The difficult path to the triumph of royalty. The Difficult Path to the Triumph of Royal Power The Triumph of Royal Power

Lesson 25

Subject: history.

Date: 12/28/2011

Teacher: Khamatgaleev E.R.

Objectives: to characterize the reasons for the strengthening of royal power in France; consider the course of the war of the Scarlet and White Roses; show the role of the Catholic Church in Spain.

Checking homework.

Equipment: Ved. §26.

During the classes

Checking homework.

Why did the Hundred Years War break out?

What is the reason for the first victories of the British?

Why did the British not gain a foothold in France?

Remember who was the king's ally in the unification of France? (Cities, clergy, chivalry.)

Which duchy posed the greatest threat to the integrity of France (Burgundy.)

The Duke of Burgundy possessed significant lands: Burgundy, Picardy, Flanders, the Netherlands, etc. He was at the same time a vassal of both the French king and the Holy Roman Emperor. At the court of the Duke of Burgundy, knightly customs were sacredly honored, and Burgundy became a kind of center of chivalry in Europe. Burgundy reached significant military and economic power during the reign of Charles the Bold, a brave man to the point of recklessness. He dreamed of creating a huge empire. Naturally, his plans did not include submitting to the French king - the son of Charles VII, Louis XI (1461-1483). Louis XI was a smart, cunning and treacherous ruler. He preferred to play his opponents against each other, making the most of their troubles. So, he contributed to the clash of Charles the Bold with Lorraine. In 1477, Charles the Bold died in battle, and Louis XI announced the annexation of the duchy of Burgundy and Picardy to the king's domain. Subsequently, Provence was annexed, and after the death of the king, Brittany. Accordingly, it can be stated that by the end of the XV century. the unification of France was completed, resulting in a centralized state with enormous, almost unlimited power of the king.

textbook material

What was common in the development of France, England and Spain in the second half of the 15th century?

Finest hour of Burgundy. After the end of the Hundred Years War, the increased royal power in France sought to overcome the resistance of large feudal lords and complete the unification of the country. The son of Charles VII, Louis XI (1461-1483), had to wage difficult wars against the feudal nobility, who made an alliance against him in order to maintain their power and prevent further strengthening of royal power. The soul of this union was the powerful dukes of Burgundy.

Shortly after the Battle of Poitiers, King John II gave the Duchy of Burgundy to his son Philip as a reward for his loyalty and bravery in battle. Thanks to a profitable marriage, Philip the Brave acquired Flanders, and his successors successfully expanded their possessions.

The dukes held part of their lands as fiefs from the French king, while other possessions were part of the empire. The dukes hoped to receive a royal title from the emperor and break the bonds of vassal dependence on the French king. The last of the dukes, Charles the Bold, even dreamed of the imperial title and the creation of a great power from the North to the Mediterranean. His state was then perhaps the richest in Europe. The Burgundian court was full of luxury, its magnificent ceremonial was imitated by other monarchs. Knightly ideals were preserved here, tournaments were organized. In real life, there was less and less room for these ideals. Real warfare was fought quite differently from tournaments, so that the belated age of chivalry at the Burgundian court was a kind of game, refined and sublime.

The embodiment of the spirit of chivalry was founded by Duke PhilipGood Order of the Golden Fleece, which set the knights as an example of the Argonauts. The order, designed to glorify and exalt Burgundy, united 24 of the most glorious knights, whose valor was legendary. Even sovereigns considered it an honor to become a member.

Senior vs Vassal. Duke Charles the Bold, like his predecessors, was proud of his position, but aspired to more. Haughty, quick-tempered and brave to the point of recklessness, Charles was extremely burdened by vassal dependence on the French king. The way he wanted to see France is evidenced by his words: “I love France so much that I would prefer to have six sovereigns instead of one.” Karl was not able to wait, make concessions, and even more so humiliation in order to achieve the ultimate goal.

The complete opposite of the recalcitrant vassal was his liege. Louis XI was not accidentally nicknamed the spider. A smart and far-sighted politician, he strove to unite the country and strengthen his power, and in order to achieve his goal, he was ready to wait for years and did not disdain any means. With enemies, he was mercilessly cruel. The king despised chivalric ideals, liked to consult with his barber about state affairs, and was stingy with spending in everything related to luxurious festivities and robes. But he did not spare money to reward faithful servants and bribe enemies, he was fluent in the art of intrigue. Not devoid of personal courage, the king did not like to make the outcome of his plans dependent on the outcome of the battle, where any accidents are possible. More than once he corrected at the negotiating table what seemed hopelessly lost on the battlefields. In the end, Louis XI got his way by skillfully setting his enemies against Charles the Bold. In 1477 at the Battle of Nance and Charles the Bold suffered a crushing defeat from Lothar and ngtsev, whose lands he wanted to annex, and he himself died on the battlefield.

Taking advantage of the fact that the duke had no sons, Louis XI immediately sent troops to Burgundy and other French possessions of Charles the Bold and annexed them to his domain.

Of course, Louis wanted to seize Flanders and other Burgundian possessions, but the daughter of Charles the Bold, Mary, was married to the son of the German emperor Maximilian Habsburg, and the French king had to moderate his appetites. The fate of the "Burgundian inheritance" was a stumbling block in relations between France and the Habsburgs for many years.

Having got rid of the main enemy, Louis XI then dealt with the rest one by one. Towards the end of his life, he managed to annex Provence in the southeast, and soon after his death, the duchy of Brittany became part of the royal possessions. Thus, by the end of the 15th century, the unification of France was completed. The next step was centralization- the real subordination of the united territory to the power of the king. The higher nobility, as a rule, retained their possessions, but lost their former independence. The taxes necessary for the maintenance of a standing army and numerous officials increased sharply. The liberties and privileges of individual lands, cities or estates were limited. The power of the king at that time was so strong that Louis XI did not need the constant support of the estates and collected the Estates General only once.

Which dynasty has ruled England since 1154? (Plantagenets.)

The Lancaster dynasty is a side branch of the Plantagenet dynasty. One of its representatives was Henry VI, whose reign caused rejection by a significant part of the feudal elite. This was explained, in particular, by the fact that the king's wife, a Frenchwoman, determined state policy.

Why was this annoying? (This was all against the backdrop of England's defeat in the Hundred Years' War.)

As a result, a civil war broke out, which was called the "War of the Scarlet and White Roses", since the emblem of the Lancasters was a scarlet rose, and their main opponents, the Yorks, were white.

Notebook entry: 1455-1485 - War of the Scarlet and White Roses.

At the first stage of the confrontation, the victory went to the Yorks. Edward IV established himself on the throne. After his death, it was not Edward's young son who became king, but his brother, Richard, who became Richard III (1483-1485). Edward's children were declared illegitimate. However, Richard's reign did not last long. England was invaded by the distant offspring of the Lancaster dynasty, Henry Tudor. In 1485, Richard's army was defeated, and the king himself died. England had a new king - Henry VII, who, by marrying a representative of the Yorks, achieved comparative peace in society and strengthened royal power.

textbook material

War of the Scarlet and White Roses. After the end of the Hundred Years War, thousands of disappointed people returned to England, for whom the war was their life's work. The situation in the country sharply escalated, any weakening of royal power threatened with internal unrest. Soon a long bloody struggle for power began between two cliques of the feudal nobility.

Under King Henry VI of the Lanck Dynasty a Sterov (a side branch of the Plantagenets) was actually ruled by his French wife. This caused discontent of the king's relative the Duke of York. The emblem of the Lancasters was a scarlet rose, the Yorks - a white one. Therefore, the war that broke out was called the War of the Scarlet and White Roses (1455-1485). Despite the romantic name, the war was characterized by rare cruelty. Treason and bloody reprisals against the vanquished followed one after another. Knightly ideals of honor and loyalty were forgotten, many barons moved from camp to camp, depending on where they were promised a more generous reward.

After the death of King Edward IV of the York dynasty, the eldest of his young sons was to inherit the throne. But the late king's brother Richard declared the nephews illegitimate and assumed the crown himself under the name of Richard III (1483-1485).

An outstanding ruler, Richard III pursued a sensible policy, began to restore the country devastated by the war. But his enemies did not doze. In 1485 a distant relative of the Lancasters, Henry Thude about r, landed with an army in England. Two armies converged at Bosu about mouth. At the decisive moment of the battle, Richard was changed by his entourage, and his personal courage could no longer affect anything. Richard refused to flee and died, remaining King of England. Right on the battlefield, the crown was placed on the winner - Henry VII Tudor (1485-1509).

Having come to power, Henry VII did everything to discredit his formerenemy, to imagine him as an evil freak-hunchback who paved the way to the throne over the corpses of his own relatives. The accusation of cold-blooded murder of young nephews languishing in the Tower fell especially hard on Richard. However, there is no direct evidence of his guilt, and for Henry VII the death of the offspring of the House of York was much more profitable than for Richard. The mystery of the death of the young princes remains unsolved.

Henry VII was easy to handle and not too fond of knightly ceremonies, but he tirelessly cared about replenishing the treasury. During his reign, taxes increased and the administrative apparatus was strengthened. Parliament still met, but everything was determined by the royal will. Estate-representative monarchy gave way unlimited power king.

What Spanish kingdoms do you know? (Castile and Aragon.)

Who was the main enemy of Castile and Aragon? (Arabs.)

When did the Arabs settle in the Iberian Peninsula? (In the 8th century)

The process of liberation of the Iberian Peninsula from Arab rule was called the reconquista. Already by the XIII century. most of the Iberian Peninsula belonged to the Christian kingdoms. Only in the very south remained the Emirate of Granada. In 1492, he too fell under the blows of the already united Spanish kingdom.

Notebook entry: 1492 - the fall of the Emirate of Granada. End of the Reconquista.

The unification of Spain occurred as a result of the marriage of Princess Isabella of Castile and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. In 1474 Isabella became queen, and in 1479 Ferdinand became king of Aragon. This dynastic union marked the beginning of the Spanish state. A single state in the Middle Ages assumed one church, and people of different confessions lived on the Iberian Peninsula: Christians, Muslims, Jews. In the XIV century. many Muslims and Jews, under pressure from the royal authorities, converted to Christianity, but at the same time continued to practice their former cults.

Who led the fight against heretics? (Inquisition.)

During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, persecution took on an extraordinary scale. In 1492 the Jews were forced to either convert to Christianity or leave Spain. Subsequently, Muslims were placed under the same conditions. Non-observance of Christian rites by new converts was punishable by death. In the central squares of Spanish cities, an auto-da-fe was held - the public burning of heretics.

What has this policy led to? (To the economic weakening of Spain: talented, businesslike, rich people left it.)

textbook material

Unification of Spain. At about the same time as in France, the unification of Spain was completed. The development of medieval Spain was greatly influenced by Reconqueandone hundred - the reconquest of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula from the Arabs, who seized it at the beginning of the 8th century, stretched for almost eight centuries (the word “reconquista” just means “reconquest”). On the territories liberated from the power of the Arabs, Christian states arose: Castile, Aragon, Portugal and others. Gradually, the border moved south. Their settlement and economic development by peasants and townspeople helped to consolidate power over the conquered lands. The centuries of the Reconquista were not a time of continuous battles. Wars gave way to peaceful contacts, and Christians learned a lot from the Spanish Muslims.

The decisive successes of the Reconquista came in the 11th-13th centuries. towards the middleXIII century, under the rule of the Arabs, only a small Grana the Danish emirate, which was distinguished by a prosperous economy and a surprisingly high level of culture. He no longer posed a real danger to Christians. The reconquista stopped for a long time, and the next two centuries were filled with rivalry between Christian states, as well as the struggle between royalty and nobility in each of them.

What achievement of the culture of the Emirate of Granada has already been discussed on the pages of the textbook?

In 1469, the Castilian princess Isabella married the Aragonese prince Fernando (Ferdinand). After 5 years, Isabella inherited the Castilian throne, and in 1479 Fernando became king of Aragon. Such a union of two monarchies under the single authority of a married couple is called dynasticat nia(from the Latin word "unio" - association). The union of Castile and Aragon did not mean the final formation of a single state (in the absence of a son-heir and the remarriage of one of the spouses, it could fall apart), but became an important step towards its creation.

Having completed the unification of the country, Fernando and Isabella achieved considerable success in business centralization. An effective administrative apparatus and a strong standing army were created. Having consolidated their power, Fernando and Isabella began a war against the Emirate of Granada, and in 1492 Granada had to capitulate. The reconquista is over.

In the struggle for the unity of faith. Since the time of the Reconquista, many Muslims and Jews have lived in the country under the rule of Christian sovereigns. For a long time, the attitude towards them in Spain was more tolerant than in other countries, but from the end of the 14th century it deteriorated sharply. A wave of religious persecution and pogroms also took place here. Many Gentiles were then forced to officially accept Christianity, but secretly continued to profess the faith of their ancestors. In turn, Christians distrusted the newly converted and sought to convict them of heresy.

Fernando and Isabella were fanatical Catholics, they even received an honorary title from the Pope - Catholic Kings. They sought to ensure that in a single state, subjects adhere to a single Catholic faith, and for this they were ready to take harsh measures. In 1492, tens of thousands of Jews who did not agree to convert to Christianity were expelled from the country.

Remember when the Jews were expelled from other Western European countries.

Then came the turn of the Muslims. Despite the terms of the surrender of Granada, they were forced to accept baptism. And those who persisted in heterodoxy or heresy were persecuted by the Inquisition, introduced in Spain at that time. The Spanish Inquisition was notable for its mass character and cruelty of reprisals. Public burning of heretics auto-daphe (which means "act of faith") - was presented to the people as a kind of religious holiday.

The desire to achieve unity of faith in the country in a short time cost Spain dearly. In those years, tens of thousands of Jews and Moors left the country, who took with them money, business connections, crafts and trade skills. At the same time, religious persecution contributed to the formation of an atmosphere of intolerance and fanaticism in the country.

FROM THE MEMORIES OF PHILIPPE DE COMMIN ON CHARLES THE BOLD AND LOUIS XI

He longed for great glory, which most of all pushed him to these wars, and wanted to be like those sovereigns of antiquity, about whom they said after death: he was brave like no one else in his time. But then his life was cut short, and everything turned to his loss and dishonor, for honor always goes to those who win.

He was lucky thanks to his mind and because he did not take risks and did not rely on victories in battles ... He created such large armies that there were few who wanted to fight them ... He preferred to take fortresses unexpectedly, and those that, as he knew, were poorly protected ... And if in an enemy fortress the captain or someone else wanted to enter into a deal and sell it for money, then he could be sure that he would find in him a merchant who would not be frightened by any, even a very large amount, and he would agree, not skimping on any.

Using the text of the paragraph if necessary, determine where it is about Charles the Bold, and where it is about Louis XI. How do their characteristics differ? Whose side is the author of the memoirs on?

Questions of self-control.

What goals did Charles the Bold and Louis XI set for themselves? By what means did each of them achieve these goals?

Is the Reconquista reduced to military action, or was its content wider?

What is the difference between the unification of Spain and the unification of England and France? What are these differences?

On the contour map, mark the territories of the states that completed the unification in the 15th century.

What is the difference between the unification of a country and its centralization?

What limited royal power in the newly unified states? How did royalty overcome these limitations?

25 Difficultpath to triumphroyalauthorities 1 §22, p.207-216 ...

2 Explanatory note (1)
Explanatory note
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Calendar-thematic planning of history lessons Grade 6 (68 hours)
Calendar-thematic planning
Akbulyakov D.B. Calendar-thematic planning lessons history grade 6 (68 ... Russia (34 h.) No. lessons Topic name lessons Number of hours... 25 A century of disasters 1 December 26 The longest war in history 1 27 Difficultpath to triumphroyalauthorities ...
Work program for the study course "History of the Middle Ages" for grade 6 for the 2011-2012 academic year 2011 CONTENTS
Calendar-thematic plan
... lesson, lesson learning new material; lesson-workshop, lesson- seminar, combined lesson, integrated lesson, lesson... papacy" 1 25 Crusades... National Independence 37 Difficultpath to triumphroyalauthorities 1 Centralization. Reconquista...

Teacher: "The decline of the Middle Ages" was the final stage in the formation of national united states. Today we will consider this process using the examples of France and England. Let's start with the history of long-suffering France.

Scientist-archivist: Finest hour of Burgundy. After the end of the Hundred Years War, the increased royal power in France sought to overcome the resistance of large feudal lords and complete the unification of the country.

The son of Charles VII, Louis XI (1461-1483), had to wage difficult wars against the feudal nobility, who made an alliance against him in order to maintain their power and prevent further strengthening of royal power. The soul of this union was the powerful dukes of Burgundy. Shortly after the Battle of Poitiers, King John II gave the Duchy of Burgundy to his son Philip as a reward for his loyalty and bravery in battle. Thanks to a profitable marriage, Philip the Brave acquired Flanders, and his successors successfully expanded their possessions. The dukes held part of their lands as fiefs from the French king, while other possessions were part of the empire. The dukes hoped to receive a royal title from the emperor and break the bonds of vassal dependence on the French king. The last of the dukes, Charles the Bold, even dreamed of the imperial title and the creation of a great power from the North to the Mediterranean. His state was then perhaps the richest in Europe. The Burgundian court was full of luxury, its magnificent ceremonial was imitated by other monarchs. Knightly ideals were preserved here, tournaments were organized. In real life, there was less and less room for these ideals. Real warfare was fought quite differently from tournaments, so that the belated age of chivalry at the Burgundian court was a kind of game, refined and sublime.

The complete opposite of the recalcitrant vassal was his liege. Louis XI was not accidentally nicknamed the spider. A smart and far-sighted politician, he strove to unite the country and strengthen his power, and in order to achieve his goal, he was ready to wait for years and did not disdain any means. With enemies, he was mercilessly cruel. The king despised chivalric ideals, liked to consult with his barber about state affairs, and was stingy with spending in everything related to luxurious festivities and robes. But he did not spare money to reward faithful servants and bribe enemies, he was fluent in the art of intrigue. Not devoid of personal courage, the king did not like to make the outcome of his plans dependent on the outcome of the battle, where any accidents are possible. More than once he corrected at the negotiating table what seemed hopelessly lost on the battlefields. In the end, Louis XI got his way by skillfully setting his enemies against Charles the Bold. In 1477, at the Battle of Nancy, Charles the Bold suffered a crushing defeat from the Lorraine, whose lands he wanted to annex, and he himself died on the battlefield.

Taking advantage of the fact that the duke had no sons, Louis XI immediately sent troops to Burgundy and other French possessions of Charles the Bold and annexed them to his domain. Having got rid of the main enemy, Louis XI then dealt with the rest one by one. Towards the end of his life, he managed to annex Provence in the southeast, and soon after his death, the duchy of Brittany became part of the royal possessions. Thus, by the end of the 15th century, the unification of France was completed.

The next stage was centralization - the real subordination of the united territory to the power of the king. The higher nobility, as a rule, retained their possessions, but lost their former independence. The taxes necessary for the maintenance of a standing army and numerous officials increased sharply. The liberties and privileges of individual lands, cities or estates were limited. The power of the king at that time was so strong that Louis XI did not need the constant support of the estates and collected the Estates General only once.

Teacher: And now let's move from France, where the unification was completed, to England.

Scientist-archaeologist: War of the Scarlet and White Roses. After the end of the Hundred Years War, thousands of disappointed people returned to England, for whom the war was their life's work.

The situation in the country sharply escalated, any weakening of royal power threatened with internal unrest. Soon a long bloody struggle for power began between two cliques of the feudal nobility. This war, despite such a romantic name, which received for the presence of these colors on the coats of arms of the warring families, was fought with extraordinary cruelty and treachery.

Treason and bloody reprisals against the vanquished followed one after another. Knightly ideals of honor and loyalty were forgotten, many barons moved from camp to camp, depending on where they were promised a more generous reward.

An outstanding ruler, Richard III pursued a sensible policy, began to restore the country devastated by the war. But his enemies did not doze. In 1485, a distant relative of the Lancasters, Henry Tudor, landed with an army in England. The two armies converged at Bosworth. At the decisive moment of the battle, Richard was changed by his entourage, and his personal courage could no longer affect anything. Richard refused to flee and died, remaining King of England. Right on the battlefield, the crown was placed on the winner - Henry VII Tudor (1485-1509).

Having come to power, Henry VII did everything to discredit his former enemy, to present him as an evil freak-hunchback who paved the way to the throne over the corpses of his own relatives. The accusation of cold-blooded murder of young nephews languishing in the Tower fell especially hard on Richard. However, there is no direct evidence of his guilt, and for Henry VII the death of the offspring of the House of York was much more profitable than for Richard. The mystery of the death of the young princes remains unsolved.

As a result of the War of the Scarlet and White Roses, the Tudor dynasty came to power, ruling England until the beginning of the 17th century. Having married a representative of the York dynasty, Henry VII partly reconciled with their supporters and combined both roses - scarlet and white - in his coat of arms. The new king ordered the nobility to disband the military detachments, ruthlessly cracking down on everyone who did not want to submit. Henry VII was easy to handle and not too fond of knightly ceremonies, but he tirelessly cared about replenishing the treasury. During his reign, taxes increased and the administrative apparatus was strengthened. Parliament still met, but everything was determined by the royal will. The estate-representative monarchy gave way to the unlimited power of the king.

Teacher: In conclusion, let's look at the process of the unification of Spain. At about the same time as in France, the unification of Spain was completed. The development of medieval Spain was greatly influenced by Reconquista- Stretching for almost eight centuries, the reconquest of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula from the Arabs, who captured it at the beginning of the VIII century. On the territories liberated from the power of the Arabs, Christian states arose: Castile, Aragon, Portugal and others. Gradually, the border moved south. Their settlement and economic development by peasants and townspeople helped to consolidate power over the conquered lands. The centuries of the Reconquista were not a time of continuous battles. Wars gave way to peaceful contacts, and Christians learned a lot from the Spanish Muslims. The decisive successes of the Reconquista came in the 11th-13th centuries. By the middle of the 13th century, only the small Emirate of Granada remained under the rule of the Arabs, which was distinguished by a flourishing economy and a surprisingly high level of culture. He no longer posed a real danger to Christians. The reconquista stopped for a long time, and the next two centuries were filled with rivalry between Christian states, as well as the struggle between royalty and nobility in each of them.

In 1469, the Castilian princess Isabella married the Aragonese prince Fernando (Ferdinand). After 5 years, Isabella inherited the Castilian throne, and in 1479 Fernando became king of Aragon. Such a union of two monarchies under the single authority of a married couple is called dynastic union The union of Castile and Aragon did not mean the final formation of a single state, because in the absence of a son-heir and the remarriage of one of the spouses, it could fall apart. However, it was the most important step towards its creation.

Having completed the unification of the country, Fernando and Isabella achieved considerable success in the matter of centralization. An effective administrative apparatus and a strong standing army were created. Having consolidated their power, Fernando and Isabella began a war against the Emirate of Granada, and in 1492 Granada had to capitulate. The reconquista is over.

Fernando and Isabella were fanatical Catholics, they even received an honorary title from the Pope - Catholic kings. They sought to ensure that in a single state, subjects adhere to a single Catholic faith, and for this they were ready to take harsh measures. In 1492, tens of thousands of Jews who did not agree to convert to Christianity were expelled from the country.

Then came the turn of the Muslims. Despite the terms of the surrender of Granada, they were forced to accept baptism. And persecuted those who persisted in heterodoxy or heresy inquisition, introduced in Spain at that time. The Spanish Inquisition was notable for its mass character and cruelty of reprisals. Public burning of heretics auto-da-fe(which means "act of faith") - was presented to the people as a kind of religious holiday. The desire to achieve unity of faith in the country in a short time cost Spain dearly. In those years, tens of thousands of Jews and Moors left the country, who took with them money, business connections, crafts and trade skills. At the same time, religious persecution contributed to the formation of intolerance and fanaticism in the country.

To summarize: in the 15th century, united centralized states were formed in England, France and the Iberian Peninsula.

Author information

Shiryaeva Zinaida Vyacheslavovna

Place of work, position:

MOU-OOSH s. Golden Steppe, Teacher of the highest category

Saratov region

Characteristics of the lesson (classes)

The target audience:

Learner (student)

Class(es):

Item(s):

Story

The purpose of the lesson:

By analyzing and comparing the historical path of France, England, Spain, reveal the difficulties and features of the completion of the unification and the beginning of the centralization of the control system in European states. Continuing the development of general educational skills.

Lesson type:

Lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge

Students in the class:

Used textbooks and tutorials:

Used equipment:

Screen, multimedia projector, computer

Used CORs:

presentation "The Difficult Path to the Triumph of Royal Power"

Short description:

Medieval History Lesson Using Multimedia Presentation

1. Class organization.

2. Check of knowledge:

BUT.Test schedule of 10 questions. After the answers (the questions are displayed on the screen) in the form of pluses or dots on the positions "yes", "no", they are connected by a line and surrender to the teacher. The correct answers are displayed on the screen, the graph of the answer to the test is shown on the board.

B.Question: (oral answer) What is the difference between the Hundred Years War and the previous wars of the Middle Ages?

Answer plan: (on the board) - duration,

What was the fight for?

The attitude of the people and knights to war,

Methods of warfare.

Suggested answers: longest in history, the struggle was for the Motherland, for

independence, for the unification of the country, bright

manifestations of patriotism, partisan methods

waging war.

AT.2 - 3 students at this time answer the cards "Beginning ..." and

"End of the Hundred Years War".

3. After checking the knowledge, a preliminary summing up and evaluation, motivation for further activities follows. In the future, throughout the lesson, the participation of children in the work (answers, their questions, etc.) is encouraged by cards, which by the end of the lesson turn into a full-fledged mark (red - 5, yellow - 4, green - 3). Important concepts, names, dates are written in a notebook.

4. Study of new material.

Maps of France, England, Spain are opened.

In all these countries at the end XV century, the unification was completed. We are familiar with the beginning of this process in France and England. XI-XII centuries. What can we learn about its end? (Suggested answers: how did it end, what difficulties, features of the unification can be noted in different countries.)

Yes, this is our goal for today's lesson - by comparison, to reveal the difficulties and features of completing the unification of European states.

The map of France opens.

The lily has long been the symbol of France. But look at the map - the contours of the country resemble a flower, but this lily is ugly, unfinished

The king of France, despite the victory in the Hundred Years War, had many problems related to the strengthening of power, the subordination of large feudal lords. Look at the possessions of the counts of Burgundy: if these lands become part of the country, then the outline of the lily will be completed (the flower will form), and the country will complete the unification. The counts of Burgundy were vassals of the French king (remember their behavior during the Hundred Years War), but they did not keep the vassal oath. The king, on the other hand, needed to complete the creation of his beautiful "flower". With whom did he have to fight?

The words "He ..." and a portrait of Charles the Bold are revealed.

Intelligence, generosity, personal courage, arrogance, ardor, a tendency to make rash decisions. Are all of Carl's character traits positive? What could hinder him in the struggle for independence?

Work continues with the map on the screen, in the tutorial (p. 253). It is noted that part of the lands of the counts of Burgundy was within the Holy Roman Empire (Luxembourg, Lorraine). The claims of the count to the crown of the empire are voiced. The words "He did not risk ..." appear.

Are we talking about the same person or different people? (About different).

Yes, this is a characteristic of Louis XI , the French king, nicknamed the Spider. (Images)

Let's determine if this nickname was true?

The textbook is being worked on. (Students find the appropriate characteristic).

What character traits could help Louis XI in the fight against Charles the Bold?

Footage of the victory at Nancy and a lily flower are shown.

What were the actions of the king of France aimed at? (On the unification of the country, the creation of a single state).

But getting the lands together is half the battle. It is necessary to conduct C E N -

T R A L I Z A Ts I of the South of the country.

Work is underway on a new concept.

The map of England opens.

After the end of the Hundred Years War, thousands of disappointed people returned to England, for whom the war was their life's work. The situation in the country sharply escalated, any weakening of royal power threatened with unrest. The struggle for strengthening royal power resulted in the War of the Scarlet and White Roses.

Work is in progress with the screen, colors, portraits, dates.

What did Henry do? VII Tudor? (Unify the country).

Work continues with the concept of "centralization".

- What was similar in the history of two states: France and England in the second half XV century? (Answers: the unification ended, centralization was carried out, what it included, energetic individuals acted not always by right means).

The map of Spain opens.

At about the same time as in France, the unification of Spain was completed. It was against the backdrop of the Reconquista.

Work is underway with new concepts, with a map, dates, portraits of the rulers of Castile and Aragon, the features of the unification of Spain are noted. The final shots depict an attempt by the kings of Spain to create common faith, as a guarantee of the unity and strength of the country, and the opposite result.

- (Main question) What was common in the development of France, England, Spain in the second half of the fifteenth century?

5. Summing up the lesson, the result of the goal, student assessment.

6. Homework:§ 26, answer questions; individual tasks - prepare messages about Charles the Bold, Louis XI and (leading) Casimir the Great.

Cards:Insert missing words, dates.

"Beginning of the Hundred Years War"

In ________, the longest war in the history of mankind began. The French kings tried to complete the unification of the country, the English kings sought to regain the Angevin state. The war went badly for the French. In 1346, the British won a victory at ___________.

The possessions of the English king in France gradually grew. The real trouble for the French was the English Prince Edward, nicknamed "_____________________________" for the color of his armor. He won many victories, constantly made predatory raids deep into France. In September 1356, near the city of ______________, his detachment was overtaken by an army led by the King of France himself. Knights led by __________ went on the attack. _____________ the prince skillfully placed his archers, while the French acted in isolation. As a result, the French suffered a crushing defeat. Several thousand knights, led by __________, were captured.

Answers:1337; Crecy; "Black Prince"; Poitiers; John II ; English; king (option - John II).

"End of the Hundred Years War"

In August ______, King Henry of England V resumed the war. In October 1415, two armies met near the city of ______________. The French suffered a crushing defeat.

The situation of France became especially difficult after Duke __________________, betraying the interests of France, entered into an alliance with the British. France is in danger of losing ___________________.

However, the son of Charles VI declared himself King Charles VII All the patriots of France rallied around him. A partisan war broke out in the country. In 1428, a peasant girl named ___________ appeared to the king. At the head of the army entrusted to her by Charles, she was able to lift the siege from the important city of _____________ in just 10 days.

Encouraged patriots opposed the invaders throughout the country. The British suffered one defeat after another. Accused of witchcraft, the Virgin of Orleans was burned at the stake in 1431. But this did not affect the outcome of the war. It ended in ______.

Answers:1415; Agincourt; Burgundian; national independence; Joan of Arc; Orleans; 1453.

DynastyVALUA

1328 - 1589.

Philip IV Handsome - brother Karl Valois ..

DaughterPhilip VI

Edward III

English King John II - passed to his son Philip the Brave

Duchy of Burgundy

Henry V Charles V

Died in 1420.

Charles VI son

Charles VII son Philip the Good

Louis XI Karl the Bold

1461-1483 1433-1477

Causes of the war The war broke out because of the possession of Aquitaine - a region of France, which England had owned since the 12th century. In addition, England and France fought for influence in wealthy Flanders: the feudal lords of Flanders were loyal vassals of the Capetians, and the cities of Flanders sought to develop trade and economic ties with England.

The reason for the war was the dynastic situation: in 1328, the last representative of the royal Capetian family, Charles V, died without leaving an heir. 16-year-old Edward III, King of England, the only grandson of Philip IV, declared himself a contender for the throne. But members of the assembly of the highest French nobility, referring to the Salic truth, where it was written that the land is not transferred through the female line, rejected the claims of Edward III. The crown was given to Philip V of Valois, a representative of the Capet side line. Then Edward III decided to achieve his rights with the help of weapons. Cause for War Philip III Saint Philip IV Handsome Louis X Grumpy Philip V Long Isabella French Charles of Valois John I 1316 Edward II, King of England Edward III King of England Charles V Handsome Philip VI of Valois

Balance of power England Small but well organized army. The knights with their retinues obeyed the orders of the commander in chief and acted jointly with the infantry. Talented military leaders were at the head of the British. The Black Prince (Prince Edward) France Large but poorly organized army. Only part of the army was subordinate to the king. Heavily armed knights acted independently and did not want to obey anyone. For the knights, the main thing in battle was not to lose their honor. The knights despised the foot soldiers and considered them useless in battle. The lack of interaction between cavalry and infantry made them vulnerable to the enemy.

The beginning of the war () the British launched an offensive in Picardy, and then won a victory at sea at Sluys 1340 - the British won victories at sea (the battle of Sluys) and on land (the battle of Crecy) the British captured the port city of Calais Edward - Prince of Wales (Black Prince ) defeated the French knights at Poitiers and captured the French king John II Good year, peace was concluded in Bretigny, according to which France lost land south of the Loire (about a third of the country) and the port of Calais. Sluis 1337, 1340 Crecy 1340 Brétigny 1360 Calais 1346 Poitiers 1356

The continuation of the war () The second period of the war (gg.) was marked by the transition of France to the offensive and the liberation of most of the occupied territories. The peace concluded in 1360 was a necessary respite, which allowed the French to somewhat improve the internal political situation in the country and strengthen the army and navy. The system of hiring troops was streamlined, fortresses were erected, artillery was improved, and a strong fleet was created. However, France is weakened by popular uprisings and the struggle for power between the two feudal parties.

The time of new successes for England () the English king Henry V defeated the French at Agincourt, subjugated Normandy and other regions of France. France was left, as in 1356, without an army and money, a peace was signed in Troyes, according to which, during the life of Charles VI, Henry V became the regent of France, the French crown should have passed to him or his heir after the death of Charles VI. In addition, Henry V married the daughter of Charles VI Catherine, so that their children in the future would really embody the fact of the unification of the crowns. Charles VI's son, the Dauphin Charles, was deprived of hereditary rights. Agincourt 1415 Troyes 1420

The end of the war () In 1429, France was divided into three parts: into lands actually conquered by the British (the power of Henry VI was recognized here); on the areas under the political influence of the Duke of Burgundy; in the territory (mainly in the south of the country), where the authority of Charles VII was recognized - the siege of Orleans by the British. The beginning of the popular movement for the liberation of France, led by Joan of Arc 1429 - the coronation of Charles VII in Reims 1431 - the Duke of Burgundy recognized Charles VII as the king of France and concluded an alliance treaty with him 1436 - Paris came under the control of the French - the French army defeated the Norman city of Caen - capitulation of the English garrison in Bordeaux Orleans Bordeaux 1453 Reims 1429 Caen 1450 Paris 1436

From the Letter of Joan of Arc to the English King “You, the King of England ... do justice to the King of Heaven, give the maiden sent here by God, the Heavenly King, the keys to all the cities that you took and abused in France. She came here from God ... She quite ready to come to a peace agreement, namely: if you ... return France and pay for the possession of it. If you do not do this, then I will take the leadership of the war, and I will force your people to leave, willingly or not. If they do not if they want to obey, I will destroy them all, but if they want to obey, I will have mercy on them ... The French kingdom will be owned by King Charles, the true heir, for God wants it that way ... And be sure that the King of Heaven will give the maiden so much strength that you, with all your efforts will not be able to repel her and her good military comrades ... ”On what conditions did Joan of Arc offer the English king to make peace? What did she threaten if her terms were not accepted? Why was Joan of Arc confident of France's victory?

Strengthening royal power in France Despite the damage caused by the war, the French quickly restored their economy. The feudal lords wanted to return to the times of fragmentation and during the reign of Louis XI created an alliance led by Charles of Burgundy. He wanted to see 6 sovereigns in the country instead of one. The struggle between the king and Charles lasted 12 years. Not being a brave warrior, Louis XI acted like a diplomat: he pitted his opponents and dealt with them one by one. As a result, Burgundy, Provence, Marseille, Brittany were annexed to France. The unification of the country led to the strengthening of royal power. Instead of detachments of vassals, the king created a permanent army, which was supported by tax. The king decided all matters according to his will. Officials helped him run the country. The King stopped calling the Estates General

Strengthening of royal power in England At the end of the Hundred Years War, civil strife began in England. The two lines of the Plantagenet royal dynasty, the Lancasters and Yorkies, fought for the throne. This conflict was called the WARS OF THE SCARLET AND WHITE ROSES (the coat of arms of the Lancasters had a scarlet rose, the coat of arms of the Yorks had a white one). As a result of a bloody war (), Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor dynasty, became king. Having married the daughter of Edward IV, Elizabeth the heiress of York, he combined scarlet and white roses in his coat of arms. The new king disbanded the detachments of feudal lords, destroyed castles, and executed many opponents. Henry VII oversaw the replenishment of the treasury and took "war money" even when he was not at war. Continuing to convene Parliament, he introduced his supporters into the House of Lords, and the knights in the House of Commons passed any law.

Annex 1. The Valois dynasty in the XIV-XV centuries Philip VI of Valois John II Good Charles Wise Charles VI Mad Isabella of Bovary Louis, Duke of Orleans and Angouleme Charles VII Catherine Henry V, King of England IsabellaRichard II, King of England Louis XI Charles VIII,

Annex 2. The Plantagenet dynasty in the XIV-XV centuries Edward III Plantagenet Philip Genegau Edward, Black Prince Richard II John of Gaunt, Earl of Lancaster Henry IV Lancaster Henry V Lancaster Henry VI Lancaster Catherine of Valois Edmund, Duke of York Richard, Earl of Cambridge Richard, Duke of York Edward IV York George Duke of Clarence Richard III York Edward V York 1483 Richard Duke of York Elizabeth York Henry VII Tudor Isabella Valois John Beaufort John Beaufort II Margaret Tudor

2 Explanatory note (1)

Calendar-thematic planning of history lessons Grade 6 (68 hours)

Work program for the study course "History of the Middle Ages" for grade 6 for the 2011-2012 academic year 2011 CONTENTS