8.2.24. In open areas equipped with gantry cranes, the distance between racks in a row should be from 1 to 1.5 m, depending on the height of the stacks, and the distance between rows of stacks should be at least 1 m.
8.2.25. The stacking of metals in piles should be carried out so that the ends of the piles located at the aisles in closed warehouses and railway tracks or at the aisles in open areas are laid out exactly in one line, regardless of the length of the bars, pipes, etc.
8.2.26. Steel and cast-iron pipes of large diameters, if they have couplings and sockets, are laid in horizontal rows for storage in open areas. In this case, the rows of pipes should be laid with sockets in opposite directions.
8.2.27. Coils of rolled wire arriving at the warehouse in bundles should be laid on a wooden flooring in bulk with a height of not more than 1.6 m.
8.2.28. Hot-rolled and cold-rolled strip in coils
when stacked, they should be stacked on wooden pallets and placed in stacks no more than 2 m high.
8.2.29. Building materials, equipment, devices during their storage are stacked as follows:
Brick in packages on pallets - no more than two tiers, in containers - one tier, without containers - no more than 1.7 m high;
Foundation blocks and blocks of basement walls - in a stack with a height of not more than 2.6 m on linings and gaskets;
Wall panels - in cassettes or pyramids;
Partition panels - in cassettes vertically;
Wall blocks - in a stack in two tiers on linings and gaskets;
Floor slabs - in a stack with a height of not more than 2.5 m;
Waste chute blocks - in a stack no more than 2.5 m high;
Crossbars and columns - in a stack up to 2 m high on linings and gaskets;
Tiled materials (asbestos-cement tiles, asbestos-cement fibrous sheets and flat asbestos-cement slabs) - in stacks up to 1 m high;
Hollow asbestos-cement slabs - in a stack up to 15 rows;
Tiles (cement-sand and clay) - in a stack up to 1 m high, laid on the edge with gaskets;
Small-sized metal - in a rack with a height of not more than 1.5 m;
Sanitary and ventilation units - in a stack with a height of no more than 2.5 m on linings and gaskets;
Heating devices (radiators, etc.) in the form of separate sections or assembled - in a stack no more than 1 m high;
Large-sized and heavy equipment and its parts - in one row on linings;
Glass in boxes and rolled material - vertically in one row on linings;
Bitumen - in a dense container, excluding its spreading, or in special pits with a fence;
Ferrous rolled metals (sheet steel, channels, I-beams, section steel) - in a stack up to 1.5 m high with linings and gaskets;
Heat-insulating materials - in a stack up to 1.2 m high with storage in a closed dry room;
Pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high on linings;
Pipes with a diameter of more than 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high in a saddle without gaskets.
The lower row of pipes must be laid on linings, reinforced with inventory metal shoes or end stops securely fastened to the linings.
8.2.30. Stacking and dismantling of stacks must be mechanized. When performing manual work on a stack with a height of more than 1.5 m, it is necessary to use portable inventory ladders.
The use of O-rings when storing building materials in piles is not allowed.
8.2.31. During storage, electric motors should be installed on flat pallets with their subsequent placement in rack cells. Floor storage of electric motors on pallets in a stack with a height of no more than 1.5 m is allowed.
8.2.32. Coils with winding wires should be installed on the shelves of the rack on the edge of the cheek, and for stability, each row of coils must be laid with a sheet of plywood or boards 10-15 mm thick.
8.2.33. Rewind and unwind the cable and wire should be a special unwinding mechanism.
8.2.34. Drums with cable, rope and other large-sized cylindrical objects must be reinforced with holding devices (boards, etc.) to prevent them from rolling out when laying.
8.2.35. Parts of machines and tools with protruding sharp working bodies are stacked in stacks or packages so as to exclude the possibility of injury to people (in contact with them during operation). Harrows should be stacked with the tines inside, plow shares with the blades inside or in box pallets.
8.2.36. During the dismantling of stacks consisting of the working bodies of agricultural machines with sharp edges (spring teeth of cultivators, pick-ups, etc.), precautions must be taken to prevent collapse of the stacks.
8.2.37. Car tires are stacked on rack shelves in a vertical position.
8.2.38. Cargoes in boxes and bags, not formed into packages, must be stacked in bandages. For the stability of the stacks, slats should be laid every two or three rows of boxes, and boards should be laid every five or six rows of bags.
8.2.39. When forming stacks of boxes, it is necessary to leave vertical gaps between the boxes.
8.2.40. When storing boxes with fruits on pallets, the length of the stacks should be no more than 10 m, the height - no more than 4 m.
8.2.41. Boxes with bottled products should be stacked in stacks no more than 2 m high, and when stored on pallets - in two tiers.
8.2.42. Dismantling of stacks, regardless of the stored cargo, is carried out from above and evenly along the entire length.
8.2.43. For the safe movement of lifting mechanisms when stacking stacks, it is necessary to arrange them in such a way that the distance between the stacks exceeds the width of the loaded transport (forklifts, carts, etc.) by at least 1 m, and if it is necessary to ensure oncoming traffic, the width of the vehicles plus 1.5 m
For maneuvering floor-standing electric vehicles, a free area of 3.5 x 3.5 m should be left behind the cargo door.
8.2.45. Cargoes in barrels are allowed to be stacked lying down or on the end.
When laying lying down under the outer barrels of the stack, stops should be placed.
When laying on the end between the rows of barrels, boards should be laid.
8.2.46. Paper rolls should be stacked no more than three rows high with plank spacers between rows. The end rolls should be wedged with stops.
8.2.47. Dust-like materials (flour, sugar, etc.) should be stored in bunkers, chests and other closed containers, taking measures against spraying during loading and unloading, loaded materials should be locked.
Bunkers and other containers must be equipped with devices for mechanical collapse of hanging materials. If necessary, the descent of workers into the bunker can be carried out in a special cradle using a winch.
8.2.48. Cargoes in bags, sacks and bales are stacked in stable piles:
Manually - to a height of no more than 2 m;
With the help of mechanisms - up to 6 m;
For the formation of stable walls of stacks, the bags should be stacked in width and length “in a bandage”.
8.2.49. When storing salt, the formation of “overhangs” and rolling of lumps should be excluded.
Salt on the platforms is placed in mounds in the form of a cone, a truncated pyramid, or in another form convenient for storage and measurement.
8.2.50. Salt packed in paper bags, wooden and cardboard boxes, transport packages (on pallets and without pallets), containers and bags should be stored in stacked warehouses.
The height of the stack when laying by hand should not exceed 2 m with the help of loaders - 4 m.
8.2.51. Bags of flour for storage in a warehouse should be stacked on special racks in sections of three or five bags, while the order of linking the stacked bags and the verticality of the stack must be strictly observed.
8.2.52. The height of the stack should not exceed 8 rows when stacking bags manually, and 12 rows mechanized.
8.2.53. The width of the main aisles in flour warehouses must be at least 1.5 m when transporting flour on hand carts; 2.5 m - on trolleys with lifting platforms; 3 m - on electric forklifts.
The passages between the stacks of flour should be at least every 12 m.
8.2.54. Places for pouring starch, dextrin and other bulk products should be equipped with local exhausts with subsequent cleaning of dusty air.
8.2.55. It is forbidden to stack and disassemble stacks with a height of more than 2 m in case of strong wind (more than 6 points), heavy rain, snowfall and thick fog (visibility less than 50 m).
8.2.56. Crooked stacks may only be dismantled during the daytime in accordance with previously developed methods of work, under the personal supervision of the head of loading and unloading operations.
8.2.57. Wooden boxes with a load, the mass of which exceeds 20 kg, must be reinforced before shipment by wrapping the ends with steel tape or wire.
8.2.58. The doors of the container must be freely closed, for this, when placing the cargo in the container, a free space of 3 to 5 cm is left between the cargo and the door.
After loading the container, it is necessary to check the tightness of the closing of the doors.
8.2.59. Warehouse processing of mineral fertilizers should be carried out in accordance with the Sanitary Rules for the Storage, Transportation and Use of Mineral Fertilizers in Agriculture, the Sanitary Rules for the Storage, Transportation and Use of Pesticides (Pesticides) in Agriculture.
8.2.60. When handling mineral fertilizers, overalls, footwear and personal protective equipment should be used, in particular: a rubberized apron with a bib, rubber boots, rubber gloves, combined gloves and a respirator.
8.2.61. Mineral fertilizers packed in bags are stored on pallets in stacks of 3-4 tiers and without pallets - in 10-12 rows.
8.2.62. Pesticides packed in drums, metal drums with a capacity of more than 50 liters and boxes are stacked on flat pallets, and packed in small and soft containers - in stacks on flat pallets, and packed in small containers - in stacks on rack-rack pallets or packaged - on racks.
8.2.63. Aqueous ammonia and liquid complex fertilizers should be stored in welded steel tanks equipped with a complete set of equipment and fittings that ensure tightness and safe operation.
During storage, each tank should be filled to no more than 95% of its total capacity.
8.2.64. Storage of containers should be carried out in areas specially designated for this purpose.
8.2.65. Plank boxes and other containers may be opened only with the help of tools intended for this purpose (nail pullers, pliers, etc.). The ends of the metal upholstery after opening the boxes must be bent down.
8.2.66. Boards from dismantled wooden boxes and other types of packaging must be freed from metal plates, wire and nails.
8.2.67. Wooden barrels should be opened by removing the hoops on one side of the barrel, hitting the rivets with a hammer upwards, to do this, release the bottom and remove it with a steel wedge. It is not allowed to extract the bottom of the barrel with hammer or ax blows.
8.2.68. When opening metal barrels with stoppers, a special wrench should be used. It is not allowed to unscrew plugs with hammer blows.
8.2.69. Box pallets should be loaded in such a way that the parts are 5 to 10 cm below the top edge of the pallet.
8.3. Picking items that require picking customer orders
8.3.1. The selection of goods and the completion of customer orders is the most time-consuming process at a wholesale enterprise:
Requires attention from the contractor - the search for an assortment of goods with numerous characteristics, the presence of moving mechanisms;
Accompanied by physical stress and monotony of labor - removing goods and pallets from racks and stacks, moving to the picking area, picking orders, returning the remaining goods to storage places, packing selected goods into inventory containers (containers), moving containers to the expedition, etc .;
Possible impact on the body of working harmful substances when working with chemicals, aerosols, varnishes, paints, solvents, synthetic detergents, mineral fertilizers, acids;
Performed with a lack of natural light;
Requires coordinated participation in the work of all employees of a particular warehouse.
8.3.2. To ensure the safe organization of labor during the selection and picking of customer orders, it is necessary to carry out these works according to the technological map of the warehouse developed and approved by the head of the enterprise, which should contain:
Selection methods - individual manual, individual mechanized, complex mechanized, mixed;
Graphs of selections by day of the week;
Types of mechanisms used for the operations of the technological process;
Responsible for the execution of work.
8.3.3. The performance of work is regulated by job and production instructions, which are developed by warehouse managers on the basis of these Rules and approved by the head of the enterprise.
8.3.4. The arrangement of picking zones in warehouses should be carried out taking into account the volume of selected goods, the number of shipping containers and is determined by an area of up to 5% of the warehouse area.
8.3.5. The maximum speed of vehicles in industrial premises should not exceed 5 km per hour.
The task is usually formulated as follows: There is a cargo packed in boxes. You need to transport it. The carrier requires that this cargo be installed on pallets (pallets) to eliminate manual labor during loading / unloading and safe transportation. What height can such a cargo place be made? Or what is the maximum number of boxes that can be installed on a pallet so that the formed cargo piece fits into the car body and at the same time the lower rows of boxes are not crushed by the weight of the upper ones?
Which box to choose? Choice of box size.
For example, you need to pack a certain amount of caramel sweets in bulk on a pallet, which must first be decomposed into boxes of a certain size and capacity, and then install full boxes on a pallet (pallet) for further safe transportation. Sweets, like boxes, have their own weight. In addition, the boxes have a certain strength, which is very important in this task. Pallets have standard dimensions (useful area) on which only a certain number of boxes can be placed.
How much does the box itself weigh. We cut out a square meter by meter from cardboard and weigh it, we get the weight of a square meter of cardboard, equal, in our case, to 350 grams. We consider the surface area of the box or the area of the sweep in square meters. Multiplying the unfolded area by the weight (although this is no longer weight, but density) 350 grams = we get the weight of the box.
Multiplying the height, length and width of the box together, we calculate the volume of the box. In our case, we miss the fact that in the calculation we use the outer dimensions of the box, since the thickness of the cardboard is very small in relation to other initial data, so we will not take into account the wall thickness.
When carrying out any calculation, one must take into account the fact that there is such a thing as system units (SI). And if we operate with data in different units of measurement, then in the process of carrying out the calculation, we need to reduce all units of measurement to the same ones. In the SI system, meters and kilograms are accepted as standard. We will bring everything to them.
How much do candies weigh in a box. For caramel sweets, we take caramel material, from which sweets are made, and pour it into some conditionally weightless cubic shape with side dimensions of 1 meter x 1 meter x 1 meter and weigh it. We get the weight (although, again - no, not the weight, but the density) of caramel sweets. And this value is equal to 1220 kg / cubic meter (kg / m.cub.).
Due to the fact that sweets in nature have a shape that is convenient for eating them, and not for transporting and storing, this shape does not allow them to be packed tightly (the void between loosely poured candies in a box weighs nothing), and we determined the density of candies theoretically using pure caramel, without wrappers, and even in liquid form, in order to achieve the most accurate determination of density) - we introduce a correction factor of 0.93, which takes into account the looseness of the styling (the same weightless air between the sweets). The “net density” index of 1220 is, as already mentioned above, a theoretical value.
Multiplying these three parameters: 1220 (“net” density of sweets) by the volume of the box and then by the coefficient 0.93 described above, we calculate the real weight of the sweets in the box, adding to this parameter the weight of the box itself, we get the value with which we will work further - the weight of a box filled with sweets. You can not complicate, immediately weigh the box along with sweets and calculate how much 1 cubic meter weighs. For example, a box with a volume of 0.75 cubic meters. weighs 3 kg, hence 1 cubic meter. weighs 3/0.75 kg.
So, we calculated the weight of the filled box. Now all the boxes must be loaded onto a pallet (pallet). But in how many rows (“floors”) can this be done so that the boxes do not break under the weight of the upper floors?
It is necessary to calculate the strength of the boxes. To calculate the strength (and we need to calculate exactly box strength), it is necessary to resort to involving in the calculation a number of additional data and correction factors, namely:
Characteristics of cardboard boxes:
Calculate the area, weight and volume of the boxes:
Loading candies into boxes
We calculate the weight of sweets in each box. To do this, we take reference data on the density of sweets and the volume of the box, which we have already calculated.
Thus, the weight of sweets in one box will be: the weight of sweets is calculated by the formula $(G = ρ*V*λ)$ the weight of sweets together with the box is calculated by the formula $(m = M+G)$
| Box | Candy weight | Candy weight with box | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | $(G_1 = \text(1200 * 0.021 *0.93) =)$ | $( \text(23,910)\,kg.)$ | $(m_1 = \text(23.910 + 0.173) = )$ | $( \text(24,083)\,kg.)$ |
| 2 | $( G_2 = \text(1220 * 0.0026 * 0.93) =)$ | $( \text(2,905)\,kg.)$ | $(m_2 = \text(2.905 + 0.0403) = )$ | $( \text(2,945)\,kg.)$ |
Packaging strength
Based on the above calculations, we calculated the weight of the boxes. Now you need to calculate their strength. To do this, we take reference data on the material from which our boxes are made. This data is the same for Box_1 and Box_2 because the boxes are made from the same material:
We calculate the resistance to end compression
End compression resistance of the material $(P_m\,N/m)$ is the maximum allowable load that our boxes can withstand with a vertical load on them or the compressive force acting on a cardboard box with sweets measured in Newtons. To calculate the maximum allowable load per box, use the following formula: $(P_(m) = K_(zap) \cdot g \cdot m \cdot \dfrac(H-h)(2.55) \cdot h \cdot \sqrt( \delta \ cdot Z ))$ This formula is as follows: $(g \cdot m)$ Starting from now, we exclude the concepts of "weight" and "mass" from our lexicon and introduce the concept of "load". Above, we mentioned that all units of measurement used in the calculation must be reduced to a common denominator. Since we have a new value - the load (force) and it is calculated in kilonewtons - we will adjust to it. The gravitational acceleration $(g)$ multiplied by the mass of the box $(m)$ converts just the mass of the box into a load. And this load (it is also a force), due to the presence of gravity on the planet Earth, is directed vertically downwards and aims to crush the box by all means. And the larger it is, the more difficult it is for the box. $(H-h)$. This calculation calculates the distance from the top of the stack of boxes to the top of the bottommost box. The one that takes the load from everything that presses on it from above. $( \sqrt( \delta \cdot Z ))$. This calculation takes into account the distribution of the load, calculated in the numerator, on the total area of the ends of the walls of our box. $(h)$ the height parameter $(h)$ is present in the denominator of the considered formula for the reason that we consider the load in this formula. Therefore, height also has to be considered.
In the process of evolution, humanity seeks to measure, feel and weigh everything and everything. Those quantities that cannot be measured, felt or weighed are determined by pundits by the method of repeated observations. On the basis of such observations, assumptions are made about all kinds of correction factors (for example, such as the above-described box filling coefficient of 0.93 or a safety factor of 1.65, as well as an empirical coefficient of 2.55).
Data and calculated value:
Calculation of the maximum allowable stacking height of boxes on a pallet
The maximum allowable storage height $(H_(max))$, calculated by the formula: $(H_(max) = \dfrac( 2.55 \cdot P_m \cdot \sqrt(\delta \cdot Z) + K_(zap) \ cdot g \cdot m )( K_(zap) \cdot g \cdot m ) )$ In the numerator: empirical factor 2.55, maximum allowable load $(P_m)$ calculated above, $( \sqrt( \delta \cdot Z ))$ takes into account the distribution of the load on the total area of the ends of the box, with the addition to this moment of force $(g \cdot m)$, multiplied by a safety factor of 1.65. In the denominator: a safety factor of 1.65 multiplied by the moment of force $(g \cdot m)$.
We get:
For Box_1 $(H_(1) = 1.002\,m)$.
For Box_2 $(H_(2) = 1.001\,m)$ .
Stacking boxes on a pallet (pallet).
Each box in which we packed the sweets, as we already know, has the following dimensions:
The pallet (pallet) on which we will stack our boxes with sweets has the following dimensions:
Pallet width $(W_p)$ = 800 mm
Pallet length $(L_p)$ = 1200 mm
We build (graphically) a pallet loading scheme to calculate the number of boxes_1 in one row.
Boxes_1 protrude beyond the perimeter of the pallet, but according to the norms, such protrusion is allowed no more than 20 mm per side. Checking compliance with the rules: $(\text(Protrusion) = \dfrac(L_k \cdot 2 - W_p)(2) \,mm = 12< 20 \,мм}$. Условие выполняется.
Number of boxes_1 in a row: $(D_1 = 6\,pcs)$
Number of boxes_1 per pallet: $(S_1 = \dfrac(H)(h_k) \cdot D_1 = 36 \, pcs.)$
Total weight of boxes_1 on one pallet: $(M_(1) = S_1 \cdot m_1 = \text( 36 * 24.083) = 866.988 \,kg.)$
Weight of sweets on pallet (net weight) packed by boxes_1: $( \text( 36 * 23.910) = 860.76 \,kg.)$
We build (graphically) a pallet loading scheme to calculate the number of boxes_2 in one row.
Number of boxes_2 in a row: $(D_2 = 35\,pcs)$
Number of boxes_2 per pallet: $(S_2 = \dfrac(H)(h_k) \cdot D_2 = 350 \, pcs.)$
Total weight of boxes_2 on one pallet: $(M_(2) = S_2 \cdot m_2 = \text( 350 * 2.945) = 1030.75 \,kg.)$
Weight of sweets on a pallet (net weight) packed by boxes_2: $( \text( 350 * 2.905) = 1016.75 \,kg.)$
It can be seen that if you put the sweets into boxes_2, then you can take away $(\text(155,99)\,kg.)$ more on one pallet. A standard semi-trailer holds 34 Euro pallets. In one truck, the useful transported weight in boxes_2 will already be 5300 kg. more. But it's too early to rejoice: the maximum weight of cargo in a standard truck (truck with a trailer) cannot exceed 21,000 kg. Therefore, it makes no sense to rest and load the maximum weight on the pallet. Only 24 pallets with boxes can be loaded into the truck_1.
Calculation of cargo height per pallet for paint canisters.
There are a number of plastic paint cans available, which must be placed on a standard euro pallet for their further safe transportation. We know the volume and weight of paint in each canister and the dimensions and weight of the canister.
Paint density $(p_k = 1400 \,kg/m3)$
Paint weight in bucket $(G_k = p_k \cdot V_k = 1400 \cdot 0.01 = 14 \,kg)$
Paint can weight $(m_1 = G_k +m_k = 14 + 0.38 = 14.38 \,kg)$
The strength of the plastic canister (packaging)
The maximum load on the lower tier during stacking (declared by the container manufacturer) is $(G_(max) = 20 \,kg.)$
Thus, the maximum allowable pallet loading height will be (rounded down to the nearest whole number) $(H_(add) = \dfrac (G_(max))(m_1) +1 = 2)$ rows.
Number of canisters in a row $(G_p = 20 \,(pcs))$
Weight of one row $(M_p = G_p \cdot m_1 = 20 \cdot 14.38 = 287.6 \,kg)$
The height of the cargo on the pallet $(H_gr = h_k \cdot H_(add) = 0.544 \,m)$
The total number of canisters on a pallet $(Q_k = G_p \cdot H_(additional) = 40 \,(pcs))$
The total weight of the cargo on the pallet $(G_(sum) = Q_k \cdot m_1 = 40 \cdot 14.38 = 257.2 \,kg)$
Terms and concepts
Fill Heterogeneity Factor$( \lambda \, \text(%))$ is a factor that takes into account the void between the material.
safety factor$(K_(zap))$ is a value that indicates the ability of the structure to withstand the loads applied to it in excess of the calculated ones. The availability of a reserve provides additional reliability of the design to avoid disaster in the event of possible design, manufacturing or operation errors. . The safety factor of a cardboard box depends on the duration of storage and is equal to:
- 1.6 (with a shelf life of less than 30 days);
- 1.65 (from 31 to 100 days);
- 1.85 (if the shelf life is not limited).
How is the safety factor calculated? They take boxes of sweets (for example) and begin to pile them one on top of the other in a pile to the sky. To the question of an honest person passing by, “But it won’t come up?” loaders-theorists answer succinctly, briefly and accurately - "It shouldn't!". And when, after the 16th box, installed on a pile, the lowest one turns into a pancake (this is not an annoyance, but the fact that they bake at Shrove Tuesday) under the irresistible force of ruthless gravity, one of the loaders pulls out a tattered notebook, a pencil stub and he writes something into it in uneven handwriting, muttering under his breath “let's write it down, the safety factor is 1.6 ...”
Maximum allowed stacking height. Reference value, established for reasons of expediency and convenience of storage and transportation. The distance between the shelves of racks in the warehouse and the height of the cargo compartment of cars are taken into account.
End compression resistance. This indicator provides the maximum load (applied force) that the box material (brown cardboard) can withstand if a force expressed in kilonewtons per meter (kN / m) is applied to the cardboard sheet, placed on edge. This parameter is equal to the moment of force (kN) relative to a point located at a distance of 1 meter from the line of action of the force.
Freight forwarder or carrier? Three secrets and international cargo transportation
Forwarder or carrier: which one to choose? If the carrier is good and the forwarder is bad, then the first one. If the carrier is bad, and the forwarder is good, then the second one. Such a choice is simple. But how to decide when both applicants are good? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The problem is that these options are not equal.
Scary stories of international transportation
BETWEEN THE HAMMER AND THE ANVIL.
It is not easy to live between a transportation customer and a very cunningly economical cargo owner. One day we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional conditions for two sheets, the collection is called .... Loading on Wednesday. The car is already in place on Tuesday, and by lunchtime the next day, the warehouse begins to slowly throw into the trailer everything that your forwarder has collected for his customers-recipients.
ENCHANTED PLACE - PTO KOZLOVICHI.
According to legends and experience, everyone who transported goods from Europe by road knows what a terrible place is the PTO Kozlovichi, Brest customs. What chaos the Belarusian customs officers are doing, they find fault in every possible way and tear at exorbitant prices. And it is true. But not all...
HOW UNDER THE NEW YEAR WE CARRIED DRY MILK.
Groupage loading at a consolidation warehouse in Germany. One of the cargoes is powdered milk from Italy, the delivery of which was ordered by the Forwarder .... A classic example of the work of the forwarder-"transmitter" (he does not delve into anything, he only passes along the chain).
Documents for international transport
International road transport of goods is very organized and bureaucratic, as a result - for the implementation of international road transport of goods, a lot of unified documents are used. It doesn’t matter if it’s a customs carrier or an ordinary one – he won’t go without documents. Although it is not very exciting, we have tried to simply state the purpose of these documents and the meaning that they have. They gave an example of filling in TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, Invoice, Packing List...
Calculation of axle load for trucking
Purpose - to study the possibility of redistributing loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer when changing the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer. And the application of this knowledge in practice.
In the system we are considering, there are 3 objects: a tractor $(T)$, a semi-trailer $(\large ((p.p.)))$ and a cargo $(\large (gr))$. All variables related to each of these objects will be superscripted $T$, $(\large (p.p.))$ and $(\large (gr))$ respectively. For example, the unladen weight of a tractor would be denoted as $m^(T)$.
Why don't you eat mushrooms? Customs exhaled sadness.
What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation has already banned the issuance of TIR Carnets without additional guarantees in several federal districts. And she notified that from December 1 of this year she would completely break the contract with the IRU as inappropriate for the requirements of the Customs Union and put forward non-childish financial claims.
IRU responded: “The explanations of the Russian Federal Customs Service regarding the alleged debt of ASMAP in the amount of 20 billion rubles are a complete fabrication, since all the old TIR claims have been fully settled ..... What do we, simple carriers, think?
Stowage Factor Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation
The calculation of the cost of transportation depends on the weight and volume of the cargo. For maritime transport, volume is most often decisive, for air transport it is weight. For road transport of goods, a complex indicator plays an important role. Which parameter for calculations will be chosen in a particular case depends on specific weight of cargo (Stowage Factor) .
403. Storage of substances, materials, parts and products (hereinafter - material assets) is carried out in specially equipped premises (on sites).
404. Places of storage of material assets shall be equipped with special devices and fixtures that exclude arbitrary displacement and fall of substances, materials and products during their storage, means of mechanization of loading and unloading operations.
For warehouses, a plan is developed for the placement of substances and materials, indicating their most characteristic properties (explosive and fire hazardous, toxic, chemically active, and the like).
The places and methods of storing substances and materials, the design of containers, the mode of storage are determined taking into account their state of aggregation, compatibility and uniformity of the choice of extinguishing agents.
Storage, stacking, packaging of material assets are carried out with free access to control their condition.
At the same time, passages must be observed: against the gate - not less than the width of the gate; against doorways - with a width equal to the width of the doors, but not less than 1 m; between the wall and the rack, as well as between the racks (stacks) - at least 0.8 m.
405. The design of racks for the storage of material assets must be designed for appropriate loads, ensure the stable position of the stored substances, materials and products and exclude their loss during storage.
406. Racks are securely fastened. Each rack must have an inventory number and inscriptions on the maximum permissible load on each shelf. Shelves of racks should have sides. Wooden racks in warehouses are treated with flame retardants.
407. The design and operation of rack stacker cranes must comply with the requirements of GOST 28433-90 “Rack stacker cranes. General Specifications”, approved by the Resolution of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standardization dated January 29, 1990 No. 99, GOST 12.2.053-91 “Occupational Safety Standards System. Stacker cranes. Safety Requirements”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standardization dated March 11, 1991 No. 225 (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.2.053).
408. A plate is attached to each stacker crane and elevator rack indicating their carrying capacity, maximum dimensions of the transported (stored) cargo, the period of the next technical examination and inventory number.
409. The design of the elevator rack provides for a blocking device that excludes the possibility of turning on the conveyor drive when loading or unloading windows or other shaft openings are open.
Dangerous zones of elevator racks are painted in signal colors and marked with safety signs in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.4.026.
410. Before stacking material assets in racks, their cells are cleaned of dirt, packaging and preservation residues.
It is not allowed to stack material assets on faulty racks and overload the racks.
411. Glass bottles, glass, other large and heavy material values are placed on the lower tiers.
412. Tires of vehicles are stacked on shelves of racks only in a vertical position.
413. Stacking storage is used when storing material assets in bags, bales, rolls, bales, boxes and other containers, pipes of large diameters, rolled steel, long metal, timber and lumber, large-sized reinforced concrete slabs, panels and similar products.
414. The design and operation of overhead stacker cranes used for stacking packaged and long loads must comply with the requirements of GOST 28434-90 “Overhead stacker cranes. General technical conditions”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standardization dated January 29, 1990 No. 99, GOST 12.2.053.
415. Storage of material values in a pile is carried out on the floor of a warehouse or in an open area in one or several rows.
In multi-row stacks, it is not allowed to store material assets that have weak packaging that cannot withstand the pressure of the upper rows, packaging and configuration of an irregular shape that does not allow for the stability of the stack.
416. The maximum allowable height of stacks is determined depending on the type of packaging of materials and products, their weight and the conditions of mechanization of loading and unloading operations.
The height of a single-row stack with a width of at least 1 m should not exceed 1.5 m.
417. To ensure the stability of the stack, bags, bales, rolls, bales, boxes and the like are stored on a horizontal platform in such a way that their edges form straight lines. When forming a stack, heavier loads are stored in the lower rows.
It is not allowed to protrude from the stack of parts, edges of material assets and packaging.
418. The distance between stacks must exceed the width of vehicles by at least 0.8 m, and if necessary to ensure oncoming traffic, twice the width of vehicles plus 1.5 m.
419. In order to avoid subsidence and violation of the vertical position of the stack, open areas in winter are preliminarily cleared of debris, ice and snow.
420. Products with protruding sharp edges are stored in a stack or packages so as to exclude the possibility of injury to workers during work.
421. When stacking lengthy and heavy material assets, wooden spacers or racks-stands are used.
422. When forming stacks of boxes, gaps are left between the boxes. Packages from boxes of different sizes are stacked only if the stack is stable and even.
Stacking of loaded flat pallets is allowed up to a height at which the safety of the lower pallet containers is guaranteed.
423. Stacking round timber in stacks for storage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9014.0-75 "General requirements for the rules for storage of coniferous and hardwood round timber", approved by the Resolution of the State Committee for Standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 14, 1975 No. 2911.
424. The formation of stacks of lumber is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 3808.1-80 “Softwood lumber. Atmospheric drying and storage”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 12, 1980 No. 1136, the interstate standard GOST 7319-80 “Sawn timber and blanks of hardwood. Atmospheric drying and storage”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 12, 1980 No. 1137.
425. When forming and dismantling stacks of round timber and sawn timber, the requirements of GOST 12.3.042-88 “System of labor safety standards. Woodworking production. General safety requirements”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards of December 21, 1988 No. 4391 (hereinafter - GOST 12.3.042).
426. Rolled stock is stored in such a way that the ends of the end sides of the stacks located at the aisles are laid out evenly, regardless of the length of the stacked bars, pipes, and the like. When laying metal in warehouses, a passage with a width of at least 0.7 m is arranged between the end of the stack and the wall.
427. When storing material assets in piles, it is not allowed:
stack and unstack stacks on site in strong wind (6 points), heavy rain, snowfall and thick fog (visibility less than 50 m);
perform work on two adjacent stacks at the same time;
stand on the edge of the stack or on the ends of the interpacket spacers, use lifting machines to climb up or down the stack.
428. Sloping stacks on the site are only allowed to be dismantled during the daytime in accordance with a previously developed method of conducting work under the guidance of a person responsible for the safe execution of loading and unloading operations.
Dismantling of stacks is carried out only from above and evenly along the entire length.
429. Hot-rolled and cold-drawn strips in coils during stack storage are stored on wooden pallets and installed in stacks with a height of not more than 2 m.
430. Wires, cables, rolled wire in coils (coils) are laid on wooden decks in the following order:
430.1. the first coil (first coil) is laid flat, the second coil (second coil) captures half of the first coil (first coil) and assumes an inclined position, and so on;
430.2. after laying one row, the second row is laid on it with the arrangement of bays (skeins) in the opposite direction in the same order. The width of such a stack must be at least 1.5 m.
431. Storage bags are stored on special pallets in sections of three or five bags (triples or fives) in compliance with the order of linking the stacked bags and the perpendicularity of the stack.
432. When forming packages on flat pallets, in order to ensure the stability of the package, the weight of the cargo is distributed symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the pallet. The top surface of the package must be level.
433. Materials in boxes and bags, not formed into packages, are stored in piles in a dressing. For the stability of the stack, slats are laid every 2–3 rows of boxes and boards are laid every 5–6 rows of bags in height.
434. Paper in rolls is stored to a height of no more than three rows with boards between the rows. The end rolls are fixed with stops.
435. For storage in a warehouse, sheet steel of the same grade is stored in stacks with a height of not more than 1 m. In this case, the size of the sheet must be at least 1 m, and the total mass of the stack must not exceed the maximum allowable load on the floor or ceiling.
Large batches of sheet steel of the same grade and size are stored in packages under a canopy or in closed warehouses on wooden beams with wooden or metal spacers between the packages for passing slings between them and special grips for lifting the package.
436. Cylinders with compressed and liquefied gases are fixed and placed so that they are not subjected to mechanical stress. To prevent gas leaks, a plug is placed on the side fitting of the cylinder valve, and safety caps are also installed on cylinders with a volume of 40 liters or more.
437. Cylinders with gases stored in a vertical position are installed in specially equipped nests or protected by barriers to prevent falling. Cylinders with gases that do not have shoes may be stored and stored in a horizontal position on frames or racks made of non-combustible material.
438. Sheet glass is stored in boxes in one row with an edge on the decks.
439. Loose and dusty materials are stored in bunkers, bins, chests, containers, silos, boxes and other closed containers made of mechanically strong materials, protected from corrosion, excluding dusting, ensuring the safety of materials and the possibility of using means of mechanization of loading and unloading operations. .
Bunkers, bins, chests, containers, silos, boxes and other containers for storing loose and dusty materials are equipped with tight-fitting lids.
Bunkers, silos and other containers must have devices for mechanical collapse of arches (hangs) of materials.
Bunkers, bins, chests and other containers for storing bulk and dust-like materials are marked with an indication of their purpose and maximum allowable load.
440. When storing loose and dusty materials, measures are taken to prevent their dispersion during loading and unloading.
Loading funnels are closed by protective lattices, and hatches in protective lattices are locked.
441. Repair and other work inside silos and bunkers is carried out with a work permit by a team of at least three employees in compliance with the requirements of the Labor Protection Rules when working at height.
Employees inside the bunker (silo) must be provided with safety harnesses, safety ropes (ropes), one end of which is tied to the safety belt, and the other - outside the bunker (silo), protective helmets and respirators.
When performing work, two workers are on the floor of the silo or bunker and supervise the workers performing work in the bunker and, if necessary, provide them with assistance.
442. Temporary storage of material assets is allowed with a height of no more than 1.5 m in specially designated places equipped with racks, racks, containers with the possibility of mechanized movement of materials and products.
When laying material assets, side racks, gaskets, linings, supports and similar special devices and devices are installed to prevent their spontaneous movement.
443. When storing raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products at the sites:
443.1. barrels, drums and bottles are installed in groups of no more than 100 pieces in each, with gaps between groups of at least 1 m. Bottles are protected with braid, baskets, wooden crates and the like;
443.2. drums with cable, cable and other large-sized cylindrical objects are reinforced with holding devices (wedges, battens, boards, etc.) to prevent them from rolling out when laying.
444. Storage of steel and cast iron pipes, connecting parts to pipes for storage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 10692-80 “Steel, cast iron pipes and connecting parts to them. Marking, packaging, transportation and storage”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standards of December 28, 1990 No. 3464.
445. Warehousing and storage of paint and varnish materials are carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9980.5-86 “Paint and varnish materials. Transportation and storage”, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated June 20, 1986 No. 1618.
446. In warehouse buildings, all operations related to opening and minor repairs of containers, packaging of products, preparation of working mixtures are carried out in specially equipped rooms isolated from storage areas.
447. Warehousing and storage of material assets, as well as storage of means of mechanization of loading and unloading operations on the ramps of warehouses are not allowed.
Substances, materials and products unloaded onto the ramp, by the end of the work, must be stored in the places intended for their storage.
448. Warehousing and storage of empty containers are carried out on specially designated areas outside the warehouse and production facilities.
The containers are cleaned of combustible residues before being placed in storage.
IV group
414. The tendency of coals to oxidize and the maximum height of coal stacks are corrected on the basis of studies on the characteristics of coals from new deposits, taking into account the requirements of the Federal Norms and Rules in the field of industrial safety "Instructions for determining the incubation period of spontaneous combustion of coal", approved by order of the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Supervision of Nuclear Supervision No. 132 dated April 2, 2013 (registered by the Ministry of the Russian Federation on August 5, 2013, registration No. 28997), as amended by order of the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service No. 236 dated June 22, 2016 (registered Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on August 24, 2016, registration N 43383).
415. During long-term storage, in order to reduce the intensity of coal oxidation and prevent its heating and spontaneous combustion, as well as to prevent its spraying and washing out, special measures should be taken to fill the surface of the stack with fine coal and layer-by-layer compaction, whitewash the slopes of the stack with 5-10% lime solution and cover the stacks special compositions that slow down oxidative processes in coals, specified in Appendix No. 2
416. During long-term storage of coals that do not require subsequent sorting, rollers and vibratory rammers are used to compact the horizontal surfaces of the stack. To move the rollers on the surface of the stack, scraper and retractable winches are used.
417. During long-term storage, layer-by-layer stacking of coal is carried out in a pile in layers up to 1.5 m thick with a uniform distribution of large pieces and compaction as each layer accumulates with a load of 3-4 kg/cm2.
418. The compaction of the slopes of the pile is carried out by special rammers, which at the same time are trowels for leveling the layer of coal fines before the rammer, as well as by rollers.
For compaction of coal, vibrating platforms are used, which are used to compact concrete in construction work.
419. Sectioned coal grades GK, GO, DK, DO, BK, BO, OSK, SSK, SSO, TK and ZhK and anthracite grades AP, AK, AO, AM, AS, as well as enriched coals (sorted concentrates) are stacked without layer seal. Compaction of grade Zh coal from the Pechorskoye and Suchanskoye deposits is carried out along the upper base and slopes of the stack. To reduce the intensity of oxidation, insulating coatings of a pile of coal specified in Appendix No. 3 to these Safety Rules should be used.
420. It is prohibited to form coals and anthracites in a pile with the help of scraper installations in order to avoid crushing of sized coals and anthracites.
421. To prevent heating and spontaneous combustion of coal in a stack during long-term storage, in addition to the measures indicated above, the following are carried out:
Periodic replacement of old coal from the stack with fresh coal with preliminary full shipment of old coal to consumers from the refreshed part of the stack;
Slowdown of oxidative processes in ordinary brown and hard coals prone to oxidation and spontaneous combustion and the associated release of harmful gases by introducing antioxidant inhibitors into them in the form of solutions, aqueous emulsions, suspensions (in the warm season) or dry reagents specified in Appendix N 2 to these Safety Rules, during layer-by-layer formation of a stack with subsequent layer-by-layer and surface compaction of coal;
Saturation of a stack of coal with water up to 10 - 12% and continuous maintenance of it in this state; humidification is applied only to waterproof coals;
Uniform wetting of coal during its laying in a pile of 2 - 3% aqueous suspension of slaked lime at the rate of 3 weight percent of the suspension to the weight of coal.
422. Control over the storage of coal in a pile should be carried out by measuring the temperature of the coal.
To measure the temperature of coal in a stack, a portable temperature probe or laboratory-type mercury thermometer with a scale of up to 150 °C should be used.
In the case of measuring the temperature of coal with a thermometer, vertical control metal pipes with a diameter of 25–50 mm should be installed in the stack, the lower ends of which are closed tightly and sharpened, and the upper ends are closed with a wooden plug tied to the end of the pipe. A thermometer should be suspended from the cork on a cord and lowered into the pipe.
423. Installation of pipes in a stack should be carried out along the upper base of the stack in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of one pipe from another no more than 25 m.
When storing storage-resistant coals and anthracites (anthracite pebbles, lean T, Ekibastuz SS), the installation of iron pipes for measuring the temperature of coal is prohibited. In this case, a portable temperature probe is used to determine the temperature of the coal during control checks.
The pipes must be stacked so that their ends do not reach the lower base of the stack at a distance of 1/4 of the stack height. After the pipes are stacked, the surface of the stack around the pipes must be compacted with a hand rammer.
Each pipe must be assigned a number, which is affixed to the end of the pipe, protruding above the surface of the coal pile by 0.2 - 0.3 m and tightly closed with a cork.
424. Temperature measurements should be carried out by lowering the thermometer on a cord into the control pipes to the depth required for measurement for a period of at least 20 minutes. To prevent the readings of the thermometers from changing when they are taken out of the pipes to the surface, the mercury balls of the thermometers must be immersed in a capsule with engine oil attached to the metal case of the thermometer. The distance from the walls of the oil capsule to the walls of the mercury ball should be 4 mm. Inside the metal case, the thermometer must be reinforced with rubber stoppers.
425. Temperature measurements should be carried out for coals:
Group I - after 10 days;
Group II - after 5 days;
Group III - after 3 days;
Group IV - daily.
When the coal temperature in the stack reaches 40 °C, control measurements for coals of all groups should be carried out at least twice a day. If coals with a temperature of 60 °C or more are found in a pile, or if the temperature rises at a rate of 5 °C per day, measures should be taken immediately to eliminate the source of spontaneous combustion.
Temperature measurements for coals of groups I - III should be carried out at a depth of 2.5 - 3.5 m from the surface of the pile, for coals of group IV - at a depth of 1 - 2 m.
426. The factory should keep records of temperature observations over coal piles separately for each pile. When accounting, the main results of observations should be recorded:
Checking the health of thermocouples, thermometers, pipes (probes);
Inspection of coal for signs of heating and spontaneous combustion (gas emission, soaring, snow melting in cold weather);
Temperature measurements in coal piles while observing safety measures.
427. Temperature measurements should be carried out by a responsible employee of a coal warehouse. The measurement results are reported to the technical manager (chief engineer) of the factory.
428. External signs of the appearance of self-heating centers of coal in the summer, spring and autumn should be:
The appearance during the night on the surface of the stack, close to the source of spontaneous combustion, wet spots that disappear with sunrise;
The appearance of white spots that disappear when it rains;
The appearance of non-drying wet spots;
The appearance of ashed coal;
The appearance of steam and the smell of coal decomposition products;
Sparking at night.
In winter, an external sign of the appearance of self-heating centers is the appearance of thawed patches in the snow cover (if there is snow cover on the piles).
429. Upon detection of self-heating centers of coal with a temperature above 30-35 °C that have appeared in coal piles, the following measures are taken:
An immediate shipment is made from a pile of heated coal to railway cars and other vehicles;
If such shipment is impossible, additional coal compaction is carried out in the area of heating centers.
430. In the event that additional compaction of coal in the area of its heating centers has not yielded results and the temperature of the coal rises to 50 - 60 ° C, it is necessary to remove all heated coal from the pile and place it in a free place in separate piles with a height of not more than 1.5 - 2 m.
431. In case of occurrence of self-heating centers of coal with a temperature of 60 °C and above, as well as pockets of ignited coal, the following measures should be taken:
Heated or ignited coal is removed from the pile, and the coal is stored in a separate area in a thin layer no more than 0.5 m high and intensively watered with water until it is completely extinguished. To prevent re-ignition of coal, it is immediately shipped chilled;
If it is not possible to remove the coal from the stack and ship it, the fires of burning coal are extinguished by flooding the fire with an aqueous 3–4% suspension of slaked lime.
Filling should be carried out by supplying slaked lime to the coal pile directly to the combustion center and near its suspension through iron pipes with holes (injectors) immersed in the coal pile.
432. Fire protection of coal warehouses should be carried out in accordance with design decisions.
433. Fire breaks and passages from the base of a pile of coal should be as follows:
To the axis of the railway track - at least 2.5 m;
To buildings and structures (depending on their degree of fire resistance):
For semi-fire-resistant and semi-combustible buildings and structures - at least 15 m;
For combustible buildings and structures - at least 20 m;
To warehouses for lubricants, lighting materials and liquid fuels, as well as timber warehouses - at least 60 m;
To ventilation shafts, pits and receiving devices for supplying fresh air to the mines - at least 60 m.
434. Fire water hydrants should be located on sites not covered with coal. The distance from any hydrant to the place of coal laying should be no more than 100 m.
435. In cases where it is impossible to ship coal from the warehouse before the deadline for storage, its further stay in the warehouse is carried out with the application of measures to prevent spontaneous combustion of coal.
For packaged and piece goods, stacked and rack stacking methods are usually used.
Stacking is used to store goods packed in bags, bales, coolies, boxes, barrels.
Forming a stack, ensure its stability, allowable height and free access to goods. The height of the stack is determined by the properties of the product and its packaging, the capabilities of the stacker, the maximum load per 1 sq. m floor, warehouse height.
Stacking is used in three versions: straight, cross-checked, reverse-checked.
In straight stacking, more commonly used for stacking crates and drums of the same size, each crate is placed strictly and evenly on top of the crate in the bottom row. Improving the stability of the stack provides a direct pyramidal stacking - in each top row there is one place less and each top place is installed on the two bottom ones.
Boxes of various sizes are placed in a cross cage. In this case, the upper boxes are laid across the lower ones.
As a rule, goods packed in bags are placed in the reverse cage - the upper row of bags is placed on the lower one in the reverse order.
When stacking goods in stacks, ensure that normal air circulation, sanitary and fire safety requirements are ensured in the warehouse - stacks are placed no closer than 0.5 m from walls and 1.5 m from heating appliances. Between the stacks leave passages about 1.5 m wide.
Stacked storage of goods stacked on rack and box pallets allows for more rational use of premises and the use of mechanisms.
With the rack method of storage, goods on pallets, unpacked goods, as well as goods in individual packaging are placed in the cells of the racks.
Rack storage of goods on pallets is very convenient - with the help of stackers, pallets are stacked on shelves located at any height accessible to the mechanisms. On the lower shelves, you can store goods, the selection of which is carried out manually, on the upper ones, goods shipped as a whole on a pallet.
When packing goods, the following requirements are observed:
Container places are laid with markings towards the aisle;
homogeneous goods are stacked in racks on both sides of one aisle, so that the transportation path is shorter during stacking and picking;
if one cell is not enough for the entire quantity of goods of the same name, the goods are placed in the following cells of the rack above in the same vertical section, so that when stacking and picking, the travel path is shorter, and the storage address would differ only in the shelf number;
on the upper tiers of the racks, long-term storage goods are placed, as well as goods released from the warehouse in batches of at least a whole package or pallet.
Mechanized hangers are used to store outerwear in warehouses. Bulk cargo is stored in bulk. Tanks, tanks and barrels are used to store liquids.
Goods are stacked on racks, pallets, in stacks, etc. The weight of the load on the pallet must not exceed the design capacity of a standard pallet.
When placing goods in rooms, the dimensions of the indents should be: from the walls of the room - 0.7 m, from heating devices - 0.2 - 0.5 m, from light sources - 0.5 m, from the floor - 0.15 - 0 30 m. The gaps in the stack should be: between boxes - 0.02 m, between pallets and containers - 0.05 - 0.10 m.
Notes:
It is allowed to install racks or stack goods with an indent from the walls and wall columns of 0.05 - 0.10 m in cases where the indents are not used for evacuation of people.
The dimensions of the indents from the heating devices should be increased if this is required by the storage conditions of the goods.
When stacking loads, ensure the stability of the stack and the safety of people working on or near the stack.
It is not allowed to stack cargoes in damaged or oversized containers, in containers with slippery surfaces, in packaging that does not ensure the stability of the package.
Stowage of goods should ensure their stability during storage and transportation, unloading of vehicles and dismantling of stacks, as well as the possibility of mechanized loading and unloading. Unstacking of goods should only be done from top to bottom.
Cargoes in boxes and bags, not formed into packages, should be stacked in a bandage. For the stability of the stack, slats should be laid every 2 rows of boxes, and boards every 5 rows of bags.
The height of storage of packaged and piece goods is determined based on the height of the room, the load on the floor, technical characteristics and mechanization, technological rules and storage conditions. The height of the stack when manually stacking packaged goods in boxes weighing up to 50 kg, in bags up to 70 kg should not exceed 2 m.
The height of stacking barrels in a horizontal position (lying) should be no more than 3 rows with obligatory laying of gaskets between rows and wedging of all extreme rows. When installing barrels while standing, the laying height is allowed in no more than 2 rows in a dressing with laying boards of equal thickness between the rows.
Barrels with gasoline and other flammable liquids must be laid only lying down, in one row with the stopper up.
The stack should not be stacked close to the stack in order to avoid collapses when dismantling the adjacent stack. The distance between the rows of stacks should be determined taking into account the possibility of installing containers in a stack, removing containers from a stack with load gripping devices and providing the necessary fire breaks.
Cargoes stored in bulk should be stowed, formed into piles with a slope corresponding to the angle of repose for a given material. If necessary, such stacks should be fenced with protective bars.
Cargoes in containers and bales must be stacked in stable stacks, the maximum height of which must not exceed the requirements specified by GOST 12.3.010.
Oversized and heavy loads should be stacked in one row on linings.
The goods to be placed must be stacked in such a way that the danger of their falling, tipping over, falling apart is excluded, and at the same time the accessibility and safety of their removal during release into production or loading for shipment is ensured.
Stacking of goods at loading and unloading areas and in places of long-term and temporary storage, close to the walls of the building, columns and equipment, stack to stack is not allowed. The gaps between the load and the wall, the column must be at least 1 m, between the load and the ceiling of the building - at least 1 m, between the load and the lamp - at least 0.5 m.
Cargoes in boxes or bales must be stacked in stable piles.
Cargoes in bags and sacks should be stacked in a bandage. The height of the stack during manual loading should not exceed 3 m, when using mechanisms for lifting cargo - 6 m.
Cargoes in faulty, torn containers for stacking are not allowed.
Ways of stowage of goods should provide:
Stability of stacks, packages and cargoes in stacks;
mechanized dismantling of the stack and lifting of cargo by hinged grippers of material handling equipment;
safety of workers on or near the stack;
the possibility of using and normal functioning of protective equipment for workers and fire equipment;
circulation of air flows during natural and artificial ventilation in closed warehouses;
compliance with the requirements for the security zones of power lines, engineering communications and power supply units.
The placement of materials, containers with blanks, parts and waste should be convenient for their mooring when using lifting devices and handling equipment.
Bulk cargo stacks with slopes steeper than the angle of repose should be protected by strong retaining walls.
When laying loads (except for bulk goods), measures must be taken to prevent them from pinching or freezing to the surface of the site.
The distances between the rows of stacks should be determined taking into account the possibility of stacking, removing the load from the stack by the load gripping devices of the used lifting equipment and providing fire breaks.
Between stacks in warehouses, sites for temporary storage of goods, passages with a width of at least 1 m and driveways, the width of which is determined by the dimensions of vehicles, transported goods and handling mechanisms, must be provided.
The height of the stack should be determined by the ratio of the maximum height of the stack to the smaller side of the base of the container: for non-separable containers, this value should not exceed 6; for collapsible containers - no more than 4.5.
When storing fruits and vegetables, the following basic requirements must be met:
The distance from the bottom of the protruding storage structures to the top of the embankment should be at least 0.8 m, to the top of the stack - at least 0.3 m;
the distance of the stack from the wall, column, battery - at least 0.6 m in storage, 0.3 m - in the refrigerator;
distance in a stack between boxes - not less than 0.02 m, between box pallets - not less than 0.05 m;
the height of storage in bulk should be no more than: potatoes - 5 m, cabbage, carrots - 3 m, beets - 4 m, turnips - 3.5 m;
storage height in a container should be no more than: potatoes, cabbage, beets - 4.6 m, carrots, turnips, apples, pears - 5.0 m, tomatoes, grapes, melons - 4.5 m;
loading of storage chambers when storing in containers should be no more than: for potatoes - 0.5; for cabbage - 0.3; for carrots - 0.345; for beets - 0.46; for turnips - 0.38; for apples, pears - 0.29; for melons - 0.4 tons per 1 cubic meter of chamber volume.
Containers for storing and transporting potatoes and vegetables should be designed for stacking them with cargo in stacks of 5 tiers and have loops for slinging and supports for fixing when stacking.
The height of stacks for manual stacking of packaged goods in boxes weighing up to 50 kg, in bags up to 70 kg, in barrels with extracts or bulk materials should not exceed 2 m, in barrels with fatty substances - 1.5 m.
The height of stacks with mechanized stacking packed in boxes weighing up to 50 kg should not exceed 3.6 m, in bags up to 70 kg - 3.8 m, in barrels with spark substances - 1.5 m, in barrels with extracts - 2.5 m, in barrels with bulk materials - 3.0 m.
The stacking of goods in paper bags should be done with the laying of boards between each row.
With manual stacking of bags, no more than 8 rows can be stacked, with mechanized stacking - no more than 12.
When storing boxes with fruits on pallets, the length of the stacks should be no more than 10 m, the height - no more than 4 m. Boxes with vegetables and fruits, when manually stacked in a pile, can be installed with a height of no more than 1.5 m.
Barrels should be stacked in a horizontal position (lying) in no more than 3 rows in the form of a truncated pyramid with boards laid between each row and wedging of all extreme rows. When installing barrels while standing, laying is allowed in no more than 2 rows in a dressing with laying boards of equal thickness between the rows.
Small-sized barrels weighing up to 100 kg are allowed to be laid lying down in 6 rows, weighing from 100 to 150 kg - in no more than 4 rows.
Stacks of boxes with a height of more than 2.5 m, barrels stacked in 2 rows or more must be fenced. The distance from the fence to the stack must be at least 1.5 m.
Oils and greases in warehouses should be stored on racks of no more than three tiers and no more than 10 barrels along the length of the stack. Wooden spacers should be installed under the barrels. There must be at least 1.8 m between the racks.
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