Hydraulic and pneumatic diagrams help you understand how hydraulic and pneumatic equipment functions. Individual elements of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits have their own symbols. Below are the symbols that you will meet on hydraulic diagrams.
| Working line. | |
| control line. | |
| Drain line. | |
| Flexible line. | |
| Electric wire. | |
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Inside the interrupted line, the instruments are built in one unit. |
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| Shaft, lever, rod, piston rod. | |
| Connection of lines. | |
| Crossing lines. | |
| Direction of oil flow in the hydraulic circuit. | |
| Direction of air flow in a pneumatic circuit. | |
| Direction. | |
| Direction of rotation. | |
| Direction of flow in the valve. The perpendicular shows the lateral movement of the arrow. | |
| Adjustment indication. | |
| Spring. | |
| Adjustable spring. |
Pumps and compressors.
designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure management.
Pressure controls.
Designation of various types of valves that control pressure in hydraulics on hydraulic diagrams. Designation of hydraulic motors.
Valves.
Designation of valves on hydraulic diagrams.
| The valve is indicated by a square or series of squares when each the square indicates one operating position of the valve. |
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| Directional control valves (e.g. boom control) | |
| The lines are connected to the square of the neutral position. Valve hole markings: P = pressure from the pump T - to the tank A, B, C ... - working lines Х,YZ... - control pressure a,b.c... - electrical control connections |
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One way to flow. |
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| Two paths for flow. | |
| One path for flow, two connections closed. | |
| Two paths for flow, one connection closed. | |
| In the following examples, the first digit indicates the number of connections. Second the number indicates the number of working positions. |
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| 3/2 control valve; control by pressure from both sides. | |
| 4/3 control valve; lever control, return spring. |
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| 6/3 control valve | |
| Shut-off valve (e.g. ball valve). | |
| stop valves. | |
| Pressure limiting valve. The valve opens the flow channel to the tank or to the air, when the valve inlet pressure exceeds the closing pressure. (Hydraulic left, pneumatic right). |
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| Pressure reducing valve, no pressure release. When the inlet pressure changes, the outlet pressure remains former. But the inlet pressure by reduction must be above outlet pressure |
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Hydraulic motors - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure reducing and check valves, flow regulators - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Filters, tanks, water separators and other elements on hydraulic diagrams.
Hot and cold water pipelines, drains, sewerage systems, gas supply networks, ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as heating systems are sanitary systems and engineering equipment of residential, industrial and public buildings.
In order to equip buildings for various purposes with engineering and sanitary systems, a set of working drawings is developed and compiled. It includes:
Plans and sections of installations
Plans, sections and axonometric diagrams of systems
General data of water supply, heating, sewerage, ventilation and air conditioning systems
The main components of engineering and sanitary systems are:
Pipelines (risers, horizontal lines and connections to devices)
Pipe fittings (valves, cocks, gate valves, valves, etc.)
Various equipment (pumps, filters, air conditioners, water heaters, etc.)
The basis for drawing up drawings of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings and structures is the information that is contained in the architectural and construction drawings, on the sections and plans on them. It contains graphic images and layouts of pipelines and pipeline fittings, as well as developments, profiles and sections of walls, which depict both the elements of engineering and sanitary systems themselves, and the connections that should be between them. For a more visual and understandable image of the most complex nodes, some fragments of sections and plans are made on a larger scale.
The axonometric diagrams, made in frontal isometry, depict the most complex in their design and the most extensive networks of plumbing, heating systems and gas supply systems. At the same time, for individual sections of pipelines, the values \u200b\u200bof such quantities as the diameter, direction and length of the slope, as well as the length of the section, are indicated. Specifications of equipment and materials are attached to the working drawings.
According to accepted standards, conventional graphic symbols are used to depict various elements of sanitary systems in diagrams and drawings. Special tables contain the designations that should be used to depict both the pipelines themselves and the fittings used in them on axonometric diagrams, developments, sections and plans of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings.
According to GOST 21.601 - 79, a solid main line is used to draw conditional graphic elements of pipeline systems, and those parts that are invisible (in channels, underground) - a dashed line of the same thickness. A thin solid line is used to depict technological equipment and building structures.
If it is necessary to draw the dimensions of the symbols of pipeline fittings (gate valves, valves, etc.), then their dimensions are taken equal to 3-3.5 pipe diameters. Elements of networks and sanitary systems are supplied with special brands (alphanumeric designations).
The table below shows the conditional graphic elements of pipelines GOST 2.784 - 96.
| Piping elements | |
| Designation | Name |
| Pipe line suction, pressure, drain | |
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Piping of the control line, drainage, air outlet, condensate drainage |
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Piping connection |
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Crossing pipelines without connection |
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Connection point for power take-off or measuring device (closed) |
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Connection point for power take-off or measuring device (connected) |
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Pipeline with vertical riser |
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Flexible pipeline, hose |
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Isolated pipeline section |
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Pipeline in a pipe (case) |
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Pipeline in stuffing box |
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Detachable piping connection |
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flange connection |
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Union threaded connection |
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Union threaded connection |
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Sleeve elastic connection |
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Swivel joint single-line |
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Swivel joint three-way |
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Pipe end for detachable connection |
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Flanged end |
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Union threaded end |
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Coupling threaded end |
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Sleeve elastic |
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The end of the pipeline with a plug (plug) |
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Flanged pipe end with plug |
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Threaded pipe end with plug |
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Tee |
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cross |
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Branch (elbow) |
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Splitter, collector, comb |
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Siphon (water seal) |
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Transition, adapter pipe |
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Transition flange |
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Union transition |
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Quick coupling without locking element (connected or disconnected) |
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Quick coupling with locking element (connected and disconnected) |
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Compensator |
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Compensator U-shaped |
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Lyre-shaped compensator |
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Lens compensator |
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Wavy compensator |
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Compensator Z-shaped |
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Bellows expansion joint |
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Ring compensator |
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Telescopic compensator |
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Shock-absorbing insert |
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Soundproof insert |
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Electrical insulating insert |
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Place of resistance with a flow rate dependent on the viscosity of the working medium |
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Place of resistance with a flow rate that does not depend on the viscosity of the working medium (throttle washer, restrictive flow meter, diaphragm) |
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Fixed pipeline support |
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Movable support (general designation) |
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Ball bearing |
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support guide |
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sliding support |
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roller support |
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elastic support |
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Suspension fixed |
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suspension guide |
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Suspension elastic |
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Water hammer absorber |
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Breakthrough membrane |
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Nozzle |
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Atmospheric air intake |
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Engine air intake |
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Connecting device to other systems (testing machines, washing machines, air conditioners, etc.) |
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Lubrication point |
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Splash lubrication point |
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Drip lubrication |
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Grease nozzle |
The hydraulic scheme is an element of technical documentation, which, using symbols, shows information about the elements of the hydraulic system, and the relationship between them.
According to the ESKD standards, hydraulic circuits are designated in the main inscription cipher with the letter "G" (- the letter "P").
As can be seen from the definition, hydraulic scheme conditionally shows the elements that are interconnected by pipelines - designated lines. Therefore, in order to correctly read the hydraulic circuit, you need to know how this or that element is indicated on the diagram. Symbols for elements are indicated in GOST 2.781-96. Study this document and you will be able to find out how the main elements of hydraulics are indicated.
Designations of hydraulic elements on the diagrams
Consider the main elements hydraulic circuits.
Pipelines
The pipelines on the hydraulic diagrams are shown with solid lines connecting the elements. Control lines are usually shown as a dotted line. The directions of fluid movement, if necessary, can be indicated by arrows. Often on hydraulic diagrams they indicate lines - a letter P denotes the pressure line, T - drain, X - control, l - drainage.
The connection of lines is shown with a dot, and if the lines intersect in the diagram, but are not connected, the intersection point is indicated by an arc.
Tank
The tank in hydraulics is an important element that is the storage of hydraulic fluid. A tank connected to the atmosphere is shown on the hydraulic diagram as follows.
A closed tank or container, such as a hydraulic accumulator, is shown as a closed loop.
Shown below hydraulic drive diagram, allowing you to move the rod of the hydraulic cylinder, with the possibility of charging the accumulator.
This article lists the most commonly used symbols of elements on hydraulic diagrams of metal-cutting machines. Images of elements of various hydraulic circuits and their description are given.
In the drawings of hydraulic circuits, normalized equipment and working bodies are depicted by symbols, highways - by lines. Special devices are depicted semi-constructively.
1. Introduction. The composition of the hydraulic drive
Semi-constructive (a) and schematic (b) representation of the hydraulic drive
In its most general form, a hydraulic drive consists of a source of hydraulic energy - a pump, a hydraulic motor and a connecting line (pipeline).
On the hydraulic diagram in Fig. 1.4 semi-constructively (a) and schematically (b) shows the simplest hydraulic drive, in which the pump 2, driven by the electric motor 11, sucks the working fluid from the tank 1 and feeds it through the filter 4 into the hydraulic system, and the maximum pressure is limited by the adjustable spring force of the safety valve 3 (controlled pressure gauge 10). To avoid accelerated wear or failure, the relief valve setting pressure must not be higher than the pump's rated pressure.
Depending on the position of the distributor handle 5, the working fluid flows through pipelines (hydraulic lines) 6 into one of the chambers (piston or rod) of the cylinder 7, causing its piston to move along with the rod and working body 8 at a speed v, and the fluid from the opposite chamber through the distributor 5 and adjustable resistance (throttle) 9 is forced into the tank.
With a fully open throttle and a slight load on the working body, all the working fluid supplied by the pump enters the cylinder, the maximum speed, and the value of the working pressure depends on the losses in the filter 4, devices 5 and 9, cylinder 7 and hydraulic lines 6. Covering the throttle 9, You can reduce the speed up to a complete stop of the working body. In this case (as well as when the piston rests against the cylinder cover or an excessive increase in the load on the working body), the pressure in the hydraulic system rises, the ball of the safety valve 3, compressing the spring, moves away from the seat and the working fluid supplied by the pump (pump supply) is partially or completely bypassed through safety valve into the tank under maximum working pressure.
During prolonged operation in bypass mode, due to large power losses, the working fluid in the tank quickly heats up.
On the hydraulic diagram in the form of symbols are presented:
- source of hydraulic energy -- pump 2;
- hydraulic motor- cylinder 7;
- guide hydraulic equipment- distributor 5;
- control hydraulic equipment- valve 3 and throttle 9;
- control devices- manometer 10;
- working fluid reservoir- tank 1;
- working environment air conditioner- filter 4;
- pipelines - 6.
Hydraulic drives of stationary machines are classified by pressure, method of regulation, type of circulation, methods of control and monitoring.
2. The composition of the hydraulic drive on the example of the power head of the aggregate machine
Hydraulic system of the power head of the aggregate machine
Depending on the way the mechanisms and equipment are depicted on the schematic diagrams, they can be semi-constructive, complete and transverse.
The hydraulic system of any option has at least two main lines - pressure and drain. Purpose-built routes are connected to them, which connect hydraulic motors of one or another action with the highways. There are routes: initial, free movement, precise movement, unregulated movements, control and blocking.
On fig. 244 shows a semi-constructive, complete and transient diagram of the power head of a unit machine, which performs three transitions per cycle: fast approach, working stroke and fast retraction. In the semi-constructive scheme (Fig. 244, a) during the "Quick approach" transition, both spools are displaced by pushing electromagnets: the main spool 1 to the right, and the spool 2 of the rapid moves to the left. In this position, the oil from the pump through the first left neck of the spool 1 enters the extra-rod cavity of the cylinder 5, and from the opposite cavity of the same cylinder through the neck of the spool 2 and the second neck of the spool 1 is sent to the tank.
At the “stroke” transition, the electromagnet of the spool 2 is turned off, which causes the oil from the rod end of the cylinder 3 to flow to the drain through the speed controller 4 and then through the third neck of the spool 1 into the tank.
During the “Quick retraction” transition, the spool solenoid 1 turns off, and the spool solenoid 2 turns on again, and this changes the direction of the oil flow: from the pump through the second neck of the spool 1 into the rod end of the cylinder, and from the opposite cavity through the first neck of the spool 1 into the tank. In the "Stop" position, both electromagnets are turned off, the spools become in the position shown in the diagram, and the pressure line from the pump through the second neck of the spool 1, the neck of the spool 2 and the annular recess around the rightmost drum of the spool 1 is connected to the tank.
On the complete circuit diagram (Fig. 244, b), all elements of the hydraulic system have designations similar to those of the semi-constructive diagram, so the above description of the operation of the hydraulic drive can be used in this case as well. Comparing the diagrams, it can be seen that the design of the second diagram is simpler, and, in addition, it clearly shows the function of the spools in their various positions.
The cross-sectional diagrams (Fig. 244, e) show the same elements, and, in addition, the signs “+” and “-” and arrows of various lengths make it possible to clarify the actions of electromagnets and a power cylinder. In fact, from the consideration of diagram 1, it follows that both electromagnets are connected, and oil from the pressure line NM through one neck of the spool 1 enters the extra-rod cavity of the cylinder 3, and from the opposite cavity it is torn off through the necks of the spools 2 and 1. The piston moves in the direction " Stem forward” accelerated (long arrow).
It follows from diagram II that only spool 1 works in this transition, which remains in the same position, and turning off high-speed spool 2 turns on speed controller 4, consisting of a pressure reducing valve and a throttle. The piston at this transition moves in the same direction, but at operating speed (short arrow). Diagram III shows that spool 2 is switched on again, and spool 1 is switched off, but takes part in this transition. With this switching of the spools, oil from the NM line through the necks of both spools enters the rod cavity of the cylinder, and from the opposite cavity it drains through the second neck of the spool 1. The piston changes its speed and direction. From scheme IV it follows that both spools are disabled, and the pressure line is connected to the tank through their necks, and therefore, in this position, even when the pump is running, the hydraulic drive is turned off.
3. Symbols of hydraulic drive elements on hydraulic diagrams
Symbols are used for functional representation of hydraulic drive elements and consist of one or more basic and functional symbols. In accordance with DIN ISO 1219-91, GOST 2.781-96 and 2.782-96, the following basic symbols are used:
- continuous line- main hydraulic line (suction, pressure, drain), electric line;
- dotted line- control line, drainage, indication of an intermediate position;
- dot-dash line- combining several components into a single unit;
- double line- mechanical connection (shaft, rod, lever, rod);
- circle- pump or hydraulic motor, measuring device (pressure gauge, etc.), check valve, swivel joint, hinge, roller (with a dot in the center);
- semicircle- rotary hydraulic motor;
- square (with a joint perpendicular to the sides)- hydraulic apparatus, drive unit (except for electric motor);
- square (with corner connection)- air conditioning of the working environment (filter, heat exchanger, lubricator);
- rectangle- hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic device, adjustment element;
- open top rectangle- tank;
- oval- accumulator, gas bottle, pressurized tank.
Functional symbols include triangles (black - hydraulics, white - pneumatics), various arrows, lines, springs, arcs (for throttles), the letter M for electric motors.
Symbols of the hydrodistributor
In the designation of hydraulic valves there are several squares nearby (in accordance with the number of positions, i.e. fixed positions of the spool relative to the body), and hydraulic lines are connected to one of the positions (initial): P - pressure, T - drain, A and B - for connecting hydraulic motor. The number of hydraulic lines can be different: P, T, A and B - for four-line devices; P, T and A - for three-line; P, T1 (TA), T2 (TV), A and B - for five-line, etc.
Examples of symbols for hydraulic valves
On fig. 1.6, a shows the symbol of a four-line three-position apparatus (4/3 hydraulic valve) with electrical control from two pushing electromagnets (Y1 and Y2) and spring return to the initial position 0, in which all lines are locked. When the electromagnet Y1 is turned on, the spool moves to the right, and you can determine the connection option for the lines by mentally moving the square corresponding to position a to the place of the square of position 0. As you can see, the lines P-B and A-T are connected. When the electromagnet Y2 is turned on in position b, a connection of P-A and B-T occurs. If it is necessary to show the connection of lines in intermediate positions at the moment of switching from one position to another, dotted squares are added between the main positions (Fig. 1.6, b). In hydraulic valves controlled, for example, from a proportional electromagnet Y3 (Fig. 1.6, c), many different intermediate positions are possible, and two horizontal lines are added to the symbol. Conventional graphic designations of the main elements of the hydraulic drive are given in table. 1.1.
An example of a hydraulic circuit
Letter position designations of the main elements of the hydraulic circuit:
- BUT- Device (general designation)
- AK- Hydraulic accumulator (pneumatic accumulator)
- AT- Heat exchanger
- B- Hydraulic tank
- VD- Dehumidifier
- VN- valve
- WT- Hydrodisplacer
- G- Air silencer
- D- Hydraulic motor (pneumatic motor) rotary
- DP- Flow divider
- DR- Hydrothrottle (pneumothrottle)
- ZM- Hydraulic lock (pneumatic lock)
- To- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve)
- HF- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve) time delay
- KD- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve) pressure
- KO- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve) return
- KP- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve) safety
- KR- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve) reducing
- KM- Compressor
- M- Hydraulic motor (pneumatic motor)
- MN- Manometer
- MP- Hydrodynamic transmission
- MR- Oil sprayer
- MS- Butter dish
- MF- Hydrodynamic clutch
- H- Pump
- ON THE- Axial piston pump
- NM- Pump-motor
- NP- Vane pump
- HP- Radial piston pump
- PG- Pneumohydroconverter
- ETC- Hydraulic converter
- R- Hydrodistributor (pneumatic distributor)
- RD- Pressure switch
- RZ- Hydraulic device (pneumatic device) spool
- RK- Hydraulic device (pneumatic device) valve
- RP- Flow regulator
- PC- Receiver
- FROM- Separator
- joint venture- Flow totalizer
- T- Thermometer
- TR- Hydrodynamic transformer
- HC- Air vent device
- US- Hydraulic booster
- F- Filter
- C- Hydraulic cylinder (pneumatic cylinder)
For the depiction of various elements and devices on hydraulic diagrams, symbols and graphic symbols are used - All sizes of the symbolic graphic symbols specified in the standards can be proportionally changed.
In addition, other graphic symbols can be used - Graphic symbols are performed with lines of the same thickness as the communication lines.
To simplify the drawing of the circuit (reducing breaks and intersections of communication lines), it is allowed to depict conventional graphic symbols rotated by an angle multiple of 90 or 45 degrees, as well as mirrored in a state of compression).
It is allowed to place various technical data on the diagrams, the nature of which is determined by the purpose of the diagram - They can be located near the graphic (on the right or above) or in the free field of the diagram (preferably above the main inscription).
Near the graphic designations of the elements, their alphanumeric positional designations are indicated, and in the free field of tables, diagrams, textual indications - The alphanumeric designation consists of an alphabetic designation (BO) and a serial number affixed after the BO - BO schemes are determined by GOST 2.704-76 - For designations, capital letters of the alphabet are used, which are the initial or characteristic for the name of the element - Letters and numbers in positional designations on the diagram are made in the font of the same size - Ordinal numbers must be assigned in accordance with the sequence of arrangement of elements or devices on the diagram from top to bottom in the direction from left to right .
Technical data about the elements of the circuits must be recorded in the list of elements - At the same time, the connection of the list with the conditional graphic designations of the elements should be carried out through positional designations - For simple diagrams, all information about the elements is allowed to be placed near the conditional graphic designations on the shelves of leader lines - The list of elements is drawn up in in the form of a table and placed on the first sheet of the diagram above the main inscription, the distance between them must be at least 12 mm - Also, the list can be made in the form of an independent document in A4 format.
In the main inscription indicate the name of the product and the name of the document - In the columns of the list indicate the following data: in the column - the positional designation of the element, device or designation of the functional group on the diagram; in the column - the name of the 26 element in accordance with the document on the basis of which it was applied and the designation of this document - If it is necessary to indicate the technical data of the element, it is recommended to indicate them in the column.
It is allowed to indicate on the diagram flow parameters in communication lines: pressure, flow rate, temperature, etc., as well as parameters to be measured at control taps.
4. Symbols on hydraulic diagrams adopted in the USSR
The method of depicting lines in the hydraulic systems of machine tools is non-standard - The most convenient is the following method, adopted by many organizations and used in the technical literature:
- highways connecting various devices - with thick solid lines;
- highways made inside the apparatus - thin solid lines;
- drainage lines - with thin dashed lines - The symbols of the devices are drawn with contour solid lines of normal thickness - The junctions of the lines are indicated by a line and a dot (pos - 43, fig - 4); intersections without connections should be highlighted with a bypass sign (pos - 44, fig - 4).
Figure - 4 shows the main symbols on hydraulic diagrams adopted in the USSR:
- general designation of an unregulated pump without specifying the type and type;
- general designation of an adjustable pump without specifying the type and type;
- vane pump (rotary vane) double action unregulated types G12-2, G14-2;
- double vane (rotary vane) pumps with different capacities;
- unregulated gear pump type G11-1;
- unregulated radial piston pump;
- adjustable radial piston pump type PPR, NPM, NPCM, NPD and NPS;
- pump and hydraulic motor axial-piston (with inclined washer) unregulated;
- pump and hydraulic motor axial-piston (with swash plate) adjustable types 11D and 11P;
- general designation of an unregulated hydraulic motor without specifying the type;
- general designation of an adjustable hydraulic motor without specifying the type;
- plunger hydraulic cylinder;
- telescopic hydraulic cylinder;
- single-acting hydraulic cylinder;
- double-acting hydraulic cylinder;
- hydraulic cylinder with double-sided rod;
- hydraulic cylinder with differential rod;
- single-acting hydraulic cylinder with piston return with spring rod;
- servomotor (torque hydraulic cylinder);
- apparatus (main symbol);
- spool types G73-2, BG73-5 controlled by an electromagnet;
- spool with manual control type G74-1;
- spool with cam control type G74-2;
- check valve type G51-2;
- pressure spool type G54-1;
- pressure spool type G66-2 with check valve;
- two-way spool type G74-3 with a check valve;
- safety valve type G52-1 with overflow spool;
- pressure reducing valve type G57-1 with a regulator;
- four-way valve, type G71-21;
- four-way three-position crane type 2G71-21;
- three-way valve (three-channel);
- two-way valve (through passage);
- damper (unregulated resistance);
- choke (unregulated resistance) types G77-1, G77-3;
- choke with regulator types G55-2, G55-3;
- general designation of the filter;
- lamellar filter;
- mesh filter;
- pressure switch;
- pneumatic accumulator;
- manometer;
- pipe connection;
- pipe intersections without connection;
- plug in the pipeline;
- reservoir (tank);
- drain;
- drainage.
Features and benefits of hydraulic drive
hydraulic drive- a set of devices (which include one or more volumetric hydraulic motors) designed to drive mechanisms and machines by means of a pressurized working fluid. Hydraulic drives are one of the most intensively developing sub-sectors of modern mechanical engineering. Compared to other known drives (including electromechanical and pneumatic ones), hydraulic drives have a number of advantages. Let's consider the main ones.
- Possibility of obtaining great strength and power with limited sizes of hydraulic motors. So a hydraulic cylinder with a piston diameter of 100 mm at a pressure of 70 MPa, which can be created by a hand pump, develops a force of about 55 tons, therefore, using special jacks, you can manually raise the bridges.
- High performance ensuring the required quality of transient processes. Modern hydraulic drives, such as test benches, are capable of working out a given impact with a frequency of up to several hundred hertz.
- Wide range of stepless speed control with good fluidity. For example, for hydraulic motors, the control range reaches 1:7000.
- Ability to protect the hydraulic system from overload and precise control of the acting forces. The force developed by the hydraulic cylinder is determined by the area of its piston and the working pressure, the value of which is set by setting the safety valve and controlled by a pressure gauge. For a hydraulic motor, the magnitude of the developed torque is proportional to the working volume (overall dimensions of the hydraulic motor) and the operating fluid pressure.
- Obtaining rectilinear motion using a hydraulic cylinder without kinematic transformations (an electromechanical drive usually requires a gearbox, screw or rack gear, etc.). By selecting the areas of the piston and rod chambers, it is possible to provide a certain ratio of forward and reverse speeds. An important circumstance is the ideal protection of hydraulic cylinders from external contaminants, which makes it possible to successfully operate hydraulic drives, for example, in mining equipment, excavators and other machines operating in conditions of increased environmental pollution, and in some cases even under water.
- Extensive range of control mechanisms, ranging from manual to direct control from a personal computer, allows you to optimally use hydraulic drives for automating production processes in various branches of technology, successfully combining the exceptional power and dynamic qualities of hydraulics with the ever-expanding capabilities of microelectronics and integrated control systems.
- Wide range of energy storage and recovery options form a good basis for the development of modern, energy-efficient hydraulic drive mechanisms.
- Layout of hydraulic drives mainly from unified products, mass-produced by specialized factories, provides a reduction in manufacturing costs, an increase in quality and reliability, the convenience of placing on a machine a large number of compact hydraulic motors (hydraulic cylinders or hydraulic motors) powered by one or more pumps, and opens up wide opportunities for repair and modernization.
- Biryukov B.N. Hydraulic equipment of machine tools., 1979
- Sveshnikov V.K. Machine hydraulic drives: A Handbook - 6th ed. revised and additional - St. Petersburg: Polytechnic, 2015
- Kucher A.M., Kivatitsky M.M., Pokrovsky A.A., Metal-cutting machines (Album), 1972
Bibliography:
Any serious construction begins with the drafting of the project. This allows in advance, even at the level of diagrams and drawings, to arrange and place in the room all the engineering communications necessary for a comfortable stay. The main ones, along with gas supply, heating and garbage disposal, are cold and hot water supply with sewerage and drains.
For the convenience of planning and reading the designed documentation during construction, GOST developed, approved and regulated in SNiP the symbols for all systems installed at construction sites, as well as sanitary requirements for each of them. They also include a detailed symbolism of the nodes required to bring water into the house, filter it and remove it from it as part of sewer waste.
This table shows all the design symbols for water supply and sewerage communications used in construction:
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Symbols for water supply and sewerage are uniform throughout the Russian Federation and the CIS countries. You cannot change them at your own discretion. The reason is simple: any trained plumber should understand the plumbing arrangement drawing. This will help to avoid errors in the technology of work and, ultimately, provide the most efficient way to operate the facility's water supply.
Symbols on the drawings and diagrams for the installation of plumbing should be indicated during the construction of any construction object, whether it be a multi-storey building, a cottage or any industrial building. They also apply in computer programs such as AutoCAD used in the creation of projects for water supply and sewerage facilities.
Features of drawing up diagrams and drawings
Plumbing designations of conventional symbols of various nodes are used both in the diagrams of the object and in its drawings. Both types of graphical display of communications, in general, perform the same task - the creation of a working draft, which is the main document during construction work.
A scheme is an idea, the beginning of everything, most often based on a specific technical problem. It runs on any medium, including a simple notepad. All elements of the upcoming design here can be fixed quite conditionally, only with the designation of mounting nodes and their communication links at the facility. For example, like this:
However, diagrams are more informative, where the projection of the constructed communications and the symbols of all the proposed nodes are indicated. Depending on the need, two types of projections are used in the diagrams - two-dimensional and three-dimensional (isometric).
2D ( axonometric) diagrams allow you to represent an object in two planes: along the length and height or along the length and width:
Isometric projection more informative. It makes it possible to immediately evaluate the working area in terms of length, width and height:
Even more visual for the designer is a three-dimensional image in a 3D computer format. With it, it is much easier to maintain the scale and the required dimensions.
The presence of all dimensions in all three planes, made on a given scale, turns a detailed and neatly executed diagram into a drawing. All drawings in construction projects are made on paper. This makes them more convenient to use on objects. At large construction sites equipped with computers, information is duplicated on special sites with the ability to view each drawing area in 3D.
The main task of the project is to create a plan that takes into account all the details of supplying cold and hot water to the facility and its subsequent sewerage.
The specification of the proposed drawings is also important, in particular data on the wells available at the construction site, as well as the topography of the area. In addition, the project includes all certified materials necessary for the work.
All symbols on the drawings must comply with GOST. Otherwise, it will be impossible to accurately perform installation work. It is also necessary to take into account the requirements of SPDS (project documentation system for construction) for the development and accounting of documentation designed to install plumbing at construction sites. Only in this way can you be sure that the house's water supply and sewerage will work efficiently and safely.
Symbols on drawings for water pipes
Before developing a water supply project for a building and, in particular, a country house, the entire group of factors that can affect the functioning of the water supply system is identified.
These factors include, first of all, the presence or absence of a centralized water supply network near the construction site, and whether it can lead to pressure drops. If there is no network, a local water supply system is designed with the installation of a storage tank.
The process of creating a project goes through several stages:
- Based on the total number of water-consuming points in the house and on the site, the maximum load on the water supply system is calculated.
- Methods are being developed to compensate for water supply when pressure drops in the central or local network.
- A drawing is being made.
- Equipment is selected according to the selected scheme.
In order to correctly place the symbols of the water supply system on the drawings of the designed object, the designer needs to imagine what elements the water supply system consists of. The number of plumbing elements and the material from which sanitary fittings are made can be different in cost and quality, but this does not fundamentally change anything.
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Symbols of pipeline schemes and the corresponding equipment of the water supply system in all cases remain approximately as follows in composition:
- well (or other source);
- pump;
- storage tank with a tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for domestic water supply, the other for technical (garden, kitchen garden);
- water filtration system for home with tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for cold water, the other for hot.
Piping symbols are intended to show the hot and cold water piping system.
Cold water from the tee of the filtration system enters the collector installed in the house. From there it is distributed through pipes to existing plumbing points.
Hot water is brought to the heater and then exactly the same is bred point by point. This diagram clearly demonstrates this:
Sewerage: design features
The sewerage system in any house or industrial premises is divided into an indoor and outdoor module. The first covers cleaning inside buildings, the second provides for external sewerage around the house.
The internal sewer module is formed from a network of pipelines combined into one complex. This module has only one outlet from the house, connected to the outdoor module by means of a non-return valve, which prevents the system from overflowing with water in case the outdoor tanks are overfilled.
Into which all internal and external drains from external sewer inlets merge, including “storm water”, if it is available on the site.
Storm sewage system
What are the types, who performs maintenance and installation features
When designing, a number of calculations are made. The main ones are:
- determination of the localization of plumbing units indoors and ways to connect them to the sewer;
- choice of drainage methods (forced or self-drainage). In the case of self-drainage of water, the slope of the pipes is calculated, as well as their marking.
In addition, the project takes into account:
- environmental requirements for the site adjacent to the house: a cesspool with a septic tank should not be located near wells with drinking water;
- method of disposal of sewage. It can be autonomous with disposal through a cesspool or centralized with waste disposal through the community sewerage system available near the house.
Symbols of internal sewerage
Internal sewerage is designed to divert waste from all plumbing installations available in the room. The water formed as a result of the life of its inhabitants, mainly moves through pipelines installed with a certain slope, in a natural way. In rare cases, this requires forced promotion.
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The rooms in which the plumbing is located are planned close to each other. This helps to speed up the drain and reduces the likelihood of clogging the sewer.
In order to avoid the appearance of unpleasant odors, hydraulic locking siphons are provided for each plumbing fixture during planning. The end of the pipe, which unites all the outlets, is brought out through the wall to the outside of the building.
Sewer designation should take into account both internal and external sewer networks.
Internal sewerage includes signs indicating:
- taps from all sanitary facilities available in the room;
- risers that allow pumping waste from the upper floors to the lower ones;
- collectors that collect wastewater from various sources;
- exhaust systems;
- treatment plants;
- ventilation pipelines;
- cleaning pipes;
- hydraulic seals that prevent the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer;
- sewer plugs.
The designation of the sewer plug is mandatory. If there are several plugs, the location of each should be indicated on the drawing.
The internal sewerage system in residential premises is designed in the isometry of pipelines with symbols, primarily as a system for household waste. At the same time, it provides for drains associated with storm sewers or special trays around the perimeter of the building. A special siphon is installed at the place where drains are released from the house.
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The symbol in the axonometry of the sewer includes the elements that are the source of sewer waste:
- equipment for sanitary facilities (baths, sinks, toilet bowls, bidets);
- dishwashers and washing machines;
- industrial equipment with water waste systems.
Flushing devices are connected to the water supply. Waste water is directed to the external sewer through siphons, which are also hydraulic locks - U-shaped pipes with water. Each siphon is connected to a pipe with holes for revision in case of blockage.
The drawing also conventionally indicates the sewer pipes, as well as their fittings, with the help of which the effluents are diverted to cast-iron or plastic risers - tees, elbows, crosses. The attic outlet of the riser to the roof is also indicated in the drawing, which prevents the gas contamination of the room with unpleasant odors.
Graphic symbols on the drawings of external sewerage
External sewerage covers water treatment and spillway outside the home. It can be all-alloy, semi-separating, separating. Alloy sewerage is designed to collect all types of sewage into a collector with subsequent direction to a sewage treatment network.
Semi-separating sewerage is aimed at removing all rainfall without dividing it into polluted and clean.
Sewerage symbols in the drawings of the separation system include a storm and household network.
Storm outlets collect rainwater or industrial runoff and, without prior treatment, discharge it into a sewer well or reservoir.
The sewer network, designed for household needs, passes atmospheric precipitation or effluents of industrial origin through a special filtration system.
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Graphic signs on wiring diagrams without fail display:- devices for receiving waste water;
- pipes for drainage;
- external sewer riser;
- exhaust ventilation pipe;
- hydraulic lock;
- outlet;
- yard sewerage network;
- sewer well with a cover;
- drain funnel;
- internal sewer riser.
Each of these elements has a specific function in the system for receiving, transmitting and cleaning sewer and storm drains, and therefore must be installed both in the house and in the area adjacent to it.
Summary of the article
It is difficult to overestimate the value of symbols in the practice of building design. In the process of studying the material, a large amount of information is worked out, concerning not only the equipment mounted at the facility. It is important to create a drawing that would be understandable to the direct executors of the work: it should be easy to read.
That's what symbols are for. They can be alphabetic, digital, but the most obvious is the graphic, sign, option.
The pictograms used by the developer of the project allow the master reading the drawing to easily determine which element of the system being created and where should be installed. This greatly facilitates the process of installing water supply and sewerage at the facility.
The great advantage of the symbols is the fact that with their help, according to GOST, not only plumbing communications, but also the plumbing itself can be applied to the drawing: a sink, faucets, a bathtub, a shower, a toilet bowl.
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Each of these elements is displayed in the form of a specific picture. This makes it possible to immediately understand what should be installed in one place or another, and, ultimately, to carry out the work more quickly and efficiently.
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