons with a gold grade of 4.6 and 2.6 g/t, respectively. Inferred resources are estimated in categories Р1+Р2 in the amount of 42-47 tons with an average gold grade of 2.2-3.6 g/t. With an open ore mining volume of 300 thousand tons per year and the receipt of 966 kg of gold, the necessary capital investments are estimated by experts at 20.2 million dollars, the profitability index of invested capital is 1.0, the net present value is 338 thousand dollars / year . 000 Sovrudnik is provided with low-quality reserves for 5-7 years.
Due to the low quality of the ores and the remoteness of the main mining facilities from the gold processing plants, this enterprise is operating at the margin of profitability.
In general, for a number of gold miners (for example, Artyomovskaya Gold Mining Company, etc.), a very difficult situation has developed with regard to the availability of active reserves.
Alluvial gold reserves in the region are divided into two groups according to mining methods: for hydromechanical mining (more than 55%) and for dredging mining (about 45%). For alluvial gold, there is a steady tendency for its resource base to work out.
It should be emphasized that significant investments are annually invested in the development of the mineral resource base of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The amount of federal budget funds invested in exploration work in the territory of the region has increased in recent years.
Already in 2000, as a result of geological exploration, the increase in gold reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory exceeded production volumes, and this trend continues. There is an increase in the volume of financing of exploration work at the expense of subsoil users. The effective use of these funds is carried out through licensing and exploration programs developed for the region.
An example of successful activity is the work of CJSC Polyus. So, during 2000-2004. Exploration team of CJSC "Polyus" carried out prospecting and appraisal work at the Olimpiada area. As a result of these works, the previously identified Blagodatnoye ore occurrence (northern area) was re-evaluated and a new one was discovered - the southern area, which includes 4/5 of the reserves of the entire deposit.
In the autumn of 2005, the Polyus gold mining company successfully passed the state examination of the gold reserves of the Blagodatnoye deposit, located 26 km north of Olimpiada.
According to the results of the examination, 222.4 tons of gold reserves of categories B + C1 + C2 in the open pit contour with an average grade of 2.4 grams per ton were put on the state balance sheet for the Blagodatnoye deposit. In addition, off-balance reserves of C2 category in the amount of 42 tons are taken into account in the open pit contour, 89.9 tons outside the open pit contour.
The predicted resources of the P1 category deposit amounted to 117 tons. This event can be considered a milestone for the entire Russian gold mining industry: for the first time in recent Russian history, a subsoil user carried out large-scale work on exploration and putting on the balance sheet of the reserves of a large gold ore object.
This not only replenished the production of gold by CJSC Polyus for 25 years of operation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (about 170 tons), but also ensured a significant reproduction of its reserves in the Territory.
Polyus is also successfully carrying out exploration work at the Panimba gold ore cluster. Plot of 66 sq. km is located in the Severo-Yenisei region.
The license for it was issued to Polyus in December 2004. Five occurrences of ore gold were identified within the boundaries of the site: Panimbinskoye, Pravoberezhnoye, Mikhailovskoye, Zolotoe and Tavrik. Their reserves and resources are planned to be further explored in the coming years.
It is assumed that the Panimba knot will produce up to 300 kg of gold per year. In 2005, Polyus increased the number of exploration areas. For example, 48 million rubles were invested in the exploration of the Titimukhta gold deposit in just nine months of 2005. In addition, exploration work is being carried out at the Tyradinskoye and Olenye gold deposits in order to prepare for commercial development.
On the whole, in 2005, for example, Polyus spent more than $30 million on exploration work. Polyus' development strategy over the next 5 years provides for serious investments in exploration, where it is planned to invest about $140 million.
According to the company's management, this figure reflects the minimum required level and can be significantly increased up to $200 million. Trans Siberian Gold increased its gold reserves at the Veduga deposit by 19%. The Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia invites companies to continue the geological exploration of the Tumninskaya area in the Kuraginsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Acceptance of applications for this promising gold-bearing area has begun. The metal here is mainly ore, but there is also alluvial gold. The total resources of the area are 32 tons (including 30 tons of hard rock).
It should be noted that advanced exploration of deposits is a common necessity for the advanced replenishment of the resource base of the region. Today there is a certain turn to the previously dominant position of the state: "Whoever needs it, let him scout."
And it is right. It is shown above that large gold miners, such as CJSC Polyus, are able to successfully carry out geological exploration at their own expense.
But there are also small artels, especially "placers", who cannot afford this.
Therefore, in order to increase the investment potential of the region and increase gold mining, exploration should be carried out at the expense of the budget. After all, every ruble invested in geology yields more than 150 rubles of reserves in the bowels. The condition for the development of geological exploration is the removal of administrative barriers.
Today, after a company wins an auction for a field, it sometimes takes a year to obtain a license and other bureaucratic procedures, only then can drilling rigs enter the area. Therefore, more efficient regulation of nature management is needed.
2. The state of the gold mining industry in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Gold mining in the region is one of the oldest and specialized industries that has been operating for more than 150 years. In recent years, the "gold boom" has been growing in the world - production and prices for gold have been steadily growing. This trend also affects the state of the gold mining industry of the region. Since 2003, the region has taken the first place in gold mining, becoming the "golden heart" of Russia. Half of Siberian gold is mined here. The growth rate of Russian gold mining is higher than the world average, and in the region over the past 5 years, on average per year, they amounted to about 7%. The region remains the leader in gold mining, now it produces about 18% of the total Russian production.
The gold mining complex of the region has more than three dozen enterprises concentrated in 12 administrative districts. The industry has mastered about one and a half hundred deposits. If in 1991-95, 6-7 tons of gold were mined annually, then since 1996, production began to increase. In 1999, it reached 18 tons of gold per year, and even greater growth has been observed in recent years (Fig. 1). In the future, production is projected to remain at the level of 30-32 tons per year. Such rates of increase in production volumes are not observed in any of the industries of the region and Russia as a whole.
The largest enterprises are CJSC Polyus, LLC Priisk Drazhny, LLC Sovrudnik, JSC Severnaya, JSC SAGMK, JSC Angara and JSC Tsentralnaya. They provide the vast majority of production. The main gold mining region of the region is the Lower Angara region, where more than 90% of the metal is mined. The main production centers are Eruda, Razdolinsk, Partizansk, Severo-Yeniseisk, Yuzhno-Yeniseisk. Gold mining and processing give up to 10% of all taxes in the region. The largest gold producer is CJSC Polyus.
At the same time, about 90% of production comes from ore deposits, mainly at Olimpiada. It is capable of large-scale gold mining for 30 years. A further increase in gold production as a whole is planned mainly on the basis of primary deposits. In addition to Polyus, in recent years a significant contribution to the increase in gold production has been made by such enterprises as OOO Sovrudnik, OOO Priisk Drazhny, and OAO Krasnoyarskaya GGK. CJSC "ZDK "Polyus" after commissioning in 2002 the second stage of the processing plant with a capacity of 4 million tons of ore per year, basically maintains the volume of production at the level of 25 tons of gold per year. factories at the Olimpiada deposit up to 9.5 million tons per year. In 2005, the level of production at the Olimpiada deposit amounted to more than 1 million tons of oxide ore and about 5 million tons of sulfide ore. Polyus is thus the leading Russian manufacturer gold, one of the world's largest producers in terms of raw materials and production. In general, the asset portfolio of the Polyus group includes more than a dozen ore and about a hundred alluvial deposits.
The growth of gold mining in the region in the coming years may also be associated with the development of such enterprises as CJSC ZDK Zolotaya Zvezda and OJSC Vasilyevsky Rudnik. heap leaching at the Babushkina Gora deposit. At the same time, this enterprise prepared the Bogolyubovskoye gold deposit for industrial development, the resources of which are estimated at 70 tons of gold. OJSC "Vasilyevsky Rudnik" is completing the construction of a mining and metallurgical complex with a capacity of 300 thousand tons of ore per year on the basis of the Vasilyevsky and Nikolaevsky gold deposits. The B+C1+C2 category gold reserves at the Vasilyevsky deposit are estimated at approximately 23 tons, the P1 category is about 25 tons, and the average gold grade is 7.0-7.5 g/t. Ore bodies have a length of up to 0.7 km and a thickness of 1.0 to 15.0 m. At the Nikolaevsky deposit, the main gold reserves are concentrated in one quartz vein, about 1.5 km long and with an average thickness of about 4 m.
In addition, Vasilyevsky Rudnik JSC has now increased its gold mining assets by acquiring OOO GPC Samson in 2004, as well as obtaining licenses for geological study, exploration and mining of the Ilyinsky and Nizhne-Talovskoye gold ore occurrences and the Gerfed deposit. The security of the enterprise with active reserves is about 5 years. In 2005, in the Severo-Yenisei region, at the Eldorado quarry (LLC Sovrudnik), 81 kg of gold was mined. In 2004, during a trial run, only 3.6 kg of the precious metal was mined. The increase in the extraction of precious metal from low-grade ores over the past year was achieved with the help of the introduced heap leaching technology. In 2006, it is planned to extract over 200 kg of gold using this technology.
Previously, gold mining in the Severo-Yenisei region was carried out at alluvial deposits by a dredging fleet and at ore deposits by a gold recovery plant. In 2006, it is planned to resume gold mining on the Chirimba River in the Severo-Yenisei region. Now one of the gold mining enterprises of the territory - AS "Priisk Drazhny" LLC is engaged in transferring dredge to Chirimba and issuing a license to work on the river. Gold mining in this area has been carried out since Soviet power but stopped in the 1990s. It is expected that in 2006 a license will be obtained and Dredger No. 18 will be transferred to a new landfill. On the Chirimba River, gold mining can only be carried out by dredging. In the Taimyr-Severozemelskaya gold-bearing province, gold mining from complex sulfide ores is carried out incidentally and does not exceed 4.5 tons.
Speaking about the development of the gold mining industry, one cannot but mention the restructuring processes taking place in it. As is known, in the fall of 2002, Norilsk Nickel bought 100% of the shares of CJSC Polyus from Khazret Sovmen for $230 million. - became "Norilsk Nickel". The purpose of the penetration of MMC "Norilsk Nickel" in the gold mining industry was the desire to balance the group's revenue. However, recently there was a spin-off of the "gold" assets of Norilsk Nickel into a separate company. This led to a more adequate assessment of the shares of both Polyus and and Norilsk Nickel.Due to the fact that gold mining is a more highly profitable business than nickel mining, the financial performance of the new company will obviously differ from that of the parent company in better side. Polyus Gold shares will appear on the Russian market this year. Regarding the activities of Polyus, one should mention not only the annual billions of tax revenues to the regional and local budgets, but also the charitable sustainable development program of 24 million rubles, which provides for responsible environmental management, with the publication of reports in the GI format and a set of measures to mitigate social tensions in the region.
Concerning the investment potential of the region, it should be noted that now there are about 80 deposits and manifestations of gold that can be put up for auction. However, not all of them are attractive to investors. In 2004-2005 in the region, licenses were issued for the Uderey gold-antimony deposit (Novoangarsky enrichment plant LLC), the Pervenets deposit (Tamsiz OJSC) and the Bogunaevskoye deposit (Angarsk Production Company LLC).
A number of these sites require additional exploration to confirm the reserves. CJSC ZDK Polyus received a license for geological exploration and subsequent mining at one of the sites of the Zyryanovsky ore cluster in the Yenisei region, the Razdolinsky ore cluster in the Motyginsky region and the Noibinskaya area in the Severo-Yenisei region. Trans-Siberian Gold, which was considering building a Veduga facility with reserves of 2.8 million ounces of gold, recently reported that the development project would only be profitable at a cost of less than $220 million. and subject to a significant reduction in production costs.
The government included in the federal property privatization program for 2006 the state-owned block of shares in OAO Yeniseizoloto. It is planned to sell 85.38% of the company's shares, which are in federal ownership. It should be noted that back in 2004, the regional branch of the RFBR already put this package up for auction, but it never took place due to the lack of applications.
The starting price of the package was then more than 56 million rubles. The processes described above, which are a reflection of economic policy, will eventually influence whether Russia's "golden heart" will remain in the Krasnoyarsk Territory? In our opinion, there are all prerequisites for this. Already by 2010, the region plans to increase gold mining by 40% compared to 2003, which is supposed to be achieved primarily through the development of the Olimpiada deposit and adjacent areas. With an increase in gold production, its processing at the Krasnoyarsk Non-Ferrous Metals Plant named after VN Gulidov will also increase. The planned increase in refining in 2010 to the level of 2003 should be 23%. Thus, the gold mining industry of the region is confidently looking into the future.
3. On some problems of the development of the gold industry in the region
Despite the undoubted successes, the gold mining industry of the region has problems, the solution of which requires an integrated approach. Many placer deposits in the region are on the verge of profitability. Indigenous objects, although they have a margin of safety, but need "long" loans.
If "placer deposits" can be credited for the season, then to work at a primary deposit, loans are needed for several years in order to have time to "get on their feet" and start repaying loans during this time. It is possible to work at primary deposits with good profit if modern progressive technologies of extraction and processing are introduced. However, if energy prices rise uncontrollably, problems will arise.
For placers, this is simply death, because the gold content in placers is low. They survive miraculously, in some old deposits, gold has been washed many times already. A condition for the development of the gold mining industry is the reduction of the tax burden. The mineral extraction tax in Russia is higher than the world average. Therefore, changes are needed in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in terms of introducing a differentiated tax rate on the extraction of minerals, depending on the mining and geological and economic conditions for the development of deposits.
It is also necessary to exempt from paying tax on part of the profits allocated for technical re-equipment those companies that operate in the regions of the Far North. It is also advisable to widely involve domestic and foreign investment, banks, mining companies interested in making a profit from gold mining. Restrictions on access should also be lifted individuals as individual entrepreneurs in exploration and gold mining.
The main condition for the development of the gold mining industry is advanced exploration work aimed at improving the resource base of the region. For their successful implementation, a whole range of measures is needed, the priority of which are:
intensification of exploration with the technical re-equipment of geological enterprises, including their laboratory facilities;
wide use in practice of scientific results, achievements and recommendations of scientists, especially the Siberian school of geologists;
Identification and preparation for exploitation of new unconventional gold deposits;
Geological and economic reassessment of the reserves of a number of deposits with the allocation of their "active" part, which allows profitable mining of these objects in modern economic conditions;
Assessment of the formed gold-bearing man-made objects and improvement of the technology for extracting metal from them, incl. located in the permafrost zone;
Comprehensive solution of environmental issues related to gold mining, especially in the environmentally vulnerable northern regions of the region.
Conclusion
For the region, the priority types of primary gold deposits, on which prospecting and appraisal work should be primarily focused, are gold-sulfide, gold-platinum-copper-nickel, gold-quartz, gold-bearing weathering crusts and gold-antimony.
For placer objects, these will be: buried placers, placers associated with weathering crusts, karst-hollow placers, placers in deposits of sand and gravel mixtures and technogenic placers. At the same time, the choice of priority areas for prospecting and appraisal work for gold should be based not only on geological criteria. It is necessary to take into account socio-economic and geo-environmental aspects, as well as the need to create infrastructure for the construction of new mining enterprises.
The latter was especially emphasized during the meeting on the development of the gold mining industry, which took place in Magadan at the end of 2005, with the participation of the President of the Russian Federation, V.V. Putin. And I want to believe that the problems that hinder the further development of the industry will be successfully resolved.
Bibliography
1. Bykonya G.F., Fdorova V.I., Berdnikov L.P. Krasnoyarsk in the pre-revolutionary past (XVII-XIX). - Krasnoyarsk, 1990.
2. Krasnoyarsk. Essays on the history of the city. - Krasnoyarsk, 1988.
3. Resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / Ed. V.M. Zimin. -Krasnoyarsk: SibGTU, 2000.
4. Stepanov A.P. Yenisei province. - Krasnoyarsk, 1998.S.95.
5. Lazarev V.V. Regional industrial policy in times of crisis // Proceedings of the scientific-practical conference "The Russian state and public service at the present stage". -M., 2005.
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Geology of the Krasnoyarsk region in questions and answers
1. How much did the largest gold nugget found in the Krasnoyarsk Territory weigh? Where and when (if known by whom) was it found?
The largest gold nugget found in the Krasnoyarsk Territory weighed 31 kg. 570 gr. And got the name "Bull's head." The nugget was picked up on January 10, 1898 at the Spaso-Preobrazhensky mine by prospectors Tarkhan Roman Aleksandrovich and Belov Nikolai Magilivich. The mine was located in the Eastern Sayan on the Srednyaya Tarcha River, a tributary of the river. Chibizhek.
I.N. Makridin in 1898 made a model of a nugget in lead and handed it over to I.N. Martyanov. Currently, there are two dummies of this nugget: one is stored in the Minusinsk Museum of Local Lore, and the second (gypsum) - in the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Geology of Central Siberia.
This nugget turned out to be the third largest among those found in Russia. The largest gold nugget in Russia, the Big Triangle, was mined in the Urals in 1842 and weighed 36.02 kg. There is an oral report by local historian V.V. Nekos about the discovery in the Krasnoyarsk Territory at the beginning of the 20th century of an even larger gold nugget, weighing about 60 kg. But so far this information has not been fully documented.
In the same 1898, at the Spaso-Preobrazhensky mine on the river. Tarcha was found the second large nugget weighing 15.17 kg. Within the boundaries of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky mine and along the river system. Chibizhek in 1898, 14 nuggets were mined within one month.
Analysis of gold nugget finds in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, carried out by V.V. Nekosom et al showed that out of 300 registered nuggets, about 50 of the largest of them weigh more than 1 kg, in the mass range from one to four kilograms.
Of the latest finds, it should be noted a gold nugget weighing 1078 grams, found in 2004 in the placer of the river. Left Zhaima (Mansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory).
Fake nugget "Bull's head". Weight 31.57 kg.
2. How much did the largest platinum nugget found in the Krasnoyarsk Territory weigh? Where and when (if known by whom) was it found?
According to Porvatov Boris Mikhailovich (1915), a platinum nugget weighing 200 grams was raised in the Western Sayan on the Akol stream, the left tributary of the Yurgun. Obviously, it is the largest platinum nugget found in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Until now, platinum group minerals have not been specially mined in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and only occasionally were extracted along the way when developing gold placers. According to N.K. Vysotsky (1934) from placers developed before 1930, together with gold, a little more than 500 kg of platinum group metals could be mined. In the subsequent time, data on platinum deposits and its production were secret. Now it is planned to start mining alluvial platinum in Taimyr, where it is likely that large nuggets will be found over time.
For reference, the largest platinum nugget in Russia was found in 1843 in the Urals, in the Syrkovy log of the Nizhny Tagil massif. Its weight was 9625 grams and it had dimensions of 18x13x12 cm.
Platinum in rock and platinum ingot
3. When, where in the territory of the region were the first gem diamonds found? Can you name the largest Krasnoyarsk diamond? What was this stone, what was its fate?
The first diamonds in Siberia were found on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1897-1899. in the streams Melnichny and Grinding in the basin of the river. Big Pete on the Yenisei Ridge. Information about the discovery of the first diamond by prospectors in the gold-bearing placers of this area was published by S.F. Glinka (1897) in the Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Mineralogical Society. Alluvium diamond br. Melnichny was presented by the author of this message at a meeting of the Mineralogical Society and characterized as "... an elegantly formed crystal of a regular octahedral shape", its weight, unfortunately, is not indicated. The second diamond from the placer br. Grinding with the participation of mining engineer K.A. Kulibin was delivered to Academician P.V. Eremeev in 1898, who made a detailed description of it. The crystal is characterized "as a combination of a tetrahedron and a hexatetrahedron with well-preserved faces and edges, colorless, transparent with a strong diamond brilliance, weighing 130 mg (0.65 carats)".
The largest diamond of the Krasnoyarsk Territory weighing 700.6 mg (3.5 carats) was found in the alluvial placer of the river. Tychany (Evenkia). The diamond is an octahedral crystal with a strong alluvial matting and crescent-shaped cracks, and unfortunately it is not of gem quality. It is known that 60% of diamonds found in Evenkia are of gem quality.
Gem-quality diamonds weighing up to 2 carats are present in the Dogoi placer in the Khatanga region of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug.
Diamonds from the Dogoi placer. Taimyr 
Diamond crystal in kimberlite.
4. Are there exhibits found in the territory of the region in the Diamond Fund of Russia? Which?
The Diamond Fund is an exhibition hall of the Gokhran of Russia. The Gokhran of Russia has a gold nugget, called the "Lamb's Head", weighing 7.658 kg. A nugget is a group of gold streaks in gray quartz. The weight of pure gold is 4.5 kg. The nugget was raised on December 12, 1946 by the prospector Matyushkin Pavel Dmitrievich at the Gerfed mine (now the village of Partizansky), located on the Yenisei Ridge on the river. Big Murozhnaya. A model of this nugget can be seen at the Museum of Geology of Central Siberia.
Model of a gold nugget “Lamb's head. Weight 7.658 kg.
In the history of Russian collections of gold nuggets, a special state decree played an important role, according to which, from 1825, all nuggets weighing several gold pieces were to be sent to the museum of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute "as especially rare items"; in 1838 the weight limit for nuggets to be stored was raised to 1 pound. The collection of nuggets was the basis of the subsequently organized Diamond Fund of the USSR. According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, nuggets from alluvial deposits weighing 50 gr. and more having low degrees roundness, and weighing 1000 grams or more, regardless of the degree of roundness, are unique. Unique nuggets are subject to special accounting. Based on this, at least 50 nuggets found on the territory of the region are in the Gokhran of the Russian Federation.
5. What is the period of the first finds and the beginning of mining of gold, silver, iron and copper ore, coal, oil and gas on the territory of the region, including autonomous regions? When did mining begin on our land?
The development of Siberia by the Russians, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory in particular, began in early XVII century, and in 1628 the Krasnoyarsk prison was founded. It was the time of miners - pioneers and history has preserved their names for us. In the second half of the 17th century, the first finds and the beginning of the extraction of iron and copper ores were recorded. In 1654, in the Krasnoyarsk prison, it became known that five versts from it, at the mouth of the river. Kubynovka, which flows into the Yenisei, has iron ore. The clerk of the moving house V. Eremeev described and put on the drawing the discovered deposit. Later, O. Belozarov organized an iron-smelting business there “for a tenth pood”, that is, nine poods of the produced metal was handed over to the owner, and the tenth pood remained for the worker. Four years later, A.T. Zhilin, a townsman of the Yenisei prison, discovered in the river basin. Angara copper ore, which he also wished to smelt "for the tenth pood." After determining the quality of the ore, the Moscow authorities singled out A.T. Zhilin received 500 rubles from the treasury and was given a letter allowing him to engage in further searches. In 1673, information appeared about the discovery of silver ore, at a distance of 7-8 days going up the Yenisei from the Krasnoyarsk prison.
In the 18th - 19th centuries in Siberia, in addition to lone miners, numerous expeditions began to work, equipped by the state, as well as by large breeders and merchants.
During these years, many deposits of various minerals were discovered and the development of many of them began, including:
Gold. On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, gold is one of the most common minerals, and is represented by both ore and alluvial deposits. The first were finds of alluvial gold. In 1830, the Krasnoyarsk tradesman P. Porokhovshchikov discovered gold placers on the Tabat and Botoi rivers in the Minusinsk district. Three years later, placers of gold were discovered in the upper reaches of the Kan, Agul, Biryusa, Mana, and in 1839 - on the Yenisei Ridge (North Yenisei and Motyginsky regions). In the same years, mass mining of the identified gold-bearing placers begins. In 1847, 895 pounds of gold were mined on the Yenisei Ridge. The maximum gold mining on the Yenisei Ridge falls on the 50-70s of the XIX century. During this period, in some years, it amounted to more than half of all gold mined in Russia. There is also interest in ore gold. The search for quartz veins with visible gold begins in the valley of the Enashimo River, and in 1884 the Sergievsky gold deposit in the Yenisei Ridge was discovered and its trial development began.
Silver. In 1778, businessman M. Walking found silver ore on the river. Chulym and called the mines "Bozhyeozersky" and "Podzhurimsky". From a pood of mined ore, 117 g of silver was smelted.
Iron ore. The earliest, by discovery, iron ore deposit can be considered the Irbinskoye deposit, located in the Kuraginsky district. In 1732, it became known that the Abakan blacksmith Kossevich had been extracting ore at this deposit for several years. By decree of the Senate, it was decided to build an ironworks, the first smelting of which took place in 1738. This enterprise existed until 1886. At present, the Irbinsk mine operates on the basis of this deposit, which supplies ore to the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant.
Copper ore. From the archaeological research of the city of Mangazeya, founded in 1601 at the mouth of the river. Yenisei, it follows that the smelting yards of the city used the ore of the Norilsk deposits. All known deposits of copper proper are located on the territory of Khakassia. The first deposit of copper ores was discovered in 1732 by the Yenisei workshop A. Sokolovsky in the Western Sayan and named Mainsky, and in 1736 ore mining was organized here.
Coal. In 1723 D.G. Messerschmidt discovered coal seams on the banks of the river. Lower Tunguska. The first deposits of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin were discovered in 1771.
Oil and gas. In 1830, E. Hoffman observed limestones with a strong bituminous smell on the Angara, which is probably the first discovery of oil source rocks. In 1904-1905. firm "Nobile" in the basin of the river. Tei (Khakassia) drilled the first oil exploration well in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, though unsuccessfully. In 1933, in Taimyr, on the Yurung-Tumus peninsula, liquid oil outcrops were established, and in the area of the village. Ust-Port - exits of combustible gases. In 1972, the Suzunskoye oil and gas condensate field, the first in the region, was discovered.
In the Minusinsk basin on Bystryanskaya area in the first deep well on March 2, 1951, gas was released - the first gas fountain in Siberia.
Archaeological research has established that the extraction and use of minerals in the territory of the region began in ancient times. The first metals that man met were probably native: copper, gold, silver, iron. The only metal readily available and available in significant quantities was native copper.
The Khakassian and Minusinsk mountain-steppe regions are especially rich in finds of copper and bronze objects. The presence of copper metallurgy skills in ancient people was revealed by scientists from the Afanasiev time (XXIII - XVIII centuries BC). The ancient people who once lived in this region knew how to find and extract copper and tin ores, make an alloy from them in the form of bronze and make various tools, weapons, and household items from it. In the western outskirts of the Minusinsk steppe, traces of ancient copper mines were found, and in one of them there was a skeleton of an ancient miner who died under a collapse, covered with pieces of ore he mined and a stone axe. At the end of the Afanasiev era, the first cast copper and bronze objects (knives, earrings, temple rings) appeared. Bronze objects are cast rather roughly from arsenic bronze, and then refined by forging and grinding.
In the Tagar era (the name is given according to the village of Tagarsky near the city of Minusinsk) in the 7th-3rd centuries. BC, according to the unanimous opinion of scientists, there was a well-established copper mining and highly developed metalworking. The mines reached impressive sizes, quarries up to 5 m deep, adits 30 meters long. At the beginning of the period, ore was mined with hoes, picks, wooden shovels, hammers from diabase pebbles, later bronze wedges began to be used. The smelting was carried out near the mine workings, in crucible pots made of thick-walled ceramics. Tagar miners and smelters carried out huge, for those times, work, mainly at the Temir and Ulensky copper deposits. In addition, copper mining was developed at the Syrsky, Bazinsky, Bulak-Kulsky and Mainsky deposits.
Copper ore. Karasuk culture.
Khakassia. Pechishchevskoe deposit 
Slag from an ancient copper smelter. Karasug Ultura.
Khakassia. Uzun-Zhul copper deposit area
It is possible to speak about the initial date of gold mining in the Khakass-Minusinsk basin only tentatively, based mainly on the finds of gold items in burial mounds. Ancient gold miners knew many of the now known gold deposits located along the river systems of the Yenisei, Chulym and their tributaries. Gold mines were developed in the IV-III centuries. BC. - at the late stage of the Tagar era.
Iron, like other metals, became known to the Yenisei tribes about 5 thousand years ago. People of the Afanasiev culture made jewelry from iron. Mass production of iron began only in the II-I centuries. BC. Ancient workings were carried out in the form of quarries and adits, they mined magnetite and hematite ores. For enrichment, iron ore was burned in heaps, and then finely crushed.
In the 4th century, the state of the ancient Khakass arose on the Middle Yenisei. The extraction and processing of iron played a leading role in the life of the population. Iron ore was mined in the following deposits: Irbinskiy, Izykhskiy, Irdzhinskiy, Kulchekskiy. At all these deposits, ancient mine workings and tools were found. The ancient Khakas blacksmiths knew the technology of metal processing well. They widely used welding, soldering, casting, sawing and knew how to smelt steel.
Iron three-bladed arrowhead.
Neighborhood of Krasnoyarsk. VI-X centuries AD
6. What regional deposits are unique on a global scale - in terms of reserves, in terms of the quality of raw materials?
Talnakhskoye and Oktyabrskoye deposits of copper-nickel ores are unique on a global scale. Many geologists consider the Oktyabrskoye field to be a continuation of the unified Talnakh field.
The uniqueness of these deposits is due to the large reserves of copper-nickel ores, high content of useful components in the ores and their complexity. In industrial concentrations in the ores there are: copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium, gold, silver, selenium, tellurium, iridium, osmium, ruthenium, sulfur, iron, titanium. Of the sixteen named elements, fourteen are currently being extracted. The Talnakh and Oktyabrskoye deposits contain more than half of the active reserves of nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum group metals in Russia, and their development provides the country's need for these metals. A significant amount of platinum group metals is exported.
The Talnakh deposit has been mined since 1966 by the Mayak mine, the Komsomolsky mine has been operating since 1972, and it is planned to commission the Skalisty and Severny mines. At the Oktyabrsky deposit, mining is carried out at the mines - Oktyabrsky and Taimyrsky.
The provision of existing mining enterprises with reserves (at the current level of redemption) is about 30 years for rich ores, and more than 60 years for disseminated ores.
Rich copper-nickel ore. Talnakh field
Sperrylite (PtAs2) in Cu-Ni rich ore. Talnakh field
Two deposits of primary industrial (impact) diamonds "Udarnoye" and "Skalnoe" (Popigai astrobleme - meteorite crater), explored in the Khatanga region of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug, can also be attributed to unique deposits. The deposits were discovered in 1973 during prospecting. In terms of total diamond reserves, this group of deposits exceeds all known diamond-bearing provinces in the world. Technological testing of Popigai diamonds has shown a wide range of uses, from surgical scalpels and soldering iron tips to rock cutting tools and high-quality abrasives. In terms of abrasive ability, impact diamonds exceed kimberlite and synthetic ones. The relative inaccessibility of the region and the weak interest in this type of raw material in the country have not allowed these deposits to be exploited so far.
Popigai astrobleme. Outcrop "Motley rocks"
Impact diamonds. Deposit Udarnoye.
Probably unique, Gorevskoye lead-zinc and Olimpiada gold deposits.
The reserves of the Gorevsky deposit, the largest in Russia, account for more than 40% of the total Russian reserves (8.1 million tons of lead and 1.98 million tons of zinc). In addition, the ores contain cadmium, silver, germanium, thallium, gallium, tellurium, indium, cobalt, antimony.
Rich lead-zinc ore. Gorevsky field
Cadmium from the ore of the Gorevsky Pb-Zn deposit
The Olimpiada gold deposit in terms of its reserves (650 tons) is considered the second in Russia, after the Sukhoi Log deposit in the Irkutsk region. Sample of gold in oxidized ores - 960, in primary - 910-997. Of the valuable components, the ores also contain silver (up to 2 g/t), tungsten and antimony.
East Quarry. Olimpiada deposit
Sulfide gold ore. Olimpiada deposit
Gold bars from the ore of the Olimpiada deposit
7. What regional mineral resources can be attributed to the most ancient in the world? (They say our oil is the oldest.) Their age?
Gold should be attributed to the ancient minerals - the age of the gold of the Yenisei Ridge is 850-750 million years.
The age of oil is determined by the age of the source rocks. The oil and gas fields of the West Siberian oil and gas province, including the Vankor field, are associated with Cretaceous rocks (137-67 Ma). Oil fields of the Evenki region - with rocks of the Riphean - Vendian (1650-570 million years). From this point of view, Evenki oil is older than Tyumen and Vankor oil, and even the oldest in the world.
Oil from Evenkia. Yurubcheno-Takhomskoye field
8. How, who discovered the deposits that serve today as the raw material base of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Complex; Olimpiada, Vankorskoye, Yurubcheno-Tokhomskoye, Gorevskoye deposits? How was the fate of their discoverers?
The Norilsk industrial region includes unique sulfide copper-nickel deposits: Norilsk - I (the discovery was registered in 1920), Talnakhskoye (1960), Oktyabrskoye (1965) and deposits with off-balance reserves that do not have an industrial assessment: Norilsk - II (1926 ), Gorozubovskoe (1940), Imangdinskoe (1940), Chernogorskoe (1943).
The first information about the Norilsk deposit of oxidized vein sulphide ores of Rudnaya Mountain appeared in 1865. One of the local residents brought the policeman of the village Dudinsky P.M. Sotnikov several beautiful blue-green stones, heavy in weight, and told about the place of the find. Sotnikov did not know the value of the ore, and showed it to specialists - gold miner A.I. Kytmanov, geologists F.B. Schmidt and I.A. Lopatin. In September 1865, Kytmanov and Sotnikov made an application for the deposit, as evidenced by the application post found later by N.N. Urvantsev. In the same year, Sotnikov carried out the sinking of the adit, mined and smelted the mined ore and received about 100 pounds of copper. However, the copper-smelting furnace built on permafrost quickly collapsed. For three years, they received a little more than 3 tons of blister copper, which they sold to the treasury.
1st year student of the Tomsk Technological Institute A.A. Sotnikov (grandson of P.M. Sotnikov) in 1915 from his expedition brought along with the “copper” ores of the Rudnaya mountain (so named by him), and samples of gabbro-dolerites containing disseminated sulfides. He gave these samples to a 3rd year student of the Tomsk Technological Institute N.N. Urvantsev for study. In them, Nikolai Nikolayevich was the first to identify a nickel mineral - pentlandite and suggested that this was not only a copper deposit, but also nickel.
In 1919, in the harsh revolutionary time, N.N. Urvantsev convinced Admiral Kolchak and secured funding for a small expedition to a remote and inaccessible area. For which he was subsequently repressed. This is how work began in the Norilsk region, the initial task of which was to search for coal for the ships of the Northern Sea Route. Along the way, N.N. Urvantsev began to search for copper-nickel ores, as a result of which loose copper-nickel richly disseminated ores were discovered by pits east of the Sotnikovskaya adit. The following year, work was continued and rich primary and disseminated copper-nickel ores were discovered on the northern slope of Mount Rudnaya, confined to a differentiated gabbro-dolerite intrusion.
|
Urvantsev Nikolai Nikolaevich (1893-1985) |
This is how the Norilsk-1 field was born. Until 1965, the Norilsk-I deposit was the main raw material base of the Norilsk Combine. In 1925 N.N. Urvantsev convinced F.E. Dzerzhinsky about sending a large stationary expedition to Norilsk to carry out geological exploration for sulfide copper-nickel ores. The result of this expedition was the discovery of a new deposit of copper-nickel ores - Norilsk - II. |
In March 1935, after Stalin's report, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided to build the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. The construction site was declared shock and transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKVD of the USSR. The Norilskstroy organization was created, a geological department was organized under it, which continued the search and exploration of copper-nickel deposits. The studies of the Norilsk region were carried out in difficult Gulag and polar conditions with a primitive technical arsenal. The results of the work of geologists in 1940 led to the conclusion that there is an ore province of significant size and with broad prospects for increasing the reserves in the area for disseminated and rich ores. Naturally, they could not do without N.N. Urvantsev. And he is a "convict", in difficult war years, becomes the chief geologist of Norilskstroy. Deposits of copper-nickel ores were found in the city of Zub-Marksheiderskaya, Chernogorskoye, Imangdinskoye, an ore occurrence of the river. Silver.
The ore base of the Norilsk MMC was the Norilsk-I deposit. In the 1950s, rich ores here were completely worked out, and the plant exploited poor disseminated ores. The geologists were given the task of providing the plant with a reliable raw material base. Expanded extensive search work was crowned with the discovery in 1960. Talnakhsky and in 1965 Oktyabrsky deposits, which have no equal in the world in terms of reserves of rich copper-nickel ores.
Their discovery is rightfully considered one of the most outstanding events of the second half of the 20th century in the development of the mineral resource base of Russia.
The pioneers of the Norilsk copper-nickel deposits are:
Field "Norilsk - I" (1920) - N.N. Urvantsev (1893-1985) and A.A. Sotnikov
Talnakhskoye deposit "(1960) - V.S. Nesterovsky (1938-1986), V.F. Kravtsov, Yu.D. Kuznetsov, B.M. Kulikov, G.D. Maslov (1915-1968) and others. For the discovery and study of the Talnakh copper-nickel deposit in 1963 G.D. Maslov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and in 1965 a group of Norilsk geologists was awarded the Lenin Prize (V.N. Egorov, V.F. Kravtsov, V.S. Nesterovsky, E.N. Sukhanova).
The Oktyabrskoye field (1965) - L.L. Vaulin, V.F. Kravtsov, V.N. Egorov, G.G. Rempel, V.S. Nesterovsky, V.A. Lyulko, G.I. Kharchenko. For the discovery and study of the Oktyabrsky copper-nickel deposit in 1971, they were awarded the State Prize L.L. Vaulin, V.A. Tushkanov, V.A. Lyulko, L.P. Nemenko, A.V. Prokhorov, Yu.N. gray-haired.
Field "Norilsk - II" (1926) - N.N. Urvantsev, B.N. Rozhkov.
The Imangdinskoye deposit (1940) - Yu.A. Speight and G.I. Komarov.
Field "Gorozubovskoye" (1940) - Yu.M. Sheinman.
Field "Chernogorsk" (1943) - P.I. Trofimov and G.F. Odinets.
At the end of 1923, geologist N.K. Vysotsky in these ores, from the collection of N.N. Urvantsev, high contents of platinum group metals were established.
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| Maslov Georgy Dmitrievich | Kravtsov Viktor Fomich |
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| Nesterovsky Vasily Stepanovich | Lyulko Victor Alexandrovich |
The discoverer of the Norilsk deposits Urvantsev Nikolai Nikolaevich (1893-1985) - Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, an outstanding geologist and explorer geographer. In 1918 he graduated from the Tomsk Technological Institute, and in 1919 he went to Taimyr and connected himself with this corner of Russia for the rest of his life. In 1938 he was repressed on false charges and until 1945 he was imprisoned. After his release, in 1945 - 1956 he headed the geological service of the Norilsk MMC. Since 1957, after rehabilitation, he worked at the Research Institute of Arctic Geology in Leningrad. He discovered a coal deposit in the valley of the river. Norilka (1919), copper - nickel deposits Norilsk - I (1922) and Norilsk - II (1926), discovered and explored the Kayerkan coal deposit (1948), predicted the discovery of Talnakh and Oktyabrsky deposits. Described and mapped Russia (with G.A. Ushakov) the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. In one of the Taimyr routes (1922) he found a bag with R. Amundsen's mail, for which the Norwegian government awarded him a nominal gold watch. For the second half of his life, he worked at the Research Institute of Geology of the Arctic, was engaged in forecasting the discovery and search for copper-nickel deposits of the Siberian Platform, Taimyr, and created a school of geologists in this direction. In 1935, based on the totality of his works, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy. Author of more than 150 publications, including five monographs and four memoir books. He was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, a gold medal to them. Przhevalsky (1924), a large gold medal of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1956), an honorary citizen of Norilsk (1975). The following are named after him: Urvantsev Embankment Street, a cape and a bay on Oleniy Island in the Kara Sea, a rock in the mountains of Queen Maud Land in Antarctica, and the mineral urvantsevite from Talnakh ores. P. Sigunov's book "Through the Snowstorm" was written about him.
The Olimpiada gold deposit was discovered in 1975. Honorary title"Pioneer of the deposit" in 1987 was awarded to N.F. Gavrilov, L.V. Lee (1932 - 2002), G.P. Kruglov and A.Ya. Kurilin (1934-1999). For the discovery of the Olimpiada gold deposit, its preparation for industrial development, the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers was awarded the State Prize of the USSR in the field of science and technology for 1987. Among the discoverers, it was presented to L.V. Lee and A.Ya. Kurilin.
G.P. Kruglov is currently Associate Professor of the Department of Geology of Mineral Deposits of the Siberian Federal University.
Gorevsky lead-zinc deposit was discovered in 1956 by Yu.N. Glazyrin and E.I. Vrublevich. Yu.N. Glazyrin died tragically in 1960, E.I. Vrublevich is currently retired.
The Vankor oil and gas condensate field was discovered in 1988 in the interfluve of the Yenisei and the Taz in the Turukhansk region.
Yurubcheno-Takhomskoye oil and gas condensate field in the Baikitsky district of the Evenk Autonomous District was discovered in 1982
Large teams are involved in the discovery of oil and gas fields, and therefore the names of the discoverers are not given in the literature.
9. Which deposit was searched for the longest time; found the fastest found by chance (under what circumstances?); was it so that they were looking for one thing - they found another?
There are no accidental and quick discoveries of deposits. Deposits are made by large teams. Dozens and hundreds of geologists bit by bit collect information that leads to the discovery of the field. More than one year passes from the first discovery of ore to obtaining the status of a deposit. After all, it is required to carry out prospecting and appraisal and exploration work, to calculate ore reserves. And only after that you can talk about the field.
The deposits of kimberlite diamonds should rightfully be attributed to the longest discovered deposits. The first diamond in the region was found in 1897. Systematic diamond prospecting in the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory began in the first post-war years and continues to this day. Several ore occurrences have been discovered, three promising areas have been identified, but not a single diamond deposit has been discovered. It has now been established that the kimberlite rocks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are Mesozoic in age, have a low diamond content, and cannot be considered as primary sources of alluvium diamonds. At the same time, it was found that the largest concentrations of large diamonds in modern river sediments in most areas are associated with the removal from intermediate reservoirs containing, among other things, satellite minerals of the diamond association.
These results determined the main direction of further work - the search for Middle Paleozoic kimberlite pipes, similar in type to the Western Yakut ones, with which all the main deposits of Siberia are associated. Those. the discovery of diamond deposits should be expected in the near future (subject to funding for these works).
For a long time, geologists went to the discovery of the Gorevsky deposit. The first information about the presence of lead-zinc ores in the adjacent areas dates back to the 1770s. From 1774 to 1779. on the right and left banks of the Yenisei in the area with. Kargino by the Arkhangelsk merchant D.I. Lobanov developed the Kargino-Savinskaya group of deposits. In the 1930s, on the right bank of the Angara opposite the Strelka pier, a small Ust-Angara lead-zinc deposit was mined. In the 1930s-1940s, geologists searched for lead-zinc ores in the lower reaches of the river. Hangars, as a result of which many ore occurrences were discovered, but there were no large industrial facilities. And only in 1956, when the Bratsk reservoir was being filled, and there was a very low water level in the Angara, Yu.N. Glazyrin and E.I. Vrublevich was lucky, and the Gorevskoye field was discovered.
The Olimpiada gold deposit is located 90 km southwest of Severo-Yeniseisk. Prospectors began to develop this territory in the middle of the 19th century, here they worked out gold placers. However, systematic geological work began in the 20s of the XX century. During the war in the upper reaches of the Olimpiadinsky was carried out by the geologists of the Yeniseizoloto trust N.F. Gavrilov and Stolyarov (1944) and discovered quartz dumps with gold.
In the 1950s, geological prospecting for gold intensified in the Severo-Yenisei region. During these years, geologists T.M. Dembo, P.S. Bershtein, N.V. Petrovskaya, E.K. Kavrigina, N.S. Podgornaya, A.Kh. Ivanov, V.M. Chairkin, V.G. Petrov and others. They not only clarified the geological structure of the territory, but also identified ore occurrences of tungsten (“Olenye”, “Vysokoye”), mercury (“Pravoberezhnoye”), antimony (“Olimpiada”). In 1960-70, geological surveys were carried out at a scale of 1:50,000 and 1:200,000.
Based on the results of these works, a negative assessment was given for primary gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization.
In 1964, geologists of the Complex Thematic Expedition L.V. Lee and G.P. Kruglov carried out work on compiling a predictive map of the gold content of this area and took samples from metasomatites and from quartz veins of the Olenye tungsten and Olimpiada antimony ore occurrences. The gold content in the samples was 10-50 g/t, which allowed them to identify a new type of gold mineralization for the Yenisei Ridge - the formation of gold-bearing metasomatites. L.V. spent several years Lee, arguing in various instances that the discovery of a large gold deposit in this area is not far off. In 1974, despite solid opponents, a decision was made to continue the search work. Geological surveys carried out in 1975 to evaluate the Olimpiada site for gold (A.Ya. Kurilin and M.V. Krysin) confirmed their conclusions, and 1975 is considered the year of discovery of the Olimpiada deposit.
Geologists spent many years discovering oil fields.
There is no definite answer to the question about the accidental discovery of the deposit. About some deposits, one can probably say that they were discovered by accident. For example, chance also played a certain role in the discovery of the Gorevsky deposit: at the right time (an unusually low water level in the Angara River), a geologist was in the right place. With a certain degree of conventionality, it can be said that deposits were accidentally discovered during geological surveys of small and medium scale in the 1920-1950s, when geologists began work almost from scratch. And the geologist was just lucky to conduct routes in the territory where there is a deposit.
History also knows cases when they were looking for one thing, but found another. A vivid example of this is the discovery of the Chuktukon phosphate-rare-metal-rare-earth deposit. Initially, the search for rare-metal mineralization began on the Chadobetsky ledge. The results of the first field season were negative, but bauxite pebbles were found in the river. They began to work on bauxites, during which the Chuktukonskoye deposit was discovered. Or another example. On the Yenisei Ridge, work was carried out to assess the Porozhinsky massif of ultramafic rocks for chromites. A well was drilled, which revealed nickel mineralization at a depth.
The time of quick and random discoveries of deposits is a thing of the past. Now, to open a deposit, a science-based approach and good funding for these works are required.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the richest in natural resources. Thanks to the reserves, the region is an attractive region for investment. The most important natural resources of the region are: hydropower, coniferous forests, coal, gold and rare metals, oil, gas, iron and polymetallic ores, non-metallic minerals.
The situation in the region's economy in the first years of reforms practically followed the national one. Since 1994, the region has made the first attempt to stop the industrial decline. Despite the fact that the industrial decline in the country continued, the industry of the region began to emerge from the crisis and began to increase production volumes.
The flora of the region is rich and varied. A large territory, diverse landscapes from 100 to 3000 meters above sea level predetermine the latitudinal and vertical zonality in the distribution of vegetation in the region. In the north of the region vast areas occupy underdeveloped, primitive soil tundra. The lands of the forest fund in the region occupy 168.1 million hectares (69% of the total area of the region).
45% of the region's territory is covered with forests, which include the northern taiga (marsh, flooded forests), the central taiga (dark coniferous forests dominated by cedar, larch, fir), and southern deciduous forests. The total stock of wood is about 14.4 billion cubic meters (29% of the total Russian). The volume of annual felling is 16.3 million cubic meters or 25.2% of the allowable cut. The most significant is the Angara-Yenisei region (Lower Angara), where 58% of the total logging volume is currently concentrated. The south of the region is occupied by a zone of steppes and forest-steppes. In this region, birch and pine forests alternate with steppes, the herbaceous cover of which is dominated by feather grass-forb vegetation. The soils of the Krasnoyarsk Territory have a relatively small thickness. In the north, these are primitive soil tundras lying on permafrost; the central and southern regions are characterized mainly by podzolic, peat-podzolic and chestnut-colored soils. Only in the Minusinsk basin can one find highly productive chernozems. There are more than 450 species of plants on the territory of the region, including industrially valuable species. About 60 species of plants are under state protection. A large number of mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, pine nuts, fern.
There are 342 species of birds and 89 species of mammals on the territory of the region, among the latter the most significant is the population of reindeer, numbering 600 thousand heads. Polar bears, walruses, seals, seals are found on the shores and in the ice of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic foxes, wolves, foxes, ermines, weasels live in the tundra, many species of birds nest. The population of wild reindeer in the north of the region is about 600,000 heads. In the taiga you can meet brown bear, elk, deer, sable, lynx, squirrel, hare. The fauna of the steppes and forest-steppes is relatively poor. About 30 species of commercial fish are found in the rivers of the region. Including sturgeon, sterlet, taimen, grayling, whitefish, broad whitefish, peled and others.
A particularly important factor contributing to the rapid development of the region's industry is the availability of cheap hydropower through the use of the energy potential of the region's rivers. There is a developed river system in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This is, first of all, the largest river system in Russia, the Yenisei with its tributaries, as well as the rivers Pyasina, Taimyr, Khatanga, which flow into the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. In the southwest - the rivers Chulym and Kesh-Ket. All rivers form a natural transport system on the territory of the region. River runoff reaches 700 cubic kilometers per year, which is more than 20% of the runoff of Russian rivers. The Yenisei and Angara have the greatest energy potential. Two HPPs have been built on the Yenisei, a cascade of three hydroelectric power plants has been built on the Angara, and a fourth, the Boguchanskaya HPP, is under construction. The total capacity of HPPs in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is 44.8 billion kilowatts/hour. From south to north, one of the largest rivers in the world, the Yenisei, flows through the territory of the region. It originates in the Sayan Mountains, in the geographical center of Asia from the confluence of two rivers: the Big and Small Yenisei. The total length of the river is 4092 km. The width in the lower reaches is up to 12 km in places, and at the mouth, at the confluence with the Kara Sea, 40-50 km. There are many rapids on the rivers of the region, there are waterfalls. The speed of the river flow is from 3-5 m/s to 10-12 m/s. The channels of mountain rivers have large slopes, their fall is from 5 to 100 meters per 1 kilometer. In the lower reaches of the Yenisei, there are the ports of Igarka and Dudinka, equipped to receive sea vessels, through which almost all Krasnoyarsk timber exports go. Navigation here is possible only in the summer, accompanied by icebreakers - all year round. In the ports of Krasnoyarsk and Lesosibirsk, located in the middle reaches of the Yenisei, it is possible to call river-sea class vessels with a carrying capacity of up to 5,000 tons.
The total number of lakes in the region is 323 thousand, or more than 11% of their number in the country. However, there are not so many large lakes, and 99% of the region's lakes have a water surface area of less than one square kilometer. 86% of the region's lakes are located in the north. In the southern part there is a complex of lakes with mineral waters and therapeutic mud - lakes Tagarskoye, Shira, Uchum, Bele and others. More than 80,000 people receive treatment at existing resorts every year.
From the north, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is washed by the waters of two seas of the Arctic Ocean - the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. A solid ice cover stays in the seas for 9 months a year, but thanks to a powerful icebreaking fleet, caravans of ships travel along the Northern Sea Route all year round.
25 oil and gas fields have been explored in the region. Oil reserves by industrial categories are estimated at 618 million tons, gas - at 1126 billion cubic meters, gas condensate - more than 58 million tons. Gas production is carried out at two fields: Yuzhno-Soleninsky and Severo-Soleninsky, for the needs of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. The largest of the explored deposits are Yurubcheno-Takhomskoye, Kuyumbinskoye and Tersko-Komovskoye.
Niobium. Russia's needs are met only by 60%. In the region, the Tatar and Chuktukon rare metal deposits have been identified, which have the best technological indicators of metal extraction in comparison with the known deposits of tantalum-niobium ores.
Antimony. Exploited antimony deposits in Yakutia by 2005 are working out their reserves. The only reserve explored deposit in Russia is Uderey gold - antimony, located in a promising antimony-bearing area.
In terms of gold mining, the region occupies a leading position among Russian regions. The region has the second largest gold deposit in Russia - Olimpiada. For at least 30 years, large-scale gold mining is possible on it. In addition to Olimpiada, 11 smaller deposits are being developed in the region. Reserves and resources of alluvial gold make it possible to increase and maintain its production in the amount of 4.5-5.0 tons per year. The total volume of predicted resources of alluvial gold is 10 tons, primary - 5 tons. A further increase in gold production is possible only on the basis of bedrock.
The total explored coal reserves in the region are 86.3 billion tons, only 7% has been industrially developed. Enterprises of the Krasnoyarskugol concern produce about 61 million tons of coal per year. The Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin has a unique reserve of coals suitable for open pit mining. The total reserves are 65.8 billion tons (of which 62.2 billion tons are for open-pit operations). Another advantage of the basin is that it is located along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The large but little-studied Taimyr basin is located in the north of the region. Its two deposits have coal reserves of 89 billion tons. The Tunguska basin is considered the largest in the world in terms of potential coal resources. Here, coal reserves are estimated at 2.3 trillion tons. But most of it is located in the remote northern regions of the region.
The balance reserves of iron ores of the region are 2270.2 million tons, of which 56% are easily enriched. Inferred resources are estimated at 4.5 billion tons. The reserves are concentrated mainly in three iron ore regions: Khakass-Sayan, Angara-Pit and Sredne-Angara.
On the territory of the region there is the largest in the world in terms of reserves of lead-zinc ores, the Gorevskoye deposit. Gorevsky GOK produces 16-18 thousand tons of lead concentrates containing 50-60% lead and up to 450 g/t silver. In addition to lead and silver, germanium, tellurium, gallium, and indium are also mined from the ore of this deposit. There is a prospect of discovering new polymetallic deposits in the Angara-Tunguska interfluve. There are significant deposits of apatite and nepheline - the main raw material for the production of aluminum (Al). Apatite deposits in the north of the region contain 21% of all Russian reserves. More than 10 deposits have been explored in the Norilsk copper ore region in the north of the region. Developments here are carried out both in open and closed ways. The ore is processed by the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant, which provides a large share of the Russian production of copper, nickel, cobalt and platinoids.
The region contains the main Russian reserves of platinum and platinoids (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru), copper-nickel ores (Cu, Ni), the main deposits of which are located in the north of the region, including the Taimyr Peninsula, Icelandic spar . More than 10 deposits of polymetallic ores have been explored in the Norilsk copper ore region in the north of the region. Developments here are carried out both open and in a closed way. The ore is processed by the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant, which provides a large share of the Russian production of copper, nickel, cobalt and platinoids.
The Angarsk group of magnesite deposits (raw materials for obtaining magnesium - Mg) is one of the first places in Russia in terms of the amount of reserves (500 million tons) and quality characteristics. The purest Tal magnesites can be used to obtain metallic magnesium. Magnesite reserves in the region are estimated at 500 million tons. Currently, 6 deposits are known. The Anabar apatite province is located in the north of the region and contains 21% of the total Russian apatite reserves. The area is considered as promising for the discovery of large-scale deposits.
The reserves of bauxites explored in the interfluve of the Angara and Podkamennaya Tunguska are more than 100 million tons. The bauxites of the Central deposit are unique in terms of the high content of rare and rare earth elements. The reserves are estimated at 50 million tons, which is quite enough for a medium-sized alumina refinery. With good technology, it is possible to extract incidental elements.
In addition, there are significant reserves of cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), mercury (Hg), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), alkali metals (Na, K), a whole group of rare and rare earth metals, phosphates, graphite, manganese ores (Mn), talc, helium, building stone and others. The big advantage of the region is that these natural resources, as a rule, lie side by side and can be developed simultaneously.
The gross potential value of the balance reserves of minerals in the region in average prices of the free market in 1996 exceeds 2.3 trillion. USD. About 50% of the cost falls on fuel and energy resources, 7.8% - on ferrous and non-ferrous metals, 5.3% - on rare and precious metals, and 1.1% - on metal ore minerals. The main value among rare and precious metals are platinoids (94.5%) and gold (5.5%).
ECOLOGY
Industrial enterprises of the region emit pollutants into the atmosphere, and in 1997 gross emissions increased by 2.3% and amounted to 2671 thousand tons. The largest increase in emissions (69.9 thousand tons, or 3.3%) was noted at the Norilsk MMC , where sulfur dioxide emissions amounted to 2121.1 thousand tons. The plant retains the first place in terms of gross emissions of pollutants in the Russian Federation.
Due to the reduction in production, enterprises of the petrochemical industry reduced emissions of pollutants (by 5.8%), electric power industry (7.5%), woodworking and pulp and paper industries (13.2%). Despite the increase in the production of the Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter, its industrial emissions remained at the same level.
On the industrial enterprises Krai in 1997, there were 5 accidents associated with the discharge of pollutants into water bodies and on the terrain, as well as 2 cases of extremely high pollution with copper compounds of the river. Pike in the Norilsk industrial region.
The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies decreased by 13.6% and amounted to 2353 million m3. Discharges of treated wastewater remained at the level of previous years - 20 million m3, while polluted (without treatment) decreased to 131 million m3 (18.7 million m3 less than in 1996).
Improvement in water quality was noted at 42 river sections, deterioration - at 8.
Agricultural lands occupy 10.2 million hectares in the region. Over the past 5 years, the area of agricultural land used has decreased by 181 thousand hectares, including arable land - by 84 thousand hectares. The total area of land requiring soil protection measures is more than 1 million hectares, of which 824 thousand hectares are eroded arable land. In comparison with the previous year, the application of mineral fertilizers was reduced by 29%, organic - by 31%. In 1997, these figures were 22 and 772 thousand tons, respectively.
As of January 1, 1998, the area of disturbed lands in the region amounted to 16.8 thousand hectares, of which 77% are dumps, workings and quarries of mining enterprises. Over 3.4 thousand hectares have already been worked out and are subject to reclamation. For the period 1993 - 1997. restored 7.7 thousand hectares of disturbed land.
More than 750 million m3 of production and consumption wastes have been accumulated on the territory of the region, located at 1300 sites with a total area of 7.1 thousand hectares. In 1997, the enterprises generated 28.4 million tons of industrial waste, including 2.5 thousand tons of hazard class I and II waste.
The bulk of the waste is concentrated in waste heaps, ash and slag dumps, tailings and sludge reservoirs. A particularly difficult situation has developed in the Norilsk industrial region, where about half of the industrial waste of the region is located, as well as at the Berezovskaya State District Power Plant and the Achinsk Alumina Combine in connection with the filling of existing storage facilities.
One of the serious environmental issues is the radiation environment. Several tens of thousands of tons of solid and liquid radioactive waste are concentrated at the nuclear industry facilities located in the region, the total activity of which is measured in billion Ci. In the channel and floodplain of the river. Yenisei revealed several radioactive anomalies of man-made origin, one of which is located within the city of Yeniseisk. The Krasnoyarsk Territory has areas with an increased and high radioactive background caused by high radon content in some settlements, including the city of Krasnoyarsk.
The forest area in the Krasnoyarsk Territory exceeds 58 million hectares. The total timber stock is about 73.375 million m3, almost 68% of which is concentrated in mature and overmature stands. Timber harvesting over the past 5 years has decreased from 15.7 to 7.6 million m3 and does not reach 14% of the allowable cut. Forest fires covered 368 thousand hectares. As a result of the outbreak of the Siberian silkworm in 1992 - 1997. 782 thousand hectares of coniferous plantations were affected, including 136 thousand hectares transferred to unforested areas.
Krasnoyarsk administration portal
I would like to note that the study of natural resources attracts Lately increasing attention, as they have defined our past, define our present, and will determine our future. The presence of resources improves our living conditions, the absence worsens them. The Krasnoyarsk Territory has significant natural resources, allowing it to occupy a leading position in Russia. Our region is one of the richest in natural resources. Thanks to the reserves, the region is an attractive region for investment. The most important natural resources of the region are: hydropower, coniferous forests, coal, gold and rare metals, oil, gas, iron and polymetallic ores, non-metallic minerals. The natural conditions of the vast expanse of the region are very diverse. Here are all the landscapes found in Eastern Siberia: mountain forests, steppes and forest-steppes, subtaiga and taiga, tundra and forest-tundra, a layer of permafrost soils.
Minerals Book value of minerals of category A + B + C1 and C2 Share of the Krai in Russia, % Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai billion US dollars % billion US dollars % Total,08.7 fuel and energy resources,29.8 - oil,1612, 61.6 - gas, 3542.30.6 - coal, 229.0 ferrous and nonferrous metals, 127812.07.4 - iron .8 - bauxites4701.830.10.7 rare and precious metals and diamonds 3781.41908.250.3 - gold990.4110.510.6 - platinum890.3813.590.6 - palladium1000.4984.298.1 - diamonds740, 3 00 non-metallic minerals, 2381.60.9 - potassium salt, 6 00 Comparison of the book value of minerals in Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Coal mining in the region More than 60% of Russian coal is concentrated in the region. The Kansk-Achinsk and Tunguska coal basins are located within the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Kansk-Achinsk basin is the largest lignite basin in the world. The total resources of the basin down to a depth of 600 m are 638 billion tons, including 465 billion tons within the Krasnoyarsk region. for the production of refined solid and liquid motor fuels. Coal mining in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is carried out by three large cuts - Borodinsky, Nazarovsky, Berezovsky - and 13 small cuts for local fuel needs. Non-ferrous and rare metals Deposits and manifestations of lead, zinc, nickel, antimony, molybdenum, aluminum raw materials, niobium and other rare metals are known in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The raw material base of lead-zinc ores is located in the west of the Yenisei Ridge and includes the Gorevskoye, Moryakhinskoye, Lineinoye, Limonitovoye, Tokminskoye deposits, which form the Gorevsky mining region. Sulfide copper-nickel ores form deposits in the mafic-ultrabasic massifs of the Eastern Sayan. The Kingash copper-nickel deposit is part of the Kingash ore cluster, which also includes the Verkhnekingash deposit and a number of promising ore occurrences. lead copper
Iron ores More than 70 deposits and ore occurrences of iron ores of various mineral types are known in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, of which the most important in industrial terms are deposits of easily enriched magnetite ores, which are mined at the active mine - Irbinskoye (Irbinskoye deposit). The construction of new metallurgical complexes is included in the government program for the development of the Lower Angara region. Its first phase involves the launch in 2015 of the Tagarsky metallurgical association based on the Tagarsky iron ore deposit. It was opened in 1960. The explored reserves of the deposit are 263 million tons of iron ore, the iron content in the ore is 31.1%. Titanium Two objects of titanium ores are known in the region - the Lysan group of titanium-magnetite ores and the Madashen deposit of titanium-bearing sands.
Manganese ores The Porozhinskoye deposit of manganese ores of industrial importance is located in the Turukhansk region of the region - this is one of the largest deposits in Russia. The deposit has 7 sections, the total mineral resources in which are estimated by experts at 30 million tons, while the content of manganese in the ore is 20%, iron - 9%, phosphorus - 0.5%. Raw aluminum In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are large resources of iron and aluminum raw materials in the amount of over 600 million tons, including 200 million tons of nepheline ores, including 22.4% alumina, 12.2% silica, 35.2% oxide gland. Bauxite deposits are located within the Motyginsky and Boguchansky districts and form three groups: Chadobetskaya, Tatarskaya and Priangarskaya. The deposit of nephelite ores is located in the southeast of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the Sharypovsky district. Gold In terms of reserves, the Olimpiadinskoye and Blagodatnoye deposits sharply prevail. The main ore body, which contains about 90% of gold ore reserves, is located in the eastern part of the deposit. According to the methods of extraction, the reserves of alluvial deposits are divided into dredging, hydromechanical and for separate open mining.
Enrichment of Natural Resources At present, almost all mined mineral raw materials are subjected to enrichment, and often it is the enricher who has the final say in assessing the prospects of a particular deposit. Enrichment of minerals is a set of processes for the primary processing of solid mineral raw materials in order to isolate products suitable for further technically feasible and economically feasible chemical or metallurgical processing or use. Mineral processing refers to processes in which minerals are separated without changing their chemical composition, structure or state of aggregation. These processes are all more combined with hydrometallurgy and chemical processing (combined schemes).
Simplified technology system coal preparation Feed material Crushing, grinding Enrichment Dewatering Tailings (to dump) Finished concentrate As a result of mineral processing, two main products are obtained: concentrate and tailings. In some cases (for example, when enriching asbestos or anthracite), concentrates differ from tailings mainly in the size of mineral particles. If the ore contains a number of useful components, then several concentrates are obtained from it. Enrichment of minerals is characterized by two main indicators: the content of the useful component in the concentrate and its extraction (in percent). During enrichment, up to 9295% of useful components are extracted from ores. At the same time, their concentration increases by tens and hundreds of times. For example, 50% concentrates are obtained from molybdenum ores containing 0.1% Mo. For example, when enriching polymetallic ores containing minerals Pb, Zn, Cu and S, lead, zinc, copper and sulfur concentrates are obtained, respectively. It is also possible to obtain concentrates of various grades. In some cases, complex concentrates are obtained, for example, copper-gold or nickel-cobalt, the components of which are already separated in the metallurgical process.
“... This is an amazing and very complex process. Nowhere in the world have they come up with this, only here. Bacteria extract gold from dust. The process is based on the oxidation of sulfide minerals containing gold by a complex culture of bacteria at a temperature of degrees Celsius. ...microorganisms "eat" unnecessary impurities in the ore, the minerals decompose, and the gold is released for the further extraction process. In 120 hours, bacteria do what takes millions of years in nature. However, gold miners have such a concept “do not overfeed the bacteria” otherwise they die ... ”(from the literary and artistic guide for schoolchildren“ Journey through the Krasnoyarsk Territory ”) The natural reserves of the region are the basis of the investment attractiveness of the region and the basis of its subsequent development. The leadership of the Krasnoyarsk Territory summed up the results of the region's development in 2011. The main achievement is the growth in key economic indicators. I am proud to live in one of the most rapidly developing regions of Russia!
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