If you want to quickly, cheaply build a house in the suburbs, our builders will come to your aid. At modest prices, in accordance with the calculation, monolithic workers will erect any house (or other structure) on your land plot in a short warm season. Services are provided only by specialists who have undergone special training.
The cost of building a house using fixed turnkey formwork for 1 m2 is 22,000 rubles. with materials.
Fixed formwork installation technology
Construction technologies by the method of fixed formwork became widespread abroad 15 years ago. In Russia, it began to be mastered much later. The idea of the work is that there is no need for additional work of masons to remove the formwork after solidification of the monolithic walls.
The formwork serves not only as a frame, but also as thermal insulation, and sometimes as an external wall cladding. The installation of fixed formwork does not require additional reinforcement: the reinforcement is placed in blocks at the factory.
The installation technology of fixed formwork is simple. Separate blocks are joined together by means of the simplest interlocks along pre-verified perimeters. Next, the fixed formwork is poured with concrete.
In the presence of a quality mortar, the construction of the walls of the house by a team of four workers will take no more than two weeks. For the successful erection of walls and the installation of partitions from fixed formwork, the most important thing is to carefully prepare the bed (the surface of the foundation or floor from the monolith), accurately align the horizontal position along the line of pouring the walls. The surface must be perfectly smooth to avoid tearing the waterproofing.
How to build a house in such a way that it does not waste much on materials, and maintain high quality performance? Building the walls of a house from fixed formwork is an excellent solution for those who are not afraid of experiments and follow the latest in the world of building technologies.
Here are just a few of the key benefits of this type of design:
- Ease of operation and time saving. The installation of the walls resembles a children's designer: the main guide blocks are set, on which the next level of blocks is installed in the grooves, and so on until the required height is reached.
- High mechanical strength, resistance to possible adverse natural phenomena (earthquakes, landslides, etc.). Reinforcement is knitted inside the block structure and at the corners, the structure is poured with high-strength cement mortar, which creates an integral monolithic wall with a high threshold of resistance and stability.
- Does not require additional insulation and sound insulation. Due to the fact that expanded polystyrene itself is a thermal and sound insulating material, the walls of the house perfectly retain heat, "breathe" and do not muffle noise.
- Savings on heating appliances and heating bills. It has been proven that a house made of a fixed structure has better energy-saving properties than a house with two-brick masonry walls (by an average of 30%).
- The material is not susceptible to fungus and mold attacks.
- Ideally lends itself to any processing, due to which it is possible to use almost any finishing materials both for the facades of buildings and for interior decoration.
- Qualitative operational characteristics are retained for years, and the service life of the facility is unlimited.
If you are interested in an offer that is valid throughout the Moscow region, contact our specialists and find out how much fixed formwork costs and the total cost of work.
The classic version of the form for the foundation and walls in monolithic houses is a temporary structure, which is made of wood and chipboard. Styrofoam fixed formwork is an alternative construction method that does not involve waste. This design increases the strength of the building and increases its energy efficiency, acting as thermal insulation. However, such material has some features that cannot be ignored.
Manufacturers of this material point to its many advantages over standard building formwork options. These advantages need to be known to every person who decides to use a non-removable type of polystyrene foam structure.
The advantage of a fixed formwork made of this material is, first of all, that such a structure has auxiliary functions. The main one is the organization of the form for the walls and foundation of a monolithic building. Due to its physical qualities, expanded polystyrene is a good insulation. This is a very important property, since this type of formwork is not dismantled after the concrete has hardened.
If formwork boards are used, they must be dismantled. Wood is not a thermal insulator, so Styrofoam blocks are considered a better investment. Fixed formwork made of this material allows you to build a lightweight concrete structure. Moreover, such a building retains 30-35% more heat than a building with an analogue of red brick. Thus, the use of expanded polystyrene allows you to reduce the cost of other materials from which the foundation or walls are made.
An alternative to polystyrene foam forms is plastic formwork. The price of such a design is slightly higher, but it is more reliable strength. Fixed plastic elements can be purchased at a hardware store or you can order them online.
Another advantage of such forms is that they protect reinforced concrete from moisture. In winter, this is especially important. As a result, thanks to polystyrene blocks, the service life of the foundation and walls is increased by approximately 20%. Quite often, it is this fact that pushes people to use such formwork for building a house. From expanded polystyrene, various (in shape and dimensions) elements are made.
Note! Building a building using polystyrene molds reduces financial costs by about a third.
The price of slab formwork made of expanded polystyrene, as a rule, is the determining factor in its choice. However, the most useful property of such forms is that their use allows to preserve the structure of concrete at low temperatures (but not below +5 °C). Concrete in this case hardens in the normal mode, which has a positive effect on its qualities after hardening.
In turn, pouring concrete material into a wooden form gives a completely different result. In such formwork (at low temperatures), concrete hardens faster, and its structure is broken.
Fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene: design flaws
Such designs also have their drawbacks. Some of them are quite significant. For example, one of the most serious disadvantages is the fact that a building made using such formwork cannot be rebuilt. Therefore, it is recommended to think over its design in advance. In addition, all communications located in the structure must be laid at the construction stage.
A fixed formwork house is made subject to certain rules, which are very important to follow in order to get a reliable building that is resistant to adverse environmental factors. Blocks made of expanded polystyrene require careful installation. It is very important to maintain tightness, otherwise moisture will penetrate into the voids.
Another disadvantage of this technology for the construction of residential buildings is that polystyrene foam molds cannot be used at temperatures below +5 ° C. In such a situation, the concrete simply will not harden. In hot weather, concrete requires additional moisture, otherwise it will not harden properly.
It should also be noted that fixed formwork blocks made of polystyrene foam prevent normal ventilation of the concrete structure. The solution to the problem in this case is the installation of ventilation communications. This forced system will provide the necessary ventilation, while maintaining the high efficiency of a fixed structure.
Types of fixed formworkdepending on the material of manufacture
Before starting installation, it is necessary to study the various options for fixed formwork that can be purchased today on the construction market. The main feature by which these products are classified is the material of manufacture. The choice of raw materials depends on the complexity of the future construction and its individual characteristics. Consider what raw materials are most often used to make molds for concrete.
Styrofoam. Many people are interested in the question of what is expanded polystyrene. This material is the standard raw material used in the production of fixed formwork. The second name of expanded polystyrene is gas-filled polystyrene. It is characterized by a number of positive qualities that determine the popularity of the use of forms made from it.
Useful information! Expanded polystyrene has rather high strength characteristics and provides reliable thermal insulation of concrete.
Arbolit. This material includes 2 main components: wood shavings and concrete. Separate elements of fixed formwork made of wood concrete are represented by blocks. They have empty gaps, which are reinforced and filled with mortar during installation. The advantage of this raw material is that it has high strength. The soundproofing qualities of wood concrete are also its strength. Of the minuses of this material used for the manufacture of formwork, low thermal insulation and high cost can be noted.
Fiberboard. This raw material, like the previous one, consists of 2 components. The first of these is wood chips, which provide the fibrous structure of the individual elements of such formwork. The second component is represented by an inorganic binder. The main advantage of such formwork is resistance to temperature fluctuations.
Schepotement. Such material is considered less popular than the above options for fixed formwork. The technology of installing wood chips has its own nuances. Of the advantages of this material, it is worth highlighting very good sound insulation and resistance to temperature fluctuations.
Economical option: non-removable foam formwork
Today, there is the possibility of installing fixed formwork from foam boards. This option is quite common, as it allows you to significantly save finances when building a house. Penoplex is a material used for insulation and has good strength characteristics. This allows it to be used as concrete molds.
Penoplex plates have dimensions of 60x100 cm. The dimensions of these products prevail over the parameters of standard structures made of expanded polystyrene. In order to install the formwork around the foam house, it is necessary to perform the correct calculation of the material. It is also important to understand that such products do not have their own locking elements. Thus, before purchasing the material, it is necessary to think over the system of fastening individual parts to each other.
The use of penoplex allows you to reduce financial costs to a minimum. This is especially felt when compared with the costs required to build a standard structure. Slab formwork on telescopic props, wall panels and the use of plywood will cost significantly more.
Useful information! A common option for organizing fixing parts is the use of special jumpers, which are equipped with threads along the edges. Such elements are made of reinforcement. The main thing to remember is that the installation of such jumpers is carried out between the foam slabs.
This embodiment of the design is less expensive, but at the same time more complex due to the selection of clamps. The price of fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene is higher, but its installation does not require any extra steps. If necessary, you can purchase clamps for foam boards, which are used when installing a polystyrene foam structure.
Fixed formwork made of foam: varieties of structural details
Formwork elements can have a different design, which is determined by their operational purpose. To date, there are such options for these products made from polystyrene foam:
- panels;
- blocks (cast and prefabricated);
- frame systems.
Frame systems are double-circuit structures, between the walls of which there is an empty space. During installation, reinforcement is laid inside such a formwork and a solution is poured. If you make a section of a finished wall made using this technology, then it will be possible to distinguish three layers: two outer ones, represented by formwork, and the middle one made of reinforced concrete.
Foam blocks are divided into two large groups: cast and prefabricated. During the assembly of the formwork, these elements are aligned in such a way that they are located on top of each other. Moreover, no adhesive mixtures (for example, glue) are used for docking. The layout of the blocks is carried out in a checkerboard pattern.
Cast products are also called thermoblocks. This is due to the fact that they have a rather high density (up to 40 kg/m³). Structural features affect the thermal insulation characteristics. A block of this type consists of 2 sheets, which are joined together by means of special jumpers. The assembly of such parts and the connection of their individual elements are carried out at the manufacturing stage. It is worth noting that such structures have one drawback: they warm up rather poorly. This is due to the location of the insulation on the inside of the wall pie.
The sizes of blocks of molded foam formwork can be different. However, products with dimensions of 1000x250x250 mm are considered the standard option. The mass of such a block is usually about 1 kg. The thickness of the insulation located on both sides (outside) is 50 mm. Accordingly, the same indicator of the concrete layer will be 150 mm.
Insulation in the forms that are used to pour concrete can be different. The future design characteristics depend on the choice of insulator material. It is important to remember that such a layer traditionally performs two main functions. The first of them is shaping, and the second is heat-insulating. Depending on the type of blocks, the cost of polystyrene foam also varies. How much do different types of forms cost? Pricing takes place taking into account the design, as well as the thickness of the insulation layer.
Note! It is not recommended to carry out concreting in more than 3 rows. The ideal option would be to lay concrete in 2.5 rows, since in this case the seam will be located in the middle of the block.
Prefabricated Styrofoam Blocks for Formwork
The formwork can be represented by prefabricated elements, which differ from the cast ones in their structure and have some application features. Such blocks consist of two sheets, which are assembled into a single structure before the start of installation work. It is important to note that such elements can be made not only from expanded polystyrene, but also from other materials. The distance between sheets 1 and 2 remains unchanged due to special components called spacers.
Building a house from a fixed formwork of this type has several features that need to be focused on. The main difference between prefabricated forms is that their use allows the use of more than 3 layers in the walls. Moreover, the combination of materials in this case does not play a role, while buildings made using cast blocks require strict adherence to the sequence of materials. Insulation in such a situation will always be located outside.
A common solution is the wall pie, which includes two cladding layers of rigid sheet material. Insulating material (polystyrene foam) is laid close to the outer sheet of this type. The second layer in this situation is reinforced concrete.
The project of the house from fixed formwork is made in advance. It contains all the necessary data indicating the design features, dimensions and individual solutions in accordance with the situation.
It should be noted that such forms have one significant advantage over cast counterparts. It lies in the fact that, if necessary, you can change the width of the internal cavity into which the reinforcement is laid and the solution is poured. The change in this indicator is made through the use of spacers. If such a need arises, you can purchase longer fixing elements.
All costs must be indicated in the formwork estimate. The device, prices, dimensions of individual elements - all this is recommended to be noted in the preliminary wiring diagram.
Design features of prefabricated forms affect the degree of heating of the wall. The absence of foam allows you to increase this figure. If necessary, collapsible structures used for the construction of buildings can be made by hand.
Installation of formwork for strip foundation: installation features
The most popular type of foundation used in the self-construction of houses and other structures is tape. Before starting the organization of such a foundation, it is necessary to carry out appropriate preparatory work. These include project development and site preparation. In addition, it is necessary to mark the place allotted for the construction of the foundation.
The formwork for a strip foundation is not particularly difficult, but there are some nuances that you need to know and follow. For example, it is recommended to fill in layers. The process itself takes place as follows: the cavity in the block is filled with a concrete solution, after which it remains only to wait for it to solidify.
Useful information! The organization of reinforcement is not a prerequisite. It fits in the event that there is a need to increase the strength characteristics of the structure.
Reinforcement binding is performed inside block elements. It is not necessary to dismantle the expanded polystyrene, as it will act as a heat insulator. It is important to remember that before starting to pour the cement mortar, you will need to check the accuracy of the location of the blocks in the ditch.
If necessary, the fixed formwork for the expanded polystyrene foundation is strengthened with the help of additional elements. It is very important to achieve the correct geometry of the base. This technology has many advantages. When using non-removable blocks made of expanded polystyrene, the cost of organizing the foundation is reduced by at least a third.
Formwork for a monolithic foundation: self-installation steps
After organizing the foundation of the future structure, you can proceed with the installation of the formwork. This operation is conditionally divided into three stages: the installation of blocks, the knitting of reinforcement and the pouring of the solution. Each stage is carried out in accordance with building codes and regulations. During work, safety precautions must be observed. Let's consider each stage in more detail.
Installing blocks. First, the first row of the form is mounted, which will be used for pouring concrete. It should be noted that installation is carried out only on a waterproofed surface of the base. Formwork for the foundation of expanded polystyrene should be tightly fixed by means of reinforcement bars. These elements are the link between the base and the formwork itself.
Experts advise checking the accuracy of the work performed, as deviations from the original design dimensions are possible. The presence of outlets for partitions is also a very important point that you need to pay attention to. After organizing the first row, you can start laying the second. Block mounting technology involves a chess system in which each subsequent row is shifted relative to the previous one. As a result, the junction of the elements of the first row should fall in the middle of the block of the second strip.
Knitting reinforcement. The installation of a metal structure is one of the most important moments in the organization of any type of building cake. Reinforcement is used to strengthen foundations, walls, and monolithic ceilings. Formwork for the foundation, consisting of blocks that fit in rows, should be surrounded around the perimeter with bars located in a horizontal plane.
In order to simplify the installation of fittings, each block has special grooves that are located in the jumpers (internal). Horizontal bars are mounted in such a way that each subsequent element overlaps the previous one. Further, the rods are connected to each other, as well as to vertical elements using a special wire.
Note! Reinforcement allows not only to increase the strength of the structure, but also to reduce the pressure of cement on the form.
Solution pouring. Before you start pouring your own fixed formwork with your own hands, it is recommended to take care of laying communications inside the forming structure. The cement mortar used for forming the formwork must not contain foreign additives and impurities (for example, crushed stone). The operation itself is quite simple. The pouring is carried out step by step, and the height of the concrete layer should not exceed 1 m. This indicator corresponds to the dimensions of 3-4 fixed structural blocks.
The price of fixed formwork for the foundation is lower than the cost of standard analogues, which involve the use of plywood and boards. It is important to remember that the filled solution requires leveling. For these purposes, a special tool is used - a vibrator. In the absence of the necessary electrical equipment, you can use a conventional bayonet shovel.
Fixed formwork for walls: casting technology
Independent use of such a technique for casting walls requires an understanding of the technological process. Most often, this type of construction is used by non-professionals in the case of the construction of private one-story houses, as well as garage structures. The construction of formwork made of expanded polystyrene can be carried out alone. However, a few people will complete the installation of the walls much faster.
The advantage of using styrofoam molds is that they are light in weight. Thus, physical activity in this case is reduced to a minimum. Before starting construction, it is necessary to study the step-by-step algorithm of actions and the nuances that allow you to answer the question of how to make the formwork correctly.
Walls made using this method are recommended to be installed on a strip foundation. This base is best suited for construction using non-removable foam molds. It is important to remember that the use of cement mortar for pouring walls often imposes a certain limit on the number of rows of blocks. Experts advise having 4 rows of forms, and they must be securely connected to the base of the building through reinforcement.
Useful information! It is not recommended to immediately pour all the concrete. First, you should perform a partial pour and wait some time for the mortar to shrink. As a rule, this procedure takes no more than 3-4 hours. Next, the cement mortar is added.
When erecting monolithic structures for casting walls, special forms are often used - shields. They are connected using special coupling bolts and form a gap into which concrete is poured. Such products can have different dimensions. For example, their maximum height is 3.3 m, and the width indicator ranges from 0.25 to 2.4 m. After the solution hardens, this structure is dismantled. The size of the formwork shield is selected depending on the individual characteristics of the structure being erected.
It is worth noting that another feature of the fixed formwork used for pouring walls is its instability. This is due to the fact that the concrete poured into the molds has a large mass. Thus, even blocks laid in 4 rows and equipped with fittings need a daily wait. This time is enough for the solution to settle and thicken.
When installing non-removable blocks made of expanded polystyrene, special attention must be paid to their docking. Individual structural elements must be connected with great care so that the surface of the first rows is as even as possible. Otherwise, when adding the next rows, the wall may collapse due to their skew.
An alternative to expanded polystyrene is plastic. Plastic formwork for monolithic construction is used when it is required to ensure good strength and rigidity of the structure. The advantage of such products is that they are highly wear resistant.
Facing work allows not only to give the wall, cast in the formwork, a complete look, but also to enhance its protective characteristics. Finishing is carried out on almost all types of structures. After pouring the wall, as a rule, there is no need to level it. This is due to the design of the forms. Thus, the need for applying a thick layer of plaster disappears.
Saving on the finishing of walls and other surfaces is not worth it, since the total cost of work is already reduced due to the use of polystyrene foam. The price of this material is much lower than the cost of traditional formwork options.
Most often, a special mesh is enough to finish the wall, which can be made of fiberglass or metal. Such a mesh is joined to the concrete surface using an adhesive composition, after which it is sealed with plaster or putty.
It is in this way that not only standard rectangular walls are processed, but also round columns. Formwork for such structures is most often made of plastic. There are also cardboard forms.
Note! In addition to the standard methods of finishing the outer surface of concrete, there are other equally popular options. For example, tiles and artificial stone are often used as cladding.
For interior wall decoration, as a rule, plasterboard material is used. GKL installation is carried out in two ways - using profile elements or glue. This cladding method is very popular not only because of its simplicity and efficiency, but also because this material provides good sound insulation.
Racks for organizing a fixed form of floors
The traditional option for organizing floors in monolithic or any other buildings involves the use of special telescopic (sliding) racks. These products are used to fix temporary flooring, which is made from moisture-resistant formwork plywood. This method is not convenient, as it requires a lot of time and quite a lot of physical exertion.
The rack, which performs the supporting role, consists of several structural elements. The lower part of the telescopic product is equipped with a tripod, which ensures the stability of the pipe. In turn, in the upper part there is a special nozzle, which is necessary to capture and hold the construction beam - the crossbar. All slab formwork props are divided into two categories depending on the location of the thread. Some of them are equipped with an open thread, while others are closed.
The pipe, which has a smaller cross section, is distinguished by the presence of special holes along its entire length. The pitch of the holes can be different - from 11 to 17.5 cm. The outer pipe is equipped with a support nut. As a result, when it becomes necessary to fix the rack at a certain level, a special earring is threaded through the holes in the pipes. This element has a support (nut), so it is held in position.
Telescopic formwork props can vary in length. This figure ranges from 1.7 to 4.5 m. They can withstand fairly large loads (up to 4 tons). It is worth noting that such support products are made of metal, so they are coated with special anti-corrosion compounds, since steel can rust.
Fixed formwork for slabs: features and specifications
Unlike the standard method, which involves the presence of support posts, the polystyrene formwork for floors has a completely different installation technology. As a basis for such a system, special matrices are used, which are made from dense and durable polystyrene foam.
Such matrices should be laid on load-bearing walls. The advantage of this method is that these elements have a small mass, so they do not require serious physical effort to install them.
Note! Before starting work, it is necessary to calculate the formwork of the ceiling.
Docking matrices with each other is quite simple. Each product is equipped with a tongue-and-groove system for connection. Thus, any person who does not have experience in this field can perform such an installation. Thanks to the tongue-and-groove system, it becomes possible to quickly organize a continuous flooring.
Such a formwork for a monolithic floor is capable of withstanding a layer of concrete up to 15 cm thick. As a rule, this value is quite enough to organize a reliable structure. Before proceeding with pouring concrete, it is necessary to place the reinforcement between the butt zones of the floor elements. The metal frame should be assembled into a continuous beam that occupies the entire width of the gap.
Then, on top of the matrices, it is required to place a reinforcing mesh. It is made of rods, the diameter of which is from 10 to 15 mm. Reinforcement is knitted in the traditional way - by means of a special wire.
The final stage of creating volumetric formwork of floors involves pouring concrete, after which you need to wait for it to harden. Thus, the organization of floors is carried out using polystyrene foam matrices. The result of this process is a durable structure that can withstand significant loads.
After the cement mortar has hardened, the formwork made of expanded polystyrene is not dismantled. It remains in the floor cake and from that moment begins to perform a heat-insulating function. This way of organizing the structure is more technologically advanced when compared with the traditional method, which takes into account the use of removable beams for the formwork of the slabs.
It is important to remember that the independent use of such technology requires an understanding of its nuances. The main thing is that even before starting work, you need to know that laying floor elements requires accuracy. Any design errors or misalignment of the blocks during their installation can lead to the collapse of the structure.
Fixed formwork: pricesin today's market
The cost of blocks is an important point that you should pay attention to. The price of building blocks, from which fixed formwork is made, is influenced by two key factors:
- density of expanded polystyrene;
- detail dimensions.
The price of fixed formwork for the foundation of expanded polystyrene must be taken into account in the construction estimate. When choosing individual elements of the forming structure, it is recommended to pay attention to their density. This indicator affects the resistance of the structure to pressure. The higher the density of the parts, the correspondingly higher loads they can withstand.
Note! Experts advise purchasing blocks whose density ranges from 25 to 35 kg / m³.
The average cost of a block made of expanded polystyrene is approximately 160 rubles. It is worth considering that this price corresponds to products with dimensions of 1500x250x250 mm, having a density index of 30 kg / m³. Structures with a length of 1.5 m have the function of adjustment due to the installation of jumpers of different sizes (15-25 cm). Products with a length of 1 m are cheaper - from 130 rubles. for 1 piece
If you plan to use standard construction technology, then it is recommended to study the cost of various materials. The price of telescopic racks depends on the features of their design and the manufacturer's company. Currently, these supporting elements can be purchased for 500-5000 rubles. It is not recommended to buy the cheapest materials and tools, as they often have low technical characteristics.
The support elements are used to hold the wooden structure, which is made from laminated plywood for formwork. The price of 1 sheet of such material varies from 600 to 3000 rubles.
Fixed forms are a good alternative to standard designs that are assembled from wood and plywood. Such formwork allows not only pouring concrete, but also serves as a reliable heat-insulating material. It is actively used in private construction, however, it requires the study of installation instructions and compliance with safety rules.
with the use of fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene has become widespread relatively recently. The relevance of this method is determined by the high thermal insulation properties of the walls. No wonder one of the names of the technology is a thermal house.
Types of fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene
There are two main types of fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene: panel and block.
panel formwork
It refers to large-sized elements that can be 2-3 meters in length and height.
To connect the plates in the same plane, special brackets are used, and to connect opposite walls, fasteners in the form of metal or plastic ties are used. Most manufacturers produce panels with profiled ends - this provides a higher tightness of the joints.
This type of fixed formwork is more often used for pouring insulated foundations and plinths, as well as for monolithic walls in the construction of industrial facilities. Because of this, it is often called universal.
The advantage of the view is that you can change the distance between the walls of the formwork by adjusting the length of the tie.
The disadvantage is a more complex assembly and a simple ("rectilinear") geometry.
Block fixed formwork
More common is fixed formwork made of small blocks, which are two parallel small plates connected by ties. Formwork blocks can be one-piece or detachable. In the first case, the plates and ties of the block are made of expanded polystyrene in the form of a single hollow structure, in the second, the plates are assembled into a block using perforated plastic ties.
Two main types of block (angular and straight) make it possible to assemble a formwork of a simple shape. Door and window openings are made using end caps.
The use of shaped blocks (can be ordered according to an individual project) allows you to install formwork for a building of any geometry. The wider the range of block formwork, the more complex the architectural forms.
As a rule, the end connection of the blocks in the vertical plane is provided using the tongue-and-groove profile, and the docking of the blocks in the horizontal plane is made according to the principle of the Lego constructor.
Technology features
The technology for erecting panel formwork from expanded polystyrene plates, in principle, does not differ from the standard panel formwork. The only difference is that after the concrete has matured, the slabs are not dismantled, but left as a heater.
The technology of monolithic construction using block formwork differs from the usual one. In fact, at the first stage, it resembles the construction of a house from large-format building blocks - an orderly installation occurs with a displacement of vertical seams. The only difference is that vertical reinforcement should come out of the basement, on which the blocks are “planted”.
At the second stage, the pins protruding from the base are increased and knitted with horizontal rods, forming a reinforcing frame. The connection of the reinforcement to the frame occurs exclusively with the help of wire - welding is not recommended due to the flammability of polystyrene foam (despite the use of the self-extinguishing brand PSB-S).
Despite the "correct" geometry and the "clear" connection of the blocks, it is necessary to periodically monitor and adjust the levels.
After the assembly of the third row of block formwork, concrete is poured (according to the rules of monolithic construction - the entire volume at one time or in several, but without long breaks). The pouring is carried out until the middle of the third row, after which the laying of the next rows of block formwork begins.
Expanded polystyrene is a rather fragile material, it must be protected from mechanical damage, and the effect of ultraviolet radiation is also harmful to it. The outer part of the facade can be plastered, tiled or bricked. Internal walls are plastered, sheathed with wall panels or drywall.
Advantages and disadvantages
A high degree of thermal insulation and no need for additional insulation is not the only advantage of fixed formwork technology.
In fact, these are prefabricated sandwich panels "on the contrary" - the supporting rigid layer is in the middle. Therefore, when compared with an ordinary monolithic house with the same degree of thermal insulation, the following advantages can be given:
- reducing the thickness of the walls, which means reducing the load on the ground;
- savings on the zero cycle and foundation construction;
- reduction in the volume of concrete work;
- reduction of transport costs for the delivery of ready-made mortar or components for the production of concrete mix on site.
Another factor that reduces the time of work is just the "non-removable" formwork. Even in comparison with the technology of "sliding" formwork, the pace of construction is much higher.
The advantages include the low water absorption of expanded polystyrene - it will not absorb water from the concrete solution at the ripening stage (which is important for its proper hydration) and will not allow excess moisture to pass during operation.
Disadvantages common to all polymers:
- combustibility: the addition of fire retardants reduces the risk of fire and reduces the possibility of fire spread, but does not eliminate the release of toxic substances in a fire;
- low vapor permeability requires the mandatory arrangement of a well-thought-out ventilation system.
Other fixed formwork materials
Slabs and blocks made of composite materials based on cement and wood waste (plus other binders and additives) can be used as fixed formwork.
These include:
- chip-cement slabs and blocks;
- fibrolite;
Basically, this is a fixed panel formwork, which is mounted according to general rules.
As an exception, a system that has a building block format can be cited.
A common drawback of these materials is that they do not have such high thermal insulation properties as polystyrene foam.
To compensate for this shortcoming, some fixed formwork systems use the same polystyrene foam for insulation.
So, there are materials for the outer wall of the formwork made of chip-cement slabs with an expanded polystyrene slab glued on the inside. And in the internal voids of block systems, before pouring concrete, inserts of expanded polystyrene are inserted.
Modern construction is developing and improving daily. Advanced technologies are used at any technological stage of the construction of an object. A special area in which new materials and methods are used is the construction of the foundation from which the construction of each building begins. Not so long ago, builders used formwork structures assembled from boards and boards, but new methods have allowed the introduction of advanced techniques, which include the most promising option - fixed formwork for walls, which is an integral part of the reinforced concrete structure. The indisputable advantage of such formwork is the speed of installation. In addition, the house from the fixed formwork immediately turns out to be insulated, additional work on this issue will not have to be carried out.
Appropriateness for building a house
Fixed formwork, used in the construction of a house, gives its elements additional reliability and strength. In addition, this element contributes to the following factors:
- work on laying materials and erecting the necessary structures is accelerated;
- by reducing the thickness of the walls, the total mass of the structure is reduced;
- formwork structures of a fixed type are used in almost every design solution for the construction of facilities;
- modern materials for arranging formwork are used in various climatic conditions without changing their characteristics;
- the formwork system can differ in a molded or structured surface, which makes it possible not to carry out additional finishing of facades.
Varieties of fixed formwork for walls
Fixed formwork used to build a house is classified according to the materials used in the manufacture.
In most cases, builders use the following design options:
Styrofoam
The most common type of formwork system, for the manufacture of which a strong and lightweight material is used, characterized by high anti-corrosion capabilities. Expanded polystyrene formwork creates excellent thermal insulation properties, supports gas exchange in the concrete mass, ensuring uniformity of hardening and a set of required strength indicators.
Mortar with wood chips
Block material is prepared from a mortar mass, to which wood chips are added, pre-treated with fire-fighting and water-repellent agents. This type of formwork has good sound insulation. Due to the air bubbles formed near the chips, a good heat-insulating layer is obtained.
Fiberboard
For the manufacture of the same boards, wood shavings are used, for the connection of which cement material or magnesite is used. This option of fixed formwork for concrete walls is great for building foundation foundations. The design has sufficient strength, is not affected by moisture and temperature changes, does not allow vapors to pass through, and creates an excellent heat-insulating layer.
Advantages and disadvantages of houses with fixed formwork
Construction work at the facility using such a formwork system can be carried out at a negative air temperature of at least ten degrees.
If you analyze the reviews of the owners of houses built using this technology, you can understand how many positive and negative points it has. So let's take a look at the pros and cons of this advanced technology.
Let's start with the advantages:
- construction time is reduced, while saving money for additional insulation;
- the pressure on the foundation is reduced;
- when building houses from fixed formwork, there is no need to use serious lifting equipment;
- concrete mixture is poured with a concrete pump under low pressure. In addition, such work is allowed to be performed manually;
- walls are distinguished by a high coefficient of heat preservation;
- it is possible to erect objects of various configurations, the frame is mounted easily;
- a building erected using this technology is operated for a long period;
- with a small wall thickness, their strength indicator is comparable to brickwork;
- increases the usable space in the premises;
- additional protection against extraneous sounds and heat loss is not required. The exception is objects built in areas with a cold climate;
- the cost of heating the facility is reduced;
- formwork elements are produced in a large assortment according to their shape differences;
- the finishing process is simplified, since the walls do not need additional alignment. In addition, many developers use fixed decorative formwork for walls;
- the walls of the house are not subject to the processes of decay, mold, rodents;
- in the walls there is a possibility for laying communication pipes, for which special technological holes are provided in the formwork blocks;
- the corner sections of the object are distinguished by precise geometric shapes;
- from fixed formwork, you can build a strip foundation for the house, for which you don’t have to arrange a waterproofing layer - just lay the drainage system.
Unfortunately, in addition to the advantages, developers highlight certain negative points:
Some developers dismantle the foam layer inside the premises, which leads to a decrease in heat capacity.
Installation of various types of formwork for the walls of the house
To build a house from fixed formwork, you should know that the subtleties of installation work are determined by the material chosen for this. For example, a reinforced concrete block stone must be installed with a crane, which will increase the cost of installation work. If you decide to install fixed formwork for walls with your own hands, you should consider using foam blocks. In this case, the work is carried out easily, but you will have to know certain features. The fact is that erroneous actions made during the assembly of the formwork structure cause dew points to appear in the walls, which leads to the formation of dampness.
Technological features of the construction of a formwork structure made of foam plastic are as follows:
- a site for construction work is marked out, a foundation pit is dug, at the bottom of which a sand cushion up to fifteen centimeters high is arranged;
- after that, rolled waterproofing is overlapped;
- steel reinforcement is installed vertically, the lower row of horizontal rods is mounted;
- formwork blocks are set, connected to each other by light pressing;
- after installing the first row, the second is mounted, only reinforcement is inserted into the free grooves of the next block;
- as soon as the installation work is completed, the concrete solution is poured. Filling is carried out along the entire contour, in small layers.
Fixed formwork for walls is mounted in almost the same way. They begin to install it when all the work on pouring the foundation is completed. The layout of wall block elements begins with corner sections.
To build a fixed formwork for pouring the ceiling, telescopic support elements are used. For the manufacture of molds, sheet material is used - profiled sheets, wood concrete plates, foam plastic.
Finishing work
Consider how the interior decoration of a house is carried out, the walls of which are built from fixed formwork.
Facing work is necessary to increase the decorative effect and protect the material from external influences, and this feature applies to both block and frame structures. Taking into account the fact that it is not required to level the walls, many developers do without applying a thick layer of plaster. A fiberglass or metal mesh for reinforcement is simply applied to the adhesive composition, after which the surface is treated with putty or decorative plaster.
Note that the margin of safety of such walls is very solid, and it is quite enough to finish the surfaces with tile or stone materials, sheathe them with siding, mounting it on the frame subsystem. Today, the building materials market offers a decorative formwork structure with a facing layer that imitates facade stone. True, this option is not in special demand, since its cost is quite high.
The evenness of the walls simplifies not only the exterior, but also the interior. In most cases, the surface is sheathed with drywall sheets attached to special profiles or to an adhesive composition.
There are no restrictions on finishing materials, but if the fixed formwork consists of polystyrene foam elements that do not allow air flow through themselves, it is recommended to use natural finishing materials.
Popular Designs
The most popular among fixed formwork are:
- radomir. The elements are made of a unique, safe for health material with a cellular structure. Block elements have a high density index, reaching 33 - 37 kg per cubic meter. The structure of the blocks consists of two percent polystyrene foam, the rest is air bubbles. Expanded polystyrene does not emit dust, toxic substances and unpleasant odors, it is considered an inert material, it perfectly passes air flows and steam, providing the necessary circulation in the living room. The thermal conductivity of the blocks is 0.037 - 0.043 W, which is several times lower than expanded clay stone, wood and brickwork. Cold bridges are not formed in the heat-insulating layer, which is considered another important advantage of the design. Radomir formwork reliably protects against impact noise, does not cause allergenic manifestations, and does not support combustion processes for two and a half hours. A wide range of formwork structures is produced, from which it is possible to build not only walls and ceilings, but also columns;
- "warm house". With the help of such a building system, the process of laying and installing sewerage, plumbing and electrical wiring is simplified. Construction work is carried out simply - individual formwork elements are laid in a row, connected with locks, poured with concrete mortar. Special knowledge for such work is not required; a building box by a team of four people can be erected in a few weeks. In order for the walls to turn out to be of high quality, when using the Warm House system, the base is carefully prepared - it is checked by a level so that the corners correspond to the design task, and it is smoothed out to prevent punctures and ruptures of the horizontal waterproofing layer. The formwork blocks are installed in rows, the end sections are closed with special plugs. After that, reinforcement is laid inside the formed tray and concrete mortar is poured;
- technoblock. This version of fixed formwork is distinguished by the presence of a decorative facing layer on the outside. Structurally, formwork elements consist of a pair of plates made in the form of a concrete lining. All separate parts are connected by locking elements, the thickness of the wall is twenty-three centimeters. The cladding is made of reinforced concrete slabs weighing up to thirty kilograms and measuring 1000 by 400 mm. Insulation material - dense polystyrene foam, the thickness of which varies from five to ten centimeters. Bolts, reinforcing bars, ties and brackets are used as auxiliary elements. For pouring concrete mortar there is a gap equal to fifteen centimeters. The formwork wall, which is dismantled after the concrete has hardened, is made of laminated plywood sheet, which has the ability to withstand moisture. This formwork design is distinguished by an acceptable cost, affordable for any developer. The building is well insulated. Due to the ease of installation, the construction process of the entire facility is accelerated. It is possible to combine various color shades and texture solutions, giving the facade walls a uniqueness.
Formwork cost
A monolithic object erected using a fixed formwork system will cost much less than an analogue made of brick material or wood. Prices for building materials differ by region, but the average cost per square meter of polystyrene block formwork varies between 800 and 1000 rubles. The total need for formwork elements can be calculated independently using special calculators, or you can ask for help from sellers who provide such a service for free.
To combine insulation with a durable wall material and make the process of building walls quick and easy - that's what fixed formwork was developed for.
Expanded polystyrene, as a fairly rigid and at the same time very warm material, is optimally suited for this. If we take into account the economic factor - the low cost of this polymer, then the high popularity of fixed formwork technology among developers becomes clear.
The standard fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene is large-sized (1200x250x250 mm) lightweight blocks with through "windows". Concrete is poured into these cavities and reinforcement is placed.
On the upper and lower faces of the polystyrene foam blocks, round or rectangular protrusions and recesses are made, with the help of which they fit tightly one on top of the other. Everyone who has seen the "bricks" of the Lego children's designer will surely find a lot in common between them and the fixed formwork.
There is another "collapsible" design of thermoblocks, when two flat ones are used instead of one three-dimensional form. Such a block consists of two sheets of foam plastic 50 mm thick, interconnected by plastic jumpers.
The idea of fixed formwork technology is very simple: we assemble a warm wall row by row, filling it with concrete as it grows and inserting reinforcing bars to increase spatial rigidity. The result is a solid frame structure - a reinforced concrete lattice, the inner and outer surfaces of which are reliably insulated with foam.
Labor-intensive operations inherent in ordinary brickwork - mortar layout, trimming and splitting of bricks are absent here. The blocks are quickly assembled into a single line, and the workers only have to fill them with fine-grained concrete in time.
The eternal problem of masons - masonry angles are also successfully solved. To do this, use special corner foam blocks with perfectly precise geometry.
The main condition for the high-quality construction of walls using fixed formwork technology is a flat foundation. If it has differences in height, then it will be very difficult to accurately place blocks on it without additional grouting with cement mortar.
Important note! Fixed formwork can be successfully used not only for the construction of warm walls, but also for pouring strip foundations.
Technology features
- At the stage of erecting the foundation, it is necessary to lay vertical outlet rods in it to connect with the wall from the fixed formwork.
- Reinforcement outlets from the foundation must be long enough to install the first three rows of polystyrene foam blocks.
- Waterproofing the first row of formwork is necessary. Without it, moisture will freely enter the concrete, reducing the thermal insulation of the wall. For it, you need to use compounds that do not dissolve polystyrene foam.
- Inside each row, horizontal reinforcing bars are laid for the longitudinal rigidity of the frame.
- Concrete pouring is performed after the installation of three rows of formwork blocks. After the concrete has set, the wall can be built up further.
- To block window and door openings, you need to buy special jumpers and plugs that lock the ends of the formwork to prevent concrete from leaking. Above the opening, the formwork is reinforced with two rows of horizontal reinforcement and supported from below to avoid deflection.
From the outside, the non-removable polystyrene formwork is finished with special adhesive mixtures that have a high coefficient of adhesion to polymer surfaces. To protect the plaster or putty from cracking, a fine-mesh fiberglass mesh is glued to the blocks, which is then covered with a finishing finishing solution.
Other types of fixed formwork cladding are not much of a problem, provided that you make a suitable base for them in advance. For example, for siding at the stage of installation and concreting, bars or a metal profile must be attached to the wall. For finishing with decorative brick or stone, wire loops are laid in the formwork concrete to connect with the masonry.
For interior wall decoration, sheet gypsum board or glass magnesite is optimally suited. It can be fixed with the usual starting putty. Ceramic tiles are also easily attached to the surface of expanded polystyrene using special glue.
Pros and cons of fixed formwork
Avoiding emotions and trusting laboratory tests and practice, let's say the following. The sanitary safety of this polymer is confirmed by hygienic certificates, which each manufacturer receives for fixed formwork. This is a fact that is hard to ignore. Owners of houses built using this technology, having lived in them for quite a long time (3-5 years or more), do not notice discomfort and growing health problems.
The fire safety of polystyrene foam blocks is within the framework of the current Russian norms and rules. They belong to the category of low combustible and hardly flammable materials (G1 and V1). But their level of smoke formation is quite high - D3.
This is what we see in the hygiene certificate for polystyrene foam boards (an analogue of blocks for fixed formwork).
But after studying the information on the scope, some questions arise.
The use of foam plastic as the middle layer of a wall structure is a requirement of the Soviet GOST. Today, facades of buildings are clad with this material everywhere.
But for internal use (the blocks go out on one side into the room), high-quality insulation of the foamed polymer is necessary. That is, it is not enough just to putty it and paint it. It is necessary to clad the wall with fire-resistant drywall or glass-magnesite sheets (GML) and finish them already.
In operation, this polymer is not dangerous, but in a fire without proper protection, it releases toxic gases. Fire-resistant drywall or plaster will allow people to leave the room until the moment when it is filled with gases from decomposing polystyrene foam.
In fairness, it must be said that the use of expanded polystyrene indoors, provided it is protected from direct contact with fire, is less dangerous compared to familiar household items - chipboard furniture and finishes (linoleum, curtains, wallpaper and other materials containing combustible polymers).
A high-quality external finish of fixed formwork is very important, since the polymer is quickly destroyed by direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, after finishing the construction of the outer walls, do not tighten with plaster.
Estimated prices
When buying fixed formwork blocks, it is advisable to choose those made of denser polystyrene foam (25-35 kg / m3). They better withstand the pressure of raw concrete.
The average cost of one block of fixed formwork (1500x250x250 mm, wall 25 mm) made of expanded polystyrene with a density of 30 kg / m3 (M25) ranges from 150 to 170 rubles.
The cost of a one and a half meter collapsible block (wall thickness 25 mm) starts at 170 rubles. Its main advantage is the ability to adjust the width by installing jumpers of different lengths (150-250 mm).
For harsh climatic conditions, manufacturers produce fixed formwork with an increased wall thickness (75 mm). The price of such blocks is from 190 to 210 rubles per 1 piece.
In addition to the standard length of 1.5 meters, ordinary meter blocks (1000x250x250 mm) are sold on the market. Their cost starts from 130 rubles for 1 piece.
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