Problem 5.1. Define the term "social group".
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Problem 5.2. What, in your opinion, is the difference between such social roles as a leader and a group leader?
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Problem 5.3. Describe the main styles of team leadership
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Problem 5.4. Write the stages of development of spontaneous mass behavior. Explain these steps with a specific example.
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Task 5.5. Using the diagram, describe the structure of the social group.
Problem 5.6. Think of effective ways to prevent riots, stop panic and spread rumors in the following problem situations.
a) On opposite paths, two irreconcilable groups of football fans are approaching each other. They are walking along one of the central streets of Moscow. A clash of groups can lead to casualties and numerous victims, both from the conflicting "fans" and bystanders;
b) During a rock concert, the scenery caught fire due to a short circuit in the sound equipment. There was a fire on the stage and later the fire spread to the side walls of the auditorium. Panic arose in the public, which consisted mainly of minors;
c) Rumors are circulating among the members of the housing cooperative that their house in a prestigious area of the center of Moscow will be demolished, and in its place the city government plans to build a parking lot for cars in order to “unload” the main highways of the center of Moscow.
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Problem 5.7. Enter the main features of an organized criminal group.
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Problem 5.8. Small groups can be formal (formal) and informal (informal). Determine which are formal and which are informal. List the main differences between them.
Battalion of soldiers __________________
Classroom __________________
A group of children playing in the sandbox __________________
Working team __________________
A group of children cleaning the street __________________
A group of tourists traveling abroad __________________
Training platoon __________________
Teachers working in the same school __________________
Problem 5.9. Answer the question: what determines the acceptance of a certain social role and status in a group by a person.
Problem 5.10. What type of criminal group does this community of people who have committed crimes belong to?
In the city, cases of attacks on commercial firms in order to seize valuable property and money have become more frequent. The crimes were committed by a group of people, well-armed, acting in concert and debugged, quickly and cruelly. The victims reported that the perpetrators appeared suddenly and disappeared instantly.
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Problem 5.11. Using the template provided, describe the structure of a primitive criminal group and describe the functions that members of the primitive group perform.
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Problem 5.12. To describe the main phenomena characteristic of small groups, the following concepts are used: "status", "role", "imitation", "collectivism". The descriptions given illustrate the relevant intra-group phenomena. Determine what intra-group phenomena are involved.
The constant care of the team members about his
success, the desire to resist what divides them.
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Normatively given and collectively approved behavior expected from a person occupying a certain position in a group.
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The position of a person in the system of intra-group relations, which determines his authority in the eyes of other members of the group.
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Consciously or unconsciously following the actions and actions of other people.
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Problem 5.13. Analyze the plot of the criminal case, determine the status of each member of the criminal group and the factors that determine this status.
Information from a criminal case. A criminal group of 6 teenagers committed a group rape of underage Katya 3. During the investigation, it was established that Katya 3. was friends with a member of this criminal group, Sasha N. A month before the crime, the group suggested Sasha to make Katya a "group girl". Sasha refused. A few days later, he lost at cards, and the group "put him on the counter." The day before the rape, the group demanded to repay the card debt or give her their girlfriend. Otherwise, he himself will be "lowered." Sasha invited Katya to the basement, where the group usually gathered. Further, the group pushed Sasha out of the basement, closed the door, leaving the common group girl Raya Zh. "on the lookout", and committed a group rape of Katya. From Katya's testimony and interrogation of the defendants, it was established that Sergei R. had raped her first, and Misha B. the last. The group then let Sasha into the basement and forced him to have sexual intercourse with the unconscious Katya.
Information about the members of the criminal group. Sergey R. - age 17, was re-educated in a special school from 11 to 14 years old, then - in a special vocational school - up to 16 years old, together with accomplice Dima V. He is friends with an adult criminal authority who "holds" this microdistrict.
Dima V. - age 16, was re-educated in a special vocational school together with Sergei R., went through the same criminal case with him. He does not study at school or at vocational schools. During the investigation of the last criminal case, he took on the role of the organizer of the robbery of the store.
Misha B. is 13 years old, goes to school, skips classes, wanders, sometimes begs. Reaches for friendship with Grisha Yu., 15 years old, the son of wealthy parents. The next two members of the criminal group: Victor K. - age 16.5, a student of vocational school, "rushes" to become the leader of the group, but he is held back by a couple of friends - Sergey and Dima. Victor goes in for sports, "shakes" his muscles. He doesn't smoke or drink, the guy is "on his mind." As for Sasha N., he is 15 years old, and he is a newcomer to this microdistrict. His family migrated from the zone of interethnic conflict. He joined the group to avoid the oppression of other groups.
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Main literature
1. Karayani A.G., Tsvetkov V.L. Psychology of communication and negotiations in extreme conditions. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2014.
2. Karayani A.G., Tsvetkov V.L. Legal psychology: from experiment to practice. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2013.
3. Karayani A.G., Tsvetkov V.L., Shevchenko V.M. and others. Psychology of operational-search activity - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2015.
4. Tsvetkov V.L. Legal psychology: textbook. manual for universities in schemes and comments. – M.: Shield-M, 2012.
5. Tsvetkov V.L., Khrustaleva T.A. Actual problems of management psychology in the internal affairs bodies: a study guide. - M .: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2013.
additional literature
1. Aminov I.I. Legal psychology: a textbook for universities - M. Omega-L Publishing House, 2011.
2. Eremeev S.G. Legal psychology: textbook. allowance - M .: DGSK of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2011.
3. Maltseva T.V., Khrustaleva T.A. Legal psychology: main issues and problems: Ref. - M.: Moscow State University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2011.
4. Smirnov V.N. Legal psychology: a textbook for university students studying in the specialties "Jurisprudence" and "Psychology" - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012.
5. Legal psychology with the basics of general and social psychology: Proc. for universities / Ed. V.Ya.Kikotya. - M.: UNITY-DANA: Law and Law, 2012.
Similar information.
Riot prevention is an integral part of crime prevention in general. In the scientific literature, there are various names for the same activity. We share the opinion of Minkovsky G.N. and Igoshev K.E., when his literal meaning of the terms “prevention” and “prevention” coincide. Therefore, in what follows, we will use them interchangeably.
Prevention or prevention of crimes related to the activities of public authorities, the public, individuals, aimed at identifying and eliminating the causes of crime and the conditions for their participation; identify and eliminate the deformation of the personality that arose directly form the motivation that violates the rights of behavior. Most criminologists on crime prevention is seen as a system, as a holistic process, which highlights the general social focus and specifically criminological prevention.
Society as a social system constantly generates various types of conflicts, including the resulting unrest. The goal is to trace possible ways of stabilizing them in order to prevent the development of mass excesses to the stage when they directly encroach on social relations protected by law. In one or another of its manifestations, massive conflicts - is an inevitable and inevitable action in all social systems, a force that is activated under certain conditions. Knowledge of these conditions is a prerequisite for development and general social measures to prevent unrest. We believe that the source of mass conflict ultimately lies in the "internal structure" of society, where the differential distribution of power and property inevitably gives rise to a series of successive events that, under certain conditions, lead to conflict in a single clash between people to unrest.
The main direction in the prevention of crimes in this category should be determined, in our opinion, by complex non-violent methods, the implementation of social development programs for each nation, each community, with the active inclusion of a wide variety of state and social mechanisms.
The nature and extent of crime prevention in this category will depend on the actual state of the social situation in each region and in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a whole. And it must be borne in mind that the effectiveness of general social and special-investigative work can be achieved only if one interrelated and preventive activities of subjects in each direction of prevention will be at three main levels.
Firstly, at the social level, which indicates the effect of pathogens on crime throughout society, where there are special global processes, large social groups that create the conditions for the existence of ethnic, group conflicts and determine the social aspects of such conflicts at all other levels.
Secondly, at the socio-psychological level, which includes the impact on agents of mass excesses, at the level of small social groups (formal, informal), social and psychological mechanisms of their formation and functioning.
Third, at the individual level, it is estimated that the impact on a particular person, for a crime with group conflicts, or may commit this crime. Three-level prevention disorders are interconnected and together form a single system to prevent this category of crime.
General social riots prevention covers the broadest, longest-term and most effective social measures, the largest social measures aimed at prevention and the goals and progress of society.
Therefore, it is advisable to consider measures to prevent possible conflicts, the general public attitude to the main areas of public life.
Studies have shown that the roots of unrest, as a social phenomenon, deepen in the economy, so prevention largely, if not to a greater extent, depends on how successfully the crisis in the economy is overcome and the transition to a market economy.
The effectiveness of the use of general social measures to prevent crimes in this category has been achieved to fully take into account the actions of objective economic laws, the formation of their market, effective measures of material incentives, the introduction of economic principles of free, full responsibility for economic indicators, competition, equal treatment of all types of property and free pricing. In other words, there is an optimal mechanism to stimulate the revival began in a positive identity, strengthening the legal basis of public life, law and order.
Active development of human social, economic, political, legal, moral and other functions, in accordance with which this company operates, its greater participation in the surrounding natural and socio-natural subject, organizational world, in political and cultural values, power relations - will allow him to reveal his potential of the possible in order to become an integral link in the functioning of society. A person becomes an active subject of power relations, which can have a huge impact on the functioning of the political system and even transform it. From this point of view, the main line in the prevention of riots is seen as the steady strengthening and enhancement of the role of a person who is able to release his creative energy for activities in any field. Experience shows that political freedom is a condition of free labor in the economy, science, art, culture, morally erected company, created the conditions for the normalization of relations with all contradictory.
Political power, as a rule, has the possibility of self-justification. This possibility was often seen in the direct impact of power in society, class, nation on individuals. Influence is reinforced by the authority of the government itself. However, this is the way to the self-assertion of power in one way or another forms the ideology of the proper nature and purpose of the government, its policy. And if the right links ideology and power, ideology further illuminates power and law. Ideological justification - more complex and subtle, but in its own highly effective means of ensuring the existence of power. Thus, in the ideological sphere it is necessary to concentrate the solution of all conflicts, political conflicts, by humane, non-violent methods, taking into account human values.
When it comes to models and methods (mechanisms) of impact on crime on the spiritual and material life of society, the question of culture inevitably arises as one of the most important phenomena that are directly related to all forms of human activity, including criminal behavior.
In our opinion, the policy in the socio-cultural sphere should be aimed at mastering the ancestors of the significance of world culture and national components of culture, providing equal opportunities in real existence and development, the maximum possible needs of ethnic communities, peoples of different nationalities in the field of culture, without detracting from their national dignity and pride.
All general measures of social prevention in the sphere of culture should be aimed at recreating educated, professionally competent people, those who would become the moral and intellectual force of society, capable of deterring people from inhuman acts.
In the conditions of market relations, one of the important areas of general social measures to prevent mass conflict becomes the sphere of law, designed to regulate the relations of their subjects, both within the framework of national-state formations and outside them. The effectiveness of the legal regulation of social relations will depend on the degree of consistency of social, legal norms (including criminal law) of officially existing national formations, other social norms (morality, religion, socio-psychological, ethno-cultural, etc.), and historically functioning in this area no. In other words, the regulatory impact of the rule of law must be supported by moral and other restrictions, which, in turn, will help to "strengthen the position" of power, the stability of society, strengthening the rule of law, trying to neutralize the possible disorganization of society and individuals.
Must pay special attention to relevant domestic policies in other areas of life (economy, culture, etc.), legal regulation of relations with society, the rule of law.
The resolution of international conflicts and other methods of political consensus is possible only if reservations are made at the law office of social institutions such as conciliation commissions, councils of elders, etc. The development of a legal framework for negotiation as the main means of resolving ethnic conflicts will help to prevent unrest.
Characterizing measures of general social prevention in the field of ecology It should be noted that independent regional authorities should be given the exclusive right to control the function of nature on their territory.
In the context of the renewal of all spheres of society, the effective solution of environmental problems, including the fight against environmental crimes, occupies an important place in the prevention of crimes of the percentage category.
The government's policy in the sphere of nature, being part of the environment, in our opinion, will also have a preventive function to prevent conflict crimes. And the focus of environmental protection programs should be focused on maintaining this level of ecological situation, which could ensure the preservation of the gene pool of the community, its "habitat" of the traditional way of life.
It is worth paying attention to the environmental protection authorities of places of particular value to the nation (reserves, sanctuaries, national parks, etc.) in order to avoid possible conflicts regarding harm, damage to the national wealth of the region, which can serve as a breeding ground for some cases collisions.
The implementation of general social prevention measures implies a strictly differentiated approach to different regions. When developing a more detailed list of general social prevention measures, the following phenomena and factors should be taken into account: the scale of informal organizations, public opinion, the level of legal, law enforcement activities, the proportion of national and other communities in particular the area, these are criminological potential, speed, scale, intensity and the specificity of the general flow of social processes, the time elapsed since the beginning of the conflict took place and a number of other circumstances, the list of which cannot be considered in this work.
It should be noted that the specifically criminological prevention of mass conflict stems from society's entire preventive measures. In addition, the general social subsystem includes prevention is determined by their part of the subsystem of specific prevention, when it is aimed at ¬ directly at the fight against crimes and delinquencies.
The relationship and interaction of general measures of social and special-criminological crime prevention have been discussed in detail in the literature.
It should be emphasized that if general preventive measures are taken by state bodies, organizations, public formations, as well as citizens, a special warning in Sofia is carried out in accordance with their competence and in cooperation with each other law enforcement agencies - the court, the prosecutor's office, internal affairs bodies, justice, as well as ministries, labor collectives, departmental and non-departmental control bodies, including workers.
In the criminological literature under the special or special criminological warnings means activities designed specifically to eliminate the causes and conditions conducive to crime.
Prevention of crimes at a special criminological level includes activities directly aimed at eliminating the causes and conditions with which various crimes.
Of the various products available in the criminological literature, we are of the opinion that the specifically criminological warning subsystem includes a criminal-legal subsystem, since the latter "is associated with targeted law enforcement agencies and public organizations that carry out mainly social control functions ".
As you know, crime prevention in special criminological measures developed and implemented in a number of related areas, including the case: to the types of crimes and types of criminal behavior, the public sphere, which is the formation of a person and lay down the situation, determine his behavior, social groups are characterized by specific indicators; sectors of the economy and areas of activity ¬ these, which are characterized by specific criminogenic factors; territorial zones, etc.
In our opinion, all these areas are of fundamental importance in organizing the prevention of mass conflict. From this point of view, prevention activities based on the identification and elimination of criminogenic situations, and the proactive management of the behavior of individuals who can expect these crimes interacts with measures to ensure timely, reliable justice and criminal law in relation to the perpetrators of the crime.
But in the fight against excesses, the most effective mass, in our opinion, is the implementation of general social prevention. Special warning measures should only serve as "indicators", indicating:
- a) in a place with the most vulnerable social situation, the current situation in the relationship;
- b) persons (or groups) united in formal or informal organizations, from which we can expect actions to create conflicts, thereby correcting the activities of the state in the person of its public officials, pointing out its political "mistakes" and opportunities for social management.
Mass excesses are very much the basis of the category of crimes, and, therefore, their study and correct assessment is the basis of the activities of specially criminological activities to prevent riots, therefore, the goal of any planned and ongoing activities in this area is to normalize relations or create conditions that prevent the escalation of conflicts in riots. The effectiveness of riot prevention efforts depends primarily on early detection, assessing the depth and viability of some conflicts, studying the causes and determining the likelihood of them developing into offense. This largely depends on the optimal solution of at least two main problems:
- a) the choice of topics (subjects) preventive activities to promote the development of the conflict at one level;
- b) determination of a set of preventive measures to normalize relations in the region.
Given the nature of the riots, they believe that the subject of special criminological prevention of this type of crime should be the internal affairs bodies in the region. You can choose the three most important areas of internal affairs to prevent this category of crimes:
firstly, it is the preparation of internal affairs to a new qualitative level, which can effectively respond to extreme social situations (primarily managers);
Second, the collection of information ("tentacles" apparent soil conflict) on the main indicators of crime caused conflict, based on inspection reports and information about crimes and preliminary investigation based on understanding the motives of criminal behavior;
Third, the ongoing analytical bodies of the internal affairs workers to systematize and summarize the results for public authorities, in order to better respond to the latest changing social situation.
It should be noted that the effective work of the internal affairs of conflict prevention is unthinkable without a clear organization and effective functioning of system information. Lack or lack of information for in-depth analysis of internal conflict agencies, tests often leads to blind work, waste of effort and money, reduces the effectiveness of activities. Sources of information for in-depth analysis to the effective organization of crime prevention in this category, especially in times of crisis in the conditions of society, follows from the message, reports of law enforcement agencies.
The most important condition for the organization and implementation of preventive measures is to master the basics of social psychology, sociology and the ability to apply them in their activities to law enforcement officers. "Especially criminological warning is called special, writes Zhalinsky AE - not only because it is designed specifically to achieve certain goals, but also because it requires special and even professional values" .
A significant gap in the organization of the collection of information about relations is that there is still the concept of prevention of crimes committed on the basis of ethnicity and conflicts, although, in our opinion, this time and approaches to the implementation of preventive measures of internal affairs are very specific here.
Quite rightly, he notes that it is necessary to recognize the real priority special measures for the prevention of crime in society in connection with the application of criminal law, which should be reflected, for example, in solving organizational, informational, legal and other problems related to the functioning of the warning system.
Features of any crime, as a rule, are expressed mainly in the elements that characterize the objective side of the crime; action or inaction, the consequences of the causal relationship between the act and the consequences, and how time at the scene of the crime. But the subjective side becomes of particular importance for establishing a mass conflict. This gives him a relatively adequate idea of the stimulation of the energy motives of criminal behavior associated with the social environment, which had a direct impact on the perpetrator of the conflict crimes.
Therefore, based on careful research is the subjective side of the crime can organize and conduct targeted prevention riots.
The main services that accumulate information about the true motives of criminal behavior that arose in the commission of crimes are those that are used by others "included" in the process for a particular crime.
An important direction in the prevention of crimes committed in a conflict situation is to prevent the criminal activity of persons prone to committing the crimes in question. "Private crime prevention is primarily focused, organized taking into account the requirements of pedagogical educational impact on consciousness, feelings and will eliminate, neutralize, block their existing negative qualities (perverted needs, illegal goals, motives, habits) and the simultaneous formation of positive properties, stereotypes and law-abiding behavior skills.
Individual prevention of crimes committed on the basis of the conflict, first of all, to identify those members of informal groups who, judging by their antisocial behavior, can be expected to either directly commit the relevant crimes or the organization inciting them. "The individual approach in criminology cannot be limited to the study of the identity of the offender, it must be extended in order to cover also persons who have committed acts containing signs of a crime, and a wider range of persons whose views and behavior, they testify, are exempted from criminal liability. commit crimes."
One of the most effective, in our opinion, individual preventive methods to influence individuals in international relations is faith. "Persuasion - is a set of educational activities carried out in order to change the orientation of the individual and strengthen positive social relationships, attunement to the legitimate satisfaction of material and spiritual needs and interests."
One of the most effective forms of individual prevention is the educational impact on individuals undergoing prevention.
"Successful implementation of the professional functions of individual subjects of prevention must have a thorough teacher training complex of special knowledge, which can be called criminological" .
Faith in individual preventive work must be consistent and logical, must be carried out in a simple, emotionally appealing way, avoiding edification.
"The direction of preventive work - says observes parole here, first of all, it is necessary to apply for the appointment of a public educator. The effectiveness of such monitoring also depends on the registration of the released ..." .
Another effective means of prevention is human control and coercion. These measures are especially effective for people with strong-willed characteristics, organizers of orientation. It should be emphasized that the method of coercion in preventive activities is of little use, as determined by the organizers of this category of crimes is very low.
An important direction in the prevention of crimes committed on the basis of ethnic conflicts, prevention is carried out as a result of influencing the victims, mainly in propaganda work with various categories of the population. In victimological prevention, it is necessary to use the possibilities of the media, to publish materials about the inadmissibility of the Mostovsky resolution of ethnic conflicts and other violent, illegal methods.
During this type of preventive treatment measures taken are not directed at the perpetrator but also at the potential victim, one who may be a "victim" in the criminological sense of the crime.
In the current Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the center is aimed at preventing crime and taking into account provides maximum opportunities for refusing illegal or mitigating its negative consequences. "These standards are not only placed in the general part of the Criminal Code, but also in a special one. Compared to the Criminal Code of the Kazakh SSR, their number has increased significantly, often in connection with serious crimes."
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that success in the prevention of disorders at the special-criminological level can only be achieved when advanced implementation of preventive measures at the level of the whole society.
The point so far is that, using various forms and methods of prevention of internal affairs bodies, criminogenic factors that cause mass conflicts have been identified, but the elimination of many of them is not included in the functions of these bodies. This is not because they avoid, but because the criminogenic factors caused by shortcomings, failures in economic, political, cultural and other areas. Therefore, the task of internal affairs is to provide quality information to public authorities.
Due to the unusually large number of episodes of criminal cases related to emergencies, as well as the numerous personnel working for them, investigation teams should regulate the procedure in more detail in the distribution of production materials to individual episodes of the main crimes of a criminal case of independent proceedings. It must come from the general conditions of the preliminary investigation, the legal significance of the act taking the opportunity to take into account the interdependence of internal communication and the production of investigative materials.
Taking into account the objective needs of practice, it seems necessary to enshrine in the law, in particular, the following provisions: investigation of a criminal group of investigators to identify certain materials in the proceedings independently authorized only the leader of the team to refer the case to its proceedings; in case of division of a criminal case into independent proceedings, it is not required to make a separate decision on its initiation; the choice of test materials, which will subsequently decide whether to initiate a criminal case, can only be provided if the data on the new crime was not obtained during the investigation, and not dressed, respectively, in their protocols, materials obtained during the investigation of the main Corps and then shared in independent proceedings, keep a new criminal case and its probative value is assessed in combination with other evidence collected; the term of investigation in a joint criminal case is the same for all materials of episodes of crimes that are investigated in it, and in case of separation of some of them into independent proceedings, it retains its significance for it.
Fourth, the analysis of the practice of investigating crimes in emergency situations shows the urgent need to adapt to them the procedure for a number of investigative actions caused by an excessively large amount of investigative work.
Initially, the order of the investigative action was built in connection with situations where, as a rule, one episode of a crime committed by one person was investigated. This order is generally acceptable and when featured in multiple episodes ¬ lines and multiple faces. He adapted to them, including a number of legal rules relating to order a preliminary investigation by several investigators; assistance to the bodies of inquiry in the production of individual investigative actions, joining and separating criminal cases, etc. In extreme conditions, the number of investigation episodes and the persons appearing in the case are an order of magnitude greater. Not all studies within the existing procedure can be successfully carried out in such a situation. To accommodate their needs some changes to the procedure itself.
In particular, the current legislation provides for the possibility of involving only one person in identification, in extreme conditions, such as order is not always possible. This is especially clear when placing an eyewitness to identify participants in the riots that he remembered on video of real events. In this case, several may be detected, they do not appear separately in a group of specially selected people, and all together are accidentally caught in the framework of other participants in the crime. Of course, each of the persons recorded on videotape can be individually re-shot and produced. Recognition of the photograph, submitted together with other photographs in the amount of at least three. However, in an emergency state, there is no adequate technical potential for this, neither time nor effort. First of all, there is no reason to believe that the reliability and probative value of the identification results is correct.
In view of the foregoing, it seems necessary to provide for in the law the composition of several persons at the same time, who alone or together with other parties, in order to form the exception necessary for objectivity and for a random group of similar persons and organizations in the appearance of an exception. If face-to-face presentation of persons is not possible, identification by photographs, film and video presentations should be allowed.
In extreme conditions, there is often a need for a short period of time to obtain testimony from a large number of witnesses and victims, and investigators for this work are usually not enough. The way out in practice is that the witnesses wrote down their own testimony. Thus obtained significant signs of complete evidence in the criminal process, they are sometimes even (sometimes for no apparent reason other than) in preference to the evidence, which is recorded in the protocol of the investigator. However, according to the testimony of the law can only be recorded after providing his own evidence to them and if so requested.
Such a procedure, handwriting as evidence only the right to question, but not as a means to expedite the proceedings. Meanwhile, a number of fundamental objections of the latter do not appear. Knowing that handwritten testimonies are often less complete and accurate, the investigator can always overcome this shortcoming by personally interrogating their website.
Legislation is necessary to ensure the possibility of handwritten testimonies of witnesses and victims without their interrogation or request to do so, limiting it to only one condition - the consent of the latter.
The current legislation, as rightly emphasized in the legal literature, proceeds from the fact that the keeping of a log of actions creates a legal basis for the application of additional fixative evidence and determine their admissibility. However, the increasing use of investigative practice in photography, film and video raises the question of alternative methods of logging evidentiary information. This is especially true in emergency situations where extensive felling has neither the time nor the opportunity, and at the same time video is successfully used, which exceeds registration in speed and accuracy, and the versatility of the display of the circumstances.
To successfully ensure public safety in the prevention and suppression of riots, effective interaction between units, groups, and subunits is necessary. To ensure it, organized management is required.
The organization of the management of the forces and means of the internal affairs bodies in the prevention and suppression of riots is divided into three stages (see Appendix 21).
First (preliminary) stage includes the activities of the head (operational chief) for advance planning and preparation of command and all personnel for any type of special activity.
Second phase involves the activities of the leader (operational chief) in managing forces and means in preparing them for specific actions in the event of an emergency (for example, in the event of mass riots).
Third stage- the work of the head (operational chief) in managing forces and means in the course of their activities to restore public security in any conditions of the situation.
Let us consider these stages in more detail, taking into account some conventions and generalization of this activity of the leader (operational chief), regardless of the position held.
The organization of management of the special activities of the internal affairs bodies at the first (preliminary) stage is understood as a set of actions of the head for the preparation of planning documents and clarification of the initial data in the event of an emergency, at subsequent stages - a constant managerial impact on subordinates during the implementation of the plan.
The organization of management begins with the planning of special activities, on the basis of which the entire private and commanding staff of the ATS forces are trained.
Before starting planning special activities for the prevention and suppression of riots, the head of the Internal Affairs Directorate is obliged to carry out certain work to develop decisions on the expected (possible) actions of subordinates, depending on the conditions of the emergency. In this case, the decision is an algorithm of a possible course of action in a certain situation (what riots can occur, what actions need to be taken to prevent them).
Let us consider in general terms this work related to the process of developing a solution for planning special activities of the Internal Affairs Directorate of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, although this is also applicable to any city district authority. It should be noted that the decision is made by the head of the ATC, but the leadership of the ATC (headquarters of the combined ATC detachment) can take part in its development. At the same time, the final decision on all issues of planning the activities of forces and assets belongs only to the head of the ATC.
The work of the chief of the Internal Affairs Directorate and the operational headquarters of the combined detachment in developing a solution for planning the activities of forces and means to prevent and suppress mass riots is built in the following sequence: understanding the task, making the necessary calculations of time and forces, assessing the expected (possible) situation. If necessary, to calculate the forces and means at certain places of possible actions of the internal affairs bodies, they are reconnoitered (see Appendix 4).
As a result of this work, a decision is made on planning the special activities of the forces and means of the ATC as a whole (including the tactical actions of the combined ATC detachment), for special operations. Carry out work to clarify the upcoming tasks with possible actions of the Department of Internal Affairs. Determine the possible design of the planned special operations.
The ultimate goal of the special activity of the ATC forces and means is to ensure public safety. This can be achieved by carrying out individual measures, and if the operational situation becomes more complicated, by conducting a special operation with the participation of the forces of the combined ATC detachment, which is reflected in the plan.
In this regard, they set specific tasks for the detachments, groups and subunits for their actions at any stage of the development of events. On the plan (diagram) of the city or on demonstration diagrams of places where it may be necessary to use the forces and means of the internal affairs bodies, they determine the places of concentration, initial areas, deployment lines and initial lines, the lines for the start of actions for units, groups and orders. All tasks are specified already in the course of events. It must be borne in mind that forces and means must be ready to perform other tasks to ensure public safety.
The place of actions of the ATS forces depends on the development of events and the possible place of the outbreak of riots. Therefore, planning is carried out with respect to possible places of illegal actions, which are classified according to certain criteria and divided into several groups. For example, the first group consists of places that have a large area (squares, squares, parts of streets, etc.), the second group - places on the streets, avenues, street intersections; the third - places with a mass congestion of citizens (railway and river stations, bus station, airport, markets, etc.); the fourth - places of mass sports and cultural events (stadiums, sports palaces and other places of concentration of spectators); fifth - places limited by various buildings, small in area, with a small number of approaches and entrances; the sixth - the places of possible initial gatherings of the crowd for the subsequent movement to the intended objects (vacant lots, various sites).
After careful classification, forces and means are calculated, as well as the time for their concentration for each group. To do this, a place is selected from each group with such a condition that it has most of the features characteristic of this group. On the basis of such a place, a calculation of forces and means is carried out for a special operation to suppress riots. When calculating, it is necessary to take into account the possible size of the crowd, as well as the actual number of forces and means of the combined ATC unit required to carry out all possible activities. In addition, it is far from always possible to collect all the planned forces and means of the combined ATC detachment: employees can be on vacation, on treatment, on business trips, etc. Therefore, they calculate the average number of personnel, and then determine realistically how many employees should be allocated by each city district authority, units of the ATC apparatus, a special battalion, division, educational institutions and internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
The Department of Internal Affairs allocates 60% of the listed personnel, internal troops and educational institutions - 75% of the real number. It is advisable to plan the allocation of employees as part of units with their own commander.
When assessing the general situation, they take into account the alleged (possible) places of mass unrest, the operational situation, their forces and means, the terrain, the time of year and day, and weather conditions.
At assessment of alleged (possible) riots take into account: the general socio-economic situation in the region (city), the presence of acute social conflicts, which can involve a large number of citizens, and the procedure for their resolution; causes and conditions that may contribute to the emergence of riots; the presence of educational institutions, hostels, the private sector, self-construction, the social composition of the population (workers, employees, students, schoolchildren), employment of the population (in state, private production, etc.) (see Appendix 5).
When assessing the general situation take special account of the operational situation and the prospects for its development; the state of crime and its types; the prevalence of violent crime and the trend towards an increase in their number; the number and place of residence of conditionally convicted and released on parole, previously convicted for dangerous violent crimes, repeatedly convicted (recidivists) for hooliganism, robbery, robbery and other intentional crimes; the presence of unemployed and unwilling to work criminal groups; the presence of persons prone to the distribution of drugs, false rumors, including informal organizations; the existence of population groups hostile to the new economic changes; the presence of objects on which criminal encroachments can be directed, etc.
At assessing one's strengths proceed from their number, degree of training, experience in similar actions, availability of special equipment and equipment. They make a conclusion about their ability to restore law and order, to apply the necessary measures in a timely manner, to properly organize and specialize personnel. The readiness of forces and means is checked at ongoing command-staff and general exercises.
The main conclusion from the assessment of the situation when planning special activities, it must be unambiguous whether the forces and means of the ATC are capable of performing the task in any area of the city, in any calculated place. If this is not possible, then the causes are determined and work is carried out to eliminate them. This may be the unpreparedness of the personnel, their poor equipment, the lack of a sufficient amount of transport and people (in this case, they are looking for the possibility of attracting regional forces and means).
To prevent riots, special measures are planned: operational, investigative, explanatory, preventive, organizational, social, etc.
In some cases, regime events and individual military (tactical) actions are carried out, for example, cordoning off an area (place) of possible unrest, enhanced patrolling.
To suppress the riots, they plan to carry out complex military (tactical) actions to block the crowd and disperse it.
When planning special activities, the time of year is taken into account. From here, the uniform and additional uniforms for the personnel involved are determined. For example, to serve in the winter, it is advisable to put personnel (patrol outfits, cordons, blocking, scattering) in jackets, felt boots, sheepskin coats, pea coats. The HOZO food service provides the personnel with hot tea. In cold weather, places for heating personnel are prepared (for example, in buses). In summer, depending on the weather, the uniform should be extremely lightweight so that it does not restrict movement. At temperatures above 25 degrees, a field uniform is appropriate. For example, when planning a riot control operation using shields, in order not to injure each other and to mitigate the impact, employees prepare special pads for the arm supporting the shield. To protect the legs, it is advisable to purchase shields in advance.
At night, personnel must have lights (patrol group, cordon group, movement restrictions, blocking, protection of important objects, use of technical and special means).
Thus, planning is an integral part of the organization of management of internal affairs bodies to ensure public safety in an emergency. Early action for the general preparation of the command and all personnel of the internal affairs bodies for special activities to prevent and suppress mass riots is an important management element.
39. Prevention of riots is carried out in two stages:
1. at the initial stage - in order to reduce the scale and negative consequences of riots;
2. at the final stage - in order to prevent the recurrence of riots.
To achieve these goals at the initial stage, it is advisable to organize the following activities:
The work of agitation and propaganda groups consisting of representatives of the interaction group with the media and relevant state authorities and local self-government, public formations, labor collectives to conduct counter-propaganda and provide psychological impact on the crowd.
Identification of criminally active groups that intend to participate in mass riots and conduct appropriate work with them.
Determination of forces and means for participation in preventive measures and increasing their service and combat readiness.
Strengthening the protection of important objects. The list of important facilities subject to enhanced protection in the event of mass riots is drawn up in advance by the internal affairs body. The operational headquarters, in agreement with the head of the relevant government body, may make additions to the list of such objects, taking into account the current situation.
The introduction of temporary regime restrictions established by law or the prohibition of the movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Regime restrictions include obstruction of the following actions: the concentration of citizens on the approaches to the area of the operation by cordoning off (blocking) areas of the area; the penetration of citizens and the passage of vehicles into the area of operation by restricting or prohibiting the movement of vehicles and pedestrians, the penetration of citizens into certain areas of the terrain and objects; movement of the crowd, active participants in the riots, groups of militants between cities, districts, settlements.
Negotiations between representatives of state authorities and local self-government with leaders of groups, persons who have authority among negatively-minded citizens, in order to find acceptable solutions to problems that have arisen. Organizes and conducts negotiations group negotiating. Upon reaching mutual agreement, the negotiating parties inform the audience about the results and offer to disperse. If the crowd expresses disagreement with the results of the negotiations, it is proposed to single out a group of people from its midst to seek compromise solutions.
Speeches by the heads of state authorities, local self-government, law enforcement agencies, as well as influential representatives of public associations, culture, and the clergy in front of the crowd explaining the planned measures to eliminate the causes of the conflict situation, the illegality and futility of pogrom intentions, with calls to solve the problems that have arisen in a legal way.
At the final stage, in order to prevent the recurrence of mass riots, the operational headquarters must:
Create conditions for an objective investigation in the shortest possible time of crimes related to riots;
Ensure the elimination of the consequences of mass riots;
To analyze the experience of the actions of the internal affairs bodies to prevent and suppress riots;
Develop and organize the implementation of preventive measures to prevent repeated mass riots; preventive and preventive measures to prevent repeated mass riots are developed on the basis of an analysis of the causes and conditions that contribute to the riots that have occurred.
Preventive measures include:
Transition to the protection of public order according to the enhanced version with the involvement of the personnel of the patrol and guard service of the police, other units and services of the internal affairs bodies, internal troops, and educational institutions; the transition to the protection of public order on a daily basis is carried out after the normalization of the operational situation;
Stopping the spread of false rumors;
Identification of persons trying to aggravate the situation, provoke certain categories of citizens to riots, taking measures against them in accordance with the law;
Speech by the heads of internal affairs bodies in labor collectives, the media, explaining the circumstances and causes of the riots, their consequences and measures taken against the perpetrators;
Systematic control over the objects of the licensing system;
Protection of important objects, as well as the taking under protection of objects that ensure the vital activity of the population.
Depending on the specific operational environment, other activities may be carried out, as well as activities of the initial and final stages may be repeated.
The complex processes taking place in the public life of the country revealed a number of contradictions, and the sharp clash gave rise not only to positive, but also to negative social consequences. This, first of all, manifested itself in a sharp increase in the overt or covert activity of extremist, chauvinistic and nationalist groups of the population, destructive actions of mafia structures, individual leaders of parties and movements, illegal armed groups, increased criminal tension, and ultimately in a significant increase in crimes, in particular such as acts of terrorism, robbery attacks on weapons depots, kidnapping for ransom, hostage-taking, riots.
Mass riots most often become an extreme form of exacerbation of social relations. As the analysis shows, they can arise in various situations. Group anti-social manifestations are observed during the celebration of the anniversary of various branches of the armed forces, during cultural, entertainment, sports and other public events. It is known that group fights took place between people of different nationalities due to unfriendly attitudes towards foreigners.
Mass riots (Article 212 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) - actions emanating from a spontaneously gathered and rampant crowd, accompanied by pogroms, destruction, arson, armed resistance to government officials or other actions (lynching). Dangerous in riots is that the mass nature of the commission of crimes not only gives criminals confidence in impunity (the crowd is not the defendant), but also guarantees it to a certain extent (difficulties in conducting investigations and administering justice).
The main efforts of the internal affairs bodies (law enforcement agencies) should be aimed at preventing mass riots. Forceful actions are used only when all other possibilities have been exhausted.
The most effective measures to prevent group violations of public order and riots include:
Deep analysis of emerging political, economic and social tensions, including in interethnic relations, timely informing interested authorities about them;
Collection and compilation of operational and current information about informal organizations whose activities are aimed at promoting the priority and exclusivity of one nation over another. Making proposals to interested bodies on the prohibition of their functioning. Using for the same purpose official warnings to the leaders of such organizations about the inadmissibility of violating laws, about inciting ethnic hatred;
Cooperation with the media to expose extremist movements, associations and their leaders; to explain the measures taken by the authorities and administration to relieve tension in interethnic relations; on the prevention and disclosure of criminal offenses and riots;
Identification and prosecution of persons inciting ethnic hatred, spreading false rumors that could cause group violations of public order, including riots;
Offensive, systematic work to prevent and solve crimes, bring the perpetrators to the responsibility provided for by law;
The choice of organizational and tactical schemes for the actions of the internal affairs bodies to prevent and suppress group violations of public order and mass riots is carried out taking into account specific circumstances. At the stage of early prevention, the internal affairs bodies solve their tasks using the usual organizational structure, using traditional, conventional forms and methods of work. At the suppression stage, a special organizational structure (operational headquarters), a special grouping of forces and means (combined detachment) is involved, special techniques and methods of action are used, including special operations.
The study of domestic and foreign experience in combating riots, analysis of the practice of internal affairs bodies make it possible to propose the following list of measures to improve preventive work:
Establishing direct communication with the teams of enterprises, institutions, organizations, their leaders, leaders of public organizations and informal movements;
Participation in the activities of conciliation commissions, councils of elders, etc. in the event of conflict situations;
Development of cooperation with the media;
Immediate response to statements and reports of citizens, officials, mass media about the facts of inciting ethnic or religious hatred, attempts to put pressure on public authorities and administration, about gatherings of extremist elements, criminal thieves' authorities and other circumstances that negatively affect the operational environment;
Quick and objective response to facts of violations of the law and professional ethics by employees of internal affairs bodies and other law enforcement agencies.
As noted above, group violations of public order and riots, as a rule, come from a spontaneously gathered crowd. When carrying out preventive measures, everything possible must be done to avoid rampant passions and clashes that entail the use of force. Knowledge of the various types of crowd behavior is a necessary element for the implementation of the strategy and tactics of maintaining order.
Experience shows that a crowd of people can appear in two aspects:
a) unorganized crowd- passive. The mutual arrangement of individuals in it is such that they do not react to each other. This crowd is usually submissive, easily controlled;
b) organized crowd consists of individuals who already have a different psychology. Here comes the collective consciousness, which prevails over the sense of personal responsibility. Such a mass of people can become nervous, intolerant, implacable and not afraid of threats. Such a crowd of people is very sensitive to the slogans with which they agree and fulfill unconditionally. Any negotiations with such a crowd are unlikely. In this case, it is necessary to make a quick decision on the use of force to suppress the rise of passions that has begun.
Let's look at some methods of crowd control. The tactics of showing confidence is one of the main means of controlling the behavior of the crowd. In this case, the head of the internal affairs body responsible for ensuring public order takes the following actions in accordance with the development of the behavior of the crowd:
Conducts a dialogue with its leaders (informal leaders, organizers), in the course of which he convinces them of the inadmissibility of illegal behavior, warns of responsibility;
Asserts his authority as responsible for public order, tries to inspire respect for himself. At the same time, he must be tolerant of minor disturbances and not provoke a more serious conflict through the use of force;
The method of persuasion, as a rule, allows you to calm a large part of the crowd. But if the method of persuasion has not had its effect, the crowd continues to get excited and behaves threateningly;
If the suppression of a group violation of public order and mass disorder with the use of force becomes inevitable, a decision should be made on its use. The adopted decision must ensure: the implementation of reasonable sufficient force, special means, military and other equipment, weapons; decisive withdrawal and isolation of active participants, protection of the life and health of personnel, as well as persons who accidentally find themselves in the crowd.
Before the use of force, participants in group violations of public order and mass riots must be warned of the intention to use it. Tactical methods of suppressing riots largely depend on specific conditions (crowd composition, armament of rioters, aggressiveness and other circumstances), but in any case, force actions should not be aimed at suppressing the crowd or moving it from place to place, but primarily at separation (isolation) of the organizers and the most active participants in the riots. This can be achieved only with the availability of the necessary forces and means, good information support for the forces of law and order, reliable data on the participants in the mass riots, their intentions, and documentation of their criminal actions.
Tactical methods of action of forces and means of law enforcement agencies to suppress riots can be divided into contact and non-contact.
With a non-contact method the main thing is the introduction directly into the crowd of special groupings of law enforcement forces in order to separate it, disperse and disperse it. The division of the crowd is carried out in one or more directions into several parts.
When the organizers and active participants in the riots are concentrated in the head of the crowd, it is recommended that separation and dispersal groups (in a column of at least four people) be advanced from two sides at once towards the center of the head of the crowd. When the groups approach and the active participants in the riots separate from the bulk of the crowd, one part of the column blocks the offenders, while the other forces the passive participants into the nearby streets and alleys. Removal groups and their covers are introduced into the formed corridors, which detain violators in the blocked part of the crowd and transfer them to escort groups for delivery to filtration points.
The documentation group fixes the criminal actions of the rioters, collects evidence of their guilt.
It should be borne in mind that the directions for crowding out and dispersing the crowd must be chosen in such a way that it is not driven into a dead end that would prevent its participants from leaving the place of mass disorder. It is necessary to avoid the possibility of individual actions of law enforcement officers or to allow them to become locked in a cycle of "provocation-repression".
non-contact method- this is the impact of law enforcement forces on the crowd at a distance through the use of special technical and other means provided for by law (water cannons, gas clouds, soap suds, sound amplifying installations, rubber bullets, etc.).
In the process of using such means, law enforcement forces displace the crowd in a given direction, disperse and scatter its participants. At the same time, illegal actions are recorded (using film and video recording, photography), documentation and collection of evidence of the guilt of violators and their detention.
The advantage of the non-contact method is that the end result is achieved with fewer losses among the civilian population and law enforcement forces.
The decision to use this or that method of suppressing mass riots should be made taking into account the specific conditions of the current situation and the availability of the necessary number of forces and means.
After the cessation of the riots, it is necessary to organize increased patrolling by law enforcement agencies, to carry out explanatory work among the population about the measures taken to prevent such atrocities.
Drawing a conclusion from the lecture, we can say that the protection of public order and ensuring public safety are of great importance in emergency situations. An emergency situation caused by natural, social, biological, man-made and other phenomena requires the establishment of a special legal regime, under which the internal affairs bodies have to act to maintain this regime.
It is extremely important for services, units and all employees of the internal affairs bodies to act decisively and skillfully in these difficult conditions, ensuring the personal safety of citizens and public safety, while preventing the loss of personnel, weapons, equipment and other material and technical means.
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