The birds are sedentary, migratory and nomadic in the autumn. Description and list of migratory birds: who does not stay for the winter

IN middle lane The forests of Siberia, Sakhalin and all the forests of the European part of the country are inhabited by resident jay birds - the indigenous inhabitants of the forest. They are wary of humans and only severe hunger sometimes makes them fly to forest cordons or to the outskirts of large cities.

Among the monotonous black or gray plumage of its relatives - rooks, jackdaws and magpies - the jay stands out for the beauty and brightness of its plumage. Its general tone is brownish-brown, almost red, the tips of the wings and tail are black, the base of the tail and throat are white, and there are blue spots on the sides of the wings that form a stripe when sitting.

The jay is slightly smaller in size than the jackdaw. Jays live in any forest in upper parts trees, but also descend to the ground. They make nests from branches and wool and hatch 5-8 chicks. Jays feed on insects; after leaf fall, they descend to the ground and collect insect pupae and acorns in the fallen leaves. They also feed on various berries, hawthorn, and rowan, but they also attack the nests of small birds, drink eggs and kill chicks.

The jay is the main disperser of oak. While scattering oak seeds, she often loses them in flight, so oak seedlings and young trees can be found several kilometers from fruit-bearing trees.

The “feathered forester” is the name given to a forest bird – the nutcracker, or nutcracker, which is widespread in the forests of Siberia and the northern forests of the Western Urals. Nutcrackers are sedentary birds of the crow type, the size of a jay. Its main plumage is black, its back and belly are strewn with white spots, and the ends of its tail feathers are also white.

Cedar trees are the only distributors of cedar. pine cone It is massive, the nut is heavy, neither wind, nor rain, nor small birds can carry it far. And at the same time, somewhere off to the side, sometimes in a burnt area, many kilometers from the cedar forest, cedar seedlings are discovered.

When the cones ripen, hundreds of nutcrackers knock them down and peel them, stuff the crops with nuts and drag them in all directions to hide them in secluded corners. By creating a supply of nuts in various places, nutcrackers eat only part of them. Another part of the reserves is for many taiga inhabitants, primarily for the sable.

Every forester must remember that nutcrackers bring great benefits to forestry and must be protected.

Blackbirds are numerous in all forests. They settle in any place and hatch chicks 2-3 times a year. The nest of these birds is massive, the inside is coated with clay. Blackbirds collect insects on the forest floor and feed on berries and seeds of forest shrubs.

Woodpeckers have fully adapted to life in the forest. These sedentary birds winter time They wander, but never fly out of the forest. There are 13 species of woodpeckers living in our forests. Short wings do not allow them to make long flights.

When a woodpecker sits on a tree, it rests on its hard tail feathers. Woodpeckers have a long, pointed beak, which they use to chisel wood. The woodpecker's tongue is an important weapon for obtaining food. The tongue of this bird can protrude up to 15 cm. Having made a hole in the bark or wood with its beak and reaching the passage of the bark beetle or longhorned beetle, the woodpecker sticks its tongue into all the cracks under the bark, looking for insect larvae. Having found the larva, he pricks it on the sharp, hard tip of his tongue. The prey will not slip off such a tongue - the end is lined with sharp, backward-pointing teeth.

By exterminating forest pests, woodpeckers are very beneficial. They are also useful because every year they hollow out new hollows for nesting, and hollow nesters use last year’s ones.

There are numerous species of tits in our forests. They nest in hollows and artificial nesting boxes, hatch chicks twice a summer, and there can be up to 15 chicks in a brood. Each species of tit has its own favorite habitat: the blue tit sticks to deciduous forests, the tufted tit sticks to coniferous forests, and the great tit nests everywhere.

Tits feed on insects and their eggs. With their strong beaks, birds crush spider web nests and select caterpillars wintering in them. In summer, tits destroy large numbers of silkworm caterpillars, which are not eaten by other birds except rooks, starlings and cuckoos.

On average, a pair of birds flies to the nest up to 500 times per day, bringing about a thousand eggs during this time. different insects. Tits are the most common sedentary birds in our forests.

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bird migration, bird migration map
Under migration, or birds migrating imply the movement or resettlement of birds associated with changes in environmental or feeding conditions, or breeding characteristics. The ability of birds to migrate is facilitated by their high mobility, which is inaccessible to most other species of land animals.

1 Types of migrations
2 Resident birds
3 Nomadic birds
4 Migratory birds
- 4.1 Route forms
5 Flight destinations
6 See also
7 Literature

Types of migrations

Based on the nature of seasonal migrations, birds are divided into sedentary, nomadic, or migratory. In addition, under certain conditions, birds, like other animals, can be evicted from any territory without returning back, or invade (invade) regions outside their permanent habitat; such relocations are not directly related to migration. Eviction or introduction may be associated with natural changes in the landscape - forest fires, deforestation, drainage of swamps, etc., or with overpopulation of a particular species in a limited area. Under such conditions, birds are forced to look for a new place, and such movement has nothing to do with their lifestyle or seasons. Introductions are also often referred to as introductions - the deliberate relocation of species to regions where they have never lived before. The latter, for example, includes the common starling. Very often it is impossible to say unequivocally that this type birds are strictly sedentary, nomadic or migratory: different populations of the same species, and even birds of the same population can behave differently. For example, the wren in most of its range, including almost all of Europe and the subpolar Commander and Aleutian Islands, lives sedentary, in Canada and the northern USA it wanders over short distances, and in the north-west of Russia, Scandinavia and the Far East is migratory. In the case of the common starling or blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), a situation is possible where in the same territory some birds move south in winter, some arrive from the north, and some live sedentary.

Resident birds

Birds that stick to a certain small territory and do not move outside of it are called sedentary. The vast majority of species of such birds live in conditions where seasonal changes do not affect the availability of food - tropical and subtropical climates. There are few such birds in the temperate and northern zones; These in particular include synanthropes - birds that live near humans and depend on them: the rock pigeon, house sparrow, hoodie, jackdaw and some others. Some sedentary birds, which are also called semi-sedentary, move short distances from their nesting grounds outside the breeding season - in the territory Russian Federation Such birds include wood grouse, hazel grouse, black grouse, some magpies and the common bunting.. Sedentary birds of central Russia include:

Mallard (Partially migratory) - Anas platyrhynchos
Goshawk - Accipiter gentilis
Gyrfalcon - Falco rusticolus
Peregrine falcon - Falco peregrinus
Hazel grouse - Bonasa bonasia
Black grouse - Lyrurus tetrix
Capercaillie - Tetrao urogallus
Ptarmigan - Lagopus lagopus
Gray partridge - Perdix perdix
Little Gull - Larus minutus
Rock Pigeon - Columba livia
Eagle Owl - Bubo bubo
Snowy owl - Nyctea scandiaca
Great Gray Owl - Strix nebulosa
Great-tailed owl - Strix uralensis
Gray owl - Strix aluco
Long-eared owl - Asio otus
Great-footed owl - Aegolius funereus
Little Owl - Athene noctua
Great Sparrow Owl - Glaucidium passerinum
Zhelna - Dryocopus martius
Gray Woodpecker - Picus canus
Green woodpecker - Picus viridis
Three-toed woodpecker - Picoides tridactylus
Great Spotted Woodpecker - Dendrocopos major
White-backed Woodpecker - Dendrocopos leucotos
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker - Dendrocopos minor
Gray Shrike - Lanius excubitor
Common waxwing - Bombycilla garrulus
Raven - Corvus corax
Hoodie - Corvus (corone) cornix
Common jackdaw - Corvus monedula
Nutcracker - Nucifraga caryocatactes
Kuksha - Perisoreus infaustus
Jay - Garrulus glandarius
Magpie - Pica pica
Common dipper - Cinclus cinclus
Fieldfare - Turdus pilaris
Blackbird - Turdus merula
Podlovnik - Aegithalos caudatus
Yellow-headed Kinglet - Regulus regulus
Great tit - Parus major
Blue Tit - Cyanistes caeruleus
Blue Tit - Cyanistes cyanus
Moskovka - Parus ater
Powderwing - Parus montanus
Black-headed Chickadee - Parus palustris
Grey-headed Chickadee - Parus cinctus
Tufted tit - Parus cristatus
Common nuthatch - Sitta europaea
Common pika - Certhia familiaris
Finch - Fringilla montifringilla
Goldfinch - Carduelis carduelis
Common greenfinch - Carduelis chloris
Siskin - Carduelis spinus
Common Redpoll - Carduelis flammea
Linnet - Carduelis cannabina
Schur - Pinicola enucleator
Spruce crossbill - Loxia curvirostra
Pine crossbill - Loxia pytyopsittacus
White-winged Crossbill - Loxia leucoptera
Common bullfinch - Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Common Grosbeak - Coccothraustes coccothraustes
Tree Sparrow - Passer montanus
House sparrow - Passer domesticus
Lapland plantain - Calcarius lapponicus
Bunting - Plectrophenax nivalis

Nomadic birds

Nomadic birds are birds that, outside the breeding season, constantly move from place to place in search of food. Such movements have nothing to do with cyclicity and depend entirely on the availability of food.

On the territory of Russia, nomadic birds include the tit, nuthatch, jay, crossbill, shura, siskin, bullfinch, waxwing, etc.

Migratory birds

Migratory birds make regular seasonal movements between nesting sites and wintering sites. Relocations can take place both close and long distances. According to ornithologists, the average flight speed for small birds is about 30 km/h, and for large birds about 80 km/h. Often takes place in several stages with stops for rest and feeding. The smaller the bird, the shorter the distance that they are able to cover at one time: small birds are able to fly continuously for 70-90 hours, while covering a distance of up to 4000 km.

Migratory birds of central Russia (the main species of the forest zone) include:

Great Great Grebe - Podiceps cristatus
White stork - Ciconia ciconia
Black stork - Ciconia nigra
Great bittern - Botaurus stellaris
Gray Heron - Ardea cinerea
Buzzard - Buteo buteo
Harrier - Circus cyaneus
Hobby - Falco subbuteo
Kestrel - Falco tinnunculus
Quail - Coturnix coturnix
Crake - Crex crex
Coot - Fulica atra
Lapwing - Vanellus vanellus
Ringed beetle - Charadrius hiaticula
Blackling - Tringa ochropus
Woodcock - Skolopax rusticola
Black-headed Gull - Larus ridibundus
Common Tern - Sterna hirundo
Klintukh - Columbia oenas
Common cuckoo - Cuculus canorus
Common nightjar - Caprimulgus europaeus
Black swift - Apus apus
Torquilla - Junx torquilla
Barn Swallow - Hirundo rustica
City swallow - Delichon urbica
Shoreline - Riparia riparia
Sky lark - Alauda arvensis
Forest Pipit - Anthus trivialis
White wagtail - Motacilla alba
Common Shrike - Lanius collurio
Common oriole - Oreolus oreolus
Wren - Troglodytes troglodytes
Wood Accentor - Prunella modularis
Fieldfare - Turdus pilaris
Deryaba - Turdus viscivorus
White-browed - Turdus iliacus
Song Thrush - Turdus philomelos
Blackbird - Turdus merula
Meadow stonechat - Saxicola rubetra
Common redstart - Phoenicurus phoenicurus
Robin - Erithacus rubecula
Common Nightingale - Luscinia luscinia
Bluethroat - Luscinia svecica
Garden warbler - Sylvia borin
Common Warbler - Sylvia communis
Common Whitethroat - Sylvia curruca
Black-headed Warbler - Sylvia atricapilla
Willow warbler - Phylloscopus trochilus
Chiffchaff - Phylloscopus collibita
Warbler - Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Green warbler - Phylloscopus trochiloides
Marsh Warbler - Acrocephalus palustris
Garden warbler - Acrocephalus dumetorum
Badger Warbler - Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Common cricket - Locustella naevia
River cricket - Locustella fluviatilis
Gray Flycatcher - Muscicapa striata
Pied Flycatcher - Ficedula hypoleuca
Lesser Flycatcher - Ficedula parva
Finch - Fringila coelebs
Common lentil - Carpodacus erythrinus
Reed bunting - Emberiza schoeniculus
Rook - Corvus frugilegus

Route forms

Separation migration.
Migration by riffles.
Circular migration. During circular migration, spring and autumn routes do not coincide with each other.

Migrations can be either horizontally directed (from one region to another while maintaining the familiar landscape) or vertically directed (to the mountains and back).

Flight Destinations

The directions of migration of birds are very diverse. For birds of the northern hemisphere, a typical flight is from the north (where the birds nest) to the south (where they winter), and back. This movement is typical for temperate and arctic latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The basis for such relocation is a complex of reasons, the main one of which lies in energy costs - in the summer in northern latitudes the length daylight hours increases, which gives diurnal birds more opportunity to feed their offspring: compared to tropical bird species, their egg laying is higher. In autumn, when the length of daylight hours decreases, birds move to warmer regions, where the food supply is less subject to seasonal fluctuations.

Literature

1 2 Bogolyubov A. S., Zhdanova O. V., Kravchenko M. V. “Handbook of ornithology. Bird migrations" Moscow, "Ecosystem", 2006 online
Introduced species Encyclopedia Britannica. Read 2008-09-02
Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, David A. Christie “Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes" Lynx Editions. 2005. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Migration of Birds. Geographic Patterns of Migration. Read 2007-09-02
Wintering birds of central Russia
1 2 Berthold, P. 1993. Bird migration: a general survey. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
1 2 Thomas Alerstam "Bird Migration" Cambridge University Press
Bird migration Universitetet i Oslo. Read 2007-09-02
This table includes 58 species of birds found in the forest zone of central Russia mainly during the nesting period (from May to August). The order of species in the list corresponds to their systematic position.

bird migration, bird migration map

Bird Migration Information About

Goals: Educational: To introduce children to sedentary and nomadic birds Yaroslavl region with their way of life, with their dietary habits in winter. To acquaint children with sedentary and nomadic birds of the Yaroslavl region with their way of life, with their feeding habits in winter. Developmental: To develop curiosity, memory, speech, thinking, observation To develop curiosity, memory, speech, thinking, observation Educational: to promote love for nature, native land, birds. contribute to the cultivation of love for nature, native land, birds. instill in children a desire to help birds in the winter season and protect them. instill in children a desire to help birds in the winter season and protect them.

Wintering birds Sedentary birds are birds that live in one place all year round, without making long migrations. Sedentary birds are birds that live in one place all year round, without making long migrations. Nomadic birds are birds that move from one area to another, usually in search of food. Nomadic birds are birds that move from one area to another, usually in search of food.

Sparrow A sedentary species, they live everywhere in the Yaroslavl region. They lead a gregarious lifestyle. They have adapted very well to living close to human habitation and outbuildings. In winter it needs feeding. Birds are granivores, but can feed on food waste. They are very cunning, careful and know how to warn each other about danger. A sedentary species, they live everywhere in the Yaroslavl region. They lead a gregarious lifestyle. They have adapted very well to living close to human habitation and outbuildings. In winter it needs feeding. Birds are granivores, but can feed on food waste. They are very cunning, careful and know how to warn each other about danger.

Tit Sedentary birds. They inhabit various types of forests in the Yaroslavl region, a common inhabitant of populated areas. Most tits (up to 90%) die in winter. It is necessary to feed during winter. Sunflower seeds, hemp, and white bread crumbs are suitable for feeding. But the favorite food of titmouses is any unsalted lard. Sedentary birds. They inhabit various types of forests in the Yaroslavl region, a common inhabitant of populated areas. Most tits (up to 90%) die in winter. It is necessary to feed during winter. Sunflower seeds, hemp, and white bread crumbs are suitable for feeding. But the favorite food of titmouses is any unsalted lard.

Woodpecker Our forests are home to at least 8 species of woodpeckers. The most common spotted woodpecker in the Yaroslavl region. Found everywhere. Sedentary appearance. With amazing ease, woodpeckers move along the trunk, reaching for insects and their larvae. In winter it feeds on the seeds of coniferous plants. During the winter, the woodpecker processes more than one thousand cones. At least 8 species of woodpeckers live in our forests. The most common spotted woodpecker in the Yaroslavl region. Found everywhere. Sedentary appearance. With amazing ease, woodpeckers move along the trunk, reaching for insects and their larvae. In winter it feeds on the seeds of coniferous plants. During the winter, the woodpecker processes more than one thousand cones.

Nuthatch A common breeding species in the Yaroslavl region. Resident bird. Inhabits parks, mixed forests, and lives in populated areas. In the cold season it feeds on plant foods. Eating acorns, pine nuts, hazel, linden seeds, coniferous trees, bird cherry berries. Since autumn it has been storing food for itself. A common breeding species in the Yaroslavl region. Resident bird. Inhabits parks, mixed forests, and lives in populated areas. In the cold season it feeds on plant foods. Eating acorns, pine nuts, hazels, linden seeds, coniferous trees, bird cherry berries. Since autumn it has been storing food for itself.

Jay Sedentary species. Inhabits mixed. Deciduous and coniferous forests, small forests, found in the suburbs. Omnivore. Makes reserves of acorns, hiding them in cracks and in the ground. In particularly harsh winters, it moves closer to human habitation, where it attracts attention with its bright colors, active and noisy behavior. Sedentary appearance. Inhabits mixed. Deciduous and coniferous forests, small forests, found in the suburbs. Omnivore. Makes reserves of acorns, hiding them in cracks and in the ground. In particularly harsh winters, it moves closer to human habitation, where it attracts attention with its bright colors, active and noisy behavior.

Magpie A sedentary, well-adapted species. Settles even in the center of Yaroslavl. Winter cold and hunger forces this cautious bird to huddle closer to human habitation. Visits landfills, garbage containers and other places where you can find food waste. In winter they lead a solitary lifestyle. Sedentary, well-adapted species. Settles even in the center of Yaroslavl. Winter cold and hunger forces this cautious bird to huddle closer to human habitation. Visits landfills, garbage containers and other places where food waste can be found. In winter they lead a solitary lifestyle.

Jackdaw A very numerous and widespread species in the Yaroslavl region. Leads a gregarious lifestyle. In winter, it unites in large flocks and spends the night together with hooded crows, huddled close to each other. The bird is omnivorous. In the suburbs they act as orderlies, picking up food waste. A very numerous and widespread species in the Yaroslavl region. Leads a gregarious lifestyle. In winter, it unites in large flocks and spends the night together with hooded crows, huddled close to each other. The bird is omnivorous. In the suburbs they act as orderlies, picking up food waste.

Crow is a sedentary bird, but sometimes migrates to the south for the winter. But old birds remain in place throughout the year and lead a semi-sedentary lifestyle. Inhabits the edges and outskirts of forests, groves, thickets of river valleys, cities and towns. The bird is omnivorous. In winter, they feed on food scraps in garbage dumps and landfills. It is a sedentary bird, but sometimes migrates to the south for the winter. But old birds remain in place throughout the year and lead a semi-sedentary lifestyle. Inhabits the edges and outskirts of forests, groves, thickets of river valleys, cities and towns. The bird is omnivorous. In winter, they feed on food scraps in garbage dumps and landfills.

Capercaillie Residential, the largest bird of our forests. Inhabits forests various types, where pine grows at least occasionally and there are many berries. Most During the year, the capercaillie leads a terrestrial - arboreal lifestyle. Based on the nature of its feeding, the capercaillie can be considered a herbivore. Throughout the long winter it feeds on prickly and tough pine needles, kidneys. Sedentary, the largest bird of our forests. Inhabits forests of various types, where pine and many berry trees grow, at least occasionally. For most of the year, the capercaillie leads a terrestrial - arboreal lifestyle. Based on the nature of its feeding, the capercaillie can be considered a herbivore. Throughout the long winter it feeds on prickly and tough pine needles and buds.

Grouse Grouse are found in almost all areas of the Yaroslavl region. They live alone and in flocks. Males are often seen on the peaks small trees. The main food in winter is birch buds and catkins. In winter, they live in large flocks and spend the night in the snow. During a blizzard or blizzard, they may not leave shelter for days. Black grouse are found in almost all areas of the Yaroslavl region. They live alone and in flocks. Males are often seen on the tops of small trees. The main food in winter is birch buds and catkins. In winter, they live in large flocks and spend the night in the snow. During a blizzard or blizzard, they may not leave shelter for days.

Siskin A common nomadic species in the Yaroslavl region. Sometimes he leads a sedentary lifestyle. Prefers spruce forests, can settle in parks, squares, groves. One of the cutest and funniest birds. It feeds on seeds of alder, birch, spruce, pine and weeds. In winter, it often flies to the feeder along with tits and sparrows. A common nomadic species in the Yaroslavl region. Sometimes he leads a sedentary lifestyle. Prefers spruce forests, can settle in parks, squares, and groves. One of the cutest and funniest birds. It feeds on seeds of alder, birch, spruce, pine and weeds. In winter, it often flies to the feeder along with tits and sparrows.

Bullfinch Bullfinches are guests from the north. Nomadic species. They nest in the north of the Yaroslavl region. In winter they migrate closer to the south. Flocks of bullfinches can appear in populated areas, where they feed on berries and ash tree seeds. lilacs and maples. Favorite food is rowan seeds. Occasionally they fly to the feeders. Bullfinches are guests from the north. Nomadic species. They nest in the north of the Yaroslavl region. In winter they migrate closer to the south. Flocks of bullfinches can appear in populated areas, where they feed on berries and ash tree seeds. lilacs and maples. Favorite food is rowan seeds. Occasionally they fly to the feeders.

The tap dance is listed in the Red Book of the Yaroslavl region as a rare species. More often found in flocks during winter migrations. Inhabits open forests, bushes, and is found in populated areas. It feeds on surviving seeds in alder cones, birch and alder buds, seeds of spruce, heather and sedge. It is listed in the Red Book of the Yaroslavl region as a rare species. More often found in flocks during winter migrations. Inhabits open forests, bushes, and is found in populated areas. It feeds on surviving seeds in alder cones, birch and alder buds, seeds of spruce, heather and sedge.

Waxwing A northern resident, it begins migrating in August and migrates further south. In winter, it pecks at the berries of rowan, viburnum, and hawthorn. Waxwings swoop down on rowan trees in flocks. They peck the berries very quickly and very quickly fly to new trees and shrubs. After their feast, berry blots remain in the snow. Waxwings, unlike bullfinches, crush the berries and peck them whole. A northern resident, the migration begins in August, and migrates further south. In winter, it pecks at the berries of rowan, viburnum, and hawthorn. Waxwings swoop down on rowan trees in flocks. They peck the berries very quickly and very quickly fly to new trees and shrubs. After their feast, berry blots remain in the snow. Waxwings, unlike bullfinches, crush the berries and peck them whole.

Literature: - Anashkina E.A questions and answers about animals. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, Anashkina E.A questions and answers about animals. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, Anashkina E.N. What does the cuckoo sing about? Bird observations. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, Anashkina E. N. What does the cuckoo sing about? Bird observations. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, Anashkina E. N. Birds of the Yaroslavl region. Determinant for beginners. - Yaroslavl, Anashkina E. N. Birds of the Yaroslavl region. Determinant for beginners. - Yaroslavl, Bianki V. Lesnaya newspaper. – Leningrad: Children's literature by Bianki V. Lesnaya Gazeta. – Leningrad: Children's literature by Bianki V. Lesnaya Gazeta. – Leningrad: Children's literature, Bianki V. Lesnaya Gazeta. – Leningrad: Children's literature, Balbyshev I. N. Seasons. Nature calendar. - Leningrad, Lenizdat, Balbyshev I. N. Seasons. Nature calendar. - Leningrad, Lenizdat, Kuznetsov N.V. Fauna of the Yaroslavl region, - Yaroslavl book publishing house, Kuznetsov N.V. Fauna of the Yaroslavl region, - Yaroslavl book publishing house, Paporkov M. A. School trips to nature. – Moscow, Education, Paporkov M. A. School trips to nature. – Moscow, Enlightenment, Pleshakov A. A. Green pages. – Moscow, Enlightenment, Pleshakov A. A. Green pages. – Moscow, Education, Sysoev N. D. Meetings with nature.- Moscow, Timber industry, Sysoev N. D. Meetings with nature.- Moscow, Timber industry, Internet resources - Internet resources
4 Including: aquatic invertebrates, diurnal butterflies, fish, amphibians and reptiles, wintering birds, migratory birds, mammals and their tracks, pocket field determinant
65 , including: inhabitants of reservoirs, birds of the middle zone and animals and their traces, as well as methodological benefits 40 educational and methodological films By methods carrying out research work in nature (in the field).

Guide to Ornithology*

Textbook sections (separate pages):
1. Anatomy and morphology of birds
2. Bird nutrition
3. Bird breeding
3.1. Sexual dimorphism
3.2. The egg and its features
3.3. Mating behavior
3.4. Territorial behavior
3.5. Nest building
3.6. Variety of nests
3.7. Classification of nests
4. Migrations
5. Variety of birds

4. Bird migrations

Classification of birds according to the nature of seasonal migrations.
According to the nature of seasonal migrations, all birds can be divided into three categories: sedentary, nomadic and migratory.

TO sedentary These include birds that live in the same area all year round and do not make any regular movements around the area. Some of these birds spend their entire lives within a small nesting territory, without leaving its boundaries even in winter. Such birds can be called strictly sedentary . In the northern and temperate latitudes there are extremely few of them and they are all almost exclusively synanthropic, that is, they live constantly near human settlements. Synanthropic species include house sparrow , rock pigeon, and in some places tree sparrow , jackdaw and some other birds. Near human habitation they find enough food throughout the year.
Other representatives of this category of birds, after breeding, go outside the nesting territory in search of food and other favorable conditions and spend the winter in its immediate vicinity. At the same time, these types of birds do not make continuous migrations, but live more or less sedentary all winter, in one or several points. These birds can be called semi-sedentary . They belong to , grouse , capercaillie black grouse , part of the populations , magpies , ordinary oatmeal crows

etc. Semi-sedentary behavior is characteristic of birds that are well supplied with winter food. Category birds are birds that, after breeding, leave the nesting territory and, until spring, make continuous movements, moving away tens, hundreds and even thousands of kilometers. Unlike sedentary people, nomadic people are characterized by constant movement in search of food and the absence of more or less long-term sedentism during the winter. If birds linger in places where food is concentrated, it is not for long, since their natural food reserves in winter are not as plentiful and stable as those of sedentary birds. The direction of movement of nomadic birds is not constant. Visiting places favorable in terms of food and other conditions during migrations, birds can repeatedly change the path of their movement in a wide variety of directions, but more often towards warm climatic zones. This tendency is especially noticeable in birds that migrate over long distances (hundreds and thousands of kilometers).
Nomadic birds do not have any fixed wintering grounds; they cover the entire winter migration area, which, as a rule, does not extend beyond the temperate latitudes. Migratory birds include , tits , nuthatch , jay , crossbills , schur , siskin , bullfinch waxwing

and etc. To category migratory includes those birds that, after breeding, leave the nesting territory and fly for the winter to other, relatively remote areas, lying both within the nesting area of the species and far beyond its borders. Unlike nomadic birds, migratory birds are characterized by the presence not only of certain directions and timing of flight, but also of a fairly clearly defined wintering area, in which the birds live more or less sedentary or undertake minor migrations in search of food. Movement to wintering grounds in such species does not take the form of migrations, but in the form of a well-defined migration. Flight destinations different types
and populations may be different, but among the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere most often towards the southern points. Wintering grounds are usually many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers away from bird nesting areas and lie in noticeably warmer climatic zones. Most of the birds in our country are migratory: , blackbirds , ducks , geese , finch , skylark , waders , herons , warblers warblers
Among birds, one can distinguish a number of species with a gradual transition from sedentary to true migratory ones, migrating over many thousands of kilometers. This diversity in the nature of seasonal migrations is explained by the different adaptations of birds to seasonal changes in living conditions.
This classification of seasonal bird migrations is conditional and schematic. In this case, the migratory unit should be taken not as a species as a whole, but as a population of a species, since in many species some populations are sedentary, others are nomadic, and others are migratory. The basis of any forms of seasonal movements of birds is their reaction to seasonal fluctuations in the environment, and these forms should be considered as qualitatively different stages of the fundamentally unified phenomenon of seasonal migrations.

Forms of seasonal migrations.
Among the seasonal migrations of birds that occur throughout the year, the following forms can be named: post-breeding migrations, autumn-winter migrations, autumn migration, spring migration. From the second half of summer, post-nesting migrations begin, characteristic of both nomadic and migratory birds. Post-nesting migrations are accompanied by the formation of aggregations and flocks, which are of great importance in the life of birds during the non-breeding period and especially during migrations. In autumn, post-nesting migrations turn into autumn-winter migrations for nomadic birds, and for migratory birds - into autumn migration to wintering grounds. The non-breeding period ends with the spring migration of birds from wintering grounds to their nesting regions. Let us dwell on the characteristics of individual forms.
Post-nesting migrations. During the nesting period, each pair is strictly attached to the nesting site. While the chicks are incubating and feeding, the birds lead settled lifestyle, collecting food in the vicinity of the nest.
At the end of breeding, the birds' sedentary behavior is disrupted, the brood leaves the nesting territory and begins post-nesting movements and migrations to places more distant from the nest. Post-nesting migrations are characteristic of both nomadic and migratory species. They coincide in time with noticeable changes in conditions nutrition , due to which the brood can no longer satisfy its increased food needs within a small nesting (feeding) area. Changes in the feeding conditions of birds are influenced by several reasons: seasonal changes in environment
, transition of birds to new types of food, reduction of reserves at the nesting site as a result of prolonged feeding activity of the brood. appear in the environment in the second half of summer and are expressed in a slight reduction in day length, a decrease in lighting intensity, and a decrease in air temperature, especially at night. These changes cause changes both in the life of animals and in the life of the plants that birds feed on. Some plants by this period (or during it) finish their flowering, growth and even vegetation, as a result of which dried flowers, coarsened leaves and stems lose their nutritional value. But along with this, seeds and berries appear on many plants, representing the new kind seasonal bird feed.
During this period, some insects and other invertebrate animals complete their development cycle and, having laid eggs, die (a number of species of butterflies and beetles). Some invertebrate animals, under the influence of night cold, take refuge in shelters and become less active. Some insects move from shaded places to other places that are more favorable in terms of temperature and light. Finally, during this period, many insects have second and third generations, and their numbers increase significantly. As a result of the presence of these factors, not only the qualitative and quantitative composition of bird feed changes, but also, what is important to emphasize, their spatial distribution.
The noted changes affect territorial location birds. After the chicks have fledged, for example, most species of forest birds change biotopes and move to other, brighter places. Inside the forest, birds concentrate mainly in areas of light forest. Deaf, shaded areas, especially with damp soils, where significant activity was observed in the spring during the nesting period, become deserted and are almost not visited by birds. The usual placement of birds during the nesting period is noticeably disrupted. Birds disappear from some places, while in others their concentration increases sharply. Illuminated edges and clearings that are bright and well warmed by the rays of the sun become the busiest. forest areas, where insects are still numerous and active and where plant food in the form of ripened fruits and seeds is more common herbaceous plants. Insectivores, as well as granivorous birds, whose flight chicks still need animal feed, move to these places.
The noted changes in nutritional conditions become especially noticeable in the central zone of European Russia at the end of July and August; It is at this time that for most birds, post-nesting migrations take on a pronounced character.
Go to new types of food- an important factor influencing the occurrence of post-breeding migrations of birds. It is closely dependent on seasonal changes in the food supply. It is widely known, for example, that many birds completely or partially switch from animal to plant food during the post-nesting period. Repeated from year to year, a change in diet has become a physiological need for birds. There are also age-related changes in the composition of food. Eating animal food in the nest, the chicks of many birds begin to eat plant food after leaving the nest.
The feeding activity of birds, which takes place during a long breeding period within a limited individual nesting area, leads to a reduction in the food supply on its territory. According to some data, the number of, for example, caterpillars and pupae of some insects (food items for birds) is sometimes reduced by 40-62% and even 72% (Korolkova, 1957). As a result, in feeding areas, certain components of the diet may be deficient, while the quantity of others will be sufficient. In this case, despite the significant total food reserves, the brood will not be able to feed itself on its nesting site and therefore moves beyond its boundaries.
All of the above gives reason to believe that the leading stimulus for post-nesting migrations in birds is nutritional factor. Under its influence, birds leave the nesting area in search of food and begin to roam in its immediate and then distant surroundings. The adaptive significance of post-breeding migrations is the redistribution of the population across the territory due to upcoming changes in feeding conditions.
Autumn-winter migrations . Weak post-nesting environmental changes gradually transform into more dramatic autumn-winter ones, which have a profound and multifaceted impact on the life of birds. These changes, as noted earlier, lead to significant deterioration for many birds conditions nutrition, thermoregulation and protective conditions. Small movements in the near and distant vicinity of the nesting sites of nomadic birds turn into more distant migrations, which last throughout the entire fall and winter.
The autumn-winter movements of nomadic birds are also based on the feeding factor, as evidenced by many data. It is well known that when the food harvest fails, the range of movements of birds increases, and in such years even semi-sedentary birds ( capercaillie, forest populations white partridge etc.) undertake long-distance migrations, appearing in places where they do not occur in normal years. bullfinch , The feeding factor is the main cause of the phenomenon of so-called invasions in birds. It is known that such nomadic species as , crossbill spruce , crossbills nutcracker
and others, in years of poor food harvest, undertake unusually massive and long-distance migrations, sometimes moving far beyond the boundaries of their nesting area. The dependence of migrations on feeding conditions is especially clearly revealed when analyzing the nature of bird movements. While searching for food, these birds move from one place to another, staying at each of them for as long as they need to eat the food they find. In species with sufficient food supplies, continuous movements alternate with more or less long delays in feeding areas. This type of migration is common mainly for birds that feed on plant food during these seasons ( , woodpeckers , crossbills , siskins tap dancer and others). Selected species Migratory birds include , birds whose food is less abundant and dispersed wander continuously. This is characteristic mainly of insectivores ( kings
) and other animal-eating birds. Nutritional conditions determine and range autumn-winter migrations. It varies not only among different species, but also among populations. This is well known, for example, in relation to big tit
Short-range migrations occur among populations and individuals that live in sufficiently food-rich biotopes in the autumn-winter period. In the presence of biotopes poor in food terms, birds undertake longer movements. Young birds migrate more and further than older ones. By spring, nomadic birds return to their nesting areas.
Autumn and spring flights . Migratory birds are less adapted or not at all not adapted to the changes in living conditions occurring in the autumn-winter period. Therefore, they fly farther from their breeding grounds and, in the overwhelming majority, winter in warmer climatic zones than the nomadic ones.
Among migratory birds, there are species, part of the populations of which remain to winter in the nesting area, or at least in such regions of northern and temperate latitudes, from where another part of the populations of this species flies away. Such species with partial flight can be called weakly migratory Unlike true migratory , in which all populations without exception make flights. To imagine the nature and reasons for the migrations of this group of birds, let's look at some examples.
Ptarmigans, inhabiting the Arctic islands, for the most part are migratory, as they fly to the mainland in the forest-tundra for the winter. But some of the apparently adult birds remain to spend the winter on the islands, feeding at this time on slopes bare of snow or on snow pits dug by reindeer. Consequently, if food is available, ptarmigan can withstand harsh winter conditions.
Partial flight is observed in gray crows. As ringing in Latvia has shown, all populations of young and a significant part of adult crows fly to the Baltic coast for the winter at a distance of 900-1000 km from the nesting sites, and only a quarter of the population of adult birds winters in place. These include the most adapted individuals that find themselves in favorable feeding conditions. It is also known that in the winter, the northern populations of crows fly to the habitat of the southern ones, and the southern ones fly even further south. This suggests that if the northern population can feed itself in the habitat of the southern one, then the reason for the migration of the latter depends not on food, but on some other conditions. But we must not forget that northern populations are better adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions and, in particular, to low temperatures than the southern ones. In addition, by flying to more southern areas, northern populations of crows find themselves in conditions of longer daylight hours and favorable temperatures. Because of this, they can survive the winter on the food supply that local populations migrating to the south are unable to feed on.
A striking example the dependence of the autumn departure of weakly migratory birds on nutritional conditions may serve field thrush. In normal years, the mountain ash thrush flies away from the central regions in mid-October, but during the years of the mountain ash harvest, some birds linger until December and January, and some flocks remain throughout the winter, successfully enduring thirty-degree frosts.
Partial migration observed in a number of birds: blackbird, the old individuals of which in many places in Western Europe live sedentary, and the young ones fly away; at mallards, remaining in some places to winter in small numbers near non-freezing reservoirs in the middle and even northern parts of the country;
in long-tailed ducks, which regularly winter in small numbers in the ice-free coastal waters of the Barents Sea, etc. The phenomenon of partial wintering of migratory birds is more often observed in southern latitudes than in northern latitudes. So, for example, in England among
song thrushes , ringed at nesting sites and then recaptured, individuals wintering near breeding sites were: in Scotland - 26%, in the north of England - 43%, in the south of England - 65% (Lack, 1957). The reason for partial wintering in this category of migratory birds can be attributed to their ecological characteristics and, in particular, their less adaptability to winter changes in food and other living conditions compared to nomadic birds. This can be shown in the following example. Of the 35 species of weakly migratory birds nesting in the former Privolzhsko-Dubna Nature Reserve, 32 species (91%) feed on the ground in summer and only 3 (9%) feed on trees. Of the 26 species of nomadic birds in the reserve, only 2 species of birds (8%) obtain food on the ground; the remaining 23 species (92%) are in trees and in the air (Mikheev, 1964). In the presence of heavy snow cover, it is weak
Weakly migratory birds, in general, react more sensitively to autumn environmental changes, leave the nesting area earlier and begin autumn migrations earlier than nomadic birds. Only a small part of their population lingers or remains to winter in the nesting area, while the main part flies to warmer climatic zones.
Thus, the population of weakly migratory bird species is heterogeneous in terms of the severity of seasonal migrations. Some populations are limited to migrations and movements within cold and temperate zones, while others make regular and longer flights to warm climate zones.
In contrast to the group discussed above, true migratory birds, which make up the majority of migrants, never experience partial migrations and partial wintering in the breeding area. They all fly away to warm climate zones for the winter. This is due to the fact that the vast majority of true migratory birds have acquired adaptation to life only in the warm seasons of the year and cannot tolerate sudden changes in the environment that occur in the autumn-winter period. Flight to other parts of the range is almost the only adaptation of true migratory birds, which helps them avoid the negative effects of unfavorable food, temperature and other living conditions that occur in the nesting area in winter.

There are few such birds in the temperate and northern zones; These in particular include synanthropes - birds that live near humans and depend on them: the rock pigeon, house sparrow, hoodie, jackdaw and some others. Some sedentary birds, which are also called semi-sedentary, move short distances from their nesting grounds outside the breeding season - on the territory of the Russian Federation, such birds include wood grouse, hazel grouse, black grouse, some magpies and the common bunting.

Some widespread bird species are migratory in some places and sedentary in others. The gray crow from the northern regions of Russia flies to the southern regions for the winter, and in the south this bird is sedentary. In our country, the blackbird is a migratory bird, and in the cities of Western Europe it is a sedentary bird. The house sparrow lives in the European part of Russia all year round, and flies from Central Asia to India for the winter.

Strictly sedentary, monogamous birds (Owl family): Eagle owl (Bubo bubo L.), Snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca L.), Long-eared owl (Asio otus L.), Gray owl (Strix aluco L.), Great owl (Strix uralensis L.), Gray owl (Strix nebulosa L.), Great owl (Glaucidium passerinum L.), Great owl (Aegolius funereus L.), Little owl (Athene noctua Scop).

The transitional group between sedentary and migratory birds are nomadic birds. In winter, they can sometimes move away from the nest to a distance of hundreds or more kilometers. These include all granivorous songbirds - the goldfinch, the common greenfinch, and the linnet.

Sedentary birds live in the same area all year round. At the end of summer, some of them make small reserves for the winter. Jays hide nuts and acorns in holes and moss on the surface of the ground or in hollows. Tits and nuthatches store seeds and insects by tucking them into bark cracks and among lichens on tree branches. They feed on reserves in winter and spring, when food is scarce.

End of winter - beginning of spring

Resident birds begin to prepare for breeding. They spend a lot of time on mating games, forming pairs, etc. (which causes increased energy expenditure). Less time left for food.
At this time, they noticeably lose weight. Wintering birds, on the contrary, are preparing at this time for migration to nesting sites, and therefore feed heavily. This causes the accumulation of energy resources (fat) in their body and, as a result, their weight increases.

Spring - early summer

Birds spend the bulk of their time building nests, protecting the nesting site, incubating eggs and feeding chicks, which requires significant expenditure of energy. Naturally, all the attention of the parent birds is absorbed by these concerns and they devote little time to their own nutrition, which is why they lose a lot of weight (in general, they do not need energy reserves in the form of subcutaneous fat, which are minimal at this time).

Midsummer - autumn

The increased need of birds for food, associated with the need to restore what was spent during the breeding season energetic resources(and for those migrating to accumulate energy reserves for the flight), coincides with the abundance of food at this time. Birds feed intensely, and their weight increases rapidly (as a result of the accumulation of fat reserves in the body).

The existing exception confirms the rule. In crossbills, the minimum mass occurs precisely at the end of summer, which is due to the almost complete absence of their main food during this period - spruce and pine seeds.

Little owl Photo: Peter Trimming

Autumn winter

During this period, the birds’ bodies experience an increased expenditure of energy spent on maintaining certain temperature body (carried out in winter cold conditions), which causes increased nutrition. Therefore, birds spend almost the entire daylight hours searching for food (they have no other more important concerns at this time).
Birds' body weight increases sharply during this period, which is a necessary condition for withstanding low temperatures - the thicker the layer of fat under the skin, the warmer the bird is. But the main thing is that energy reserves are necessary to guarantee the maintenance of a constant and high (about 42°C) body temperature on a long winter night.