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Excessive load on the pavement, severe weather, flooding and other factors lead to damage to the tile and subfloor.
From the article you will learn how to determine the causes of damage to the sidewalk, and learn how to eliminate the consequences.
Pavement damage that needs to be repaired includes:
- destruction of paving elements;
- subsidence of the base or soil;
- drawdown or loss of curbs.
The destruction of paving elements (paving slabs, paving stones, clinker or ceramic tiles, porcelain stoneware and natural or wild stone) occurs due to the excess load on them, the weakening of the base and sudden changes in temperature.
Paving slabs 3-4 cm thick are designed for pedestrians. If you run cars and trucks on it, the wear of the tile will increase, then it will become covered with cracks and fall apart into 2-5 pieces.
When the base is weakened (washed sand, gravel or soil due to poor drainage or too much water), the tile sags. Individual elements crack. Sudden temperature changes (from plus 5 to minus 10 and vice versa) lead to an increase in the freezing cycles of tiles and bases. As a result, the water that the material has absorbed freezes, expands and destroys the tile.
Water that has been absorbed by the underlying layers or soil leads to heaving of the soil and base. As a result, voids are formed, into which the upper underlying layers fall over time. This causes the tiles to sag.
Sagging and falling out of the curb occurs both as a result of improper installation and as a result of mechanical impact. The rigidity and strength of the installation of the curb depends on the concrete cushion, the underlying layers and the outer soil. When the ground under the cushion or outside the curb sags or softens due to large amounts of water, the side load on the curb causes it to turn out. Therefore, a wheel resting on a curb or a car moving over it will damage the pavement structure.
Sidewalk repair is divided into the following types of work:
- fencing of the place of work;
- replacement (reinstallation) of the curb;
- replacement of individual tiles or the entire blind area;
- repair of the upper underlying layer;
- repair, replacement or cleaning of drainage systems;
- replacement (overhaul) of pavement sections.
Consider each stage of how to repair paving slabs.
Before any work on the repair of paving slabs with your own hands, it is necessary to protect the place of work. To do this, use portable plastic or wooden barriers. And also the repaired area is fenced with a special tape, which is pulled over iron pins driven into the ground. If the repair is delayed for more than a day, it is necessary to provide illumination of the repaired area at night and place red signal lights around the perimeter.
Remember, if you did not fence off the place of work before starting the repair of the sidewalk and a person was injured in this area, you will have to be responsible for this.
Replacing and reinstalling the curb
Dig the curb from the outside to a width of 40-50 cm and to a sufficient depth to drop below the concrete pad by 5-10 cm. Use a crowbar to turn the curb out and remove it from the trench. Remove soil and sand. If possible, knock down the concrete without damaging the curb stone, if not possible, purchase a new curb. Remove the tile to a width of 30-50 cm, then remove some of the rubble and sand of the base to eliminate the hole from the extracted concrete pad.
Install the new curb, line it up with string, and fill it with concrete to at least a quarter of the height of the curb. The next day, evenly fill in the ditch from the curb. From the inside, fill with rubble, outside with soil, which were removed during the preparatory work.
Compact soil and gravel with an electric rammer or vibrating plate. Pour water (2-3 liters per square meter) and compact again after half an hour. From the inside, pour sand up to the level of the tile, compact and lay the tile. Outside, restore the ground level. After a month, the soil will sag outside, add it to the required level and compact.
Replacing individual tiles or the entire blind area
To replace individual damaged concrete tiles, concrete and stone paving stones, drive a pry bar butt between the damaged and the whole tile, place a wooden block under it (so as not to damage the whole tile) and unscrew the damaged one. Then clean the walls of adjacent tiles, level the sand layer and lay a new tile. If it lays down normally, does not sway and matches in height, remove it and sprinkle it with a thin (0.2-0.5 mm) layer of cement and lay the tile in place. After that, fill the joints with a mixture of sand and cement.
If the tiles are damaged as a result of temperature changes, then after replacing the damaged elements, it is necessary to treat the entire surface of the pavement with hydrophobic liquids, they will reduce water absorption and increase frost resistance.
To replace ceramic (clinker) tiles, porcelain stoneware or polymer concrete, use a manual or electric chisel to remove the damaged tiles and clean the seat from mortar or adhesive residue. Assess the thickness of the adhesive on adjacent tiles, apply a layer of adhesive 1.5-2 mm thicker on the repair tile, put it in place and press. Achieve a match between the level of the repair tile and its neighbors. Wipe off excess adhesive with a damp cloth.
Repair of the upper sub-base
To repair the upper underlayment, remove the tiles in an area that is 2-3 meters larger than the damage. Place tiles nearby. Remove the top bedding and lay it next to it. Examine the rubble layer. If there is also a failure in the rubble, more serious work is needed (read below about replacing individual sections of the curb). If the gravel layer does not show signs of sinking, replace the sand of the upper sub-base, then add more sand to ensure that the levels match.
Clean and reinstall tiles. If adjacent tiles are laid on a mixture of sand and cement, sprinkle the sand with cement before laying the tiles (layer thickness 0.2-0.5 mm). Mix sand and cement in equal proportions and fill the gaps between the tiles with the mixture. Pour in water.
The washing out of the upper underlying layer occurs due to the high content of dust and clay in the sand. If it is not possible to completely replace the top layer, keep in mind that after heavy rains, the likelihood of sand subsidence increases.
Cleaning of drainage systems
Use a plumbing cable to clean the drainage systems. If the sewer is clogged with sand, silt, or twigs, contact a sewer cleaning company. They wash the pipes with special equipment that produces a jet of water under pressure of tens and hundreds of atmospheres. Check all storm water inlets. Make sure the grids are in place, not broken or clogged. Clean or replace if necessary.
Replacement (overhaul) of pavement sections
Sidewalk sections are replaced after a water or sewer break, local subsidence or repeated heaving of the soil. If only the base is damaged, and the tile is intact, it is removed and laid nearby. After that, the excavator removes all layers of the base. The size of the repaired area must exceed the size of the damage by at least 3 meters in each direction.
After removing the base material, the resulting pit is covered with geotextile and poured with concrete. The level of concrete is 1-2 cm below the level of the upper underlying layer. After 5 days, the concrete is covered with sand and the removed tiles are laid on top. The repaired area will gain full strength in 28 days.
Pavement damage occurs as a result of laying errors, improper operation or other factors. Now you know why this or that damage occurs, and you know how to eliminate their consequences. This will help you repair the pavement and prevent further deterioration.
Pits, potholes, chips, subsidence, breaks, shifts, cracks and rutting - all these defects inevitably occur 2-3 years after the commissioning of a new highway or a major reconstruction of an old section of an asphalt concrete road. The formation of all defects and damage to the asphalt pavement is due to a whole range of various factors that can occur not only during the operation of the road, but also occur at the stage of its design and construction.
As a rule, the problems that caused the destruction of asphalt concrete pavements have their own solutions. They differ in terms of cost, but, in the vast majority of cases, they turn out to be effective and justified in terms of financial investments in the longer term.
At the present stage of development of the global road construction industry, there is a fairly wide range of technologies and effective ways to solve problems associated with premature destruction and wear of road surfaces. Depending on the specific causes affecting the process of degradation and destruction of the roadway or potentially capable of having such a negative impact in the future, appropriate measures are taken to eliminate them or minimize the negative consequences of their impact. Such measures may include both the use of the most modern materials at the stage of creating a road structure (soil stabilization, the use of geomaterials and reinforcing geogrids, asphalting roads using modified asphalt concrete mixtures, etc.), as well as regular preventive and road repair work in the process. road operation.
Causes of destruction of asphalt concrete pavement
All factors influencing the process of formation of damage to the asphalt concrete pavement can be conditionally divided into internal and external. Internal factors are associated with the stage of design, construction and maintenance of the road, while external factors are more indirectly related to the subject of impact and are determined by the external negative impact on the asphalt pavement during its operation.
1. Errors in the design of the road
Errors in geodetic and hydrometric surveys, miscalculations in the design and installation of drainage, incorrect assessment of the growth of the throughput of the route - all this can cause serious violations of the integrity of the road structure in the form of subsidence of the soil base, washing out and reducing the stability of the underlying soil base, rapid wear of the road surface and other defects.
2. Outdated technologies and low-quality materials for asphalt paving
The necessary transport and operational indicators of the highway (basic capacity, allowable vertical axial load, maximum allowable speed, etc.) are achieved during its construction and depend on the construction technology and the road construction materials used. Until recently, when asphalting, building, repairing and reconstructing asphalt concrete roads, hot compacted asphalt concrete mixtures prepared on the basis of ordinary petroleum bitumen of the BN or BND grade were most widely used. The low quality of such bitumen often leads to a decrease in the characteristics of the finished asphalt mix and causes rapid wear and destruction of the road surface, which manifests itself in the form of cracks, chips, pits and potholes.
To date, a large number of new polymer-bitumen binders have been developed and effectively used, which significantly increase the technical characteristics of asphalt concrete mixtures and, ultimately, the characteristics of the road surface itself. There are also various adhesive additives and additives for asphalt concrete mixtures, which improve the adhesion of the binder component to the mineral filler, slow down the aging process of bitumen under temperature changes, increase water resistance, crack resistance and frost resistance of the road surface.
In addition to the use of new asphalt mixtures for the construction of the upper layers of the road surface, it is also advisable to use modern technologies to stabilize weak and moving soil bases, the use of synthetic geomaterials to strengthen and stabilize sandy and crushed stone bases, the use of a reinforcing geogrid to reinforce the asphalt concrete layers of the road structure. All these technologies and materials will help to significantly increase the life of the asphalt pavement.
3. Violation of technologies and rules of work during the construction of the road
Failure to comply with regulatory requirements and rules during construction, asphalting and road repair is the factor that will inevitably affect the process of pavement destruction.
So, violation of the simple rules for transporting the asphalt mix to the place of laying leads to its cooling to temperatures below the required ones, which already violates the technology of work associated with asphalting. Laying hot mix asphalt at an ambient temperature below +5°C, insufficient compaction or overconsolidation - all this causes cracks, chips, delamination and other defects to form on the road surface.
The formation of defects on the pavement surface is not necessarily associated with violations of the technology at the stage of asphalting, but may be the result of poor-quality work during the construction of the subgrade and the underlying layers of the road structure (sand and crushed stone base). Thus, the consequence of insufficient compaction of the subgrade is the vertical subsidence of the road surface without the formation of cracks (occurs due to deformations of the subgrade soils and materials of the structural layers of the road pavement). Such defects are eliminated, as a rule, by patching, which makes it possible to eliminate the formed defects on the asphalt road surface. Asphalt patching is carried out in case of impracticality of a new continuous surface layer, when the entire problematic section of the road is asphalted.
4. Weather conditions
The most intensive formation of defects on the asphalt concrete pavement occurs in spring and autumn, when, due to moisture penetrating into the road layers and ambient temperature, their strength characteristics decrease, which contributes to the formation of damage in the form of potholes.
A high degree of humidity in the structural layers of the road when the ambient temperature drops below 0 ° C leads to the destruction of the asphalt structure and the decompression of the earth, sand and crushed stone base. This happens due to an increase in the volume of moisture in the process of transition from a liquid to a solid state upon freezing. The solution to this problem lies in the use of modern asphalt concrete mixtures based on PBB (polymer-bitumen binders) and other polymer-bitumen composites that prevent moisture penetration and have a wider operating temperature range.
5. High traffic load
The rapid growth in the number of vehicles leads to an increase in traffic intensity and an increase in the design capacity of the highway. As a result of exceeding the daily throughput of the route, the resource of the road surface is rapidly declining. Another negative factor is the increase in the carrying capacity of vehicles, as a result of which the axial load on the road surface increases. The consequence of this is the formation of rutting, shifts and cracks. A logical result of the appearance of such defects is a decrease in the speed limit on a separate section of the road. Damage resulting from transport loads (cracks, pits, chips, potholes, etc.) in turn reduces the water resistance, strength, evenness and adhesion properties of the coating.
The destruction of asphalt concrete road surfaces occurs as a result of a complex impact such factors as: miscalculations in the design of the highway, the use of outdated technologies and low-quality materials in the construction of the road, violation of technologies and rules for road construction, adverse weather conditions, as well as an increase in traffic load.
Measures to prevent the destruction of asphalt concrete pavements
The solution to the problem of pavement destruction lies in the application of complex, rather than partial measures. Thus, timely treatment of a small crack with a bituminous mixture will help slow down the process of formation of a fault and a large pothole, but this does not solve the problem underlying the appearance of these cracks. The situation is similar with such types of damage as rutting, breaks, shifts, etc. First of all, it is required to eliminate the cause of the resulting damage, and not its consequences.
Effective solutions that will help ensure the long-term maintenance of the required transport and operational indicators of the road, maintain the integrity of the road surface and increase its service life are:
- Application of modern technologies and new materials when asphalting roads and laying the underlying layers of the road structure (soil stabilization, the use of geosynthetics, asphalting with the use of polymer-asphalt-concrete mixtures based on PMB). Currently, modified asphalt concrete mixtures are widely used, which have a reduced temperature sensitivity of the binder and elasticity of the road material, which provides increased heat resistance in summer, a higher ability to cause thermal cracks in winter and the formation of fatigue cracks during road operation.
- Strict observance of all regulatory requirements and rules during the production of road works.
- Regular maintenance and repair work. Delays in road repair work lead to a deterioration in the condition of the road and require additional costs in the future to bring them to a standard condition. Late road repairs require thicker layers of pavement reinforcement and, with delays of three years, double the cost of pavement repairs.
Patching and overhaul of asphalt in Kyiv and Kyiv region
The Unidorstroy enterprise carries out high-quality carrying out of all complex of works on repair and restoration of asphalt concrete road coverings. Carrying out patching of asphalt as soon as possible, services of full restoration and reconstruction of the road surface.
Order "Callback"Today in the Krasnoyarsk media there was information that on Partizan Zheleznyak Street, the curbs installed last summer were destroyed. What affects the strength of the curb stone, and why are seemingly whole curbs sometimes replaced? Our correspondent talked to experts and found out the answers to these questions.
Vadim Servatinsky, Head of the Department of Roads and Urban Structures of the Institute of Civil Engineering of the Siberian Federal University, when asked why a good curb should be changed, answers: “You don’t need a good one. But the whole line of curbs is not good.” It is worth saying that there are no GOSTs on the terms of the mandatory replacement of concrete curbs. The decision is made based on the condition of the curb stone. And he, according to experts, can quickly become unusable. Curbs begin to collapse for various reasons, and the most common of them is mechanical damage. As a rule, everything begins in winter, when the streets are cleared of snow. A large grader rests on the curb with a heavy metal blade, and scratches appear on the surface of the artificial stone, and the destruction of the protective layer of the front part begins. Such borders, of course, need to be replaced.
The destruction of a concrete curb can also occur due to insufficient frost resistance, since this element of the road infrastructure is reinforced only with anti-shrink reinforcement, and not with a working one that carries the load. To maximize the service life of curbstones, compliance with stringent placement requirements. The stones must either be set on well-compacted soil or be joined together with a concrete screed. There is no other way, because, on the one hand, the curbs perform the protective function of wheel rebound - to improve traffic safety, on the other hand, they create a single monolithic road space. But it is for this reason that if one element is damaged, the entire line has to be changed.
“Technologically, it is very difficult to remove only one curb stone in order to put another one in its place,” Vadim Servatinsky emphasized. “Therefore, their replacement is carried out on a planned basis and in large quantities: even if only one element is damaged, the entire line of curbs on the street is removed, and new blocks are installed in their place.
But it is impossible to use a monolithic curb tape made of concrete, since for this element of the road it is necessary to leave expansion joints. Indeed, in the summer, in the heat, the curbs expand, in the winter their size is reduced. The width of the gaps depends on the size of the curbstone itself, according to GOST it ranges from one to one and a half meters. Borders are not only made of artificial stone - concrete, but also of natural. In the central part of Krasnoyarsk, expensive granite curbs have been installed on a number of streets. They do not lose their strength properties upon impact. When repairing the street, they are pulled out and then installed back. But the sidewalks are not fenced with curbs, but with curbs, the thickness of which is up to eight centimeters. Curbs are designed to limit the width of the sidewalk, keep the asphalt within the required limits and keep the pedestrian or cyclist. As a rule, the curb is exposed from the side of the lawn. It prevents soil from washing onto the pavement in the event of heavy rains.
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