A convincing argument is the English aristocracy. orthoepic norms. From the biography of words and phraseological units

From the biography of words and phraseological units

latin root terr(a)- "land" - is contained in a number of historically related words.

Territory- the space of the earth with certain boundaries; terrace- 1) embankment, platform; 2) summer open space in the house; terrarium- a place in the zoo where small reptiles and amphibians are kept; terracotta(literally "baked earth") - a kind of clay of yellow or red color or a product from this clay, not covered with glaze; terracotta color - red-brown. The word is borrowed from French (lit., "on the ground"); parterre- the lower floor of the auditorium.

91. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units.
Make eight sentences with them.

I. Pyrrhic victory, or...; go Rubicon, or ...;
reap laurels, or...; the sword of Damocles, or...; reach
herculean pillars, or... .

II. pass red thread, or ...; burn your to
rabli, or...; be the first swallow, or...; at
take battle, or...; become in dead end, or...; stand grue
due, or...; vouch head, or...; agree holding together
heart, or...; strive for what no matter what, or...;
put under cloth, or...; lie under a cloth, or... .

92. Write a miniature essay on one of the following topics:

1) Dictionaries are our friends and helpers.

2) "A dictionary is a book of books." (A. France)

§ 15. SPELLING RULES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

As mentioned above (see § 3), in the literary language, pronunciation, as well as the choice of words and the use of grammatical forms, is subject to certain norms. Let's consider some of them.

1. In the Russian literary language, the sound [o] is not pronounced in an unstressed position. After hard consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, as well as at the beginning of a word in place of a letter about pronounced [a], for example: / s [a] for (cf .: kzy), [a] writing(cf.: pis). Therefore, for example, the words are pronounced the same oxen and shafts, catfish and herself, although they are spelled differently.

2. After soft consonants in place of vowels, denoted by letters e, e, i(i.e., in place of sounds [e], [a]), in an unstressed position, a sound close to [and] is usually pronounced, for example: forest, spring, dance(cf.: forest, spring, dance). Therefore, for example, in the same way, with a sound close to [and], the words are pronounced shine- dedicate(from light and holy) although their spelling is different.

3. Paired voiced consonants, denoted by the letters b, c, d, e, g, h, at the end of a word and before paired voiceless consonants denoted by letters p, f, k, t, w, s and x, c, h, u, become deaf (stunned), for example: oak([P]), depth([P"]), deftly([f]), blood([f"]), nails([to]), an approach([t]), baggage([w]), putty([With]), yesterday([f]), cling to([f]), snap([t]).

Paired deaf consonants before paired voiced consonants become voiced (voiced), for example: request([z"]), threshing([d"]).

4. In some combinations of consonants (stn, zdn and some
tory others) the sound drops out, although the writing
me letter and is written, for example: mouth- oral; ride-
rider; Sun- sun; stairs, neighborhood,
late, feelings.

5. Combination ch, usually pronounced according to
wii with writing, for example: antique, eternal, country,
swing, milky way, nocturnal, fine, vicious,
durable, precise and many others. etc. However, in some words with
reading ch pronounced like [shn], for example: certainly,
boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, fiddling, birdhouse, right
Chechen, Savvichna, Nikitichna, Fominichna and etc.

In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed, that is, both [ch] and [shn], for example: bakery, creamy, egg, buckwheat.

6. Combination thu, usually pronounced according to the spelling, for example: mast, dream, something, insignificant, honor, read, consider etc. But in union what and in the pronoun what, and also in words derived from them it is written thu, and pronounced [pcs], for example: what, something, something.

7. Double consonants are often found in foreign words, for example: cash register, allocate. In some words, they are pronounced as double, for example: bath, cash desk, mass, gamma, chapel; in others - as single ones, for example: neatly, accompaniment, chord, allocate, gram.

8. In many foreign words, after consonants, it is written e, and solid consonants are pronounced, for example: studio([te]), atheist([te]), dandy([de]), scarf([ne]), cafe([fe]), parterre([te]), summary([me]), stand([te]), masterpiece([De]).

However, in a number of borrowed words, consonants before e pronounced softly, for example: academy, decade, demagogue, demon, museum, plywood, farmer, overcoat.

9. In reflexive verbs at the end is written - be or
-tsya (to wash, wash), but pronounced the same
in - [tsa].

10. At the beginning of some words is written mid, but pronounces
Xia [u*], for example: happiness, account.

11. Stressed syllables should be correctly distinguished in words:
Agent, argument, arrest, aristocracy; pamper, bib
lioteka, bourgeoisie; willow; democracy, activity, dia
log, dispensary, contract, call, document; enviably,
loan, rust, call, call, anger; long time ago, invented

shadowing, industry; catalog, rubber, quarter, kilometer, whooping cough, colossus, combine operator, combine operator, nettle, more beautiful, flint; shop, medicines, youth; intention, arrears, obituary, hatred; provision, facilitate, sharpen, inquire, in part; paralysis, parterre, ashes, briefcase, reward, force, acquisition, sheet, percentage; revolver, belt, rust; centimeter, orphan, pl. h. orphans, case, condolences, funds, statue, carpenter; customs; aggravate; porcelain, forum; hypocrisy, characteristic (dance, act), characteristic (person), solicit, hosts; Gypsy; scoop; chauffeur; sorrel.

You should pay attention to the stress in some verbs of the past tense, in short adjectives and participles:

a) take - took - took - took - took, sleep - slept - slept - slept - slept; b) rude - rude - rude - rude, right - right - right - right; c) accepted - accepted - accepted - accepted, sold - sold - sold - sold and sold.

Information about the norms of correct pronunciation can be found in the book by R. I. Avanesov “Russian Literary Pronunciation” or in the “School Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” by P. A. Lekant and V. V. Ledeneva.

93. Read. Indicate which sounds are highlighted
mi letters. Make a phonetic analysis of the highlighted words,
indicating in each: 1) the number of syllables, the place of stress; 2) voice
nye sounds (percussion and unstressed) and letters denoting them;
3) consonant sounds (describe each: deaf or ringing
cue, hard or soft) and the letters denoting them; 4) quantity
number of sounds and letters in a word.

1) Departure (of birds) - (young) athlete; flutter (in the wind) - (rapidly) develop; carry (hay) - lead (conversation). 2) Night patrol; domineering gesture; our dreams, stand at the checkout, the pace of growth.

94. Read aloud paying attention to the correct pronunciation
sing words with highlighted letters. Write out the words in this
row: 1) with unpronounceable consonants; 2) with combination thu,
pronounced like [pcs]; 3) with combination ch, pronounced like
[shn]; 4) with a combination of ch, allowing the pronunciation of [shn] and [ch].

Late evening, former owners, something new, something famous, eternal call, done on purpose, heart attack, new laundry, Natalya Savvichna, Olga Nikitichna, trifling incident, go to the bakery, end result, of course, perform, rather boring, dairy products, our peers, participate in the parade, feel responsible.

95. Read aloud paying attention to the pronunciation of foreign
lingual words with double consonants and consonants before e. You
write words with double consonants that are pronounced
as single, and words with hard consonants before the sound [e].
Indicate (orally) the lexical meanings of the written words.

Thick mass, plant area, appeal, group of students, fuel tanks, correct person, double pace, folk art museum, plywood sheet, youth cafe, cup of coffee, fashion atelier, participate in a cross-country race, press reviews, ballot, huge booth , silk scarf.

96. Read. Indicate the stress in the underlined words. sleep
sew, designating it. If you have difficulty, check it against the list.
words in paragraph 11 of this paragraph.

Convincing argument, English aristocracy, large bourgeoisie, public activity, conclude contract, rust from the damp calling phone, useful invention, plantations rubber new residential quarter, work combine operator solid intent to ease pain, place in parterre, express condolences, means of communication, a cup of porcelain, new hosts, solicit about course enrollment.

97. Put these verbs in the past tense and indicate
they are accentuated.

Take- took, took, took, took; drive, give, live, occupy, call, pour, hire, start, swim, raise, understand, accept.

98. Form short forms of adjectives and indicate in them
accent.

Quick- quick, quick, fast, fast; dense, deaf, stupid, wild, kind, right; close- close, close, close, close; smooth, soft, rare,

timid, sweet; bitter- bitter, bitter, bitter, bitter; sad, honest, clear.

99. Form short passives from these verbs
parts of the past tense and indicate their stress.

Take- taken, taken, taken, taken; start, give, accept, sell, live, distribute, convene.

100. Read. Indicate the stress in the underlined words. sleep
sew. What are the rules for writing missing
letters?

1) Ducks over the lakes raised a cry. (A.K.T.) 2) We broke into the stop and occupied it. (Versh.) 3) The fires were already lit..ny. (Ch.) 4) His long hair was completely white. (P.) 5) Half of these bands were already cattle..on. (L. T.) 6) Buildings and fences were plastered ... with posters. (First) 7) A grain of dry Egyptian wheat was found in the tomb. (Pinch.) 8) The middle portrait depicted a young woman. (T.) 9) Crowded and NUMEROUS .. WE are scattered cities in our country. Many languages are spoken by people who inhabited this majestic .. this country. (CM.)

101. Write off. Read these words correctly. Explain sign
the meaning of the highlighted words.

Color spa..ktra, funny..pussy, dietary dining room, personal gigi..on, lie under t..nt, latest mod..l, long tunnel..l, fine shos, mashed potatoes.., hot coffee. ., dangerous incident, slow.. evolution, swimming pool.in, local history music..y, replace piece..psel, break penen.., dark force..t, sew coat in at..lea, st..nd with books, new pro..kt, warm cashew.., m..r of the city.

About how English aristocrats adapt to life in a democracy. The author of the article, Chris Bryant, argues that despite the myth of "noble poverty" and the loss of ancestral homes, the wealth of aristocrats and their influence remains phenomenal.

On January 11 of this year, after a short illness at the age of 77, the third Baron Lyell, Charles, died. He inherited his title and the 10,000-acre estate of Kinnordy at the age of four. After studying at Eton and at the aristocratic Oxford College of Christ Church, Charles spent almost 47 years in the House of Lords. The Baron was able to remain in Parliament even after the 1999 reform, when most hereditary peers were excluded from the House: he became one of 92 elected hereditary peers. According to the new rules, after his death, by-elections were held for the vacant seat, in which 27 hereditary peers took part.

In their statements, most of the candidates focused on career achievements and lists of regalia. But Hugh Crossley, the 45-year-old fourth Baron Somerleyton, emphasized ideology. "I believe that the hereditary peerage must be preserved: this principle fosters a deep sense of duty to the good of the nation," he said.

Crossley is easy to understand: he is the heir to Somerleyton Hall in Suffolk. His ancestor Sir Francis Crossley, a major industrialist, purchased the estate in 1863. With gardens, park labyrinths, bird aviaries, 300-foot (100-meter) colonnades and a marina, he was born and spent his whole life in this luxurious estate of 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares). Of course, hereditary principles are sacred to him.

Regular visits to Parliament seemed to their lordships too tiring.

But judging by the activity in the House of Lords, for most of the 20th century, the aristocracy showed a surprising indifference to the good of the nation. Attendance at the debates was extremely low, although the peers already have a very forgiving schedule: the working day began at 3:45 or 4:15 pm, and the working week was most often limited to three days. Even during World War II, debates rarely drew more than a couple of dozen peers at once, and the trend only worsened in the post-war years. Regular visits to Parliament seemed too tiring for their Lordships, except in situations where their personal interests were at stake or their convictions were hurt. A striking example is when, in 1956, a member of the House of Commons put forward a bill to abolish the death penalty: the Lords rejected it by a convincing majority of 238 votes to 95.

These days we are accustomed to regard the British aristocracy as a historical curiosity. Under Tony Blair, most hereditary peers were expelled from the House of Lords (there are only 92 of them left instead of 650). It may seem that this indicates a complete loss of influence. But the fact that 92 hereditary peers have remained in Parliament (more than the number of participants in almost all meetings in the last eight decades) is a victory that proves that their influence is still strong. After all, they were able not only to delay, but to prevent further reform of the House of Lords and strengthen their presence in it.

By the 1990s, many aristocrats had lost interest in politics, but for those who nevertheless decided to exercise their parliamentary rights, the House of Lords provided an easy path to power. So, under John Major, several hereditary peers were immediately appointed to important government positions: Viscount Cranborne became chairman of the House of Lords, and among the ministers there were seven earls, four viscounts and five hereditary barons. And even in the administration formed in June 2017 by Theresa May, there is one earl, one viscount and three hereditary barons.

Behind the beautiful façade of the British aristocracy, behind the romantic biographies of some of its representatives, lies a much darker side: centuries of theft, violence and insatiable greed. Historically, the defining feature of the aristocracy was not a noble desire to serve society, but a desperate lust for power. Aristocrats seized land in a variety of ways - expropriated it from monasteries, secured it for their sole use under the pretext of efficiency. They held on to their wealth and strengthened the stability of their social status. They forced to respect themselves, defiantly spending exorbitant funds on palaces and jewelry. They set a strict set of rules for all other members of society, but they themselves lived by very different standards. They believed (and forced others to believe) that a hierarchical social order led by them was the only natural order of things. The slightest doubt in this was regarded as the destruction of spiritual bonds.

Attempts to deprive the aristocrats of this status infuriated and sincerely shocked them. Clinging to their position, they came up with increasingly convincing arguments in defense of their privileges. And when in the end democracy unceremoniously pushed the aristocrats aside, they found new ways to preserve their incredible wealth - no longer pretending to be driven by concern for the public good. So the aristocracy is far from dying out - quite the contrary.

The fortune of the descendants of the royal Plantagenet dynasty in 2001 was 4 billion pounds and 700 thousand acres (300 thousand hectares) of land; 42 representatives of the dynasty until 1999 were members of the House of Lords.

... Whatever they say about noble poverty and the loss of family estates, the personal wealth of British aristocrats remains phenomenal. According to Country Life magazine, a third of British land is still owned by the aristocracy. Despite some changes, the lists of the most powerful noble landowners in 1872 and in 2001 turn out to be remarkably similar. According to some estimates, the fortune of the descendants of the royal Plantagenet dynasty in 2001 was 4 billion pounds and 700 thousand acres (300 thousand hectares) of land; 42 representatives of the dynasty until 1999 were members of the House of Lords. The data for Scotland is even more striking: almost half of the land there is concentrated in the hands of 432 individuals and companies. More than a quarter of the land plots, the area of which is over 5 thousand acres, in Scotland is owned by aristocratic families.

And it's not just about the numbers: many of the landed estates owned by British aristocrats are considered the most valuable and expensive in the world. Thus, the Duke of Westminster, in addition to estates of 96,000, 23,500 and 11,500 acres (40,000, 10,000 and 4,500 hectares) in different parts of the country owns huge land plots in the prestigious London districts of Mayfair and Belgravia. Earl Cadogan owns plots in Cadogan Square, Sloane Street and King's Road, Marquess of Northampton - 260 acres (100 hectares) in Clerkenwell and Canonbury, Baroness Howard de Walden - most of Harley Street and Marylebone High Street. Rents in these parts of London are among the highest in the world. In 1925, the journalist W. B. Northrop published a map: the "aristocratic landownership" octopus spread its tentacles all over London, paralyzing the construction business and sucking the juice out of the inhabitants. Since then, little has changed.

One legal rule, unique to England and Wales, became especially important for noble landowners. It was she who allowed them to build houses for many centuries and sell them on a leasehold basis, and not full ownership. This means that buyers do not acquire the property itself, but only the right to own it for a certain period of time. So even the "owners" of large residential complexes are forced to pay land rent to the real owners, to whom their property returns after the contract expires (and in some areas of London it cannot be more than 35 years). In addition to real estate, the land itself also brings in huge incomes: agricultural areas are constantly growing in price. According to the 2016 ranking of the richest people in Britain, 30 lords are worth £100 million or more each.

... Many aspects of the life of English aristocrats have hardly changed over time. Even those who have ceded their palaces to the National Trust for Historic Interests or other non-profit foundations (with all the associated tax benefits) often continue to live in their ancestral homes. Only now their estates are equipped with modern amenities. Some country palaces such as Chatsworth, Woburn and Longleat live off country tourism, attracting many visitors. Others are still private estates, and noble heirs, as before, annually move from one luxurious residence to another. The Dukes of Buccleuch, for example, use the famous "Pink Palace" Drumlanrig as their main residence, but spend the winter months at the 100-room Bowhill Mansion or the Boughton Estate (the latter includes five villages and a mansion whose halls are decorated with works by Van Dyck, El Greco and Gainsborough). ). When the previous duke made this voyage, he usually took Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna with a Spindle with him - until in 2003 the painting was stolen directly from his family castle.

The habits and hobbies of aristocrats also remained the same. In the 21st century, members of the nobility most often belong to the same clubs as their ancestors. Aristocrats still use U-English instead of non-U English (terms for differences in aristocratic and middle-class vocabulary), saying napkins and vegetables instead of serviettes and greens. They play polo. They are hunting. They love guns, horses and dogs.

Hunters on the estate of the Duke of Beaufort in England. Photo: Dave Caulkin / AP Photo / East News

The secret to maintaining wealth is also that, like their ancestors, many modern aristocrats successfully evade taxes. In the 18th century, the satirist Charles Churchill wrote the words that can be called the unspoken motto of the aristocracy: “What do we care if taxes go up or down? Thanks to our wealth, we don’t pay them anyway!”

The second Duke of Westminster was sued for paying his gardeners under a scheme that excluded taxation. Then the judge, Lord Tomlin, in 1936 ruled: “Everyone has the right to conduct business in such a way as to minimize tax payments in accordance with the law. If he succeeds, then, despite the dissatisfaction with his resourcefulness of the employees of the Internal Revenue Commission or other taxpayers, no one has the right to force him to additional tax payments.

“What do we care if taxes go up or down? Thanks to our wealth, we don’t pay them anyway!”

The rest of the aristocrats firmly grasped this principle. For example, businessmen William and Edmund Vesti, founders of one of the world's largest meat retailers, bought themselves a peerage and a baronetcy for £20,000 in 1922, and then came up with a tax avoidance scheme that saved the family a total of £88 million. pounds. In 1980, the brothers' descendants were found to have paid £10 on a profit of £2.3 million. Asked how this could have happened, they shrugged, “Let's face it, no one pays more taxes than they owe. We all dodge in one way or another, don't we?"

The Trustees of Castle Howard in North Yorkshire sold a painting by Joshua Reynolds for £9.4 million to pay for the divorce of its aristocratic occupant. However, they stated that they were not required to pay the market value increase tax. The reason given is because the painting is part of the "cloths and upholstery of the castle" and is therefore considered a "drainable asset". Incredibly, in 2014 the Court of Appeal accepted such an excuse. True, the following year this tax loophole was closed.

Trusts became the main way to avoid taxes for aristocrats. An endless number of peers, owning lands and castles, placed all their assets in discretionary trusts, thereby evading both public scrutiny and inheritance tax. In 1995, the ninth Duke of Buccleuch complained that on the list of the richest British people he was estimated at 200 million pounds - when these figures applied to Buccleuch Estates Ltd, in which he did not have any shares. Legally he is right. In fact - he and his family are the beneficial owners. The same goes for a few dozen more noble families: family trust funds quietly provide income to any number of beneficiaries, and neither inheritance taxes nor public curiosity can be feared.

Lady Fiona Carnarvon, owner of Highclear Castle in southern England, poses in front of it. Photo: Niklas Halle "n / AFP / East News

…Perhaps aristocrats don't like to pay taxes, but receiving government payments is a completely different matter. Thus, landowners tried to extract the maximum possible benefits from the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (a system of subsidizing agricultural programs in the EU). The numbers are staggering: at least one in five recipients of the largest single grants in the UK in 2015/2016 is an aristocrat. The richest received the most: the farms of the Duke of Westminster - 913,517 pounds, the farms of the Dukes of Northumberland - 1,010,672 pounds, the farms of the Duke of Marlborough - 823,055 pounds, and the estates of Lord Rothschild - 708,919 pounds. And that's just for one year. Something, but aristocrats have always been able to exploit the system.

Membership in the House of Lords also generates income, although the peers insist that it should not be regarded as a salary. As the Marquess of Salisbury said in 1958, the three guineas a day that members of the upper house received were "not an additional remuneration, but simply a reimbursement of expenses already incurred by the noble lords in the performance of their duties." Today, peers can claim £300 a day if they attend a meeting, or £150 if they don't show up at Westminster that day.

In March 2016, when the House of Lords sat for 15 days, 16 Earls received a total of £52,650 in tax-free payments (not including travel expenses), and 13 Viscounts received £43,050. The Duke of Somerset demanded 3,600 pounds. The Duke of Montrose was paid £2,750 plus £1,570 for travel expenses: £76 for the use of his own car, £258 for train tickets, £1,087 for plane tickets and another £149 for taxis and parking fees. During the entire parliamentary session, the duke took the floor only twice.

The Duke of Montrose was paid £2,750 plus £1,570 for travel expenses. During the entire parliamentary session, the duke took the floor only twice.

... For centuries, the main secret of the viability of the old aristocracy was carefully cultivated greatness. Everything from clothes to manners was designed to impress - so that no one dared to doubt the right of the nobility to power. But nowadays the secret of aristocrats is in invisibility, almost invisibility. Commenting on the rating of ten dukes published in Tatler magazine, the Daily Mail journalists noted: “Once the holders of these titles would have become the main celebrities of their time. Today, most people will have to work hard to remember at least one person from this list.

And this is no coincidence. British laws relating to land ownership, inheritance taxes or discretionary trusts make it possible to hide wealth from the public eye. All this imperceptibly supports the power of the aristocracy. The writer Nancy Mitford, who herself was part of the British high society, but regarded it with healthy skepticism, once said: “It is quite likely that those who for a thousand years have weathered so many religious, dynastic and political shelter to survive another one." It looks like she was right.

Cover photo: Duke of Devonshire Stoker Cavendish with his wife, Duchess Amanda. Photo: Oli Scarff / AFP / East News

January 20, 2019, 12:51

I recently found a very interesting article on the Bird in Flight portal.

The Guardian published an article about how English aristocrats adapt to life in a democracy. The author of the article, Chris Bryant, argues that despite the myth of "noble poverty" and the loss of ancestral homes, the wealth of aristocrats and their influence remains phenomenal.

The concept of "bourgeoisie" historically has many meanings. City resident (from German - burg - city, fortress) of the German principalities of the late Middle Ages, the owner of the production or just a wealthy person of the modern period. In colloquial language, this can be simply a person who is oriented, first of all, to the expanded consumption of material goods.

But the term is best known for its "class theory". Within the framework of class theory, the concept of the bourgeoisie has several aspects.

The economic aspect of the bourgeois class. The bourgeois is the private owner of the means of production.

It can act as a means of production as a large conglomerate (including manufacturing companies, financial institutions, retail chains) - and then we are talking about the big bourgeoisie; so is a primitive sewing machine or a PC - then we are talking about the idea of \u200b\u200bthe petty bourgeoisie. There are a lot of forms of the economic class of the bourgeoisie. As an example, we can cite equity capital, which became widespread at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, or modern investment funds (Buffett and Soros funds are known to everyone).

Ownership means control over property (including the implementation of purchase and sale transactions), as well as control over the process of distributing income that this property brings. Ownership can be both private and collective (the above-mentioned joint-stock companies, mutual funds and investment funds).

The main goal of economic activity for the bourgeois is to maximize income and minimize costs. This goal may not be declared by the bourgeois himself, but in practice it is always the main one. It is profit that is the main criterion for evaluating any capitalist enterprise.

The implementation of economic activity by the bourgeoisie must be carried out in conditions of market competition. In practice, market competition is carried out in different forms. Depending on specific historical conditions, any market can exist both in the form of relatively broad competition and in the form of a monopoly. The market of any product in the course of time tends to reduce competition and the formation of one or more major players on the market.

The political aspect of the bourgeois class. In the political sense, the main ideology of the bourgeoisie is the ideology of liberalism in its various forms. The philosophical core of this ideology is the idea of a person (private person) as the main subject of reasonable and rational activity. The core of the political ideology of liberalism is the idea that every human individual has inalienable individual rights, which are guaranteed by society and the state. In practice, individual rights exist only for emancipated citizens, the number of which depends on specific historical conditions.

The declared political ideal of the bourgeois class is parliamentary democracy, which transfers competition from the field of economics to the field of politics. In practice, the form of political organization of bourgeois society can be any kind of political regime: from the broadest parliamentary democracies to authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, depending on specific historical conditions.

The social aspect of the bourgeois class. In the social sense, the bourgeois class is expressed in the most materially and spiritually (education, culture) part of bourgeois society.

The psychological aspect of the bourgeois class. The psychology of the bourgeoisie as a class is most clearly expressed in individualism, egocentrism, and a strict orientation towards individual consumption of material and non-material goods.

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“Language is the first tool of labor, the first machine that helps a person to transform the world. Performing logical operations for us, he serves man and enslaves him. (M. Gorky.) "Our language is expressive not only for high eloquence, for loud poetry, but also for gentle simplicity, for the sounds of the heart and sensitivity." (N. Karamzin.) - What is the general idea that unites these statements?

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Persuasive argument, English aristocracy, upper bourgeoisie, social activity, conclude a contract, get rusty from dampness, phone rings, useful invention, rubber plantations, new residential area, work as a combine operator, firm intention, relieve pain, place in the stalls, express condolences, means of communication , porcelain cup, new owners, apply for enrollment in courses. Read the phrases. (One student reads, the rest follow the pronunciation. Find and correct inaccuracies in speech).

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I. In which word is the stress on the last syllable? 1. astrakhan fur 2. cakes 3 put 4. accepted II. In which word is the stress on the first syllable? was not 2. was not 3.waited 4.cement III.Which word is stressed correctly? 1. obituary (2nd syllable) 3. facilitate (2-syllable) 2. fight (1st syllable) 4. plum (1st syllable) IV. In which word is the letter denoting a stressed vowel correctly highlighted? 1. created 3. started 2. catalog 4. cakes

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Moon Evening Shining stars Magical mood Dream What associations arise when reading these words? Try to "create a picture of what is happening."

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I. Which of the following words means “strong excitement, excitement; struggle of interests around something”? 1) courage 3) excitement 2) mirage 4) entourage II. Which of the following words means "a specialist in the production of ballet dances"? 1) conductor 3) ethnographer 2) choreographer 4) concertmaster III. Which of the following words has the meaning “a science that studies the origin, material and spiritual culture, features of life of different peoples of the world? 1) mythology 3) ethnography 2) folklore 4) bibliography IV. Which word is misunderstood? 1) DEMONSTRATE - go on a demonstration 2) POPULAR - well-known, recognized 3) PRESS SECRETARY - representative of the press authorities 4) PRIVATIZATION - transfer of property to private hands

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V.. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly? 1) BRANCH - a part of some enterprise of the institution 2) TRILLION - a number represented by a unit with 12 zeros 3) INTERNSHIP - A PERSON on probation 4) SOUVENIR - a birthday present VI. . In which sentence, instead of the word LIFE, should you use LIFE? 1) They were sisters, but their LIFE paths diverged so much that they did not correspond for years. 2) Early spring, when everything comes to life and gains LIFE FORCE - this is the content of this picture. 3) This operation is needed for vital indications. 4) He dreamed of living far from civilization in order to get away from the LIFE noise and hardships. VII. In which sentence, instead of the word ETERNAL, should CENTURY be used? 1) on long autumn evenings, the owner did not leave the room and, in an unchanged dressing gown, with an ETERNAL pipe in his teeth, sat by the window. 2) Dense thickets of bushes alternated with ETERNAL oak groves and birch forests. H) Among the ETERNAL human values, the most important for him was honesty. 4) In areas of permafrost, houses are built according to special projects.

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Pathway………. a hawthorn bush, and the forest immediately ……… to the sides: in the middle of a clearing in white, sparkling clothes, huge and majestic, like a cathedral, ……. oak. It seemed that the trees respectfully parted to give the older brother ………..in full force. Its lower branches are a tent …….. over the clearing. Snow……… into deep wrinkles of the bark, and a thick, three-girth trunk seemed to be stitched with silver threads. The foliage, having dried up in autumn, almost did not ………, the oak tree was covered with leaves in snow covers up to the very top. Here is an excerpt from Yu. Nagibin's text "Winter Oak". Try to restore it by inserting verbs.

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The path rounded a hawthorn bush, and the forest immediately resounded to the sides: in the middle of a clearing in white, sparkling clothes, huge and majestic, like a cathedral, stood an oak tree. It seemed that the trees parted respectfully to let the older brother turn around in full force. Its lower branches spread like a tent over the clearing. The snow beat into the deep wrinkles of the bark, and the thick, three-girth trunk seemed to be stitched with silver threads. The foliage, having dried up in autumn, almost did not fly around, the oak tree was covered with leaves in snow covers to the very top.

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1. Indicate the error in the formation of the word form. 1) more beautiful 2) name day 3) less than seventy-five rubles 4) go tomorrow 2. Find a mistake in the formation of the word form. 1) younger 2) lie down 3) without gold epaulettes 4) in two hundred steps 3. Indicate the error in the formation of the word form. 1) more than fifty rubles 2) their children 3) five saucers 4) lie on the sofa 4. Indicate the error in the formation of the word form. 1) reading a story 2) a less significant one 3) in 2005 4) go home

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5. Indicate the error in the formation of the word form. 1) in seventy ways 2) one hundred tons 3) run one hundred meters 4) the most interesting of all 6. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form. 1) delicious cakes 2) at the airport 3) younger than my brother 4) three hundred meters away 7. Give an example with a mistake in the formation of the word form. 1) coastal boats 2) will get well soon 3) three brothers 4) with new shoes

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1. Choose the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence When traveling by bicycle, 1) the muscles of the legs and back develop. 2) Requires a lot of stamina. C) you get great pleasure. 4) my headlight broke. 2. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm). 1) The schedule for carrying out repair work in the workshops of the plant was violated contrary to the instructions of the director. 2) Those who sat on the banks of the river more than once experienced incomparable bliss. H) A visitor, apparently a tourist, asked a passer-by if there was a post office nearby. 4) My sister likes to play the piano and sing in the choir.

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3. In which sentence, the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot be replaced by a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover? 1) Princess Marya looked at Rostov with her radiant gaze, which made her forget the ugliness of her face. 2) The era of reaction that came in Russia after the Decembrist uprising gave birth to people like Pechorin. 3) The troops of the First Russian Army, with which the sovereign was located, were located in a fortified camp near Drissa. 4) Among those present, Margarita immediately recognized Azazello, who was standing at the head of the bed. 4. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover? 1) The biggest and noisiest company was formed around Nina Semyonovna, an elementary school teacher who met all these guys on the threshold of the school ten years ago. 2) The stones that now form the peaks of the Alps or the Himalayas were once formed under water. 3) The main source of energy for all living beings that inhabit our planet is the energy of sunlight. 4) Both in summer and winter, the panorama that opens from the steep bank of the Tsna is unique in its beauty.

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1. Select texts where you can violate the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. 2. Compose your text using the words: the sea is a house, with boarded-up windows, an edge covered with flowers, a light 3. Compose tests