L.A. Sinyaeva

What do we know

Princely strife

In 1015 Prince Vladimir of Kyiv died - a struggle began between

sons-heirs

his brothers Boris and Gleb

Svyatopolk the Accursed killed

In 1019 the Kiev throne was occupied by

In 1054, Yaroslav divided the Russian lands between his sons and bequeathed that they

“they did not transgress the destiny of their brother”

obeyed the Kyiv prince

In the event of the death of the prince, the heirs of the estate became

his sons and grandsons

A condition for the division of a single Russian state into several independent principalities.

How Yaroslav the Wise tried to prevent strife between

by your sons? What did this lead to?

Yaroslav Mudry replaced lesvichna system of inheritance of the principality hereditary. This created the conditions for the collapse of the Russian state into separate principalities, but did not save it from civil strife.

Princely congresses

1097 in Lyubech took place

princely congress

Each prince rules in his own fiefdom.

The board was established

dynastic

own dynasty

In every land there are rules

How did the decisions of the congress of princes affect the unity of the country?

Congress of princes in Lyubich.

Beginning of the specific period. Principalities Southern Rus'§ 13

I. Discovering new knowledge:

3. Principalities of southern Rus'

4. Southern Rus' and the Steppe

II. We apply new knowledge. Control: With. 97 – 98.

2 points – v.1.

1 point – c. 3.

2 points – tasks.

1 point – oral answer.

III. Homework: § 13, c. 1 – 4, source.

1. Reasons for the collapse of Ancient Rus'

In 1132 after the death of Mstislav Old Russian state broke up into separate principalities (districts).

Show the principalities and lands on the map.

Causes political fragmentation- ? P. 92.

External danger (Khazar Khaganate, Varangian raids)

Trade routes (East and West)

moved

The role of the Kyiv prince as an all-Russian military leader

lost its meaning

Local princes are the masters

their destinies

The meaning of political fragmentation

Preservation of cultural unity

The weakening of Rus''s military strength

Fragmentation is a natural and progressive stage in the development of any state, as it is associated with a higher level of economic development and political system

2. Three types of statehood in the specific period

CITY EVENING

SENIOR DEVELOPMENT (boyars)

WHAT FORCE PLAYED THE DECISIVE ROLE?

TYPES OF STATE AUTHORITY

Monarchy with a large role for the boyars

Boyar republic with the decisive role of the veche

Monarchy with the dominant role of the prince

Southern Rus':

Kyiv, Galicia-Volyn land

Northwestern Rus'

North-Eastern Rus'

What was common in everyone's political life? public education?

3. Principalities of southern Rus'

Time of reign

Principality of Galich

Main events

Yaroslav Osmomysl

Roman Mstislavich

Daniil Romanovich

The boyars interfere in the prince's personal life. The prince is placed on the throne.

(Volyn prince)

Principality of Kiev

He captured Galich and dealt with the boyars.

Captured Kyiv (1203). Created the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Vladimir Monomakh

1240 Kyiv was conquered.

Mstislav (senior Monomashich)

Yury Dolgoruky

Andrey Bogolyubsky

Kiev Veche invited to the throne

(Suzdal Prince)

Poisoned

He did not recognize the primacy of the Kyiv throne.

In 1169 he plundered Kyiv. 1203 Kyiv was sacked by the princes. Kyiv has lost the ROLE OF A CAPITAL.

4. Southern Rus' and the Steppe

Why was the role of the squad in the southern principalities strong? P. 95

External threat - Cumans

Steppe - Polovtsian lands.

nomads

Traded with a strong state

Fought with the weak

South Russian princes

Hikes to the Polovtsian lands

Years of peace - we became friends (weddings)

Show on the map the campaigns of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians

Did the Polovtsian raids hinder the development of the southern Russian principalities?

Invasion of the Polovtsians on Russian land. Captivity and massacre of the Russian population

We apply new knowledge and evaluate ourselves

2 points – v.1.

1 point – c. 3.

2 points – tasks.

1 point – oral answer.

1. Political and socio-economic conditions of the collapse of Kievan Rus.
2. Principalities and lands during the appanage period: the specifics of political organization.
- 3. Features of the statehood of North-Eastern Rus' in comparison with Western Europe.
- 4. Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde. The influence of the Horde on the domestic state tradition.

Political and socio-economic conditions of the collapse of Kievan Rus

The period of feudal fragmentation in Rus' covers the 12th - first half of the 15th centuries. The number of independent principalities in this period was not stable due to the divisions and mergers of some of them. In the middle of the 12th century - about 15 appanage principalities, on the eve Tatar-Mongol invasion in Rus' there were about 50 of them, and in the 14th century, on the eve of the process of state consolidation, their number approached 250. The most noticeable role in the subsequent development of Rus' was played by the Kiev, Chernigov, Galicia-Volyn, Polotsk, Smolensk, Vladimir-Suzdal principalities, as well as Novgorod land.
The onset of political fragmentation was prepared by the development of feudal relations. The strengthening of the economic positions of large fiefdoms - appanage princes and boyars - pushed them towards political independence. For some time the appearance of the former unity still remained. The Kiev principality continued to be considered the main one, there was a single church organization, the norms of the “Russian Truth” were in effect, congresses of princes were held, and joint military actions were organized. But gradually the ties between the joint Russian lands weakened, and princely strife led to their further fragmentation.
The reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Rus' can be formulated as follows.
Domestic political: abolition of the “regular” order of inheritance. A single state no longer existed under the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, and unity was maintained largely thanks to family ties and common interests of defense against steppe nomads. The decision of the Lyubech Congress “everyone holds his own fatherland” finally eliminated the dependence of the appanage princes on the Kyiv prince. Yaroslav's descendants were more interested not in the struggle for seniority, but in increasing their own possessions at the expense of their neighbors.
Foreign policy: as a result of the Crusades, the way to the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The importance of the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” began to decline, and it became more and more dangerous due to the increasing activity of the Steppe. This accelerated the process of the collapse of Kievan Rus as a state that arose around the most important trade artery.
Socio-economic: the development of subsistence farming prevented the establishment of strong ties between regions. In conditions when everything necessary was produced within the feudal estate, strong power was required locally, and not in the center. The growth of cities, colonization and the development of new lands led to the emergence of new large centers of Rus', loosely connected with Kiev.
The process of the collapse of Kievan Rus was due to the strengthening of the power of the largest land owners locally and the emergence of local administrative centers as a result of the development of productive forces and an increase in the level of agricultural production as a consequence of the development of new lands, the growth of culture, agriculture and increased productivity. The separation of crafts from agriculture continued, which was a stimulus for the growth of new cities and urban populations.

Principalities and lands during the appanage period: specifics
political organization

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries. In Rus', 3 main political centers were identified, each of which had a decisive influence on political life in neighboring lands and principalities:
for North-Eastern Rus' - Vladimir-Suzdal land (princely monarchy);
for Southwestern Rus' - the Galician-Volyn principality (princely-boyar monarchy);
for the North-West - Novgorod land (boyar republic).

Rostovo (Vladimir)-Suzdal Principality

The area between the Oka and Volga rivers is a territory well protected by forests and rivers from both Varangian campaigns and Polovtsian raids. The largest cities are Rostov, Suzdal, in the 12th century new cities appear and grow - Tver, Vladimir, Moscow. The Rostov-Suzdal land became an independent principality under Yuri Dolgoruky, who managed to significantly expand the territory under his control and even occupy the great Kiev table at the end of his life. His son Andrei Bogolyubsky, having abandoned the fight for Kyiv as the symbolic capital of Rus', focuses on the development of the northeastern lands. Thus, Andrei for the first time tore the seniority among the princes away from the place (Kyiv as the oldest city) and the center of Rus' finally moved to the northeast. Andrey moves his capital from the old boyar Rostov to the small city of Vladimir-on-Klyazma. The authoritarian nature of his rule and the long-term conflict with the boyars led to the death of the prince in 1174.
His brother Vsevolod Big Nest dealt with the boyar opposition and finally established a monarchical form of government in the principality. Murom, Ryazan, Chernigov, Smolensk, Kyiv and even Novgorod fall into the sphere of influence of the Vsevolodovichs. The order of government in this territory largely repeated the model of Kievan Rus.

Galicia-Volyn Principality

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located far from the nomads. Its territory - the northeastern slopes of the Carpathians and the interfluve of the Dniester and Prut - bordered on Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic. Active foreign trade developed with these countries. The unification of the Galician and Volyn lands took place at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries under Prince Roman Mstislavich, who in 1203 captured Kyiv and assumed the title of Grand Duke. The political feature of the principality was the strong position of the boyars. The princely domain was significantly inferior to the boyar land ownership, which predetermined the permanent boyar front. Formally, the highest executive, legislative and judicial powers belonged to the prince, but the boyars, relying on economic and military power, could not recognize the prince’s decisions. Supreme judicial branch In case of disagreement, the princes were transferred to the Council of Boyars, which was convened on the initiative of the boyars and headed by a bishop. In emergency conditions, a veche was held.
An example of such a struggle was the initial period of the reign of Daniil Romanovich, the young son of Roman Mstislavovich. The only case of the occupation of the princely throne by a person who did not belong to the Rurik dynasty was the “reigning” of the boyar Vladislav in Galich (1212-1213). This led to a long struggle for Daniel to regain the throne, in which Polish and Hungarian feudal lords took part. By 1238, he managed to restore his power in the Galicia-Volyn land, and in 1240 he even took Kyiv. But in the same year Kyiv was burned by the Mongol-Tatars. Daniel's attempt to organize a crusade against the Mongols led him to recognize the authority of the Pope and the union of churches. In 1255, Daniel's coronation took place on behalf of the pope, but real help he never received it from the West. After his death, Galicia and Volhynia passed to Poland and Lithuania.

Novgorod land

The uniqueness of the state model of Novgorod was determined by a number of circumstances of a geographical, historical, and foreign policy nature.
1. The remote position of Novgorod placed it outside the princely strife and allowed the city to develop more or less freely.
2. Not very favorable agroclimatic conditions (swampy terrain, cold climate, poor soils) made it unprofitable Agriculture and forced to look for other sources of income.
3. The proximity of Novgorod to the main river basins of the East European Plain, the possibility of access to the Baltic Sea - all this contributed to the early development of trade and crafts, which became the basis of the local economy;
4. Geopolitical factor - a relatively calm situation on the borders. Until the 13th century (the creation of the Livonian Order and the unification of Lithuania), there was no external threat, and this gave additional features for development.
Novgorod land occupied a vast territory: from the White Sea in the north to the headwaters of the Volga in the south, from the Baltic in the west to Ural mountains in the east. The main core of the Novgorod territory was divided into five lands, called Pyatina and assigned to the city “ends”. The centers of Pyatina were cities called suburbs of Novgorod. Novgorod governors were sent to these cities; there were also their own veche meetings and elected officials. Pyatina consisted of volosts governed by Novgorod “men”, volosts - of graveyards.
Unlike other Russian lands, the system of a boyar republic developed in Novgorod. The supreme body of power was considered the veche - a people's assembly of all adult free residents of the city, which considered the most important issues of internal and foreign policy, which invited princes and elected the main officials. The mayor announced the agenda and led the debate. Decisions were made unanimously. Since this was difficult to achieve in most cases, veche meetings often developed into a mass fight, with the dominant side remaining on the right. The decisions of the veche were formalized in a special office - the veche hut, headed by the veche clerk.
Since the city was divided into five end districts, and the latter into streets, along with the citywide veche there were “Konchansky” and “Ulichansky” veche gatherings, which elected, respectively, Konchansky and Ulichansky elders. That is Velikiy Novgorod in its structure it was a system of self-governing communities.
Despite the regularity of the convening of the city council and the fairly clear organization of its activities, real power belonged to the Council of Gentlemen, which included from 300 to 500 “golden belts”: boyars, senior officials (current and retired), the top of the settlement (“living people”) , Konchansky and Sotsky elders. The Council was headed by the Archbishop. The Council of Gentlemen decided all the most important issues: determined the choice of the prince, mayor, and other officials, prepared veche meetings and actually led them.
The highest official in Novgorod was the mayor, elected from noble boyar families. He presided over the meeting, controlled the activities of the prince, together with him led the armed forces, administered justice, and conducted foreign policy affairs. The closest assistant to the mayor was the tysyatsky, who was also elected by the veche. He led the city militia, and in peacetime he carried out judicial (trade litigation) and police functions.
The Archbishop of Novgorod was not only the head of the church, but also one of the highest officials of the republic. For this reason, he was also elected by the veche and confirmed Metropolitan of Kyiv. The archbishop presided over the council of masters, administered the ecclesiastical court, kept the state treasury and seal, controlled trade measures and weights, and participated in the implementation of foreign policy. The archbishop had a special “sovereign” regiment at his disposal.
Since the time of Yaroslav the Wise, Novgorodians received the right to invite the prince of their own choice. Unlike other Russian lands, the prince in Novgorod was not the supreme ruler. He served as the commander-in-chief and organizer of the defense of the Novgorod land, and together with the mayor administered justice (but only within the city). Even the prince's residence was located outside the Novgorod Kremlin. The Novgorodians entered into an agreement with the invited prince - a “row”, where his judicial, administrative and other powers, the method of remuneration for service to the city, and the prince’s status in trade matters were precisely recorded. If the terms of the agreement were violated, the veche “showed the way,” that is, expelled the prince.

Rice. 2. The state system of the Novgorod boyar republic.

Lecture, abstract. Public administration in the appanage period (XIII-XIV centuries) - concept and types. Classification, essence and features.

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3. The emergence of the Old Russian state. Public administration in Kievan Rus (IX-XII centuries) « | » 4.1 Features of the statehood of North-Eastern Rus'
compared to Western Europe

Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword.
Alexander Nevskiy

Udelnaya Rus' originates in 1132, when Mstislav the Great dies, which leads the country to a new internecine war, the consequences of which had a huge impact on the entire state. As a result of subsequent events, independent principalities emerged. In Russian literature, this period is also called fragmentation, since all events were based on the disunion of lands, each of which was actually an independent state. Of course, the dominant position of the Grand Duke was preserved, but this was already a nominal figure rather than a truly significant one.

The period of feudal fragmentation in Rus' lasted almost 4 centuries, during which the country underwent strong changes. They affected both the structure, the way of life, and the cultural customs of the peoples of Russia. As a result of the isolated actions of the princes, Rus' for many years found itself branded with a yoke, which was only possible to get rid of after the rulers of the destinies began to unite around a common goal - the overthrow of the power of the Golden Horde. In this material we will look at the main distinctive features appanage Rus', as an independent state, as well as the main features of the lands included in it.

The main reasons for feudal fragmentation in Rus' stem from those historical, economic and political processes that were happening in the country at that moment in time. The following main reasons for the formation of Appanage Rus' and fragmentation can be identified:

This whole set of measures led to the fact that the causes of feudal fragmentation in Rus' turned out to be very significant and led to irreversible consequences that almost put the very existence of the state at stake.

Fragmentation at a certain historical stage This is a normal phenomenon that almost any state has encountered, but in Rus' there were certain distinctive features in this process. First of all, it should be noted that literally all the princes who ruled the estates were from the same ruling dynasty. There was nothing like this anywhere else in the world. There have always been rulers who held power by force, but had no historical claims to it. In Russia, almost any prince could be chosen as chief. Secondly, the loss of the capital should be noted. No, formally Kyiv retained a leading role, but this was only formal. At the beginning of this era, the Kiev prince was still dominant over everyone, other fiefs paid him taxes (whoever could). But literally within a few decades this changed, since first the Russian princes took the previously impregnable Kyiv by storm, and after that the Mongol-Tatars literally destroyed the city. By this time, the Grand Duke was the representative of the city of Vladimir.

Appanage Rus' - consequences of existence

Any historical event has its causes and consequences, which leave one or another imprint on the processes occurring within the state during such achievements, as well as after them. The collapse of the Russian lands in this regard was no exception and revealed a number of consequences that were formed as a result of the emergence of individual appanages:

Uniform population of the country. This is one of the positive aspects that was achieved due to the fact that the southern lands became the object of constant wars. As a result, the main population was forced to flee to the northern regions to find safety. If by the time the state of Udelnaya Rus was formed, the northern regions were practically deserted, then by the end of the 15th century the situation had already changed radically.
Development of cities and their arrangement. This point also includes economic, spiritual, and craft innovations that appeared in the principalities. This is due to a rather simple thing - the princes were full-fledged rulers in their lands, to maintain which it was necessary to develop a natural economy so as not to depend on their neighbors.
The appearance of vassals. Since there was no single system providing security to all principalities, weak lands were forced to accept the status of vassals. Of course, there was no talk of any oppression, but such lands did not have independence, since in many issues they were forced to adhere to the point of view of a stronger ally.
Decrease in the country's defense capability. The individual squads of the princes were quite strong, but still not numerous. In battles with equal opponents, they could win, but strong enemies alone could easily cope with each of the armies. Batu’s campaign clearly demonstrated this when the princes, in an attempt to defend their lands alone, did not dare to join forces. The result is widely known - 2 centuries of yoke and the murder of a huge number of Russians.
Impoverishment of the country's population. Such consequences were caused not only by external enemies, but also by internal ones. Against the backdrop of the yoke and constant attempts by Livonia and Poland to seize Russian possessions, internecine wars do not stop. They are still large-scale and destructive. In such a situation, as always, the common population suffered. This was one of the reasons for the migration of peasants to the north of the country. This is how one of the first mass migrations of people took place, which gave birth to appanage Rus'.

We see that the consequences of the feudal fragmentation of Russia are far from clear-cut. They have both negative and positive sides. Moreover, it should be remembered that this process is characteristic not only of Rus'. All countries have gone through it in one form or another. Ultimately, the destinies united anyway and created a strong state capable of ensuring its own security.

The collapse of Kievan Rus led to the emergence of 14 independent principalities, each of which had its own capital, its own prince and army. The largest of them were Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn principality. It should be noted that Novgorod developed a unique at that time political system- republic. Appanage Rus' became a unique state of its time.

Features of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality

This lot was located in the northeastern part of the country. Its inhabitants were mainly engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, which was facilitated by favorable conditions. natural conditions. The largest cities in the principality were Rostov, Suzdal and Vladimir. As for the latter, it became the main city of the country after Batu captured Kyiv.

The peculiarity of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality is that for many years it maintained its dominant position, and the Grand Duke ruled from these lands. As for the Mongols, they also recognized the power of this center, allowing its ruler to personally collect tribute for them from all destinies. Exists a large number of There are no guesses on this matter, but we can still say with confidence that Vladimir was the capital of the country for a long time.

Features of the Galicia-Volyn principality

It was located in the southwest of Kyiv, the peculiarities of which were that it was one of the largest in its time. The largest cities of this inheritance were Vladimir Volynsky and Galich. Their significance was quite high, both for the region and for the state as a whole. Local residents for the most part were engaged in crafts, which allowed them to actively trade with other principalities and states. At the same time, these cities could not become important shopping centers due to their geographical location.

Unlike most appanages, in Galicia-Volyn, as a result of fragmentation, wealthy landowners very quickly emerged, who had a huge influence on the actions of the local prince. This land was subject to frequent raids, primarily from Poland.

Principality of Novgorod

Novgorod is a unique city and a unique destiny. The special status of this city dates back to the formation of the Russian state. It was here that it originated, and its inhabitants have always been freedom-loving and wayward. As a result, they often changed princes, keeping only the most worthy ones. During times Tatar-Mongol yoke it was this city that became the stronghold of Rus', a city that the enemy could not take. The Principality of Novgorod once again became a symbol of Russia and a land that contributed to their unification.

The largest city of this principality was Novgorod, which was guarded by the Torzhok fortress. The special position of the principality led to the rapid development of trade. As a result, it was one of the richest cities in the country. In terms of its size, it also occupied a leading place, second only to Kyiv, but unlike the ancient capital, the Novgorod principality did not lose its independence.

Significant dates

History is, first of all, dates that can tell better than any words what happened in each specific segment of human development. Speaking about feudal fragmentation, we can highlight the following key dates:

1185 - Prince Igor made a campaign against the Polovtsians, immortalized in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign”
1223 – Battle of the Kalka River
1237 - the first Mongol invasion, which led to the conquest of Appanage Rus'
July 15, 1240 – Battle of the Neva
April 5, 1242 – Battle of the Ice
1358 – 1389 – The Grand Duke of Russia was Dmitry Donskoy
July 15, 1410 – Battle of Grunwald
1480 - great stand on the Ugra River
1485 – annexation of the Tver principality to the Moscow one
1505-1534 - the reign of Vasily 3, which was marked by the liquidation of the last inheritances
1534 - the reign of Ivan 4, the Terrible, begins.

Causes of feudal fragmentation

Already in the 2nd half. XI century New trends in the socio-economic and political development of Russian lands were clearly defined, which a century later ushered in a new stage in the history of Russian statehood - the era of feudal fragmentation.

Let us highlight its main reasons:

1) The emergence of estates - private large land holdings, which, as a rule, belonged to the boyars. The votchinniki - boyars - owned arable land, herds of horses, herds of cows, and poultry. Unfree workers (slaves - servants, serfs) were also part of the boyar's property. Free people also became dependent on the boyars. These were, for example, the “ryadovichi”, who entered into an agreement (“row”), on the basis of which they worked for the owner. A type of “ryadovichi” were “purchases”, obliged to work off the owner’s “kupu” - a debt.

From now on, the boyars ceased to depend on the prince. Having received regular income from the estate, they no longer needed tribute, and therefore were in no hurry to go on a campaign for the prince. It was not tribute, but land cultivated by the labor of dependent peasants that became the main value. The boyar did not want to tear his smerds away from the arable land, not only for the sake of long-distance campaigns, but sometimes even for the sake of protecting the country from the invasions of nomads, if they did not directly affect his possessions. Wasn't needed princely squad and to pacify and subjugate dependent people. The boyar had his own “apparatus of suppression”: boyar tiun (household manager), elders, guards, etc.

The younger squad remained with the prince. It was not only a military force, but also part of the state apparatus, personally dependent on the prince. She was entrusted with collecting court fines and taxes. Gathered on behalf of the prince, they were the main source of livelihood for the younger warriors, who needed the prince and “fed” his mercy.

At the turn of the XI-XII centuries. The first contradictions emerged between the boyars and the younger squad. The interests of the boyars, who found themselves connected with their estates, often did not coincide with those of the princes. Landowners who have acquired large amounts of wealth through their wealth political force, sought independence from the central government, put pressure on local princes to decide at their own discretion on issues of domestic and even foreign policy.

The very nature of princely power prevented this. At that time, in Rus' there was a system of replacing princely thrones based on the principle of clan eldership. Rus' was conceived as a common ancestral domain of the Rurikovichs, and this meant the right of each family member to temporary possession of a certain part of the land in order of seniority. In conditions of lack of stability in political life and loose land holdings, princes often moved from one volost to another. They were passing figures for the population. The princely squad, who came with the prince, only collected tribute and taxes from the population, without worrying at all about the future. The outstanding Russian historian Klyuchevsky wrote: “The constant movement of princes from table to table and the disputes that accompanied it undermined the prince’s zemstvo authority. The prince was not attached to the place of ownership, to this or that table, either by dynastic or even personal connections. He came and soon went away, was a political accident for the region, a wandering comet.”

2) Changes also occurred in the princely environment. The practice of clan eldership when replacing thrones no longer satisfied what had grown by the 12th century. Rurik family. There was no clear order either in the distribution of inheritances or in their inheritance. It became increasingly difficult to establish clan eldership. The “paternal” principle of inheritance from father to son gained strength. Each prince turned from a governor, ready to leave his inheritance, into its permanent and hereditary owner, and Rus' became the territory of the hereditary possessions of the princes.

A complex, slow and contradictory process of the formation of land dynasties began, the integration of transient princes into social structures lands and volosts, whose overlords they became. From this time on, the land interests of local princes and boyars began to coincide. They united in the fight against the central government, and the specific fragmentation of the country became irreversible.

3) Socio-economic progress in the 11th-12th centuries, the rise of agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts and trades, the development of domestic and foreign trade contributed to the growth and strengthening of individual lands and principalities of the Old Russian state. Cities grew, veche life became lively, townspeople actively fought for city liberties and played an important role in political affairs. Therefore, for local socio-economic development, the huge scale of the state as a whole was no longer needed.

4) Ancient Rus' was united, first of all, due to the common desire for predatory campaigns against Byzantium. However, by the end of the 10th century. the benefits in the form of booty and tribute began to be noticeably inferior in importance to the benefits received from the development of ordinary trade, which became possible, firstly, thanks to the conclusion of trade agreements with Byzantium, and secondly, due to the increase in wealth in the hands of the prince (on behalf of which, in fact, was traded by Russian merchants), caused by an increase in tax collection after the stabilization of relations within the state. Thus, military campaigns against Byzantium ceased.

5) It was possible to stabilize relations with the “steppe”. Svyatoslav also defeated the Khazars, Vladimir and Yaroslav actually put an end to the Pechenegs, and only the Polovtsians continued to harass Rus' with their raids. However, the Polovtsian forces were small, so there was no need to mobilize the troops of the entire state.

6) Internal functions - primarily judicial - were carried out with great success within separate, small territories. The increasing complexity of public life required not the rare appearance of a judge-arbiter from the center, but daily regulation. Local interests increasingly capture the princes sitting in individual lands, who begin to identify them with their own interests.

Thus, by the end of the 11th century. the obvious disappearance of those common, uniting interests that had previously cemented the state quite firmly was revealed. Other connecting threads, say, economic ones (subsistence farming), simply did not exist. Therefore, Rus', having lost most what held her together fell apart.

The appanage princes stopped paying tribute to Kyiv and severed ties with their supreme overlord. From the 2nd half. XII century in Rus' there already existed 15 principalities and separate lands: Rostov-Suzdal, Murom-Ryazan, Smolensk, Kiev, Chernigov, Galician, Volyn, Novgorod, etc. The number of independent principalities was not stable due to family divisions and the unification of some of them. If in the middle of the 12th century. there were 15 large and small appanage principalities, then on the eve of the Horde invasion (1230s) - about 50, and in the 14th century. the number of principalities of various ranks exceeded 2.5 hundred.

The political structure and form have changed state power. The weakening of the power of the Kyiv prince required compensation by introducing a different method of government. Thus a system of collective suzerainty was created. Its essence is that the Kiev prince allocated a share in the southern Russian land to someone who recognized his eldership and power and took upon himself the obligation to protect it from enemies. Such decisions of the Grand Duke were approved at a congress with other South Russian princes. The practice became the obligation of the Kyiv prince to “think about the Russian land” (i.e., govern) together with other co-owners. This system turned out to be viable, ensuring relative stability in the socio-political life of Ancient Rus' almost until the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion.

Old Russian principalities and lands: specifics of political organization

However, the collapse was not absolute. Along with centrifugal tendencies, centripetal tendencies also persisted. They were expressed, in particular, in maintaining the prestige of the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv (although it no longer plays a real unifying role). In addition, the princes from time to time found it necessary to gather at their inter-princely congresses to discuss emerging common problems.

By the end of the 12th century, the fall of Kyiv became obvious due to inter-princely strife and Polovtsian raids. The population left Kyiv in two directions: to the west, towards the Carpathian Mountains or to the north, to the upper reaches of the Volga. Then these were the outskirts of Rus', in which, to replace the old Kyiv, 3 centers of state life arose

1. Galicia-Volyn land;

2. Vladimir-Suzdal land;

3. Novgorod and Pskov feudal republics.

Evaluating feudal fragmentation Rus' of the XII-XV centuries, it should be emphasized that, being a product of a progressive nature, it was a complex and contradictory phenomenon. The highest authority in each principality came closer to the object of control, which, it would seem, should have contributed to the economic prosperity of individual regions. At the same time, the internal life of Rus' at that time was largely determined by princely strife, during which thousands of people died and the very productive forces were destroyed, the development of which led to a state of fragmentation. In addition, the weakening of the central government and the strife of the princes undermined the country's defense capability and made Rus' an easy prey for foreign conquerors.

During the period of feudal fragmentation, the political structure of individual lands and principalities retained traditional features: in most principalities - in the form of a feudal monarchy, in the Galicia-Volyn land - an oligarchic form of government, and in the Novgorod and Pskov lands - in the form of a feudal republic.

a) Vladimir-Suzdal land.

In the principalities of the monarchical type, the princes adhered to the traditional form of government, although each of the Russian lands had its own characteristic features. An example of this is the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.

In the 11th century Suzdal or Zalesskaya Rus' was located between the Oka, on the one hand, and the Volga, on the other. Until the end of the 11th century. This eastern outskirts of Kievan Rus was a remote and sparsely populated region. At the end of the 11th century. Suzdal land became a special principality. By agreement of the princes, it was given to Vladimir Monomakh, who began to arrange it for his youngest son Yuri Dolgoruky. From this time on, the construction of cities such as Tver, Kostroma, Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod and others. The influx of Russian settlers increased here.

The nature of the Vladimir-Suzdal land differed from both Kyiv and Novgorod. There were no rich black earth lands here, but there were no rocky soil. Nature allowed for farming and forestry. The Suzdal princes become the most powerful in the entire Russian land.

Yuri Dolgoruky had a strong influence here. Its role in the construction of cities is great. His son Andrei Bogolyubsky develops the city of Vladimir, erects the Assumption Cathedral in it. He strove for autocracy not only in the Suzdal principality, but throughout the entire Russian land.

Under another son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Vsevolod (Big Nest), the Vladimir principality grew and became one of the large feudal states of Europe, widely known outside of Rus'.

The development of feudal relations in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was subject to the laws of feudal development: a significant increase in large land ownership and the struggle of feudal lords for the land of peasants; the emergence of new groups of feudal-dependent people; strengthening the link between land ownership and political power. Moreover, feudal relations began to develop here later than in other regions of Rus'; princely power arose later, but was strong and had huge land holdings.

Another important factor in the strengthening of princely power is the growth of new cities by the 12th century, such as Moscow, Yaroslavl, Zvenigorod, Dmitrov, etc. Relying on the squad, court and growing cities, the princes suppressed the opposition of the old Rostov-Suzdal boyars and strengthened their power. However, after the death of Vsevolod, the disintegration of the principality began, in the state in which the Tatar-Mongols found him. One of the first was conquered during the Tatar-Mongol invasion. But it was here that the prerequisites for the unification of Rus' began to mature earlier and faster than others.

It was typical for the Vladimir-Suzdal princes:

1. Ownership of princely estates - domains (hereditary land);

2. The supreme power of the prince over large land estates, villages and cities;

3. Creation of palace lands by merging the prince's estates with state lands.

In the 2nd half. XII century In the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, a new class of feudal lords emerges - the nobles. At first it was the lowest social group feudal class, which was characterized by the following features: military service with the prince, for which they were awarded lands and the right to exploit the peasants. However, this land ownership was conditional and was lost in the event of termination of service. The nobles did not have the right to freely move from prince to prince.

Peasants bore duties in the form of quitrents in kind, labor rent (corvee labor), and state duties. Dependent peasants had the right to move from one feudal lord to another. When they left, they were obliged to pay off the debt.

The urban population of the Vladimir-Suzdal land consisted of artisans, merchants, clergy and boyars.

In the 13th century. In connection with the growth of independence, appanage princes turn into heads of feudal estates independent from the Grand Duke. These princes appropriate the title of great princes, and they have their own great princes.

The Grand Duke of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality was the bearer of supreme power. He owned legislative, executive, administrative, judicial and ecclesiastical powers.

The governing bodies of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality were the prince's council, the veche and feudal congresses. The princely council included the most powerful representatives of the service boyars, loyal to the prince. The Veche was convened to resolve the most important issues of domestic and foreign policy, and Feudal Congresses were convened in emergency situations on the initiative of the Grand Duke.

Local government was in the hands of the volost governors, who were the local representatives of the Grand Duke.

The main significance of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality for the history of Russia is that Moscow arose on its territory, which later became the capital of the Russian state. The first mention of Moscow in Russian chronicles dates back to April 4, 1147.

b) Galicia-Volyn land.

Simultaneously with the development of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality in the southwest of Rus', the Volyn and Galician lands began to develop and become richer. At the end of the 12th century. Vladimir Monomakh's grandson Roman Mstislavovich captured the Galician principality adjacent to Volyn, located on the eastern slopes of the Carpathians and laid the foundation for the creation of a single strong Galician-Volyn principality (from 1200). Soon the city of Galich, distinguished by its fertility and richness of land, became its center.

The position of the Galicia-Volyn land was more dangerous than the position of the Suzdal land, because they were not in the center, but on the borders of Russian land and had as their neighbors Poles, Lithuanians, Ugrians, as well as the strong enemies of Russia, the Polovtsians.

In addition, the peculiarity of the social life of Volyn and Galich was that the boyars fought there with the princes, as well as the princely squad.

The effectiveness of the veche in this principality occupied an insignificant place and the princes had to reckon with the boyars. The boyars here acquired destructive power, and their feuds significantly weakened the state.

The urban population of the Galicia-Volyn land was not numerous.

The bulk of the rural population depended on the boyars. The exploitation of peasants here was much stronger than in other lands.

A peculiarity of the state structure of the Galicia-Volyn land was that for a long time it was not divided into appanages.

The highest authorities were the prince, the council of boyars and the veche. The boyars played the leading role in political life. The most important body of the boyars was the Boyar Council (Duma). The veche played a formal role.

A system of palace management was created here, and before influential officials appeared in other lands - a butler, an equerry, a printer.

The entire Galicia-Volyn land was divided into voivodeships, headed by voivodes appointed from among the boyars. Managers in rural areas and “lesser boyars” were appointed in the volosts. The Prince was called to power by the Boyar Duma.

The Galician-Volyn principality did not produce a single strong state, the main reason for this was the border position of the principality: on the one hand, the influence of Poland and Lithuania. By the 13th century. the Poles occupied Galicia, on the other hand, the Lithuanians captured Volyn. So, by the 13th century. this principality ceased to exist.

c) Novgorod and Pskov republics.

A typical example of a feudal-republican system of government was Novgorod, which in the 12th century. became a boyar republic with a unique veche system.

In the period from 1136 to 1478. in the north-west of Rus' there was a Novgorod feudal republic, and from 1348 to 1510. A republican form of government also existed in Pskov.

“Mr. Veliky Novgorod” consisted of five districts, which were called 5 “ends”. Accordingly, the entire Novgorod land was divided into 5 provinces. These 5 provinces made up a huge territory from Lake Onega to the Volga. The Novgorod lands also included lands along the Northern Dvina, Pechora, and Vyatka rivers.

The owner of all these possessions was Veliky Novgorod - as it was called, the “elder city” with all its free population. The Novgorodians called their lands “the land of Hagia Sophia” after the name of the main Novgorod temple.

The cities subordinate to Novgorod were fortresses that were supposed to protect the city in the event of an attack by enemies - Germans, Swedes, Danes. Such fortress cities were Pskov (later separated from Novgorod), Izborsk, Staraya Russa, Ladoga.

The entire Novgorod land was infertile, rocky, and covered with swamps. Therefore, Novgorodians imported most of their goods from their eastern and western neighbors.

It is typical that grain was brought from the Volga region to Novgorod, and in exchange they sold those goods that they purchased from their western neighbors - furs, honey, flax. This mediation made it possible to concentrate capital in the hands of the local nobility.

The state structure and administration of Novgorod took shape under the influence of the people's council. The veche elected the prince, and subsequently the ruler, i.e. archbishop.

The Veche decided on the most important issues of domestic and foreign policy: it declared war and made peace, approved treaties and legislative acts.

The prince was invited to Novgorod by agreement to serve as a military commander and arbitrator in the most important legal proceedings. He was forbidden to acquire possessions in the Novgorod land for himself and his squad, to use income in excess of strictly established sizes and manage the city treasury. The prince did not rule the city, but served it. The Novgorodians “showed the clear path to the obstinate princes,” i.e. they were simply kicked out of the city.

All the levers and threads of government in Novgorod were in the hands of several hundred boyars. This “council of gentlemen” controlled the representative and executive power of Novgorod. The highest secular authority in the city was the mayor from the boyars. He convened the meeting, opened its meetings, and carried out its decisions. He also supervised foreign relations, controlled the actions of the prince, and carried out judicial functions. His closest assistant was Tysyatsky, the leader of the city militia, who in peacetime exercised police supervision over order in the city. The bishop, in addition to spiritual power, also had temporal power. He was in charge of the city treasury, foreign relations and had the right of court. Low-level officials were elected from local residents and obeyed the mayor.

The prince was deprived of the right to acquire land holdings in Novgorod. The Novgorodians allocated him land, as a rule, on the Volga. For his service, the prince received “gifts” or “tribute” in a precisely defined amount.

The prince in Novgorod was the highest government authority. He led the Novgorod army, was the supreme judge and ruler. However, as an outsider to Novgorod, the prince did not live in the city itself, but 3 miles from it, near Lake Ilmen. The prince undertook to rule Novgorod without changing laws and customs, and with the constant participation of the mayor elected by the veche.

The posadnik accompanied the prince to the war, was present at the princely court, and together with the prince appointed officials. The mayor in Novgorod was in charge of civil affairs, and the thousand was the leader of the militia. Subordinate to Tysyatsky were the sotsky commanders of 10 hundreds, which amounted to a thousand. Each of the five ends of the city had Konchan elders, who fielded 200 militia.

The Novgorod lord-archbishop not only was in charge of church affairs, but also played a large role in the political life of Novgorod. He headed the government council, consisting of boyars, and monitored the activities of the veche. Every decision of the veche required the blessing of the bishop. The ruler sealed agreements with foreigners with his seal. The Vladyka was the custodian of the state treasury and the state archive. He had his own staff of officials and even his own regiment, separate from the Novgorod militia. The ruler was a large landowner.

The Veche in Novgorod was the body of the highest state power, made decisions, vested powers in officials, and acted in agreements with foreigners on behalf of the feudal republic.

The population of Novgorod and its lands was divided into two groups - “the best people” and “the younger people”. The first group is the boyars, living people and merchants. Boyars are officials and nobility. Less official, but rich people were called zhilii.

The entire poor population was called "lesser". Within the city these were small traders, artisans, and workers. In the provinces, smaller people were called smerds (peasants) and ladles (farmers who worked for the owners from half the harvest). Smerdas lived in graveyards, and ladles, of which there were many in the Novgorod land, were close in their position to serfs.

The history of Novgorod is one of constant civil strife and turmoil. Political power was in the hands of the boyar council, which, putting pressure on the poor, carried out the necessary decisions through the veche. The veche took up arms against the boyars, and then the poor began to beat and rob" the best people". Internal contradictions led to the fall of the feudal republic.

Novgorodians began to look for allies in order to maintain their independence. This ruined Novgorod, since the nobility wanted an alliance with Lithuania against Moscow, and the poor wanted an alliance with Moscow against Lithuania. The civil strife ended with the Principality of Moscow conquering Novgorod in 1478 and annexing all its lands.

A system of fortifications was necessary on the western border of Rus', since Pskov stood on the border of Russia next to Lithuania and the Germans. Having become rich in trade, Pskov left the obedience of Novgorod and in 1348 gained independence.

In Pskov there were the same political bodies as in Novgorod. The main body of power was the "council of gentlemen." Just as in Novgorod, the princes were formally limited in their power, although in fact the boyars led the veil.

The veche in Pskov was more peaceful than in Novgorod. There was no sharp property inequality among residents and therefore no acute contradictions.

An example of the political state structure of Pskov is the “Pskov Judicial Charter”. In this document one can find many articles that regulated the relations between landowners and the feudally dependent population - izorniki - plowmen, gardeners and kochetniks (fishermen). Izorniki worked "half-time", i.e. Half of the harvest was given to the landowner. They had the right to leave the owner only on November 26, having returned the taken help or pokrugu (loan) in silver or goods.

The monument of legislation is the "Pskov Judgment Charter". The development of feudal relations, the growth of class contradictions, and the strengthening of protection of the property of feudal lords and merchants led to increased criminal repression for horse theft and theft of church property, which was punishable by death.

Among the serious crimes, the Pskov Judicial Charter also notes such as perevet (treason), bribery to a judge (secret promise), intrusion into a courthouse, etc. The monument of legislation is the "Pskov Judgment Charter". The development of feudal relations, the growth of class contradictions, and the strengthening of protection of the property of feudal lords and merchants led to increased criminal repression for horse theft and theft of church property, which was punishable by death.

The role of the period of feudal fragmentation in the development of Ancient Rus'

In general, inter-princely strife is the main theme of the chronicle stories of the 12th - 13th centuries, which creates a distorted idea of them as main feature specific period, painting an image of the gradual decline of Rus', becoming a defenseless victim of any strong enemy. Sometimes one gets the impression of the fatal inevitability of the death of the Old Russian state. In fact, the influence of strife on the development of Ancient Rus' is clearly exaggerated.

The appanage period not only was not a time of decline, but, on the contrary, meant the flourishing of the Old Russian state and, above all, in the sphere of culture. Of course, strife weakened unity, and therefore the possibility of joint resistance to a major enemy, but in the foreseeable space such an enemy did not exist in Rus'.

The collapse of the Old Russian state, thus, looks like a natural stage in the development of statehood, forming more developed state structures, laying the foundations for the emergence of a society independent of the state, influencing state policy.

Domestic history: lecture notes Kulagina Galina Mikhailovna

Topic 2. Specific Rus'

2.1. Fragmentation of Rus'

By the middle of the 11th century. The Old Russian state reached its peak. But over time, there was no longer a single state united by the power of the Kyiv prince. In its place, dozens of completely independent states-principals appeared. The collapse of Kievan Rus began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054. The prince's possessions were divided between his three eldest sons. Soon, conflicts and military strife began in the Yaroslavich family. In 1097, a congress of Russian princes took place in the city of Lyubech. “Let everyone keep his fatherland” - this was the decision of the congress. In fact, this meant consolidating the existing order of dividing the Russian state into ownership of individual lands. However, the congress did not stop the princely strife: on the contrary, at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century. they flared up with renewed vigor.

The unity of the state was temporarily restored by the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1113–1125), who reigned in Kyiv. The policy of Vladimir Monomakh was continued by his son Mstislav Vladimirovich (1125–1132). But after the death of Mstislav, the period of temporary centralization ended. For many centuries the country entered an era political fragmentation. Historians of the 19th century called this era specific period, and the Soviet ones – by feudal fragmentation.

Political fragmentation is a natural stage in the development of statehood and feudal relations. Not a single early feudal state in Europe escaped it. Throughout this era, the power of the monarch was weak and the functions of the state were insignificant. The tendency towards unity and centralization of states began to appear only in the 13th–15th centuries.

The political fragmentation of the state had many objective reasons. The economic reason for political fragmentation was, according to historians, the dominance of subsistence farming. Trade relations in the 11th–12th centuries. were developed rather poorly and could not ensure the economic unity of the Russian lands. By this time, the once powerful Byzantine Empire began to decline. Byzantium ceased to be world shopping center, and therefore, the ancient path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, which for many centuries allowed to the Kyiv state carry out trade relations.

Another reason for the political disintegration was the remnants of tribal relations. After all, she herself Kievan Rus united several dozen large tribal unions. The constant raids of nomads on the Dnieper lands played a significant role. Fleeing from raids, people went to live in sparsely populated lands located in the northeast of Rus'. Continuous migration contributed to the expansion of territory and the weakening of the power of the Kyiv prince. The process of continuous fragmentation of the country could have been influenced by the absence of the concept of primogeniture in Russian feudal law. This principle, which existed in many states Western Europe, provided that all the land holdings of a feudal lord could only be inherited by the eldest of his sons. In Rus', land holdings after the death of the prince could be divided among all heirs.

Most modern historians consider one of the most important factors that gave rise to feudal fragmentation development of large private feudal landownership. Back in the 11th century. there is a process of “settlement of vigilantes on the ground”, the emergence of large feudal estates - boyar villages. The feudal class gains economic and political power.

The collapse of the Old Russian state did not destroy the established Old Russian nationality. The spiritual life of various Russian lands and principalities, with all its diversity, retained common features and unity of styles. Cities grew and were built - the centers of the newly emerged appanage principalities. Trade developed, which led to the emergence of new routes of communication. The most important trade routes led from Lake Ilmen and the Western Dvina to the Dnieper, from the Neva to the Volga, the Dnieper also connected with the Volga-Oka interfluve.

Thus, the specific period should not be considered as a step back in Russian history. However, the ongoing process of political fragmentation of lands and numerous princely strife weakened the country's defense capability in the face of external danger.

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