The maximum life expectancy is 500 (according to some sources 800-850) years.
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✪ Cedar pines
✪ Cedar. Pine Siberian. 32
✪ Coniferous plants: cedar pine, Weymouth pine, dwarf pine.
✪ Recipe for cedar tincture - Siberian
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When choosing plants for the site, we want them to be winter and frost-resistant, resistant to diseases and pests, do not require special treatment, be decorative throughout the year, grow quickly; so that the culture is durable and our descendants can be proud of the work of our hands and it’s not bad if the plant matches the new fashionable landscape trends. Didn't forget anything? Oh yes! I forgot! It would not be bad for it to bear fruit, giving tasty fruits. We shovel a mountain of literature, sit on various forums and specialized sites, and, in the end, gradually our requirements are reduced, reduced ... and the very thought of such plants seems utopian. It seems to us that nothing like this can happen in our climate and we need to either say goodbye to this idea, or leave and plant a garden somewhere in sunny Italy, Spain, France ... But there is no need to despair, there are many types and varieties of plants that correspond to these requirements. In this article I will tell you about one of them. I want to introduce you to the cedar pine - a plant that we call "Cedar". If you look, then this is not one, but a group of plants. But, let's take it in order ... The following types are classified as cedar pines: Ermine pine, European cedar pine or European cedar, Korean cedar or Korean cedar pine, Siberian cedar pine or Siberian cedar. What do these plants have in common? Well, firstly, long dark green needles, collected 5 pieces in a bunch; secondly, the famous pine nuts. By the way, the seeds of all types of pines are edible, however, the seeds of cedar pines are of sufficient size for collection. Cedar pines are powerful large plants with a dense, beautiful crown. The exception is the cedar elfin, but it stands apart from the rest of the cedar pines. If I were asked which plant I consider absolutely winter- and frost-resistant, then cedar pines would undoubtedly be the first to come to mind. The artificial habitat of these plants is from the forest-steppe zone to the polar Kola Peninsula. Cedar pines calmly endure both low winter temperatures and high summer temperatures; sudden temperature changes and return frosts are not terrible for them. Therefore, in our region, these pines have found their second home. Starting from the age of 10, cedar pines do not actually require any intervention from us. Is it just to add mineral fertilizer once every three years, maybe arrange a shower in a particularly hot summer, well, keep track of Hermes and mealy worm. Also, with age, the cedar increases its annual growth - up to 50 cm. However, in young years, the cedar not only grows slowly (5-10 cm), but is also susceptible to various fungal diseases. During this period of its life, the cedar is very vulnerable. Young plants are extremely sensitive to soil acidity, alkaline and strongly acidic soil can lead to weakening of the seedling. Optimal acidity - pH 6-7. Also, young cedars need to be watered regularly and it is imperative to shower. It is worth remembering that root competition, compacted soil and, to a lesser extent, poor lighting can also lead to the death of a young seedling. Therefore, while the plant is small, we regularly weed weeds under it, make sure that the soil is breathable and, despite the fact that young cedars are shade-tolerant, we try to plant the plant in a sunny place. Once again, the older the cedar seedling, the easier it is to take care of it. However, you should not chase after large-sized plants - such seedlings are not cheap and planting them will not be very cheap. The optimal size of a cedar pine is up to 2-2.5 m. In general, I can talk about cedars indefinitely, admiring their beauty and decorativeness throughout the year. Remembering that this plant has long been a symbol of strength and health (cedar pine lives an average of 400 years and reaches 40 m), I want to say that cedar pines are not only suitable for our climate, but also ideal as a family tree. I want to remind you that the cedar pine is undoubtedly a "fruit" plant. In our climate, where the range of fruit crops is extremely limited, cedar can become part of the orchard. Yes, cedar pines are distinguished by late fruiting, in culture not earlier than 15-18 years old (in nature from 40 years old), yes, the seeds ripen within a year and a half, but believe me - it's worth it. The Japanese say: “Why do Russians need medicines when they have cedar pines?” And this is no accident, the seeds of cedar pine are rich in amino acids, most of which are essential acids. Cedar resin is also extremely valuable and irreplaceable. And what a decoction of needles ... Yes, if you list all the useful properties of this plant, then it will be enough for several articles! And, before moving on to the nuances of agricultural technology, I would also like to note that all cedar pines can be used for container gardening. That is, to grow both on balconies and loggias, and on open terraces. Well, now a few words about the agricultural technology of cedar pines. The basic rules for planting do not differ from planting any other plant, but there are a few points that will allow you to end up with a beautiful and healthy seedling. 1. It must be remembered that a feature of the mineral nutrition of Cedar pines is a strong need for potassium. Excess nitrogen in the soil has a depressing effect on the development of its root system. Based on this, we do not abuse nitrogen fertilizers, but at least once every couple of years we add potash fertilizers. 2. Be sure to mulch the plant and add a layer of mulch every year. First, pine and larch mulch will promote the formation of adventitious roots. Let me remind you that adventitious roots enhance the nutrition of the plant and accelerate its growth. Secondly, do not forget that cedar pines are mycotrophic plants. That is, the absence of mycorrhiza on the roots can serve as one of the main reasons for poor growth and premature death of the plant, and mulch in every possible way contributes to the development of mycorrhiza. Thirdly, a layer of mulch retains moisture in the upper soil layer, which is especially important when growing cedar on light sandy loam, and on heavy clay soil it protects its root system from being squeezed out in winter. And, fourthly, weeds under mulch slow down their growth. 3. When planting, you need to remember that cedar is a powerful plant and the minimum planting step is 3-4 m. 4. It must be remembered that the root system of cedar pine needs air, so the soil must be absolutely breathable. By following these simple rules, you will get a healthy, beautiful plant that will become the decoration and pride of your garden for many years to come!
Name
In Russia, the plant gained fame at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries under the name "Siberian cedar", although from a scientific point of view this species belongs to the genus Pine and is a close relative of the common pine, and not real cedars (Lebanese, Atlas and Himalayan).
Botanical description
Siberian cedar is an evergreen tree 20-25 (40) m tall. It is distinguished by a dense, often multi-topped crown with thick branches. The trunk is straight, even brown-gray, in old trees it forms a fissured scaly bark. Branching is whorled. Shoots of the last year are brown, covered with long red hairs.
Nutcracker and chipmunk play an important role in seed dispersal.
Distribution and ecology
Siberian cedar is often confused with Korean cedar, Siberian cedar and European cedar.
Consortative ties
Between Siberian cedar and nutcracker ( Nucifraga caryocatactes ) mutually beneficial interspecies consortium bonds have historically developed. Cedar seeds serve as the main food for the nutcracker and, as a result, in the process of evolution this was reflected in the structure of some of its organs and lifestyle, and the instinct of the nutcracker to store food for the winter turned out to be useful for the natural renewal of the cedar and the formation of stone pine forests. Creating stocks of cedar seeds, the nutcracker hides them in small (up to 30 nuts) portions in numerous places, more or less evenly distributed on uncovered and forested areas in the upper soil horizons and in the moss cover. Due to this, in places where the seeds of the nutcracker were lost or not used for any other reason, single or group seedlings of the cedar are formed.
In addition to nutcracker, chipmunk, squirrel, sable, bear, woodpecker, nuthatch, etc. feed on Siberian cedar seeds, but they cannot be called obligate consorts of cedar: in the diet of these animals, cedar seeds are not mandatory. only sable ( Martes zibellina L.), for normal life and reproduction, a certain amount of seeds of this breed is required.
Among animals feeding on other parts of the cedar (needles, wood, bast, etc.), obligate consorts are apparently absent. There are no obligate consorts in Siberian pine, probably among fungi, including those forming mycorrhiza. Although Siberian pine is a highly mycotrophic plant and cannot grow in the absence of mycorrhiza, mycorrhizal fungi associated only with Siberian pine have not yet been identified. So far, only one thing is known: the cedar develops mycorrhiza with the same types of fungi as other forest-forming species.
Chemical composition
Oxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic phenolic acids were found in the bast.
The chemical composition of the oleoresin of the Siberian cedar changes when climbing the mountains: the content of α-pinene decreases (from 50.5% to 39.1%) and the amount of Δ3-carene and β-phellandrene increases, respectively, from 27.6% to 39.5% and from 6.4 to 8.4%.
Siberian pine needles contain 0.8-1.05% essential oil. α-pinene (56.6-63.2%), β-pinene (0.95-1.38%), β-phellandrene (0.78-1.71%), limonene (0. 97-2.03%), germacrene-D (10.8-15.8%), cadinenes (5.7-8.4%), β-myrcene, cis-β-ocimene (0.46%), α-terpinene, pair-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinolene, α-thuyene, camphene, sabinene, Δ3 carene, α-bisabolene, β-bizabolene, α- and β-caryophyllenes, bornylacetate, etc.
The needles of the cedar growing in the Novosibirsk region contain trace elements: manganese 756 mg/kg, iron 151 mg/kg, boron 13 mg/kg, zinc 12.6 mg/kg, molybdenum 2.6 mg/kg, copper 2.5 mg /kg.
The kernel contains amino acids - alanine 5.37 g/100 g of protein, arginine, aspartic acid, histidine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, tyrosine, serine, cystine, including essential ones: lysine 5.74 g/100 g of protein , methionine 1.6, tryptophan 1.23, valine 3.39, leucine + isoleucine 15, threonine 3.1, phenylalanine 6.47. Nut oil contains fatty acids: myristic 0.1-1.26%, palmitic 3.6-7.26%, palmitooleic 0.04-1.19%, stearic 1.77-4.86%, oleic 19, 9-26.3%, linoleic 38.8-46.7%, linolenic 18.9-23.7%, arachidic 0.28-1.64%, eicosadiene 0.58-1.24%, eicosatriene 0, 94-1.35%.
19 amino acids have been identified in nut kernel proteins, 70% of which are essential or conditionally essential. Free amino acids found 18, dominated by glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, proline, tyrosine, alanine. The kernel of nuts contains essential amino acids threonine 0.24-0.31%, valine 0.44-1.05%, methionine 0.14-0.39%, isoleucine 0.39-0.88%, leucine 0.69 -1.33%, lysine 0.35-0.78%, phenylalanine 0.35-0.81%, tryptophan. In terms of the content of phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine and tryptophan, pine nut proteins are not inferior to the proteins of the main cereals and oilseeds, and in terms of the content of individual amino acids (cystine and tryptophan), nut proteins are close to dairy products proteins, surpassing them in arginine content. Pine nut amino acids, due to their specific composition, not only provide the structural-plastic and regulatory function of proteins, but also participate in the prevention of certain metabolic disorders in the human body.
The kernel of nuts contains mono- and disaccharides 2.57-4.92%, dextrins 2.08-2.53%, starch 5.26-6.11%. The kernel of nuts contains riboflavin 0.93-1.2 mg%, thiamine 0.24-0.66 mg%, tocopherols 9.2-32.8 mg%, vitamins B3, B5, B6 are also found. By the content of tocopherols, thiamine and riboflavin, pine nuts are significantly superior to other nuts. Found in nut kernels ascorbic acid 64 mg%. Nuts serve as a rich source of magnesium, which is necessary for normalizing cholesterol metabolism, preventing stone formation and reducing the excitability of the nervous system. Nut kernel contains iron 1.8-4.2 mg%, magnesium 244-440 mg%, zinc 0.85-2.1 mg%, iodine 0.03-0.07 mg%, silver 0.003-0.006 mg%. The content of fatty oil in the kernel of the nut varies depending on the degree of maturity, the zone of growth of the plant and can reach 63-66%.
Pine nuts collected in the Irkutsk region contain iodine 0.387-0.741 mg/kg, manganese 5.43-15.15 mg/kg, cobalt 0.107-0.197 mg/kg, copper 2.18-3.816 mg/kg, nickel 0.046 -0.073 mg/kg. Especially valuable is the high content of iodine, manganese and copper. The content of trace elements in nuts may vary depending on the year of collection by 15-60%.
The kernel of pine nuts contains fatty oil 56-63%, protein 17-23%, carbohydrates 10-14%, phosphatides 0.65-1.12%. Contains macroelements: calcium 16-20 mg%, magnesium 200-260 mg%, microelements - iodine 0.38-0.74 mg/kg, manganese 7-15.1 mg/kg, iron 7-18 mg/kg, cobalt , copper and nickel; vitamin E 9.24-10.9 mg%. Cedar oil contains vitamin E - 27.6 mg%, vitamin B1 0.51-0.66 mg%. The iodine number of cedar oil is 155-169. The nut kernel contains pentosans 2.1%, starch 12.4%. In fatty oil oleic acid 33.7-35.8%, linoleic acid 31.1-34.3%, linolenic 20.6-27.7%.
Pine nuts contain macronutrients (mg per 100 g of dry kernels): phosphorus 486-716, magnesium 396-488, potassium 350-403, calcium 35-49, iron 2-3.8; trace elements (mg per 1 kg of dry kernel): manganese 5.1-9.7, copper 1.5-3.1, silicon 2.1-3.1, iodine 0.38-0.71, silver 0.028-0.071 , as well as molybdenum, boron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, etc. Compared with other nut crops common in Russia, Siberian pine nuts are distinguished by a high content of phosphorus and especially magnesium. One hundred grams of the pine nut kernel fully satisfies the daily human need for magnesium, 200 g of the kernel - for phosphorus.
The kernel of pine nuts contains carbohydrates (%): glucose 2-3.8, fructose 0.14-0.3, sucrose 0.23-0.71, dextrins 2.1-2.5, starch 5.2-6 .11, pentosans 1.72-2.11; oil 59.2-66.3, nitrogenous substances 2.8-3.3, phosphatides 1.16-1.41 (by their number, pine nuts surpass the fruits of other nut crops and oilseeds). Cedar oil contains (%) linoleic acid 50.8-67, linolenic 14.9-27.4, oleic 10.4-22.3; tocopherols 47.8-68.2 mg%, including α-tocopherol 25.2-34.4 mg%, γ-tocopherol 5.8-6.6 mg%, δ-tocopherol 16.8-26.2 mg %.
Siberian pine seeds contain condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), hydrolysable tannins (derivatives of gallic and ellagic acids), flavonoids (eriodictyol, taxifolin), epicatechin, lilac and vanillic acids, as well as small amounts of catechin, protocatechuic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, naringenin and others
17 fatty acids were found in the pine nut kernel: myristic 0.7%, palmitic 6.4-7.6%, palmitooleic 0.08-0.3%, stearic 3.2-4%, oleic 21.7-26, 2%, linoleic (ω6) 38.4-44.3%, γ-linolenic (ω6) 16.8-18.7%, α-linolenic (ω3) 0.31-0.45%, eicosadiene (ω6) 0.6-0.7%, eicosatriene (ω6) 1.2%, etc.
The fatty oil of pine nuts contains 5-11% saturated acids, oleic 10.4-26.5%, linoleic 38.8-59.1%, γ-linolenic 14.8-24.4%, α-linolenic 0.15- 1.35%, eicosadienic 0.58-1.24%, eicosatriene 0.94-1.35%. Pine nut oil contains tocopherols up to 58-70 mg% (all α, β, γ, δ isomers are present). The composition of the fatty oil varies greatly depending on the zone of growth of the cedar pine. So, in the Irkutsk region, the content of linoleic acid in oil is 50.8-61.4%, linolenic 14.9% - 27.4%, and in the Novosibirsk region, respectively, 53.9-67% and 17.6-25, 2%, Tomsk region 40.4-44.5% and 18.2-21.9%. With an increase in geographical latitude, an increase in the amount of tocopherols in cedar oil is observed. So, in Siberian pine from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the amount of tocopherols in walnut oil is 49.6 mg%, in Gorny Altai 35.1-67.1 mg%, in the Irkutsk region 47.8-64.6 mg%, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 40-121 mg%. In most regions, the main isomer is α-tocopherol (from 50.5 to 61.2% of the total amount of tocopherols).
Pharmacological properties
Pine nut oil normalizes the lipid spectrum of the blood, lowers cholesterol levels, helps to reduce excess body weight. A number of physiological effects of cedar oil are associated with the presence of identified terpenes in it.
Economic importance and application
Cedar wood is soft, light and durable, with a pleasant smell, highly valued, used, in particular, for the production of pencils. The wood has a beautiful texture, shades from pink and light beige to pale chocolate and dark brown. It does not give in to moisture and is not corroded by bugs, it is almost not subject to decay, wormholes. Easily amenable to various types of processing, it is very well planed, polished and dries with virtually no cracking. Due to these properties, cedar wood is in demand in the manufacture of furniture, crafts, housing construction, and interior decoration. Wood has resonant properties; pianos, harps, guitars are made from it.
The stock of timber in middle-aged cedar forests is 260-560 m³/ha.
In traditional crafts, in addition to wood, thin cedar roots are used. Vessels of various shapes and sizes are woven from them - rhizomes.
Pine nuts are a valuable food product that can be eaten both raw and after heat treatment. In terms of the amount of phosphatide phosphorus, pine nuts surpass all other types of nuts and oilseeds and are equivalent to soybeans, the richest source of lecithin among vegetable raw materials. The daily human need for such deficient trace elements as manganese, copper, zinc and cobalt is provided by 100 g of nut kernels. They are also a rich source of iodine. Among carbohydrates, cedar seeds contain (%): starch - 5.80; glucose - 2.83; dextrins - 2.26; fiber - 2.21. Fructose and sucrose make up only 0.25 and 0.44%. Pine nut protein is characterized by a high content of lysine, methionine and tryptophan - the most deficient essential amino acids, which usually limit the biological value of proteins.
The yield of nuts in various types of cedar forests of Western Siberia is from 10 to 640 kg / ha (broad-grass cedar forests are the most productive, sphagnum - low-yielding).
Application in medicine
Pine nut oil is a complete source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To meet the daily requirement of essential fatty acids, you need to consume about 20 ml of oil per day. It has a cholesterol-lowering effect, contributes to the normalization of the lipid spectrum of blood (HDL cholesterol levels increased by 29%, and LDL levels decreased by 21%, the atherogenic index decreased by 40%), lowering systolic blood pressure and reducing overweight.
Crushed pine nuts inhibit gastric secretion, the production of gastric juice decreases and its acidity decreases. One hundred grams of pine nuts covers the daily human need for vitamin E.
The preventive efficacy of cedar oil was confirmed when it was included in the diet of patients with cardiovascular pathology.
Use for other purposes
It is possible to produce confectionery products enriched with protein products from Siberian pine nut kernels, which can be recommended for functional and therapeutic nutrition. On the basis of cedar oil, formulations of three-component mixtures of vegetable oils have been developed, optimized in terms of the composition of acids ω-3 and ω-6 and intended for functional nutrition. Combined products with cedar cake have been developed: cheeses, mayonnaises, confectionery pastes, instant cereals, food concentrates - semi-finished flour confectionery products, bakery products.
Genetics
In 2014, studies were carried out on the polymorphism of Siberian stone pine at five loci (RPS-124, RPS-90, PTTX-2123, PTTX-2146, PICO) with a primer annealing temperature of 55 ˚С. The analysis showed that for RPS-124, RPS-90, PTTX-2123 the level of variability is low, the trees are monomorphic, however, for PTTX-2146, a third allelic variant was identified, which is typical for Siberian dwarf pine, which indicates the likelihood of distant hybridization. The highest level of genetic polymorphism shows
Cedar is a coniferous evergreen tree of the Pine family. Cedar has a pyramidal or umbrella-shaped spreading crown and a slender trunk with cracking dark gray scaly bark. The root system of the cedar is superficial, so it is often subjected to windblows.
Needle-shaped cedar needles, hard and prickly, three- or four-sided, silver-gray and blue-green. They are collected in bundles of 30 pieces. On elongated or shortened shoots, they are arranged singly or in a spiral. Cedar needles live from 3 to 6 years.
Cedar blossoms in autumn. Female and male cones are located throughout the crown. Male cones are solitary, surrounded by bunches of needles, and female cones are 10 cm long and about 6 cm wide. The shape of the cones resemble an egg or a barrel, 10 cm long and 6 cm wide, erect, solitary, ripen in the 2nd year, then crumble. Seed flakes broadly kidney-shaped. Seeds 12-18 mm long, resinous, triangular, with a wing.
Cedar is a giant plant. It can reach a height of about 60 meters, and their crown diameter is about 3 m. In addition, this giant is also a long-liver: its life expectancy is 3000 years.
As a rule, cedar grows in the mountains at an altitude of about 1500-3600 m, forming forests with fir, spruce, oak and pine.
There are only 4 types of cedar. In Africa, the Atlas cedar grows - a large tree about 60 m in height with a pyramidal crown, with silver-gray or bluish-green needles. In Syria, Lebanon, you can find the Lebanese cedar. In Cyprus, the Cypriot short coniferous cedar grows, but some scientists consider it a subspecies of the Lebanese cedar. In youth, the crown of the Cypriot cedar is cone-shaped, in mature age it is sprawling, in old age it is umbrella-shaped.
Some specimens of this coniferous tree reach a height of about 40 m. Its shoots are slightly pubescent or bare, tetrahedral green needles, 5-10 mm long. Cypriot cedar has single light brown barrel-shaped cones, from 6 cm long and 4 cm in diameter. In the Western Himalayas, the Himalayan cedar grows - a tree more than 50 m high with a pyramidal crown and gray-green needles.
Cedar is a tree healer. All parts of this tree have medicinal properties.
In addition to the called true cedars, on almost all continents there are many tree species that the locals call cedar. They can also be deciduous trees. In Africa, this is Thompson's guard, which is called fragrant cedar, in Asia it is Burmese cedar. In Russia, Siberian cedar pine is called Siberian cedar.
Landing and care
Cultivation of cedar is a very difficult matter. For example, in summer, he needs regulated watering - without drying out and without stagnant water.
Under natural conditions, cedars do not grow in the northern latitude, because these trees are very thermophilic.
Cedar loves fresh, well-drained, loamy soils. It does not tolerate maritime winds very well, and also suffers from chlorosis on dry calcareous slopes.
It is best to plant in early spring (before bud break) or autumn (after leaf fall). The place for the cedar should be spacious and open, light, because this tree likes to grow in sunny and free areas.
When transplanting cedar, seedlings of 9 years of age are more reliable. They need to be dug up with a clod of earth and transferred to the landing site, after wrapping the clod with a film or cloth. Landing pits must be prepared in advance. Mix the excavated soil with fertilizers (humus, peat, rotted manure, wood ash).
Under natural conditions, cedar reproduces by seeds. In culture, it is propagated by grafting.
More than 130 species of insects have been counted that harm cedars. The most significant damage is caused by: - cone moth. Method of struggle: spray the plant at the beginning of flowering with Lepidocide. Repeat treatments in a week.
The variegated red rot of the trunk caused by the pine sponge causes great harm to the old cedar.
The roots of cedar are affected by the root sponge, which contributes to the windfall of trees. A tree with an affected trunk must be removed from the site.
To protect cedars from diseases and pests, it is necessary to use biological and chemical methods to combat them, buy only highly immune forms of trees, and also create normal conditions for their growth.
Silvery and blue forms of cedar are very often used to decorate gardens and parks. Currently, in the Crimea, as well as in the Caucasus, cedar is also used in forest plantations.
In particular, the drought-resistant Lebanese cedar is used in park construction in Central Asia, the Atlas cedar - in the Crimea. The cedar looks great in groups, stands out against the background of other plants with the contours of its crown and green needles. The cedar looks even more attractive in single plantings, and when creating avenue plantings.
Types and varieties of cedar
The wood of this cedar is very resinous, fragrant and durable. It is used in the furniture industry.
It occurs naturally in North Africa. It grows together with holm oak, stinking juniper and Aleppo pine in the lower belt of mountains; already higher, the Atlas cedar forms pure plantations.
Tree about 40 m tall, with a pyramidal, loose crown, stiff bluish-green needles and ovate or cylindrical, shiny, dense, light brown cones. In youth, the Atlas cedar grows faster, in the spring it starts growing late. Atlas cedar is frost-resistant, withstands temperature drops of about -20 ° C, is very photophilous, dust-resistant. Poorly tolerates lime in the soil. Suffering from waterlogging. Has a number of decorative forms.
In nature, it grows in the Himalayas, Afghanistan.
Tree about 50 m tall, with a broadly cone-shaped crown. In mature trees, the crown is flat on top, with ramifications on the branches. Young shoots are pubescent. The Himalayan cedar has needles with a bluish tint, light green, longer than other species, in bunches. Cones 10 cm, ovoid, bluish when young, then red-brown.
A durable, fast growing cedar species. It tolerates shading well, likes high humidity of the soil and air. Undemanding to soils. Tolerates temperatures down to -25°C. Doesn't like windfall.
Himalayan cedar, as well as its forms, like a very beautiful tree, deserve wide use in the south of Russia in park construction. It looks great in group plantings, standing out in contrast with the characteristic contours of its crown and green needles. It also looks impressive in single plantings, when creating alley plantings. It tolerates a haircut perfectly, forming original hedges. Himalday cedar forms mixed forests with spruce, fir, pine, and oak. This cedar is especially valued in landscape plantings in the south of Russia. It is the most valuable breed in the Southern Crimea.
It grows naturally in Asia Minor.
Tree about 40 m tall. In youth, the crown is wide-spread, cone-shaped, in adulthood - umbrella-shaped. Shoots slightly pubescent or glabrous. The needles are dark green, about 4 cm, tetrahedral, hard, in bunches of 40 pcs.
Cones are light brown, solitary, 10 cm long, about 5 cm in diameter, barrel-shaped. It grows very slowly, photophilous and frost-resistant. Drought-resistant, undemanding to soils. Durable.
A majestic, beautiful tree, characterized by mighty growth, dense branching and a large trunk. Excellent in single plantings.
Its wood is strong and fragrant, quite soft and light. Due to this, its wood is used in shipbuilding, in construction, and for the manufacture of furniture.
A real cedar is a large tree with a spreading crown resembling an umbrella in shape. In nature, it grows in Lebanon and represents the national pride of the country. In this regard, the image of the Lebanese cedar is also on the flag of the state.
Here we will talk about another cedar, which is actually a type of ordinary pine.
What does a cedar cone look like, how does it develop, what are its properties - you can find out about this by reading this article.
Cedar, age
In Russia, real cedar (the aforementioned Lebanese cedar) is grown as an ornamental plant only in the Crimea and the Caucasus.
Well, the tree that we habitually consider cedar is one of several types of pine. In Russia, there are three types of pine (cedar): Siberian, Korean and cedar elfin (easier - cedar).
Siberian cedar is a strong, powerful tree with a conical, rounded crown. It is artificially bred in various territories of Russia.
Siberian cedar lives from 300 to 500 years. Only 20-70-year-old trees begin to bear fruit. A cedar cone, which appears on a tree periodically after 5-6 years, is the most valuable thing that a cedar has.
Trees can bear fruit for 250 years. In the most fruitful years, many harvesters appear in the cedar forests. Well, forest animals are not averse to making supplies for the winter: chipmunks, squirrels, nutcrackers, etc.
Fruits and seeds of Siberian cedar: description
Siberian pine is a monoecious plant (dioecious). Both its male and female cones are located on the same tree.
Moreover, the male ones are located at the very base of the shoot, and the female ones are at its ends, near the very apical bud.
Pollination of the plant occurs with the help of wind. Kidneys of conical shape (gradually tapering) have a length of up to 10 mm. On the axis of female cones there are scales with two seed buds in small axils.
Mature large cones reach sizes up to 15 cm in length and 10 cm in width.
A young cedar cone has a purple hue, and slowly turns brown, acquiring an ovoid, and soon a diamond shape.
The cone scales are tightly pressed and covered with short stiff hairs. They fully mature within 15 months.
Each cone contains 30 to 150 seeds (pine nuts). And 250 grams contains 1000 cedar seeds. With an average yield from one tree, you can collect up to 12 kilograms of nuts per season.
Cedar cone: photo, composition and properties
The taste of nuts and their nutritional properties are best preserved in their own "packaging" - cones.
The benefits of using nuts in food are immeasurable. Only 100 grams of kernels replenish the daily requirement of the human body for amino acids. Nuts also contain vitamins A, B (1, 2 and 3), D, E and a huge amount of trace elements: iron, magnesium, iodine, manganese, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, silicon, copper, boron, titanium, nickel, sodium, aluminum , silver and molybdenum.
Of the organic acids in the composition of nuts, citric acid is present. Nuts also contain proteins, starch, fiber, some sugar (sucrose).
The nut kernel is an excellent source of fats.
Emergence of a cone, obtaining seeds
The development of a cedar cone takes about three years. In the cones themselves, the seeds can last up to 20 years. These seeds can germinate without preparation before sowing. But stratification at a temperature of +3 to +5°C for about 14 days significantly accelerates their germination and increases germination (more than 50%). The seed planting depth should be 1 cm.
Before getting the seeds, the cone should be soaked about 2 or 3 times, then dried, after which it will open.
A cone of a real Himalayan cedar matures for 1.5 years, and then crumbles like a fir. Moreover, the seeds of this species retain their germination capacity only for about 5 months, in this regard, it is advisable to sow them after harvest in the first spring. Pre-sowing treatment is also not required. And their germination is 70%.
Cedar blossoms in spring, and cones with seeds ripen the next year only in August-September (i.e., after 17-18 months).
Cedar cone in food
Cedar nuts are widely used in the food industry. Cream, butter and milk are made from cedar fruits, which have a rather high calorie content.
At factories in Siberia, table oil with excellent taste is obtained using cold pressing, and technical oil is obtained by hot re-pressing. The cake remaining after the production is used for the preparation of halva. As a result of rubbing the nuts (very finely) with water, milk is obtained. Cream is obtained in the same way, but with less water.
Spreading
Extensive cedar plantations can be found in the Moscow region and in the vicinity of many other cities. Near the city of Yaroslavl, a huge grove of 300-year-old cedars grows.
Under natural conditions, the Siberian cedar grows only in Siberia, the Urals and Altai, where it is widely used for economic purposes.
Cedar also grows in the territories of Mongolia and Northern China.
The usefulness of cedar cones is immeasurable. It is widely used in medicine in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases.
He was and remains the embodiment of courage and courage. The shamans of Siberia believed in its magical power and decorated ritual staves with a Cedar branch.
In Russia Cedar has always been a symbol of the boundless harsh Siberia.
names of Cedar
The giant we used to call Cedar- one of the types Pines, namely cedar Pine or Siberian cedar. Its Latin name is "Pinus Sibrica". It is this name that appears in ancient chronicles.
Unfortunately, exact information about the origin of the word "Cedar" has not been preserved to this day. There are several theories.
It is quite possible that the Russian Cedar owes its name to its Lebanese counterpart. In the past, in the manufacture of icons, the base was taken from the Lebanese Cedar, which had to be exported.
In the northern regions of Russia, the most popular species for making bases for icons were conifers. Being very soft for carving and at the same time not brittle, Siberian Cedar wood was well suited for such purposes.
Another theory of origin says that the name "Cedrus" is originally European and originates in ancient Rome.
Where does cedar grow?
Under natural conditions, the Siberian Cedar grows only in Altai, Siberia and the Urals. There are many varieties of it growing in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Basically it is the Lebanese Cedar.
The Siberian Cedar is of great importance in the national economy and the food industry. Nutritious cedar seeds are an indispensable source of trace elements and vitamins.
Due to its nutty reputation, Cedar and its brethren have earned special attention from biologists and breeders. Industrial walnut plantations have existed in our country for more than a decade. These plantations are designed to stop the barbaric methods of extracting Cedar seeds from natural sources without restoring the productivity of the forest.
There is a considerable number of representatives of Cedar. Let's stop at the Siberian cedar.
Despite the fact that this breed belongs to the “pine” species, the diameter of the Cedar trunk can reach 2 meters.
Cedar lives up to 3-5 centuries. At the age of 20 to 70 years, it begins to bear fruit. The tree is distinguished by a dense green crown and brown-gray bark.
The famous cedar cones are bluish-purple when unripe and dark brown when ripe. Cedar cones are large in size and can reach a width of 8 cm and a length of 13 cm.
When the cedar blossoms
Siberian cedar blooms in June. It takes 12-14 months for the buds to mature.
Under natural conditions, Cedar begins to bear fruit on average at the age of 40-50 years. Modern breeders have achieved results in which the fruiting of the cedar occurs at 15 years.
Healing properties of Cedar
Cedar seed kernels contain a huge amount of vitamins and fats, so they are widely used in medicine and the food industry. Trace elements contained in Cedar seeds help improve memory and are the most valuable source of vegetable proteins and fats.
Moderate consumption of seeds improves immunity and restores the nervous system, strengthening the heart and blood vessels.
It is known that Cedar wood kills microbes, so they tried to make the bottom of the famous birch bark cabinets from Cedar.
Pine nut milk from ground seeds is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Cedar resin, like pine resin, promotes wound healing and is used in the fight against colds and lung diseases. Cedar needles are recommended as a remedy for asthma.
Since ancient times in Siberia, cedar needles were considered an excellent remedy for scurvy, and were also the basis for healing tinctures.
Application of Cedar
Cedar seeds are used in the manufacture of high-calorie cream, butter and cedar milk. In addition, table oil is obtained from seeds, and halvah is obtained from cake.
Science has also found a use for this magnificent tree. When cutting Cedar, resin is extracted, from which immersion oil is obtained. A drop of immersion oil is placed between the microscope objective and the object of study. Oil improves the quality and clarity of the image of objects, directing and concentrating light at the desired point.
Moderately soft and dense, Cedar wood is used in the manufacture of pencils.
Cedar wood is a favorite material of carvers, cabinetmakers and joiners. Artfully crafted chests and cabinets have a practical purpose. Insects, including moths, will never start up in such a product.
In parks and garden areas, planting Cedar helps to purify and disinfect the air.
In Siberia, when laying a house, carpenters planted a young cedar in the corner of the yard so that the hut was strong and durable.
In Russia, there is still a cedar trade, which is a rather dangerous and barbaric occupation. The fact is that the “bump breaker” is carried out with the help of a large wooden hammer, which is used to beat the tree trunk to extract cones. This method is a relic, which is gradually being replaced by modern methods of selection and cultivation of nut crops.
Mentions of Cedar can be found in the Bible. For example, the material for Noah's ark was the wood of this mighty tree.
Cedar does not obey biological rhythms. Depending on the weather and conditions, the tree itself regulates the movement of juices and biological processes, and adapts to external conditions. This confirms the hypothesis that Cedar has a Soul.
Photo credits: LesTa-10 , bakamushi , kaikups , Borodyaga , Nick Vasiliev
Cedar- This is a tree with evergreen needles from the Pine family. Botanical name - Siberian cedar pine. To cultivate a tree, grains are needed - pine nuts. The plant lives in the Urals, in Eastern and Western Siberia.
Thanks to nuts, the Cedar tree and its brethren have won the special interest of biologists and breeders.
Description
The root system is powerful, which allows the plant to unbendingly withstand all natural disasters. Mature cedar does not require agricultural care. Its antimicrobial properties are priceless. The atmosphere around the tree is almost sterile. It does not grow in dry sandy areas, but chooses the earth from sandy loam or loam, damp and fertile.
All types of cedars in the forests bear fruit by 30-60 years, and in gardens where constant care and feeding - by 15-20 years and up to 250-300 years. A good harvest of cedars in those areas where two or three trees live, as they are cross-pollinated. The cycle of seed ripening in cedar lasts a year and a half.
- Shoots and needles. The shoots are coffee-colored and covered with reddish hairs. Needles of a dark green color with a bluish bloom 6 - 14 cm in length. On the cut, it is trihedral and serrated. Feels plastic. It grows in bunches of five needles.
- root system. It is represented by one central rhizome 40–50 cm long, small side hairs with root hairs with mycorrhiza on the edges stretch from it. If the soil is airy and sufficiently drained, then massive anchor roots are formed at the main root, going 3 meters deep, designed with basal branches to ensure the stability of the crown and trunk.
- cones. The tree is monoecious and heterosexual: female and male cones grow on the same plant. The cedar plant is anemophilous - pollination produces wind.
In total, the genus of cedars has 4 types:
canadian thuja
The red Canadian cedar has no connection with the real cedar, it is a thuja folded from the cypress genus. The plant is known for its wood with strong properties. Alleys are equipped with this ornamental plant, dwarf plants are planted on siliceous lands. White Canadian cedar - called thuja western. In height 12-20 m, it has a compact pyramidal crown and is similar to other plants of the cypress genus. The wood is reddish, with a characteristic strength and fragrance.
Cones and seeds
. Male and female cones coexist on the same tree. The male ones are concentrated at the base of the processes, the female ones are at the edges of the growth processes, near the apical bud. The shoots are pollinated by the wind. The kidneys are conical in appearance. Mature cones are 15 cm in size, 8 cm wide. Young cones are lilac, over the years they acquire a coffee color, resemble an egg, then become rhombus-shaped.
The scales of the cone are compressed, it takes 15 months to fully mature. Cedar grains are ovoid, 1.5 cm long and 1 cm wide, dark, closer to brown. Giants bear fruit at the age of 60.
Landing and care
Maybe. He needs an intensive supply of potassium. Nitrogen is not added to the soil, it has a bad effect on the roots. Weed young cedars from weeds in a timely manner. Cedars are planted in the open, away from spruces, lovers of shade from the spreading crown of the cedar. Cedars look great with birch trees, but birch trees have a detrimental effect on their growth. Therefore, they maintain a distance when landing. Before planting a cedar, the territory is marked ahead of time to give the trees the necessary expanse, maintain a distance of 9 m.
Siberian cedar is mulched for direct ventilation and oxygenation of the soil. Mulch protects against freezing in winter, retains moisture. Mulch is added every year to increase adventitious roots.
Growing from seeds
To give the garden presentability and power, firmness and love of life, a cedar is planted. This tree does not require regular care, pruning, creating a crown, cleaning the fallen crown. Cedar revitalizes the atmosphere around it with the aroma of pine needles. Seedlings are planted in a permanent well-lit area at a distance of 5-6 m from each other. Between young cedars, low fruit trees and berry bushes are planted.
They create a crown on a low stem, spreading, with many peaks. Cutting or breaking out the lateral buds is done early in the spring. Rooted cedars in the first seasons grow by 5-10 cm.
Germination of nuts 2 years. After collecting it is 85%. Seeds are sown in autumn. Shoots appear in early spring. But you can speed up the germination of nuts in damp sand, soak for a day and sow in the spring. Sprouts are shown in 14-21 days. They are dark malachite, with 10-12 cotyledons, 30 mm long. The next year, pairs of needles are born from them, and for the 4-5th season - whorls. Plants emerging from seedlings shade all hot months for a couple of years.
Cedar grows well on sphagnum bogs, forming powerful adventitious roots. Roots grow at the same time as shoots grow. After 5-6 years, the intelligibility of the tree to the ground decreases. Undemanding cedar to the temperature of the atmosphere. Withstands continental climate, cold and land. But the death of the kidneys is likely during late spring frosts, which coincide in time with flowering. This threatens 30-year-old trees that have entered fruiting. For a long time we have to wait for the appearance of nuts, but the tree lives 500 years and brings generous harvests in 4-5 years.
Pine kernels are a storehouse of vitamins and fats, they are used in medicine and the food industry. The trace elements contained in the grains improve memory and are a source of vegetable proteins and fats. The restrained use of grains increases immunity to diseases, revives the nervous system, strengthens the heart and blood vessels.
Cedar wood kills bacteria. Pine nut milk from grated grains is used for tuberculosis ailments.
Cedar resin heals wounds, is used for colds and lung diseases. Pine needles are used as a cure for asthma and scurvy. Needles are the basis for healing tinctures.
Diseases and pests
The main danger for cedars is bark beetles, especially conventional engraver. In the first decade of May, the age of the engraver begins, beetles identify a weak plant by aroma and gnaw through passages under the bark. Females lay eggs in them, from which larvae are formed. As a result, the tissues of the trunk become dead, and by the end of summer the tree dies.
If you overlook the beginning of damage to the bark by pests and do not protect the tree, then the battle with pests will be useless. The appearance on the bark of small holes with droplets of resin indicates that the tree is inhabited by bark beetles. The fight with beetles is very difficult and only experts can do it.
Another pest... Hermes Siberian. Hermes pierces the trunk with a pointed proboscis, and sucks the juice. Because of the hair-like growths on the body, Hermes is like white fluff on the bark and needles. When trees are treated with preparations, droplets are retained by “fluff” and do not reach the insect, as a result, Hermes does not die. In growths and beetles and eggs. Therefore, only those insecticides that act through the sap of the tree are used to fight.
Like pests, diseases destroy the cedar. The most popular of them is needle rust, appearing in warm and wet seasons. Rust looks like the formation of orange and yellow bubbles on the needles. These droplets become a yellow powder, these are fungal spores that affect the tissues of the needles. As a result of the rust disease, the needles are dotted with yellow with brown marks, and then crumble. To combat the disease, weeds are weeded: sow thistle, coltsfoot, on them the rust goes through a share of the formation cycle.
Usage
People have long seen the beneficial properties of cedar and use them in different areas of life: they make housing, furniture, wooden crafts from wood, use it in medicine and cooking: they make food and cedar oil from grains, from needles, resin, bark they prepare medicinal decoctions, essential oil.
Oil
Pine nut oil is made by pressing from the grains of Siberian pine, it simultaneously contains the beneficial properties of olive, coconut, sea buckthorn and burdock oils. Cedar oil contains five times more vitamin E than olive oil. Essential oil is made from cedar, Siberian pine, Canadian thuja and other coniferous plants. By properties, it differs at least from each other, differs only in the ratio of components. Essential oil is made from crushed bark, wood, young shoots. Essential oil has antiseptic, soothing, antiviral properties, it is used in cosmetology. Essential oil is not used inside, it is inhaled, applied to the skin, and healing baths are prepared.
Sap
Resin (cedar resin) is also used, pre-treated, because in its present form it is not used, it rapidly turns to stone. Resin is used in solutions, they are made by yourself or bought in a store. It is not difficult to make a solution of resin: resin dissolves in vegetable oil at a temperature of 50 degrees, it does not lose its healing properties and, if used correctly, heals.
seeds
Pine nuts have nothing to do with real nuts, the fruits of shrubs and trees of the nut family. The grains of a real cedar are tasteless, and the nuts that are familiar to us are the grains of a cedar pine. Oil and tincture are also made from them, they are used in medicine, dietetics, cosmetology, and in aromatherapy sessions. Pine nuts are used to increase immunity to diseases, improve vision, prevent cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and anemia. Nuts are rich in vitamins A, B, C, D, E, P, have minerals: manganese, copper, magnesium, zinc, iron, phosphorus, iodine.
The nut kernel has fats, proteins and amino acids: tryptophan, methionine, lysine. Nut kernels are used for weight loss: they stimulate the hormone cholecystokinin, which sends a signal to the brain about satiety. Nut tincture treats diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Prepare tinctures and balms from kernels and shells. The resulting drug is anti-inflammatory.
Pine nuts also bring harm. You can not eat more than 50 g per day, it is forbidden to eat with meat and dairy products, the protein in nuts prevents the absorption of food. Nuts are not given to young children, in order to avoid blockage of the respiratory tract.
They buy only unpeeled kernels, when they come into contact with light and oxygen, they go rancid and absorb harmful substances. If the nuts and dishes from them are bitter, then the food is thrown away. Rancid oil is the strongest poison and it will take from a couple of days to a couple of weeks to restore the body.
Cedar as a unique building material
Cedar wood is an excellent heat and waterproofing, natural antiseptic, and it does not smolder. Housing made of cedar is durable, the premises are enriched with phytoncides, and resin and essential oil have a good effect on the health of the owner of the house.
Cedar is a strong and beautiful tree, but it needs care. With proper care, a tree can live for centuries. Siberian cedars are powerful giants, amazing with the beauty and beneficial properties of the atmosphere next to them and their fruits.
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