Types of gable roof truss system: for small and large houses. Knots of wooden structures of the roof The main characteristics of the nodes of the truss system

Private construction is unique in that most developers try to build a building with an individual touch. All possible design tricks, advice from friends and acquaintances can be used here, but whatever the house, it is very important to mount the main components. If it is built of wood, then the log house can be purchased ready-made, and as for the roof, everything is more complicated here. The nodes of wooden roof structures are the most important part of the construction. They must be executed perfectly correctly so that the building will serve you as long as possible.

Knots of a wooden roof

If you have ever been present at the construction of the roof of a house, then you probably know that the rafter system is a kind of skeleton of the roof. A roofing cake is laid on them, a coating, on the reverse side it is possible to be sheathed with a facing material. Over the entire period of operation, the rafter legs hold colossal weights, which under certain conditions can reach the level of 200 kilograms per 1 square meter. This value can be achieved if the owners do not maintain the roof and a sufficiently large amount of debris, foliage and snow has accumulated on it.

At the time of construction of the roof, it must support the weight of several workers and their equipment. Such a load is purely individual, because it is difficult to predict the exact figures if you do not know how much the workers will weigh or what equipment they will take with them. Therefore, very often roofs are built in such a way that no matter how high the load, it can withstand it. Only in this case, work and further operation will take place in a calm and safe mode.

The next most important element is called Mauerlat or, in other words, the support beam. It is a kind of foundation for the entire roof. This element must be durable, therefore, in most cases, coniferous wood is used for its harvesting. Mauerlat can be attached to the wall in many ways, but the most popular and simple are: fastening using embedded parts or anchors. For the first method, special metal parts are laid in the process of building walls, and are released at the end.

The support beam holds the rafters, which means that it bears their weight and the load that they can withstand. The calculation for the selection of truss elements is quite simple and at the same time complex. It is very easy to calculate one equation, but it is not always possible to find all the nuances and insert them into the formula, so many developers simply take products with a large cross section and do not bother. This is partly true, but what if this is not enough. This problem can be solved with the help of all kinds of struts and props.

If you are faced with a volumetric roof, then the matter will not do without struts and racks. Thanks to these elements, the rafter legs feel as stable as possible. An important part of the entire system is the crate. It can be arranged by a discharged method or a continuous one. If the roofing material is hard, then you can use the first, and if soft, then only the second. As a rule, the discharged crate is stuffed over the eaves overhangs in a continuous way, thereby increasing the stability of the entire overhang and making it stronger.

The ridge knot is a very important part of any roof. It not only protects the two planes from dust and moisture, but also allows moist air to leave the attic. This is especially important when the coating or something in the roofing cake is completely insulating materials from moisture. Humid air has no choice but to begin to condense and destroy all elements of the truss system.

IMPORTANT: Before installing wooden elements, it is very important to treat them with protective compounds. Antiseptics protect the lumber structure from rotting and the growth of harmful microbes, and flame retardants increase fire resistance.

roof truss

On large slopes, trusses are indispensable. This design differs from an ordinary roof in that there are racks and braces here, which increase the maximum load on the wood several times. Often a farm is arranged all over the roof, but sometimes it can also be found locally.

It is advisable to arrange a truss truss if the width of your house is in the range from 12 to 24 meters. As a rule, trapezoidal or segmental trusses are arranged on buildings with large volumes. When the width of the building is even greater and this value does not exceed 36 meters, then a polygonal one will do. Standard designs with a width of 9 to 18 meters are content with a triangular one.

In addition to the shape of the roof truss, the material from which it is made plays a very important role. In most cases, this is wood, but metal can also be used. Self-tapping screws or nails are used to fasten lumber together. In cases where the span is more than 16 meters, a combined truss is best suited. It includes elements of wood and metal.

The nuances of fastening rafter legs

As you already know, the nodes of wooden roofs are the most important component of the construction of a building, and what could be more important than fixing the roof frame. Rafter legs can be attached to the support beam in two ways.

hard
sliding

In the first case, you will get the most stable connection, which deprives the structure of all kinds of shifts, vibrations, turns, and similar manipulations. This can be achieved with a gash or a cut. After the leg is inserted into the created slot, it is fixed with nails, wire, anchors or any other fasteners.

Sliding docking looks very different. It has three degrees of freedom of conjugation. It should be noted right away that this method of fastening is most rationally used in wooden houses, since they are characterized by large shrinkage, as a result of which rigid knots can be seriously damaged. To create such an attachment, you will need to rest the rafter leg against the Mauerlat, where a tooth connection was previously arranged or an additional beam was nailed. Such parts are connected using a metal corner. As for the upper part, here the connection is made by the same cut, and the edge is sawn along the oblique so that a sliding connection is provided.

IMPORTANT: If you are not comfortable with rigid or semi-rigid freedom, you can install special flexible plates, thereby achieving a fully sliding docking.

ridge knot

As I said earlier, the skate is one of the important components of any truss system where two slopes are joined. As a rule, it is located in the uppermost part of the roof, but there are also such structures where there is more than one skate, for example, a mansard roof, here there are 3 of them at once.

Rafter legs are almost always created so that they are as close as possible to the ridge element. This will provide better protection against dust and precipitation.

In roofing, there are two types of truss systems. The first is layered, and the second is hanging. If we consider the first, then here the connection occurs by cutting into half a tree. Thanks to this technique, maximum strength is ensured. As for the hanging rafters, here their lower part is joined in pairs. This can be achieved by cutting each beam at a certain angle, which is equal to the roof pitch. After that, they are applied to each other with saw cuts and matched with nails so that each fastener penetrates through the cut into another beam.

Often you can find ridge elements with a perforated body. Small holes do not allow small rodents and birds to enter the attic, and the quality of natural ventilation increases several times.

Complex parts of the hip roof

The hip roof is suitable for almost all types of buildings, so it is best to sort out all the difficulties on it. A distinctive feature of the hip design is obviously the presence of hips. This truss system boasts the following advantages:

Durability. Due to the correct distribution of the load, the truss elements are subject to less pressure, therefore, they are in relative rest.
Low windage. The material on such a roof is very difficult to pry even the strongest winds.
Resistant to all types of precipitation.
Cost-effective option for large structures.
The optimal angle of inclination allows the use of almost any roofing material.
The hip roof is quite voluminous, so you can equip a living room in the attic. To create additional lighting, skylights can be inserted into the slopes, which will also be auditory at the same time.

A rather difficult device can be attributed to the weak side.

The appearance of the roof includes only a few paired figures: a trapezoid and a triangle. They are opposite each other, so that the truss system can be considered symmetrical. At the points of contact of these slopes, rafters are arranged. You can attach them to the rest of the system using trusses and a layered structure.

The sloping beams in the lower part are attached to the mauerlat, or timber, which is arranged on the inner wall. From above, the support goes to the ridge, so the legs must be adjacent to the ridge run.

Any roof must be laid according to the norms and rules of the construction business. This is the only way to achieve a high-quality and safe design. When working at height, remember safety precautions.

The pitched roof of the house consists of a large number of parts, each of which is connected to others in a special way. Such a connection is called a roof node. In this article, we will talk specifically about the connection nodes, how it is carried out, what technologies are used, what fasteners are used.

The main parts of the roof structure

Before proceeding directly to the analysis of the topic of the article, it is necessary to indicate what elements (details) the roof structure consists of. We list all the main details and indicate their purpose.

Mauerlat. This is a beam that is laid on the walls of the house, located along the perimeter of the building. The purpose of the Mauerlat is to evenly distribute the loads emanating from the truss system. After all, if there is no Mauerlat, then each rafter will put pressure on the wall pointwise. And it is in this place that the destruction of the wall structure will occur.

rafter legs. They are made either from boards with a thickness of at least 50 mm, or from timber. Rafters are the basis of the roof, it is they who form the slopes and bear all the loads acting on the roof structure.

Skate run. This is the uppermost beam, installed horizontally. Its purpose is to support the upper ends of the rafter legs. It is he who forms the ridge of the roof.

These are the three main elements of the roof, which will be discussed further. Of course, these are not all the details of the roof, and it cannot be said that others are less important. It's just that these three elements form the structure itself. The only thing to add is that in some roof structures there is no ridge run. It's just that the upper ends of the rafters rest against each other. This type of rafters is called hanging, and with a ridge run layered.

In order for the roof structure to be the most reliable, it is necessary that the roof nodes are correctly connected. In this case, the force of the acting loads and their direction must be taken into account.

How to connect the elements of the roof structure

More recently joining timber roofing carried out with the help of notches. That is, they cut the elements of the roof structure in order to connect them along one fairly wide plane. Therefore, so that the roof details do not reduce their strength characteristics, as well as their bearing capacity, they were selected with a sufficiently large cross section. And it's not economical. That is, the larger the cross-section of lumber, the more expensive it is.

Today, the technology of fastening nodes and parts of the roof structure has changed dramatically. To do this, use bolts, dowels or metal perforated profiles. The latter are made of galvanized steel, which makes it possible to operate fasteners for a long time without losing their quality. At the same time, manufacturers offer a fairly wide range of them for each type of node. The photo below shows some of these fasteners.

It should be noted that perforated profiles gradually replaced all other types of fasteners due to the strength, reliability and ease of fastening operations. After all, for this you just need to install the profile at the required place and fix it to various parts with wood screws or ruff nails.

Let's now look at how fasten parts roof structure to each other. In principle, there are two types of connection: Mauerlat-rafter, rafter-ridge run. The remaining parts are connected parallel to these joints. They will also be talked about.

Mauerlat and rafters connection

There are actually a huge number of fastening options, from ordinary nails to perforated profiles. For example, the photo below shows an option where ordinary wire is used as fasteners. That is, a through hole is made in the rafter itself, where a wire with a diameter of 6 mm is inserted. They also make a hole in the Mauerlat or in the floor beam.

Then the ends of the wire are pushed into this hole and twisted, pressing the rafter leg against the Mauerlat. The connection is actually strong and reliable, but the process is laborious.

Can be used instead of wire metal tape 3 mm thick. She simply wraps two connected elements and through the strip is attached to them with self-tapping screws, more often with nails. In the latter case, there is no need to drill through holes in the metal. note that in the lower photo, the fastening is carried out to the reinforced belt with an anchor, which increases the strength and reliability of the connection.

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The next type of fastening is a perforated corner made of galvanized steel. The most convenient option, but the most reliable. To do this, the corner is simply installed so that it is tightly pressed against the plane of the Mauerlat and the rafter leg with its mounting shelves. Fastening is carried out with screws or nails.

Fasten the corners it is possible not only with self-tapping screws or ruff nails. There is another more reliable option where bolts are used. True, holes will have to be made under them, which increases the costly time for carrying out this type of work. But in this case, the quality is above all. The photo below shows just such a mounting option. Please note that the corner is attached to the Mauerlat with self-tapping screws, and to the rafter leg with a bolt. In this case, one bolt is used to connect two corners located at opposite ends of the rafter.

And another mounting option - on the slider. This is a special type of fastener, consisting of two parts. One is attached to the Mauerlat, the second to the rafter leg. In this case, both parts are not tightly connected to each other. This is done specifically so that the rafters can move relative to the Mauerlat during the thermal expansion of the lumber. This means that there will be no loads that act on the junction of two roof parts. The photo below shows this connection option.

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Connection of rafters with a ridge run

The second main node of the wooden roof - joint between rafter leg and ridge beam. In fact, the ridge roof truss assembly is very complicated, because two rafter legs and a beam are joined on it. In this case, all the elements are located in different planes, meaning the rafters and timber. This means that more than one fastener will have to be used to connect them.

To connect the rafters to each other, they use perforated plate. There are two of them, installed on different sides of the rafter legs to increase strength and reliability.

Perforated corners connecting the rafters to the Mauerlat. There are four of them, two for each rafter leg, installed from different sides.

It should be noted that fastenings can be carried out not only with self-tapping screws or nails. Often masters use bolts for connection paired fasteners.

Pay attention to a different type of fastening. Only corners are used here. This option is used if a board with a thickness of 50 mm is installed as a ridge beam.

Another interesting option for attaching rafter legs to a ridge span, for which special perforated complex shape profiles. In fact, these are brackets into which the rafter leg is inserted. The bracket not only fastens the parts together, it supports the rafters, reducing the load on its end.

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Pay attention to all of the above options for connecting rafters to each other. They clearly show that the ends of the rafter legs are joined tightly to each other, for which they have to be filed at a certain angle. You can do without filing if you use a complex mounting lock, consisting of several plates that are bolted together. In the photo below, this connection option is clearly visible.

Connection of hanging rafters

The rafter system of this type differs from the layered one in that it does not have ridge run. That is, the rafter legs in the upper part (ridge) rest against each other. In order for them not to disperse in different directions, the rafters are connected to each other by a horizontal puff. The latter is a board located at any distance in height: from above, below or in the middle.

It should be noted that hanging rafters not assembled separately on the roof. Farms are assembled from them on the ground, which are installed ready-made on the roof of the house. In this case, all elements of the farm are interconnected by perforated plates.

Video description

In the video, the master tells how to assemble a roof truss using perforated plates and nails:

Other types of knots

As mentioned above, there are many details in the roof structure. Therefore, we will tell and show a few more important connection nodes.

If the span of the house is more than 6 m, then a rack is installed under each rafter, which itself must rest either on a concrete base or on a floor beam. In this case, the connection of the rack with the rafter leg is carried out with ordinary boards, as shown in the photo below. Although you can use perforated metal plates.

Under the ridge beam is also installed vertical support posts, which are attached to each other by perforated plates. But in some roof structures, a completely different approach is used to solve the installation of a ridge run. Under the beam, jibs are mounted from the bars, which are fixed to the ridge with special fasteners made of metal. The photo below shows one of the options for this type of fastener.

Very often, when constructing a rafter system, it becomes necessary to lengthen the rafters themselves. It is not difficult to do this, while the masters use several technologies, where they use various additional fasteners.

Video description

The video shows one of the options for lengthening the rafters:

Roof structures are several varieties of their forms. Almost all models have a large number of identical elements. But among them there is one design that differs significantly from the others. it hipped roof. Its distinctive feature is that the rafters are connected by their upper edges to one point, which is called the ridge knot.

So, in order to connect the rafter legs to each other, you need a support to which they are attached. There are several ways to ensure high node reliability. The photo below shows one of them, which uses U-shaped perforated metal mounting profiles.

Conclusion on the topic

In fact, we have considered only a small part of the connecting nodes for attaching the roof truss system. But even on their example, the variety of parts and assemblies becomes clear. That is, the roof structure is a complex system, consisting of a large number of different elements and parts that are interconnected in different ways.

The roof is one of the main elements of a residential building. Both the comfort inside the house and the service life of the building depend on how well its device will be made. The roof plays a particularly important role in multi-storey residential buildings, the total area of which exceeds several hundred square meters.

What is the roof of the house made of?

The roof of the house is the uppermost part of it, used to protect the load-bearing elements and the living space of the building from precipitation. In addition, it is a heat-insulating barrier that reduces the outflow of heat from residential premises and protects the structure of the building from overheating.

The roof not only protects the under-roof space from precipitation, but also helps to keep warm in living quarters.

Depending on the functional affiliation of the building and its design, the roof may have a different look. The design and type of the roof determines its ability to drain snow and rainwater from its surface. The space under the roof frame is often used as a residential or utility room.

Any roof has a typical design, which is determined by the technology and temperature conditions in the region where the building is being built. To better understand this topic, consider the structural elements of the roof in more detail.

Roof frame

The roof frame is a bearing and supporting element responsible for its strength characteristics. The quality of the frame directly affects the service life of not only the roof itself, but also the structure as a whole.

As a supporting structure for roofing in private houses, a rafter system is usually constructed from a wooden beam.

Depending on the design, the roof frame may look like this:

truss system - the most common type of roof frame, most often used for the construction of roofs of utility and residential buildings from timber, brick and foam blocks. It is divided into hanging and layered structures. The former are used in buildings where only external walls are load-bearing, and the latter are used in houses with internal load-bearing partitions that can be used as additional supports;
support system of steel beams - used for the construction of roofs over buildings for industrial use. Unlike wood, metal allows you to create longer, and most importantly, solid beams without length mates. This, in turn, significantly increases the load-bearing capacity of the roof structure. Metal is a non-combustible material, which makes the roof safer and more durable;
flat concrete frame - is reinforced concrete slabs laid on top of load-bearing walls at a certain angle. It is most often used to create roofs over small public buildings and storage facilities.

For the implementation of any special project, different types of frames can be combined or used in a modified form. For example, Roof truss systems are often built from wood and metal at the same time, which in one place of the structure makes it possible to make the roof more durable and reliable, and in another it does not weigh down the load-bearing partitions, thereby reducing the overall load on the foundation. This option can be used when one part of the house is located on a sloping slope. Lightening the roof structure will avoid excessive load on the columnar or pile foundation, which are most often used in such cases.

Video: gable roof frame for metal tiles

roofing cake

A roofing pie is a technology for laying roofing, steam and heat insulation in a certain sequence. Proper sequential laying ensures that each technological layer will perform its strictly defined function.

For example, if the waterproofing material is not laid correctly (under thermal insulation), then moisture will get on the insulation, which will inevitably cause damage and loss of the characteristics declared by the manufacturer.

All layers of the roofing pie must be laid in a strictly defined sequence so that each coating can perform its assigned functions.

A typical roofing cake consists of the following technological layers:

roofing material - a facing coating that is responsible for the appearance of the front surface of the roof and protects the lathing and the underlying layers of the roofing pie from water, dirt and foreign objects;
lathing - a supporting structure necessary for fixing roofing material. Depending on the type of finishing coating used, the crate can be solid or sparse;
waterproofing is a mechanically strong waterproof material that protects the insulation from getting wet. For this purpose, bituminous roll coatings, anti-condensation membranes or liquid mastics can be used. The specific method of waterproofing is selected based on the type of roof and insulation;
thermal insulation - basalt roll or slab insulation, polystyrene foam, polystyrene foam, etc. The thermal insulation material must have a low coefficient of thermal conductivity, which guarantees long-term maintenance of the required climatic regime in the house at any time of the year;
vapor barrier - a multilayer membrane that protects the insulation and other elements of the roofing pie from the penetration of warm, moist air from the interior.

The sequence of laying the technological layers of the roofing cake is determined by the type of roof being mounted and the materials used for this. The most common option is when waterproofing is laid under the roofing, then there is a layer of heat-insulating material, and a vapor barrier membrane is mounted under it.

The main nodes of the roof

The junctions of the roof to the wall, if the building has a complex shape, as well as the places where the roofing pie and the outer front cover fit to the remote parapet are no less important than the roof structure itself.

The integrity and durability of the constructed structure depends on the quality of their execution, since the use of low-quality materials or non-compliance with the connection technology can cause moisture and precipitation to penetrate under the roofing.

Roof junctions

The place or junction of the roof to the wall is a connecting seam, which is processed using waterproofing and protective materials. The junctions are the most vulnerable point of any roof, since wet debris constantly accumulates at the junctions of its elements.

If the junction is poorly insulated, then moisture quickly gets under the protective material and roofing. Constant absorption of moisture into the insulation will necessarily lead to the loss of its technological qualities.

All places where the roof adjoins the structural elements of the building must be carefully treated with waterproofing materials to prevent moisture from entering the under-roof space.

In addition, the junctions are subject to temperature deformations due to freezing and thawing of water - this increases the risk of leaks. In order to avoid problems during the operation of the roof, the abutment insulation technology is thought out in advance. The calculation takes into account both the temperature regime in the region where the building is being built, and the average level of precipitation during the year.

Depending on the type of roofing, junction points are arranged in various ways:

metal roofing - connections are made with a small gap necessary for ventilation of the roofing pie. As a protective element, a metal bar or apron made of galvanized steel is used. The apron is attached directly to the adjoining wall at a height of 200 mm. Before installing it, the strobe in the wall is treated with a frost-resistant sealant;
various types of tiles - the junction of the wall and roofing is protected with corrugated aluminum tape. Due to the small thickness, the tape exactly repeats the profile of the roofing. To seal the seam, hot bituminous mastic is used, which is poured directly along the seam line;
bituminous roll materials - the junction can be made using various technologies. The most common method is laying the coating with an overlap on a vertical surface. In this case, the material is pressed against a rail, which is pre-treated with a sealant. The size of the overlap, as a rule, is at least 20 cm.

Cornice knot

The cornice closes and protects the lower part of the roof, the roofing pie, the truss system and other elements from moisture. In fact, the finishing of the cornice assembly directly affects the service life of the Mauerlat and the roof truss system, since with poor-quality sheathing, moisture flowing down the roofing can enter the under-roof space.

To protect against moisture ingress into the under-roof space, special metal strips are installed on the eaves overhangs - droppers and ventilation tapes

For the device of the cornice unit of a pitched roof, the following sequence of laying protective materials is used:

Roof covering.
Counter-lattice.
Roof decking.
Waterproofing membrane.
Dropper.
Bracket for fastening the drain.
Gutter.
Cornice plank.
Overhang air element.
Tape for ventilation.
Double-sided adhesive tape.

The dropper protects the frontal board from condensate flowing down the waterproofing film, and the cornice bar prevents moisture and atmospheric precipitation from entering the under-roof space. The overhang aeroelement serves to create a ventilation gap and protect against penetration of birds and large insects under the roof.

Gable node

A pediment is an end section of a roof, bounded by a roof slope and a cornice. It protects the roof from moisture, and also plays the role of a decorative element.

The pediment completes the roof, but is not a mandatory attribute, since in some types of structures the roof is limited only by the eaves.

Most often, gables are arranged on pitched roofs, when various types of tiles, profiled sheet or soft bituminous coatings will be used as roofing.

From the side of the pediment, the under-roof space is protected by a wind board, and then by a pediment strip laid on top of the waterproofing layer

The sequence of laying materials when constructing a gable assembly is as follows (from the outer edge to the under-roof space):

gable plank laid on top of the roofing;
waterproofing material;
wind board;
crate;
rafter.

When fastening the gable strips, the technology described in the instructions for the roofing should be observed. Usually they are mounted from the bottom up from the eaves to the ridge. When using several strips, the overlap must be at least 10 cm.

Valley device

The endova is the inner corner of the roof, which is formed at the junction of two slopes. In fact, during the construction of multi-pitched roofs, the valley is a key structural unit, since atmospheric precipitation will flow down it. The roof valley always experiences increased loads, therefore its installation must be carried out especially carefully, in full accordance with the technological requirements established by the manufacturer of the roofing material used.

Devices of the valley node for a pitched roof are made using special additional elements that are mounted on a continuous crate

A typical version of the valley node for a metal roof is represented by the following elements:

valley upper;
sealing material;
roofing;
lower valley;
solid crate;
waterproofing membrane;
roof truss system.

The valley is usually laid on a continuous crate, which is mounted on both sides of the junction of the slopes. When using metal coatings (corrugated board, metal tiles, seam roofing), the main protective element is the lower valley. It is laid under the roofing material and serves as a kind of gutter through which moisture flows into the drainage system. The upper valley in this case is more of a decorative element that covers the entire structural unit and protects it from birds and foreign objects.

ridge knot

The roof ridge is the upper horizontal edge formed by the conjugation of two slopes. The ridge strip or tile protects the rafter junction, thermal insulation and sheathing from moisture and is mounted last. Depending on the roofing, different ridge elements are used.

The device of the ridge knot is performed last, when the roofing is laid

For example, a ridge assembly for a soft roof looks like this (from top to bottom):

ridge soft tiles;
roofing;
lining carpet;
roof sheathing.

In some cases, a 40x40 or 50x50 mm ridge beam is nailed along the edge, on which the underlayment carpet is laid. If you plan to mount the roofing yourself, study the instructions for the material - it must contain a diagram of the arrangement of all the main roof nodes.

Parapets along the perimeter of the roof

A roof parapet is a protective structure that is mounted along its perimeter. Usually parapets are mounted on flat roofs, but quite often they can be seen on pitched roofs, especially in the residential multi-apartment sector. The main purpose of the parapet is to ensure the safety of the person on the roof. Sometimes such designs are used as a decorative element.

The installation of parapets (SNiP II-26–76) is mandatory for buildings whose height to the roof eaves is more than 10 m, and the slope angle does not exceed 12 degrees. On steeper roofs, the installation of fences is carried out already at a height of 7 m.

If we consider low-rise private housing, then the installation of parapets is relevant only for houses with a flat roof. For gable or hip roofs, the installation of parapets is optional. But it should be borne in mind that if annual roofing maintenance is planned on pitched roofs, then security measures must be appropriate.

In private construction, parapets must be arranged only on flat roofs.

For the manufacture of parapets, the following materials are used:

reinforced concrete blocks;
brick and foam blocks;
galvanized metal.

According to SNiP, the height of the parapets must be at least 45 cm. The optimal height is selected based on the architectural features of the building and the personal preferences of the owner of the house.

The junction of the roofing cake to the parapet is carried out using hydro- and heat-insulating materials. At the junction of the parapet and the roof, a transitional ledge of mineralized insulation is laid. To fix the insulation, a special cold mastic is used. Waterproofing is mounted with an overlap of 20–25 cm on a vertical surface.

To protect the parapet, a similar waterproofing material is used, which is fixed with an overlap on the previously laid canvas coming from the roof side. A U-shaped galvanized steel box is also installed on top of the insulation.

Additional elements of the roof

Additional elements of the roof are products designed to connect various components and parts of the roofing. In addition, they provide additional functionality, as well as improve the appearance of the front surface of the roof and the roof as a whole.

Various additional elements allow you to protect the roof structure from weather influences, preventing the penetration of moisture, dust and debris into the under-roof space. It should be understood that depending on the design of the roof, the number and need for the use of additional elements may vary.

For a metal roof, a wide range of additional elements are used to protect its structural units from the penetration of moisture and debris and give the entire building a finished look.

For example, typical additional elements used in the construction of a pitched roof include:

skate and valleys;
adjoining elements;
strips for cornices;
end strips;
corner strips;
snow barriers;
adapters;
gutters.

Before choosing additional elements, you should carefully study the roof project and, based on it, calculate the amount of material needed. It is not recommended to save on additional elements, since the safety of the roof structure and the roofing cake at the junction, on the ridge and drains depends on their quality.

Video: roof device - insulation, ventilation, board selection

The device of various types of roofing

The device of the roof and the roofing cake varies greatly depending on the type of construction. This is due both to the design features of the roof being built, and to the characteristics of the materials used for its construction. For a more detailed description, consider the most common types of roofing in more detail.

Warm and cold roof

A warm roof is a generalized concept denoting an insulated roof structure. That is, any type of roof can be warm or cold, depending on whether the appropriate hydro- and heat-insulating materials were used during their installation.

If, during the construction of the roof, the standard roofing pie is completely mounted, then it is called warm

If we talk about the private sector, then in buildings that will be used for year-round use, insulation is recommended for any type of roof. The most common roof structure for private houses is a gable structure, so we will consider the construction of a roofing pie using its example. The main elements of a roofing pie of a warm roof are:

The number of layers of insulation is selected individually for each project at home. This takes into account both the dimensions of the building itself and the possibility of creating a residential attic space, as well as the temperature regime in the region where construction work is being carried out.

Sometimes, if the owner of the house, for example, decided to save on roof construction or the attic space will not be used as living space, the roofing can be done without laying thermal insulation material and vapor barrier. Such a roof is called cold. The role of the vapor permeable material will be played by a moisture-resistant vapor barrier membrane. Cold roofs are usually arranged in seasonal houses and outbuildings.

Pitched roof with metal coating

A metal roof is usually a pitched structure with a wooden truss system. The type of rafter system is selected based on the location of the load-bearing walls of the building. The use of metal as a roofing material has an impact on the technology of constructing a roofing pie for such a roof.

The most popular roofing material for private residential buildings is metal.

The following materials are used for the installation of a metal pitched roof:

additional elements - a metal ridge, side wind strips, gutter and gutter strips, gutter and other elements installed after the installation of the metal coating;
roofing - flat sheet material (folded roof), profiled sheet, metal tile or other painted metal materials;
crate - edged boards or metal profile elements, fixed in increments of 25–30 cm;
truss system - can be made of both thick edged boards or timber, and metal. In private construction, the first option is most popular due to its accessibility, ease of installation and lighter weight.

The remaining technological layers of the metal roofing cake are identical to the option described in the section above. It should be noted that the metal coating is particularly prone to condensation on the inner surface, where, despite the presence of special protection, moist air from the house still penetrates. Therefore, the arrangement of all ventilation gaps provided for by the technology when using a metal roof is strictly necessary.

Waterproofing is made of a moisture-resistant membrane, which is fixed on the roof truss system, and any slab insulation with a thickness of 5 cm or more is used as thermal insulation.

Video: organization of waterproofing for a metal roof

pyramid roof

A pyramidal or hipped roof is a pitched structure, where each of the four slopes is equal in area, and there is a square at the base of the roof. In fact, each of the four slopes is an isosceles triangle.

In some cases, a pyramidal roof is understood as a structure with any number of slopes - the main thing is that they be the same size. Such roofs look very harmonious and are not similar to other types of roofs.

According to its design, the pyramidal roof is made according to the traditional scheme with truss elements, although it has some features compared to the classic gable version.

The truss system of the pyramidal roof has a number of structural differences from the device of a standard gable roof.

The truss system of the pyramidal roof consists of the following elements:

rafters - diagonal beams located at the corners of the structure. They are made of timber or double thick boards;
mauerlat - the lower horizontal bar necessary for supporting and fixing the diagonal rafters;
rafter legs (spiders) - support bars attached to diagonal rafters. Provide increased strength and rigidity of the structure;
struts - vertical racks used as supports for rafter legs;
crossbars - horizontal beams that are mounted at the top of the diagonal rafters. Increase the strength and wind resistance of the roof;
beds - horizontal elements at the base of the structure, to which racks are attached.

The general arrangement of the roofing pie of the pyramidal roof is not much different from the classic version.

The rafter system is filed with a draft board.
The vapor barrier membrane is laid out and fixed.
A heater of the required thickness is laid on it.
Insulation plates must be laid so that they go into the space between the rafters with a noticeable tightness and do not leave gaps for the penetration of cold air
Waterproofing material is laid.
A counter-lattice is mounted, additionally fixing the waterproofing layer.
The bars of the counter-lattice, laid along the rafters, fix the waterproofing film and form the necessary ventilation gap, and the boards of the longitudinal lathing serve to fasten the roofing
The longitudinal crate is laid.
Roofing is installed.
The hipped roof looks very harmonious and gives the house the look of a fabulous tower.

Roof made of SIP panels

SIP-panel (from the English Structural Insulated Panel) is a building material in the form of a plate, consisting of two outer plates of solid material, between which there is a layer of insulation. On the one hand, the shell of the SIP panel is made of OSB-plate, on the other - from a sheet of corrugated board or also from OSB-plate. Panels with a metal coating are used as an independent roofing, OSB products are used as a continuous flooring under a soft roof.

As a rule, foam or expanded polystyrene of a certain density is used as a heat insulator. Sometimes polyurethane foam is pumped into the space between the plates or polypropylene is mounted. Previously, the panels were used only as a material for the construction of the frame of buildings, but now they are also successfully used for the construction of roofs.

Unlike traditional materials, there is no need to create a massive frame for the installation of SIP panels.

A typical device for a gable roof made of SIP panels for a soft roof is the following sequence of elements:

strapping - made of wooden beams with a comb. The size of the beam depends on the size of the panel groove;
ridge and end rafters - a bar of the same size is used for manufacturing. For a skate, you can take a board with a thickness of 5 cm or more;
mauerlat - made of timber from 100x100 to 200x200, depending on the size of the house and the thickness of the walls. It is mounted on the upper ends of the walls to provide support for attaching the strapping.

Each SIP panel is laid on the rafters and the nearest horizontal runs. Then it is adjusted and processed with a special adhesive mass or frost-resistant mounting foam. Upon completion, a strapping of a suitable size is mounted in the groove of the panel. In this case, the harness is also fixed to the Mauerlat and the ridge.

Video: installation of a roof from SIP panels

semi-circular roof

The semicircular roof is a "bent" structure with smooth vault lines. For its construction, a truss system based on arcuate lamellas is used.

For their manufacture, a board of the highest or first grade is used, which is steamed up to 100 degrees. Due to the absorption of a large amount of moisture, the wood becomes elastic. For bending workpieces, special forms are used. After shaping, the blanks are glued together and sent for drying.

As a result, the customer acquires a certain set of material sufficient for the manufacture of a roof according to a pre-compiled project. The assembly scheme is as close as possible to the technology that can be found when installing domed metal roofs.

For the construction of a semicircular roof, special truss elements are used, made for a specific project.

The semicircular roof consists of the following elements:

mauerlat - the lower support beams necessary for fixing the elements of the truss system;
lamellae - elements of small length, having an arcuate shape. They are assembled into a frame with the help of stringers;
stringers - horizontal elements that are attached between the lamellas when assembling the frame;
partitions - horizontal beams fixed from the end of the roof. Provide rigidity and strength of the structure.

To assemble the truss system of a semicircular roof, galvanized fastening strips and self-tapping screws are used. The size of the fasteners is selected for the specific size of the lamellae. The sequence of laying insulation and insulation is completely identical to that described above.

The device of expansion joints

The expansion joint, located on the surface of the roofing, is designed to compensate for the thermal expansion of the facing material. In addition, it reduces the resulting stresses due to movement or shrinkage of the roof structure.

The layout of the expansion joints depends on the size and design of the building. In the case of residential buildings, the arrangement of the seam is necessary when the roof of one building adjoins the wall of another, when materials with different degrees of linear expansion adjoin, and also in places where there is a sharp temperature drop inside the room.

A vapor barrier, mineral insulation and a bituminous roll coating are used for the construction of an expansion joint on a flat roof.

In private construction, expansion joints are arranged on flat soft or pitched roofs covered with bituminous roll coatings. They are made up of several components:

vapor barrier - is laid without joints under the expansion joint. It is better to use a moisture-resistant vapor barrier membrane;
space at the point of rupture - in the place where the expansion joint passes, a compressible non-combustible heat-insulating material is laid. Compressibility is determined according to GOST 17177;
temperature seam - a mineral heat-insulating material is laid over the gap so that it overlaps the seam by 15 cm on each side. Hot mastic is used for fixing;
heat insulator over the seam - for additional stress compensation, a mineral insulation is laid over the seam, rolled into a tube Ø50–70 mm.

Laying roofing to protect the expansion joint is carried out with small canvases overlapping the joint by 30–50 cm on each side. More detailed technology for the installation of expansion joints should be clarified with the manufacturers of the roofing material that is planned for purchase.

Roof access device

During operation, the roof and additional elements of the roof need periodic inspection, which allows you to prevent emerging or eliminate problems that have already arisen. To do this, it is desirable to equip the roof with a special outlet.

The type of device used depends not only on the size of the roof slope, but also on the size of the attic space. Some types of structures are simply inconvenient to keep in a small space.

Transparent hatches for access to the roof are also excellent sources of natural light

To access the roof, the following methods are used:

roof hatches - ready-made products that are mounted in pre-prepared holes in the roofing pie. They are a steel or plastic box with a fixed monolithic or transparent hatch. Exit to the roof is carried out by means of a ladder or ladder;
hatches with a folding ladder - devices combined with an attic ladder, which folds into a specially designated space. As a rule, in the folded version, this type of hatches is no different from the previous one;
a roof window is a compromise option when the window is used not only to illuminate the under-roof space, but also to exit to the roof. It is highly desirable that roof drains be provided on the roof surface;
outdoor staircase - a metal welded or wooden staircase, which is attached to the wall of the house as needed. If desired, it can be fixed on the surface of the wall, but not all owners of private houses will like it.

Installation of roof hatches is not particularly difficult and is carried out according to the instructions attached to them. Usually it is a steel box, which is fixed to the truss system with self-tapping screws. In some cases, the box is mounted directly on the mounting foam.

Roofing is a vast topic that requires careful study of the technology. Especially when it comes to multi-pitched roofs, which have a large number of junctions of slopes. If you decide to do the installation of the roof with your own hands, carefully study all the available information and only then proceed with the work.

All kinds of wooden buildings, both residential and auxiliary, are still in demand, despite the wide range of modern building materials. During their construction, the competent construction of the roof plays an important role, since only in this case the buildings will turn out to be truly warm and durable.

Wood has always been used as a building material. Wherever forest areas prevailed, it was the most reliable and affordable material for local residents. They not only built housing from wood, but also covered the roof with it. Wooden roofing perfectly copes with the functions of moisture and heat protection, not to mention the exclusive appearance. The covering from wood and today occupies the leading place among roofing materials.

Varieties of wooden roofing

For the device of such a roof, various materials from wood are used:

Shingles in appearance are thin boards made of alder, spruce and aspen. It is laid in layers, maintaining a checkerboard pattern. Layers can be four or six. Shingles is an excellent heat insulator and does not let noise through. Under such a roof, condensate does not accumulate, so it is unnecessary to additionally arrange ventilation.
Shindel - these are split planks that have an irregular shape. As it is also called, wooden tiles are laid with an overlap in a checkerboard pattern. For the manufacture of the material, solid wood is used, for example, larch or Canadian red cedar.
Ploughshare, spade-shaped planks, are well known to us from the images of the royal chambers or boyar towers. Even today, domed and hipped roofs are usually covered with this material.
Gaunt is a plank that is obtained through a cut with a saw. This is a fairly versatile material, and it is suitable for roofs of various configurations and areas.
Tes, as the name implies, boards that are hewn immediately from a tree trunk. Therefore, the structure of wood is clearly visible on them. The main raw material for them is conifers.

Pros and cons

Among the advantages of this coating, we first of all note the environmental friendliness of a wooden roof.

its device does without the use of high-tech equipment and sophisticated tools;
the coating is completely sealed;
no need for laying a vapor barrier layer;
under such a roof it is warm in frosts and cool in the heat;
light weight;
excellent noise reduction:
exceptionally long service life - about a hundred years.

Of course, this type of coating also has disadvantages, for example,

high price level;
the complexity of installation;
low fire safety.

However, they do not affect the desire of homeowners to have a really beautiful and environmentally friendly home.

Installation Features

A wooden roof is the result of several manufacturing operations. To perform them, you need tools for woodworking, as well as special devices. Its durability and stability are largely due to the competent organization of installation work: whether it is convenient equipment or the quality of connecting the nodes of wooden roof structures.

In the process of installation work, various methods of connecting parts are used, for example, simple nails, spikes, or more.

Consider the device of the main nodes of a wooden roof : locks, cuttings, spikes.

carpenter's castle. The joints of wood parts acquire strength, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure. There are two types of locks

overlay. They are the easiest to perform. In everyday life, you can often hear another name - half a tree, since the sample on the workpiece in the form of a rectangle is performed at half its thickness. Overlay parts can be connected at an angle of 90˚, T-shaped or crosswise. After connecting the blanks, they are fastened either with nails or dowels, or with glue. The fastening option depends on the expected loads at the interface;
into a frying pan. This is a more difficult option for execution, but, on the other hand, these locks are resistant to high operational loads. To connect parts that have the same thickness, use a simple frying pan. On one of the blanks, a trapezoid is cut from the end, on the other - a nest, similar both in shape and in size. If a simple frying pan is supplemented with a cutting, then it will also be possible to connect parts with different thicknesses. The nest in this case should correspond in depth to the thickness of the first workpiece.

spike connection- the most aesthetic, but their execution requires high qualifications. It consists of two elements - a spike and a socket or eye, located on two parts. A spike is a protrusion that is located at the end of the first and enters the eye on the second. Spikes and sockets must be adjusted so that when tightly fitting into each other, the wood fibers do not collapse. If the fit is too tight, the wood between the joints may peel off, but if it is loose, a weak joint will result.

rafter cuts used in the construction of rafter legs. The method of making cuts of this type has some features, since the beams of the rafters and ceilings are located at an angle. When constructing roofs, stops and so-called frontal cuts are more often used, since they are very reliable and at the same time it will not be difficult to perform them.

This is a type of connection where forces from one part are transferred to another part without intermediate working connections. If we are talking about mounting loads, then for their transfer it is necessary to install auxiliary fasteners made of metal: bolts, brackets, pins or something else.

On a note

During the construction of the wooden roof of log houses, the roofing units are performed using the same fasteners.

Mounting technology

Tiled roof. It is laid in two ways:

transverse, which involves laying boards parallel to the ridge;

2. longitudinal, the boards in this embodiment are laid parallel to the gable cornice of the ramp.

Laying is performed:

in one row. Each subsequent board at the same time overlaps the previous one by 50 mm;
two rows. The middle of the boards of the next row should be aligned in this case with the joints of the boards in the previous one. For residential buildings, it is recommended to use two-row laying.

A special groove must be provided in the upper part of the tesovy coating, designed to drain water.

Shingled roof. Installation of a shingle cover (shindel, shingles, plowshares) is more difficult and more laborious. Usually, roofing elements are fastened using nails, preferably copper.

On a note

For some types of wooden coatings, the tongue and groove fastening principle is used.

The shingle roof is assembled on a solid or sparse crate, stuffed from a beam with a cross section of at least 50 mm. The step of the crate should be equal to one third of the length of the shingle. For outbuildings, two-layer masonry is used; for residential buildings, three-layer masonry is more suitable.

Important points of the device

Wooden coverings, as a rule, are laid on pitched roofs with an inclination angle of at least 25˚.
On outbuildings, it can be flat. Such a roof assumes the presence of a waterproofing layer, say, from roofing material. The waterproofing material is laid on a flat base made of sheet material. In extreme cases, it can be laid out from the boards, keeping a gap of no more than 10 mm between them.
According to traditional wood flooring technology, waterproofing is optional. Nevertheless, today many masters still recommend laying membrane films under the coating.
The membrane is spread over the rafters, then a counter-lattice of timber is stuffed on top of the waterproofing layer on the rafters. Then, along it, a crate is assembled under the main flooring.
On steep slopes, it is enough to lay waterproofing only in problem nodes of wooden roofs, for example, on valleys, along cornices, in places where pipes pass, etc.
Installation of shingles starts from the middle of the eaves. The elements of the initial row are laid as tightly as possible, and they should protrude beyond the eaves.
Each next row is laid with such an overlap to overlap the joints of the two previous ones.
Roof ridges are decorated with special ridge elements. They are overlapped and fixed along the lower edge with nails.

For a durable and reliable roof, it is important to make all the nodes of the truss system with high quality. What this means, we will analyze right now.

The rafter is the skeleton of the roof, on which the inner and outer skin, insulation, waterproofing and other elements are held. Also, very often they are used as the basis for communication. Huge loads fall on the roof and, accordingly, the rafters, which can reach 200 kg / m 2. This is the weight of building materials, snow with foliage and other debris. And what about gusts of wind?

Roof rafters as a basis for communications

When carrying out repair work, this system must withstand not only the weight of a person, but also the necessary equipment. Moreover, all these parameters are strictly individual and depend on a number of factors, ranging from the configuration to the climatic zone. However, in any case, the roof and all its elements must be sufficiently reliable, and only then can we feel truly protected.

First you need to familiarize yourself with the terminology. The Mauerlat can rightly be called the foundation of the entire system. It is a beam on which the structure is attached. Its main function is to evenly distribute the loads on the walls. But the beam on which the crate is fixed is called the rafter leg. This is the most important element that determines the angle of inclination of the slope and the general appearance of the roof. Between themselves, the rafter legs fasten the run. It is located both on top and on the side. Depending on this, there are ridge and side runs. At the bottom of the leg are fixed with a puff.

Mauerlat for fastening the truss structure

Thanks to the struts and racks, the rafter beams are located as stable as possible. Edged boards are stuffed perpendicular to the legs - crate. It serves as the basis for the roofing material. And the junction of the roof slopes is usually called the ridge. A continuous crate is stuffed on it to make this part of the roof as reliable as possible. Continuation of the rafter legs - filly. They are located under an overhang that protects the walls from precipitation. Very often, it is these structural elements that begin to rot first, since they are most susceptible to the negative effects of the weather, while the legs themselves can serve for a very long time. The reliability of the entire structure depends on how high quality absolutely each attachment point will be. We will talk about them in more detail.

This concept combines a number of structural elements, as they consist of crates, racks and braces. In fact, this rigid structure is the skeleton of the roof. Depending on the size and personal wishes, there are four types of farms. If the width of the house is from 12 to 24 m, then the most suitable would be a segmented or trapezoidal shape. For larger structures, up to 36 m wide, a polygonal one is suitable. But the classic triangular one will be an excellent solution for the construction of houses with a width of 9–18 m.

Roof trusses of different sizes

The material also plays a huge role. The most commonly used wood. In this case, the beams are mounted by cutting and subsequent fixing with nails, self-tapping screws and other fasteners. However, the use of a tree is not relevant in all cases. So, if the span length exceeds 16 m, then trusses with stretched metal racks will be more suitable, since it will be difficult to ensure reliable fastening of wooden elements in this case. The combined type is also popular, in which both wooden and metal parts are used at the same time.

The ridge is a horizontal rib at the junction of two slopes. There is a layered and truss system of a hanging type. In the first case, the skate is mounted on racks parallel to long walls. It is very important to ensure the maximum adjoining of the rafters to the ridge; for this, appropriate cuts are made. Fixation is done with nails.

Skate at the junction of two slopes

If we are talking about a hanging structure, then the ends of the rafter legs are connected in pairs. To ensure such a pairing, the end of each beam is cut at an angle equal to the slope of the roof. Next, the rafters are connected by cut planes and fixed with nails hammered at an angle. It is imperative to close the junction with a metal plate or a wooden lining.

Pair connection of rafter legs

When connected with a notch in half a tree, maximum strength is achieved. To do this, at the junction, the rafter legs are connected to the ledge. Then a hole for a 14 mm bolt is drilled. Further fixation is achieved by bolting. When it comes to a sliding system, in this case the ends of the legs are connected by means of metal plate hinges.

This is the next attachment point for truss systems, which you need to dwell on in more detail. There are two technologies for fixing beams to the Mauerlat. Rigid fastenings exclude any shifts, vibrations, turns, torsion and other manipulations. To achieve a similar effect, a drink is made on the leg. Further, the connection is additionally fixed with nails, wire, self-tapping screws and other auxiliary elements. Usually, several nails are hammered at an angle so that they cross inside the Mauerlat. And then another nail is driven vertically.

Washed down on the legs for attachment to the Mauerlat

Sliding mounts are obtained thanks to special fasteners. There is one, two or three degrees of freedom of this conjugation. Such a connection is great for wooden houses, as a rigid fixation during shrinkage can be severely damaged. Such a mobile connection can be provided in several ways. The leg rests against the Mauerlat with a hemmed bar or sawn tooth and is rigidly fixed with a metal corner. Thus, the rigidity of the fastening in the horizontal plane is achieved. At the top, the legs are connected by notches, while a bevel is made on a horizontal platform to provide a sliding connection.

Sliding fastening elements

If only one nail is driven in at the place of fixation to the Mauerlat or special flexible plates are used, then the pairing will turn out to be sliding in this part of the truss system.

Now let's focus on the typical nodes of the wooden truss system. The peculiarity of such a roof is the presence of hips. This type has a number of advantages. They are more durable, since the load is distributed evenly over the entire surface, they are not afraid of strong winds and precipitation, and they are economical. However, they are more technologically complex.

Typical hip roof nodes

This roof consists of two long trapezoidal slopes, while they do not cover the entire area, triangular hips are installed at an angle from the ends of the building. In this case, typical elements appear - additional sloping rafter legs, from which end slopes are formed. The connection of diagonal beams can be different. Both hanging trusses and a layered structure fixed to the Mauerlat are popular.

Roofing from trapezoidal slopes and triangular hips

If the rafters of the slopes rest on the ridge, then the sloping legs should be adjacent to the console of the ridge run. It is very important that the console outlet is not less than 100 mm, but not more than 150 mm. The lower part of the diagonal rafters is fixed to the Mauerlat or a special beam on the wall of the house. Sometimes a wooden bar is used to make rafter legs, in which case the slanting elements are fixed to a special board (surfboard) fixed on the farm. But the installation to the extreme hanging farm is done by means of a sprengel. At the same time, cuts are made on the beams of the legs at an angle corresponding to the slope of the hip slope.