The imperative mood is used only in a positive sense, and only in later, classical Sanskrit does it begin to express prohibition, combined with the particle ma(gr. μή - so as not, yes not ...). The same positive use of the imperative mood is found in the language of the oldest parts of the Avesta, while in Greek its negative use is already quite common. The imperative mood primarily denoted not only an order, but also a desire, a request. Thus, the appeal to the gods in the Rigveda is constantly expressed in the forms of the imperative mood: "harness your horses, come and sit on the sacrificial bed, drink the sacrificial drink, hear our prayer, give us treasures, help in the battle", etc. Usually the imperative mood expresses the expectation of an immediate onset, action, but sometimes it also means an action that should occur only after the end of another.
Morphological features
In Indo-European languages
To express the desire that the action would come only after a certain moment, in the future, a special form of the imperative was used with the suffix -tōd, lat. -tō, other Greek -τω , which some scholars consider a form of the deferred case (lat. Ablativus) from the pronominal stem to-(this one) and interpret: "from this moment counting."
The Indo-European proto-language had only three forms of the present imperative:
- with suffix -dhi(Skt. -dhi and -hi, other Greek -θι , cf. Sanskrit. crudhi, ihy, Greek κλῦθι, ἴθι - listen, come);
- pure verb stem with thematic vowel e at the end: great-i.e. *behere , Skt. bhara, gr. φέρε - "bring";
- same stem with above suffix -tod(Sanskrit. bharatad, Greek φερέτω), which was used primarily in all three numbers, not only in the second, but also in the third person (this use is also found in Sanskrit).
From this we can deduce a plausible assumption that the other forms of the imperative mood listed above were once used for all persons and numbers without any change; simply expressing a certain demand, without a definite relation to any person, like the present indefinite mood in the sense of the imperative: "keep quiet!" etc. In addition to these original, ancient forms, in the sense of the imperative mood in the Indo-European parent language, the so-called forms were also used:
- injunctiva like Sanskrit. bharata, bharaiam, Greek φέρετε, φέρετον and others,
- subjunctive mood (Sanskrit. 1 l. pl. action. bharama, avg. bharamahai),
- desirable (old Slav. take, take),
- indicative and even non-conjugated verbal formations.
In Slavic languages
In Slavic, only forms of non-thematic verbs like see, yazhd, give me, vezhd, Russian vish(see) eat(instead of a hedgehog). The remaining Slavic forms of the imperative mood are the forms of the desirable.
Russian language
In Russian, the imperative mood can be formed synthetically (by changing the form or adding the affix "-te") and analytically (with the help of particles "let", "let", "yes", "let's / let's"). Affixes with which synthetic forms are formed ( -i-, null suffix, -te) are interpreted in different ways: as suffixes, endings, particles; some scholars do not decipher the status of these affixes at all.
II person singular
II person plural
The plural form is formed by adding a postfix -those: believe- believe , lie down - lie down , sing - sing , let's - let's .
I person plural
For some verbs, there is a form of the imperative mood of the I person plural, sometimes called the imperative. It is formed from the I person plural form of the indicative mood by adding a postfix -those: let's go, sing along, let's go. This form is used only in addressing many persons or one respectfully (on you).
see also
Literature
- Brugmann. Grundriss der vergl. Grammatik d. indogerman. Sprachen (vol. II, 1315 ff.);
- Delbruck. Vergl. Syntax der indogerm. Sprach. (vol. II, 357 ff.);
- Thurneysen. Der idg. Imperativ (Kuhnes Zeilschr. f. vgl. Sprachforscb., XXVII);
- Pott. Ueber die erste Person des Imperat. (Kuhn-Schlelcher, Beiträ ge zur vgl. Sprachf., vol. I);
- Madvig. De formis imperativi passivi (Kouenr., 1837, Opuscula, II);
- Schmidt. Ueber den late. Empire. (Zeilschr. f. d. Gymnasialwesen, 1855, 422);
- Ch. Turot. De l'imperatif futur latin (Revue de philol., IV);
- Kern. Eine Imperativeform im Got. (Kuhn's Zeitschr. etc, XVI).
Notes
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what the "Imperative Mood" is in other dictionaries:
Imperative Dictionary of Russian synonyms. imperative n., number of synonyms: 1 imperative (7) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin ... Synonym dictionary
Imperative mood- IMPERATIVE MOOD. See Lean... Dictionary of literary terms
IMPERATIVE, oh, oh; flax, flax. Expressing command. P. gesture. P. tone. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Morphological category of conjugated (personal) forms of the verb. Represents an event as to be performed by the addressee: Write! It is expressed by the suffix - and - (rarely without it) and to denote plurality by the postfix - those. Imperative forms ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
- (lat. Modus Imperativus) already in the ancient era of the Indo-European proto-language, it was intended to encourage other people to a certain action. In Vedic Sanskrit P., inclination is used only in a positive sense and only in the later, classical ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
See imperative mood (in the article verb mood) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be permanent and non-permanent. So, permanent morphological features include person, gender, time, number. Let's deal with such a concept as the inclination of a verb in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.
In contact with
What is inclination?
This is a grammatical feature of the verb, which helps to change the word. This category is required for express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.
Important! The verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional.
.Depending on how words express their attitude to those processes that actually occur, verbs have moods:
- direct;
- indirect.
By direct is meant the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. Example: We watched a movie yesterday.
Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go to visit.
Thinking about the definition of a verb
Kinds
The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.
In modern times, there are three types:
- Indicative.
- Conditional.
- Imperative.
The first type usually denotes the action that actually going on and could happen in the past, can happen in the present, and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.
The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but already under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theatre.
The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your lessons tomorrow.
Three types of verb mood
How to determine the mood of a verb
In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real act, so this word will change from time to time.
If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.
Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to get the imperative verb form, they use a specific tense, for example, the future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it is possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.
The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to determine in the text, since it usually always has a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.
Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in the literal sense, but also figuratively. Usually, the figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category also changes.
indicative
The most common verbal word form in Russian is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to say that what actually happens to a person, object, or person. Only the indicative time can be determined, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or it will be in the future.
Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change over time:
- The present.
- Future.
- Past.
Every time here is formed in its own way. So, the future tense is formed with the help of the word "to be", which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and a simple form is. For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned my apartment all day long. (past time). I'll be cleaning the apartment all day long. (bud. vr.).
The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations these verb forms are the most common.
Conditional
Words that are used in a conditional form indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this. For example: I would pass this test if they helped me. To form such forms, you just need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can be placed anywhere in the sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.
The subjunctive, or conditional, has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some kind of action that could occur if special facilities were created for this, but also helps to express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.
The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the shades of the action condition. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my job didn't keep me going. There would be no trouble!
imperative
Imperative verbs induce the listener to do something. Such words, diverse in emotional and grammatical design, can be both polite when they contain some kind of request, and an order. For example: Please bring a book. Bring a book!
Imperative verb
Attention! If such a word is preceded by a particle not, then the imperative form will indicate that it is undesirable to perform the action. For example: Do not tear snowdrops!
The formation of this form also has its own characteristics:
- Often, introductory words are used to express a request, which are separated by commas in the letter.
- If it is necessary to address politely, then the word is put in the plural.
- The suffix -i is often used.
- It can be formed both from the verbal stems of the perfect and imperfect form.
- Sometimes they use the words let and let.
verb mood
Conclusion
Various moods are easy to learn, so they do not require memorizing the rules, the table of verb forms will help with this. Each verb, depending on the speech situation, can be used in any form. Therefore, this category is always defined only in the sentence.
Read the poem expressively, conveying in your voice an affectionate call to action. Name the verbs denoting the actions to which the author encourages. What person and number are they? Put these verbs in the 2nd person plural.
(V. Zhukovsky.)
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form of the 2nd person singular and plural. Imperative verbs do not change tenses.
Consider the table. From the basis of what forms of the verb the imperative mood is formed? What suffix forms this mood of the verb? What endings do imperative verbs have?
Forms of verbs in the imperative mood are formed from the stem of the present or future tense using the suffix -and- or no suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Relative to one face of the form on -those denote politeness (cf. take - take).
491 . In what sentences for the purpose of the statement are verbs in the imperative mood used? Write down the verbs in the imperative mood and form their plural forms. Which of these calls do you think is the most important?
Sample: create - create [cho].
Do it! Decorate the earth and life! Grow wheat if you are an agronomist, fight for greater truth, for goodness and justice if you are a writer. Do it! And don't make excuses if you do something bad.
(According to G. Nikolaeva.)
492 . Write off with missing commas. Mark the stem of the verbs in the imperative mood and the suffix -and-. Underline transitive verbs. Read the poem so that everyone hears how joyfully the mower encourages everyone to action: himself and the forces of nature.
Mower
(A. V. Koltsov.)
493 . Replace these verbs with similar meanings. Indicate the conditions for choosing the spelling being studied (see the sample in the box).
Do not Cry. Don't grieve. Do not hide from people 1 . Free me from unpleasant 3 conversations. Don't be too hard on yourself.
Reference: hide, cry, stubbornness, grieve, deliver.
494 . Replace imperfective verbs with perfective verbs. Determine which verbs are transitive (P.) or intransitive (n.).
Sample:
Make up phrases with the underlined words.
Comfort, (do not) touch, increase, (do not) weaken, meet, raise, (not) freeze, fry, speed up, push back, tip over.
495 . Copy by inserting suitable verbs (see reference material) and adding missing punctuation marks. Underline the conjugated verb.
1. Petya - - hurry to school. 2. Mitya - - a drawing in a briefcase. 3. Sixth graders - - everything is always in place - (never) you will never (neither) look for anything. 4. I'll wait for the next tr..mway, and you Misha - - on this one. 5 5. Are you tired Dmitry Sergeevich? - - take a rest.
For reference: b e gi - b e gyte, polo and and - polo and ite, cla d and - cla d ite, train and ai - train and aye, la G- la G those.
Determine the mood, person and number of the verbs. What conjugation are they? In what cases is it written in verbs -ite, and in which -et? Why is the 2nd person singular form given in brackets?
2nd person plural
-ite it is written in the imperative mood and in the indicative mood of verbs of II conjugation;
-et is written only in the indicative mood of verbs of the first conjugation.
496 . Determine the mood of the underlined verbs. Write by putting the verbs given in brackets in the correct form.
- go to the forest, (replenish) your herbarium, (search for) insects that are most often found in your area.
- You sit down into the boat and (head) to the opposite shore. There (choose) a place for a tent, (put) it.
497 . Put the verbs in the 2nd person plural: a) in the present or future tense; b) in the imperative mood.
Sample: take out - take out [eat] - take out [those].
Repeat, wait, choose, kick out, hold, shake out, crawl out, get out, sweep out, say, crave.
498 . Write down, above the verbs in the imperative mood, write the letter P., and above the verbs in the indicative mood, indicate the conjugation. Underline the verbs in the indefinite form. Which one is transitional?
Write .. those (not) big ra (s, ss) kaz about your favorite pastime .. 3 Remember what you love .. those to do .. take at your leisure. When you pick up 2 material for your essay, make a plan, discard 2 everything superfluous. After you write .. those draft, carefully check .. those written. (Take your time! When you are in a hurry .. you don’t notice .. those (in) reports and mistakes. Read your essay aloud, mark (in)accuracies and errors in the margins, correct them, supplement the essay. Now you can rewrite it.
You will get a good essay if you are demanding of yourself.
The imperative mood also has the forms of the 3rd person singular and plural and the 1st person plural.
499 . Write, underlining the verbs in the imperative mood as part of the sentence. How are the forms of the imperative mood formed in the underlined verbs?
1. If you love a joke about Thomas, then love yourself too. (Last) 2. Measure seven times, cut once (?). (Last) 3. Live longer, and you will see .. more. (Last) 4. How to bed ..sh, and sleep ..sh (?) Sya. (Last) 5. Long live the sun, let the darkness disappear. 4 (A. Pushkin.) 6. Nightingales, nightingales, (not) disturbing (?) those soldiers: let the soldiers a little sleep. (A. Fatyanov.) 7. Let there be peace on Earth! Let's do everything for our country to prosper.
500 . Write five invocations for the upcoming holiday. Use imperative, 1st person plural verbs, and 3rd person verbs with words yes, let.
Sample: Guys, let's plant trees on our street! Long live our country!
Explain the punctuation marks in the sentences you have written down.
501 . Write out the verbs separately: 1) in the indicative mood; 2) in the imperative mood; 3) in the conditional mood. Highlight the suffixes and endings of the verbs. Write out the phrases “verb + noun in the genitive case”.
1. (If I didn’t) work, I wouldn’t (not) achieve bread. 2. With your tongue (do not) rush, but with deeds (do not) laugh. 3. (Don't) blame your neighbor if you sleep until noon. 4. Who 3 (does not) work, that 3 (does not) eat. 5. A loafer is always (not) healthy (?) Xia. 6. Beautiful words (not) will add oil to the porridge. 7. (Don't) hurry with your tongue, hurry up with your deeds.
(Proverbs.)
502 . Review the drawings. What could have happened before and after what is shown in the pictures?
Title the story and write it. You can tell the story in both the 3rd and 1st person; for example, imagine that you are the boy assigned to put up the poster. And who will you tell about how you pasted the poster? Who are your listeners? In what setting are you telling this funny story? How are you being listened to? Underline the verbs. Specify their inclination.
Verbs change according to moods. The mood of the verb indicates how the action named by the verb relates to reality, that is, whether it actually happens, or only supposedly. Consider three verb forms:
asked, would ask, ask
First form - asked denotes an actual action already committed by someone. Second form - would ask denotes a supposedly possible action that could have happened but did not. Third form - ask denotes a supposedly possible action that has not yet taken place. These differences in the meanings of verbs divide them into three declensions: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.
Indicative
Indicative mood of the verb denotes an action that actually happened, is happening or will happen, for example:
puppy gnawed toy
puppy gnaws toy
puppy will gnaw toy
Consequently, verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses, that is, they can take the form of the present, past and future tenses:
ran- past tense
I run- present tense
I will run- future time
In the past tense in the singular, verbs change by gender, for example:
he ran- masculine
she ran- feminine
it ran- neuter gender
In the indicative mood, verbs change in person and number, for example:
we run- 1st person plural number
you run- 2nd person one. number
she is running- 3rd person is one. number
Conditional (subjunctive) mood
Conditional (subjunctive) mood denotes actions that can occur under a certain condition, that is, possible actions, for example:
I would read if the book is interesting.
If it's sunny, we'd go to the beach.
Conditional verbs can denote actions that are desired, that is, actions that want to happen, without any conditions:
I would drink tea.
We would sunbathe.
The conditional mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). As in the past tense, verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender.
Particle would (b) written separately from the verb. It can stand after the verb, before it, and can also be separated from the verb by other words, for example:
I would drink tea.
We would sunbathe .
I would with pleasure went down to the cinema.
With two or more conditional verbs, there may be one particle would, for example:
We would rest and had fun .
Imperative mood
Imperative verb denotes the actions to which the speaker encourages his listener or interlocutor. Imperative verbs can mean:
- orders:
sit down, get up, go
- tips:
go down better in movies. Better contact to the doctor.
- permission:
sit down, go
- wishes:
Let's go to the park? let's eat on ice cream?
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change in tenses, but change in numbers. To form the plural form, the ending is added to the singular form -those, for example:
sit down - sit down those
write write those
play - play those
To indicate politeness when referring to one person, plural verbs are used, compare:
pass - pass those
To soften a request or order, a particle is added to the form of the imperative mood -ka:
swear - swear - ka, pass - pass - ka
To express a sharp order, the indefinite form of the verb is used, for example:
Hands not touch! Sit silently!
The singular form of the 2nd person of the imperative mood is formed from the stem of present tense imperfective verbs or from the stem of future simple perfect tense verbs:
- If the stem ends in a vowel, then add th:
cop Yu(present time) - cop th (command. inc.)
digging Yu(bud. pr. time) - digging th (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the ending, then -and:
watchman y(present time) - watchman and (command. inc.)
watchman y(bud. pr. time) - watchman and (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then a soft sign is added -b:
dir at(present time) - dir b (command. inc.)
cut at(bud. pr. time) - sparse b (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in two consonants and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then instead of a soft sign -b added -and:
remember Yu(present time) - remember and (command. inc.)
remember Yu(bud. pr. time) - memory and (command. inc.)
Particles are used to form the 3rd person shape let, let, yes together with 3rd person present or future simple tense verbs, for example:
Let him play. Let him read.
Particle Yes expresses an appeal or a solemn wish, sentences with this particle are usually exclamatory:
let's go already! May it be eradicated evil!
To form the form of the 1st person plural, the form of the indicative mood of the 1st person with a special intonation (call to action) is used, for example:
Let's go to the beach!
The 1st person plural indicates that the speaker is inviting someone else to do the action with them. The ending can be added to this form -those or words come on, come on:
Let's go those to the beach!
Let's let's go to the beach!
let's let's go to the beach!
Imperative verbs do not have the 1st person singular form.
Reflexive verbs in the imperative mood have at the end -sya or -ss, for example:
boast, wash up
If the imperative mood ends in a consonant, except th, then a soft sign is written at the end of the verb - b, for example:
hide b, dir b, rise b
The soft sign is preserved before -sya (-sya) and -those:
hide b sya, dir b those get up b those
Note: from verb lie down imperative form - lie down, lie down, lie down, lie down. This verb is an exception and does not have a soft sign at the end in the imperative mood.
In Russian, there are three types of mood of verbs: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification, because each listed form helps to determine how the sentence mentioned is related to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or command that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some conditions necessary for this are met.
The first type is indicative, which is also called "indicative". This form means that the action has happened, is happening or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: I thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I searched - I search - I will search), and for the perfect form - only two: the past and the simple future (for example: figured out - figured out I did - I will do, I found - I will find). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the stem of the infinitive disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see).
The second type is conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called the "subjunctive". This form means that the action did not actually happen, but only is desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be carried out if some necessary conditions are met. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's minds. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of the past tense verb (that is, the base of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-” to it), as well as the particle “by” or “b”. These particles can be both before the verb and after it, and also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but never change by person and, as already mentioned, by tense. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look).
The third type is imperative mood, which is also called "imperative". This form means a request, advice, order, or a call to action. Imperative verbs are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have the zero ending in the singular and the ending "-te" in the plural. They also don't change over time. The imperative mood is formed with the help of the stem of the verb in the present or simple future tense, to which the suffix "-and-" is added, or in some cases a zero suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do it! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!)
The use of the 1st person plural forms is also possible. It is used to encourage joint action, in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of the imperfective verb or the perfective verb in the future tense, before which the following words are placed: come on, come on. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's make breakfast. Let's try this dish.)
Forms of the 3rd person singular and plural are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express the motivation for action of people who are not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!)
From time to time, to soften the order, the particle "-ka" is added to the verbs of the imperative mood (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.)
In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood.
So a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, trouble would have happened.) or the indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly once and say that she had already seen this man. And he take it and do it your way!)
A verb in the indicative mood can take on the meaning of an imperative. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.)
The verb in the conditional mood can also take on the meaning of the imperative. (For example: I'd say it like it is. Would you help your friend in need.)
All for study » Russian language » Mood of the verb: imperative, indicative, conditional
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