Private buildings made of timber and logs are distinguished by their external attractiveness, living comfort and environmental friendliness. But they are classified as buildings with increased fire hazard, due to the combustibility of wood. Therefore, wiring in a wooden house is carried out taking into account special requirements. They are set out in the section Electrical Equipment of the Building Regulations (SNiP) and the Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations (PUE).
- A competent scrupulous calculation of the cable cross-section is required. Non-combustible material is used for their insulation.
- It is advisable to lay open wiring.
- Concealed wiring is not recommended for wooden structures. If you have to use it, you should work with cables in a metal pipe or in another sheath.
- In the switchboard, a protection device (RCD) and a circuit breaker are mounted and connected.
- The total capacity of the equipment that is planned to be installed in the dwelling is calculated.
- A power supply project is being prepared.
- Selection and purchase of switches, sockets, wires, technical devices.
- Power is being supplied to the building, a circuit breaker, an electric meter and a switchboard (PS) are connected.
- The cable is bred around the house.
- Mounted lighting fixtures, sockets, switches.
- A house plan is being drawn up. It marks the installation points of electrical appliances, lamps, switches, sockets, and other equipment.
- To connect the equipment, the appropriate type of cable is selected.
- On the wiring diagram, the places where the junction boxes will be placed are marked. One such device is usually used for two adjacent (adjacent) rooms in the house.
- The plan indicates the power of each electrical appliance (taking into account the starting force for installations with its own engine).
- Equipment that consumes a lot of energy (furnaces, heating boilers, water heaters) are combined into one group. A separate machine is used to connect them.
- Less powerful appliances (chandeliers, floor lamps, and so on) are collected in another group.
- Cable laying is carried out at the top or bottom of the wall with an indent of 0.2 m from the ceiling or floor.
- The switchboard is installed in the hallway of the house at a height of 150–170 cm so that children cannot reach it.
- Turns of internal wiring are made at an angle of 90 °.
- For reasons of aesthetics and ease of use, all switches are mounted at the same height (0.8–1.5 m). They are usually fixed from the side where the handle of the doors leading to the room is located.
- An electricity meter is mounted in the switchboard housing.
- A VA is placed on the DIN rail, to which the neutral and phase are connected.
- The input of the input machine is connected to the terminals of the metering device.
- Switches and voltage relays for RCDs and individual power groups are installed on the rail.
- All clamps of electrical equipment are connected by a wire to one core.
- Ceramic rollers that act as insulators. This method is optimal for dwellings with walls made of wooden logs.
- Plastic channels for cable fixed on vertical bases. These mounting fixtures are available in different colors, which makes it possible to choose them for any type of skin.
- PVC bracket. This technique is rarely used in homes because of its unattractiveness. It is more suitable for wiring in technical, utility and utility rooms.
- Corrugated pipes filled with cables up to a maximum of 40%.
- Special skirting boards equipped with a gutter. In the latter there are special fixators for the wire.
- The marking (according to the existing project) of the network laying line is being carried out.
- Remove the cover from the cable channel.
- Attach the box to the ceiling surface or wall. For this, self-tapping screws are used. Their installation is carried out in increments of 50 cm. At the turns of the route, additional hardware is screwed in.
- Junction boxes are mounted in the designated places.
- The wiring is placed in the cable channels, the latter are covered with a lid, and the fasteners are snapped into place.
- They make strobes in the walls.
- Distribution boxes are installed (so that access to them after facing the vertical bases is free).
- Install pipes. If necessary, they are pre-cut. The ends of the products are cleaned, all burrs are removed from them.
- Pipes are fastened with clamps.
- twist.
- Self-clamping Wago-terminals.
- Special caps.
- wires are stripped and twisted;
- cover the junction with the described product.
- Three reinforcing bars with a section of 3 and a length of 300 cm are cut.
- A triangular ditch 0.3 m deep with sides 1 m is dug in the courtyard of the house.
- The rods are mounted into the ground at the corners of the trench, connected to each other by welding and steel billets.
- An eye (loop) is attached to one of the bars. It is made of steel 10 mm thick.
- Rated current. Its value is taken an order of magnitude higher than the characteristics of the auto switch installed in the circuit.
- leakage current. For residential premises with normal humidity, devices with a response threshold of 30 mA are purchased, for bathrooms, bathrooms and kitchens - 10 mA.
- inspect the wiring for correct installation;
- measure the zero-phase resistance of the ground loop and insulation;
- check the operation of the RCD and machines.
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Installation requirements and general work plan
If you strictly adhere to the provisions of the PUE and SNiP, it is really possible to equip a reliable and safe power supply system for a wooden house with your own hands. First you need to familiarize yourself with the key requirements of these rules and regulations:
Wiring is divided into external and internal. The first is laid on the street and is connected to the home network through underground wells and channels or through the air (canopy).
External cables are usually made of wires with aluminum conductors, and only copper products are allowed to be used inside the dwelling. Their connection is carried out in a special adapter called a sleeve. It goes from the electric meter on the outer wall of the building to the switchboard.
Wiring in a wooden house is laid in stages. Experienced electricians are advised to adhere to the following sequence of work:
Lastly, the RCD is connected and the grounding system is equipped. After that, do-it-yourself wiring is tested for operability and safety of operation.
The nuances of drawing up a project for the energy supply of a wooden house
Work should begin by obtaining technical specifications from the local branch of the electricity supplier. Then they begin to calculate the total power of household appliances, lighting and other appliances. This operation is easy to do with your own hands, using the table below.
After the calculations, an electrical wiring diagram is created. The procedure is simple:
The diagram shows the distances from the line along which the cable is laid to all window and door openings and the removal of electrical points from the ceiling and floor surfaces. This is done so that later, if it is necessary to carry out repairs in the house, the probability of damage to the wiring is minimal.
During the design process, several important recommendations should be followed. Electricians advise working according to the following standards:
Sockets are installed at any height (PUE and SNiP do not stipulate this moment). But the places of their installation should be thought out as competently as possible, taking into account the layout of large household appliances and furniture. Then, after repair, you will not have to use extension cords to connect electrical equipment.
Selection of wires, sockets, switches - the table will help
The electrical network in a wooden house works without accidents and failures if the cross-section of cables is correctly determined, with the help of which lighting, special equipment and household appliances are connected. For many home craftsmen, this part of the work causes difficulties. The table for selecting the diameter of copper conductors for devices operating under certain loads allows you to cope with them.
| Section, mm | Voltage, V | |||
| 380 | 220 | |||
| power, kWt | Current, A | power, kWt | Current, A | |
| 120 | 171,6 | 260 | 66,0 | 300 |
| 95 | 145,2 | 220 | 57,2 | 260 |
| 70 | 118,8 | 180 | 47,3 | 215 |
| 50 | 95,7 | 145 | 38,5 | 175 |
| 35 | 75,9 | 115 | 29,7 | 135 |
| 25 | 59,4 | 90 | 25,3 | 115 |
| 16 | 49,5 | 75 | 18,7 | 85 |
| 10 | 33,0 | 50 | 15,4 | 70 |
| 6 | 26,4 | 40 | 10,1 | 46 |
| 4 | 19,8 | 30 | 8,3 | 38 |
| 2,5 | 16,5 | 25 | 5,9 | 27 |
| 1,5 | 10,5 | 16 | 4,1 | 19 |
All electrical appliances have a technical passport or instructions for use. They indicate the loads that they consume. Based on this information, it is not difficult to select the required cables.
The safest wiring in a wooden house is obtained using NYM copper products. They are easy to install and process, have good strength, are equipped with additional insulation. Their only drawback is their high cost.
More affordable is the cable marked VVGng. Its insulation is carried out using PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic compound, which does not support combustion.
Switches and sockets are selected according to the type of wiring (open or hidden), the magnitude of the (calculated) current, the possibility of their connection on a single-frame block. Cables with three cores and mandatory grounding are connected to these network elements. The latter provides almost one hundred percent safety of operation of household appliances.
Introductory wire and machine - how to choose the right one?
To determine the cross section of the cable leading to the house, you need to calculate the total power (total rated load) of all available electrical devices and equipment. This is especially important if the wiring in a wooden house is being updated. That is, a complete replacement of auto switches and internal wiring is carried out.
If it is necessary to install a new lead-in cable on a log house or a residential building made of logs, contact the power supply organization. Its replacement is carried out before the installation and sealing of the electricity meter.
If the building network is designed for 380 V, a single-pole automatic machine is installed at the input. With a single-phase power supply (220 V), devices with 1 or two poles are used.
Experts advise choosing an automatic machine with a rating that, at maximum loads, does not turn off the current supply to the dwelling, but breaks the electrical circuit. Thus, it eliminates the risk of a short circuit.
It is easy to decide on the type, characteristics and rating of the introductory machine (VA) on your own. First, the power of all electrical equipment in the house is taken. According to the formula P / U * 0.8, the maximum current indicator is calculated. Its value is multiplied by a special coefficient of 1.1 and the value is obtained at which the switch at the input operates (in most cases, a 25 A fuse is used).
A suitable type of VA is selected according to the short circuit current (SCC). The formula used is: I = 3260 * S (wire cross section in millimeters) / L (cable length in meters).
The characteristic of the circuit breaker is determined by dividing the TKZ by the value of the rated current. For individual housing construction, it is recommended to use category C devices. They have shown themselves well when working in electrical networks with a mixed load.
VA is mounted after the counter. These two devices are mounted in an electrical panel on a DIN rail along with RCDs and automata for individual groups of equipment, after which they begin to lay cables around the dwelling.
Hidden and open wiring - features
Outside, the cable, as noted earlier, is mounted in metal pipes that are buried in the ground or in the air. The first way is more expensive, but really reliable.
Before the internal wiring in the house, the installation points of the switchboard and boxes, switches, sockets, and lighting fixtures are planned. The RSC is fixed at the selected location. Then the following actions are performed:
Proceed directly to the wiring - hidden or open. The first is equipped in cases where the wall decoration in the dwelling is planned to be made as attractive and aesthetic as possible. It is ideal for newly built or overhauled log houses.
Hidden wiring involves placing cables in special non-combustible plastic or metal (aluminum, steel, copper) boxes. The latter are laid between the lining of the vertical surface and its base.
Open-type electrical wiring is installed in long-used houses and when creating retro interiors in new buildings. It is done with:
Important! It is desirable to equip the passages through the walls from one room to another with fire-resistant metal sleeves. And already through them to stretch the cables. In this case, the likelihood of a fire due to faulty wiring is significantly reduced.
Popular Indoor Cable Routing Methods
Open wiring is usually carried out using cable channels. Step-by-step instructions for performing such an operation are given below:
Important! At the mounting points of switches and sockets, leave a small amount of cable. It is required to connect the specified elements.
The wires in the distribution boxes are connected to each other and to the terminals of sockets, circuit breakers, switches. This part of the installation work is described in detail in the next section.
With hidden wiring, the cable is often "hidden" in metal pipes. The algorithm of work is simple:
The wiring is pulled through fixed metal channels. In junction boxes, the conductors are twisted and insulated.
Briefly about the methods of connecting wires and the intricacies of the procedure
The operation is done by hand in one of three ways. A single internal wiring is created:
The first technique is inexpensive and available in implementation. The insulator (4–5 cm) is removed from the ends of the cables. The wires are twisted together, soldered and wrapped with a protective adhesive tape.
Wago technology involves removing 1 cm of insulation from the ends of the wires and connecting them using self-clamping terminals. The latter are selected according to the sections of the cables used.
The third method requires the purchase of special caps, inside which a conical spring is installed. How to use them:
The spring, when screwing on the cap, firmly clamps the electrical cable. And the plastic shell acts as an insulator.
Nuance. The load capacity of the internal route being laid depends on the number of wire connections. The more of them, the less reliable the wiring is in operation.
The final stages of work - little things remain
PUE require that all household electrical equipment with a metal case (refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, boilers, stoves) be grounded. This operation is easy to perform on your own:
The eye is connected in the electrical panel to the ground wire. It has a yellow-green insulating layer.
The residual current device is placed in the shield after the meter. It eliminates the risk of electric shock to a person during a breakdown of the latter on the housing of household appliances. RCD is selected according to two indicators:
After installation of all elements, the wiring is checked for safety of use and operability by specialists of certified electrical centers and laboratories. They conduct comprehensive tests:
The test results are recorded in the protocol. It must be presented to energy sales representatives who will come to seal the electric meter.
Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house is a matter that requires special responsibility and attention, since the wrong approach can lead to property damage and be life-threatening. Those who decide to do the work on their own, you definitely need to know what to look for when choosing materials, the main stages of laying and the basics of safety.
The organization of power supply in wooden houses has a number of points that you need to pay attention to. First of all, this is due to the high flammability of wood, which means that incorrect wiring can easily cause a fire. Consider the stages of preparation and installation, as well as give recommendations and advice regarding this type of work.
Electrical wiring in a wooden house: choice of material, connection to the building
Electricity in a wooden house is carried out in such a way as to minimize the risk of fire.
It must meet the following requirements:
- all cable products must be with a refractory braid, as well as insulated with refractory materials (aluminum or thermal plastic tubes (corrugations) or boxes are used for their laying);
- current-carrying wires must be with copper conductors and with such a cross section as to withstand the necessary load (depending on the power of the connected devices);
- it is also necessary to ensure that the cable laying channels (strobes) are treated with fire protection (Neoflame, Frizol, Fukam) if they are mounted directly into wooden walls. If in a wooden house there is an internal thermal insulation of the walls, then the channels for the cable are made in it, it is important to process it if it is combustible.
External wiring
According to the type of installation, electrical wiring in a wooden house is divided into internal and external. If a wooden house is located in a cottage town or private sector, then the wiring to the house is most often brought through earthen cable channels and wells, and if in a village, then most often by a canopy (by air, by attaching wires to a cable).
When supplying electric current from a common network to buildings, self-supporting wires are most often chosen, where the insulating material is not subject to the damaging effects of the external environment. The optimal cable cross-section is from 16 mm, and the run-up from the point of its entry to the ground is from 2.75 m.
Self-supporting insulated wires are mostly aluminum, and they are categorically not suitable for fire safety standards for wooden buildings, which means that before entering the room, it is necessary to make a transition for a copper cable. This is done by placing an electricity meter on the outer wall of the house with an aluminum wire connected to it, from which a copper cable will go to the switchboard through a special “sleeve” (the sleeve is a kind of filter and adapter).
Electrical panels are also equipped with:
- emergency shutdown device with automatic devices for 25 or 16 Amperes (for automatically turning off the power supply during power surges within the network);
- RCD - residual current device (to turn off the mains during power surges in the external network).
The choice of type of installation depends to a greater extent on the type and aesthetics of the decorative design of the rooms. Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house is mounted quite simply, but, of course, there are special recommendations and some nuances of the work here.
Installation of SIP electrical wire to a wooden house video-instruction
Do-it-yourself wiring installation in a wooden house: interior work
Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house may have some differences in cable laying technology, as well as in consumables, regardless of the type chosen. Hidden wiring is usually laid with a more aesthetic wall finish, placing them in special boxes made of metal or non-combustible plastic directly between the wall base and the sheathing (they can be mounted in a heater). This option is ideal for a major overhaul of a wooden house or immediately after its construction.
Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house is placed in refractory boxes. If they are mounted on wood or low-melting insulating materials, then before that, the laying places must be carefully treated with fire protection.
As cable channels, copper or aluminum pipes are especially preferred, since they are cheaper. They are preferred because they easily bend to "cold" and do not transfer heat when the cable is heated. Steel, on the other hand, is often chosen because of its lower cost, but with significant turning radii, they have to be heated with gas burners or blowtorches.
Hidden wiring in a wooden house: project development and route determination
Starting work, it is important to draw up a detailed installation project for wiring, according to which the route of the wire lines is drawn and the locations of branching and junction boxes, switches and sockets, as well as electrical network elements are installed.
As for the route itself, it is desirable that it has as few bends and inclined lines as possible (ideally, all lines should be parallel to each other and relative to the walls / floor of the room), but if this is not possible, then junction boxes should be provided for several lines wiring. They, as a rule, are placed in the maximum accessible places for maintenance, and not in floors or partitions.
After planning the installation route, you can prepare the walls, namely, drill holes for ducts and metal pipes or gouge, depending on the type of installation chosen.
Do-it-yourself electrician in a wooden house: how to choose the right boxes and tubes
The size of the tubes depends on the diameter of the selected cable, as well as on the number of wiring lines (it is not recommended to lay more than two lines in one tube). It is necessary that the electric wires be pulled through them easily, without occupying more than 40% of their internal area. The thickness of the metal is also important to prevent them from burning through during a short circuit.
Eg:
- when choosing wires made of copper (section ≤ 2.5 sq. mm) and aluminum (≤ 4 sq. mm), the thickness is not standardized;
- for cables with a diameter ≤ 6 sq. mm - the thickness must be at least 2.5 millimeters;
- a minimum of 2.8 mm is allowed for pipes made of aluminum and copper with a cross section of ≤ 10 and 4 sq. mm, respectively;
- 3.2 mm - for wires with a diameter of ≤ 25 and 10 sq. mm.
Basic rules for the performance of work
Having prepared the surfaces, you can start laying the boxes and placing the sockets and switches. To do this, nests of the required size are drilled in the surfaces and pipes are brought in, to which the mounting boxes will be attached.
In the case when a copper cable is used, after winding it is important to flare the ends and solder to the box itself, and the edges of the steel can be attached by welding. Junction boxes are installed in the same way, the main thing is that all connections have reliable anti-corrosion protection, and all elements of the overall structure are grounded without breaks in the circuit.
For electrical wiring, three-core or five-core wires are usually used, equipped with grounding conductors. At the ends of the pipes, special bushings are installed that protect the insulation from possible damage.
Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house video
Open wiring in a wooden house
Photo 4. Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house. Types of installation, connection of the power board
Installation of electrical wiring in an open-type wooden house is carried out using cable channels, roller insulators or skirting boards specially designed for this purpose. This type of cable laying is preferable for wooden houses where repairs have already been made, the walls are insulated and upholstered with facing material.
Wiring in cable channels
Such devices are boxes that are mounted on the wall and, after wiring, are closed with locking fasteners. Here, a non-combustible cable (BBGng, NYM) is usually chosen, and the channels themselves must also be fireproof. The main advantages of this method are ease of installation and easy access to wires.
Insulator rollers
Insulating rollers are not new to open wiring. Here, special cables are taken, which consist of stranded copper conductors with a PVC insulating sheath and a silk coating impregnated with a refractory compound.
For buildings made of wood, open wires should be placed at least 1 cm from the wall, and insulators that look like rollers are used as fasteners. It does not always look aesthetically pleasing, respectively, this method is more suitable for conducting electricity to utility or utility buildings.
Electrical skirting boards
Plinth boxes - used for laying cables under the ceiling or above the floor. They are comfortable, safe and at the same time look quite attractive, do not violate the overall interior design. Another plus is that there is always access to the wires themselves, just like when using conventional boxes, but at the same time, all elements are hidden from prying eyes.
Skirting boards are usually used in conjunction with ducts and are ideal for organizing additional connections, with a ready-made electrical network or repairs made.
Installation of a junction (adjustable) box in a wooden house video
Switches and sockets for a wooden house
After studying the wiring diagram and marking the cable lines, you can proceed with the installation of all sockets and switches. For greater fire safety, they, as well as the bases of any lamps, sconces and dimmers, must have metal substrates for fastening to walls or ceilings.
Outcome
As you can see, electrical work in a wooden house can be done independently. Of course, you will need to carefully study the circuits and features, to carry out a lot of calculations and measurements, but if you follow the safety rules and follow our instructions, the wiring of electricity will not cause any problems.
But the resinous array of dried wood - dangerous object for the appearance of an accidental spark: can turn into a tragedy with technological errors or negligence during installation.
Therefore, for the installation of electricians in a wooden house in a hidden way, you can only take on having basic technical training and having thoroughly studied the rather tough current regulatory documents:
- GOST R 50572.1-93;
- SNiP 3/01/01-85;
- SNiP III-4-80;
- SNiP 2.08.01(6.17).
- "Rules for the installation of electrical installations" (PUE).
Wouldn't it be better to entrust this crucial stage of construction professionals?
Why is hidden wiring in a wooden house so attractive?
Surely aesthetics of walls and ceilings:
- there are no wiring elements that violate the design of the room;
- sockets and switches recessed into the wall do not cause inconvenience when arranging furniture;
- the surface of the wall is easier to use for wallpapering;
- properly executed wiring increases the degree of fire safety of the building;
- ease of replacing the cable in the pipe;
- less risk of mechanical damage to the wiring;
- protruding electrical fittings do not collect dust and do not become a support for the web.
What makes hidden wiring an object of increased danger
- Inaccessibility for constant revision of the state of insulation and replacement of areas subjected to aging and destruction (microdamages can cause a short circuit);
- complications in the work on supplementing the electrical circuit with new points after the expiration of time;
- the technical complexity of installation, effective only during the construction of the house;
- the need to create false structures that can hide insulating pipes;
- the high cost of work, materials;
- the cost of a special tool.
What are the features of installing hidden wiring in a wooden house?
- You must be prepared for the fact that according to the wiring diagram you will pull not only wires and cables, but also meters of steel or copper pipes - a prerequisite for insulation. In a wooden house, even a centimeter of wire should not come into contact with wood. Pulling a cable or wire through a tube is a troublesome task that requires patience.
- To introduce insulating pipes into the body of the wall, you will have to ditch, drill, cut down a place for wiring. This work is dusty, dirty, laborious.
- Vertical channels are drilled during the laying of the crowns of the log house, horizontal (with a special drill) - after the completion of the walls.
- A conductor is laid in the holes - a wire with which the cable will be pulled.
- All places for installing wiring elements and transitions from one room to another must be well insulated with metal boxes, sleeves, "glasses", linings, asbestos wrapping or insulation with alabaster plaster.
- The number of main channels becomes essential: for a large number, a corrugated pipe of a rather large diameter will be required as insulation, which is difficult to hide in a log wall.
- The importance of the residual current device (RCD) is increasing, several such devices can be installed with hidden wiring: to turn off the external circuit, the internal circuit and the circuit with the highest power load.
Rules for performing internal wiring in a wooden house
- Electrical wiring is carried out only on the basis of a scheme agreed with specialists, with a minimum number of turns and bends.
- The electric main is laid exclusively in non-combustible materials.
- During installation, priority is given to fire safety tasks, not so important - to aesthetic wishes.
- It is advisable to lay channels in the structural recesses of door and window openings, under skirting boards, and false ceiling lining.
- Corrugated pipes used as channel insulation are protected from all sides with asbestos gaskets during installation. For the same purposes, taking into account the estimated power of the wiring, alabaster or cement plaster, concreting is used.
- Galvanized insulating pipes and boxes are connected by threading, welding. Sharp edges are protected by plastic caps. Copper protective elements in the connection are flared.
- The wall thickness of the pipe is selected taking into account the cross-section of the conductors of the wire (example: 2.8 mm - for an aluminum conductor of 10 mm2, or a copper conductor of 4 mm2).
- The cable (together with the insulating layer) inside the insulating pipe must occupy up to 40% of the internal volume.
- The insulation resistance is measured twice: before and after pulling through the pipe.
- Distribution boxes must remain freely accessible.
- For concealed wiring, wires and cables with a triple insulating coating and marking "ng" are used.
Wiring in the ceiling of a wooden house
The advantages of wooden floors include:
- high bearing capacity;
- resistance to vibration;
- preservation of the geometry of the structure;
- reducing the overall weight of the structure;
- erection speed;
- versatility of use;
- suitability for floor screeding.
Flaw there will be one, and it will be revealed during the fire:
- wooden floors quickly pick up an open fire;
- are prone to collapse.
How to be?
- Cable protection with pipes.
- Metal tray for complex floor routing.
- Risk is not always a noble cause.
Therefore, there are no concessions for electrical wiring along floors: only the placement of cables in pipes. By the way, electrical wiring on floors is the most convenient way to install hidden wiring. Gates for pipes to switches and sockets, in this case, descend from the main cables.
True, if the change in the direction of the wires is very frequent and at different angles, then it is more rational to use blind copper trays with lids instead of pipes. They can lay out several wires at once and in any direction. They perfectly isolate the wiring from the wood of the floors, and are attached to each other by riveting. Such trays, in order to reduce the cost of work, are also made of galvanized steel.
The process of laying trays is complicated by the need to take into account and bypass the structural elements of the house or cut them with subsequent reinforcement. In this case, you can not do without the skills of performing tin work.
Mandatory grounding of each tray separately will be required. At the turn, the trays can form an angle that is dangerous for the integrity of the cable, therefore, in this place, corrugated insulation is put on it.
Tray insulation with hidden wiring can also be used from the inside of the ceiling, subsequently closing the entire false ceiling structure with drywall or tongue-and-groove board treated with fire retardants.
The most primitive installation method is electrical wiring on ceilings in layers of alabaster or cement plaster, when one layer is laid down, and after laying the wires, 2-3 cm of a new layer are thrown. This method is very risky for fire safety (due to the likelihood of cracking) and is rarely used.
- The type of cable for a wooden house will differ from that used in urban development.
- The most suitable cable is NYM, it has triple insulation and a sheath made of non-combustible material (polyvinyl chloride).
- The greatest reliability in protecting the electrical network from emergency failures is possessed by difautomatic devices that combine 2 protective devices - a circuit breaker and an RCD (residual shutdown device).
- It is worth remembering: grounding each junction box and each pipe will not be superfluous.
- The connection of pipes must be reliable: use welding or soldering.
- When choosing pipes, give preference to pipes made of copper: they bend better and easily take the shape of a prepared gutter.
- To protect the cable from damage when pulling it is necessary to use end sleeves made of plastic.
- Settlement of the house should be taken into account to prevent pinching of the highway.
- When lining the walls with clapboard or wooden wallpaper, you can do without drilling the walls, passing the main wiring pipes through the slotted grooves.
- You can combine hidden wiring with open: in places where wires are connected to sockets or switches.
Convenience and communication have become the main component of human life. Such comfort is hard to imagine without electricity. Supplying a house with electrical communications is not complete without taking into account certain rules. In this article, we will examine in detail the question of how electrical wiring is laid in a wooden house according to the scheme and requirements.
Today, wood has become very often used for the construction of private houses. This is done not only for aesthetic reasons, but also because of the naturalness of the raw materials. A very time-consuming process in construction is the wiring of communications, namely the electrification of a home.
Be sure to exercise caution - this is required for any work on electrical installations.
Rules for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house
Important! At the time of installation of electricians in the house, be guided by three rules: safety, fire safety and safety precautions.
It is known that open wiring is a good option for wiring cables in a wooden type of structure. Be sure to lay conductors in such houses with good insulating properties. Cables should not create friction between bare cores. If you are planning to enter electrical wiring in a room with high humidity, use options suitable for outdoor communications, as they have more stringent properties.
When laying conductors from the main meter to consumers, there should not be many connections. As a rule, it is not so easy to achieve the integrity of the network, so junction boxes come to the rescue, which provide reliable switching of electrical wires to each other.
In wooden houses, the device ground loop is more important than ever. Do not forget to check its functional features before finishing the wiring. When the network is connected to voltage, all sources must work. Plus - the absence of sparkles, sparks and hiss of conductors.
Stages of installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house
It is important to prepare everything before performing installation work; it is imperative to have a cable layout, both throughout the room and in separate junction boxes.
Residential buildings made of wood are one of the most ancient architectural structures. But even today, when the range of building materials strikes the human imagination, most happy owners of a suburban area prefer to use wood with environmental qualities and natural beauty for building a house, which cannot be compared with any finishing material.
Requirements for wiring in wooden buildings
To begin with, anyone who wants to start independently supplying electricity to a wooden house should understand that knowledge of how to distinguish a neutral wire from a phase analogue or connect an outlet with a switch is far from enough. First of all - this due to increased security requirements use of electrical appliances in wooden buildings.
It is better to entrust all work to qualified electricians. But every homeowner needs to be aware of the basic rules of how to lay electrical wiring in a wooden house, even for the simple reason that this will allow you to evaluate the work of specialists. So, what are the rules for electrical wiring in wooden residential buildings?
- It is important to completely eliminate or minimize the possibility of ignition of electrical cables to the maximum in order to prevent the transfer of an open source of fire to the wooden parts of the house in the event of a short circuit in the electrical circuit.
- The main indicators and characteristics of cables used in wiring must comply with the rules and regulations and have sufficient power reserves to withstand peak loads. In no case should there be any manifestations of heating of the lead wire or terminal connection.
- The technical condition of electrical wires should not allow even the slightest risk of electric shock to residents of the house or animals.
The issue of the aesthetic component in the conditions of wooden houses should fade into the background. To date, there are many options for solving this problem. But in no case should you neglect the safety rules to improve the external characteristics of the building. Such actions can lead to irreversible consequences.
Features of inputting electricity in a wooden house
The most dangerous section of electrical wiring is the entry of wires through the attic wall, made of wood. There is an erroneous opinion among craftsmen that a piece of rubber hose is enough to ensure the safe entry of the cable into the house. But the use of such material is not applicable, since the composition of the rubber product includes soot, which is carbon, which conducts current well.
Therefore, during the aging process of a rubber hose, bridges may appear that allow electricity to pass through with rather high resistivity. Because of this, heating of the cable occurs in local areas, which can lead to the ignition of dry wood.
If the main goal of the owner of a wooden house is the complete reconstruction of the electrical wiring and bringing the latter into proper condition, then you need to start the modernization by entering the electrical cable into the building. Wherein experts consider two main methods how to bring a power cable into a wooden building:
- Laying an electric power cable underground is the most reliable in terms of safety, since the wires are hidden from the influence of external factors. But in terms of cost, this option is too costly and involves excavation. According to the rules for laying underground electrical wiring, the depth of the trench should be at least 80 cm.
- Aerial wiring involves work on an electric pole, which is strictly prohibited without the necessary permission. This may only be done by qualified electricians.
The section of the electrical main from the high-voltage pole to the wooden structure must be made of wires with a cross section of more than 16 mm. Optimal are self-supporting aluminum wires with high quality insulation. The service life of such a cable should be 25 years or more.
Naturally, the introduction of such a line into the room is unacceptable. If you follow the established rules, the laying of electrical wires with aluminum current-carrying parts on flammable structural elements of the house is strictly prohibited. Therefore, only copper conductors can be laid in wooden buildings.
The connection of the electrical cable must be carried out from the outside of the house. For this, special clamps are used, thanks to which quality contact is ensured, which does not oxidize and does not spark in the future. Sections of electrical wiring passing through wooden walls or floors between floors must be enclosed in metal sleeves. This additional precaution achieves the following objectives:
- the electric cable will be protected from mechanical damage caused by the displacement of the structure of the house due to shrinkage or vibration of the soil;
- metal is a refractory material that will reliably protect the wooden surface from ignition in a short circuit situation, leading to heating and further ignition of the electrical wiring;
- electrical wiring in hard-to-reach and inconspicuous places will be reliably protected from small pests - rats and mice.
If we consider the thickness of the pipe walls, then it is regulated by the current rules. If it is necessary to lay wires whose cross section does not exceed 4 mm, a pipe with walls of 2.8 mm is mounted, and in the case of using a more powerful cable, thick-walled protection up to 10 mm is used. This will not allow the metal sleeve to burn through during a short circuit. This rule applies to all areas of electrical wiring in a wooden house.
Laying wires from the entrance to the house to the electrical panel
Another important section of the electrical wiring of wooden houses is the gap from the input to the distribution panel of the in-house electrical system. A special specificity of this section is the insecurity of the latter from overload with the help of automatic machines. And given that it is laid in the attic or utility room, then the risk of fire in the event of a short circuit is greatly increased, since you should not rely on the automatic protection of the substation. Therefore, two cardinal methods are used to solve the problem.
- The cable along its entire length is enclosed in a metal pipe, with parameters that comply with the established rules. But this method is applicable for short intervals of the power grid with a length of up to 3 m.
- A more acceptable method is to install a machine placed in a hermetic box right before entering the line into a wooden room. The response threshold of such a device should be a level higher than the main machine located in the switchgear.
Another solution to the problem is to place automatic machines and an electric meter on an external wall outside a wooden house in a separate protected box. Naturally, this option is the most reliable, albeit inconvenient for the owners of living space.
Installation of switchboards
The electric cable entering the wooden house directly, without additional branches, enters the switchboard, which consists of the following elements:
- a box made of plastic or metal with places for placing the device, control of consumed electricity and automatic protective devices;
- electric meter with appropriate sealing;
- two-pole or three-pole automatic protection device of the main input cable;
- circuit breakers for house wiring in a wooden house;
- it is very convenient if garage and courtyard lighting, as well as power supply to utility rooms, are allocated to a separate zone.
The calculation of the power of the machine for each individual zone is performed individually. The main rule to follow is that protection operation in case of overload on a weak section of house wiring. At the same time, the optimally selected denomination ensures maximum safety. You should not get carried away with savings when purchasing the hardware of the distribution system, since the safety of people depends on it.
Open wiring in a wooden house
If we consider the methods of wiring wiring in a wooden house, then the open version of the wiring can be attributed to the safest. Plus, such work will cost the homeowner an order of magnitude cheaper. Electric cables are laid along the internal walls and ceiling of the room. For aesthetic masking of wires they can be decorated in retro style or placed in a decorative plastic box.
The electric cable is laid in a self-extinguishing channel. At the same time, in hardware stores you can find a product that matches the color in accordance with the general style of construction. Such a box is popular in log houses and buildings sheathed with wooden lining with smooth wall surfaces.
Using braided cables will give the electrical wiring an aged, retro look. The wires resemble twisted cords attached to a wooden wall through a ceramic insulator. This method is considered quite safe for the simple reason that the cable has high-quality double insulation and does not come into direct contact with wooden surfaces. Plus, this type of wire will emphasize the overall styling of the building.
Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house
If we consider hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house, then its installation is very time-consuming and, if it is necessary to upgrade or repair electrical cables, makes the procedure expensive and inconvenient. But, despite this, most owners of wooden country houses prefer the hidden method of installing electrical cables.
Homeowners of wooden buildings do not want to spoil the appearance of the house with switchboards and wires. The laying of hidden electrical wiring begins at the design stage of the building. At the same time, for safety reasons, the wires are placed in a metal or galvanized pipe, which must be painted. To lift the cable to the outlet or switch, a special fire-proof hole is equipped.
Installation of electrical networks in wooden buildings in a hidden way should be carried out only in accordance with the rules and regulations for electrical work and using special materials to ensure fire protection. Cables passing through the ceilings of the building, must be placed in a metal sleeve or pipe from incombustible plastic.
Also, a hidden wiring method can be placed in grounded metal pipes. Log buildings often shrink, which must be taken into account, avoiding the impact of logs on wires or metal sleeves. For wiring cables through walls, special metal sleeves are used. But due to the fact that the open and closed methods of laying wires in a wooden house have their advantages and disadvantages, they are most often combined.
Features of the installation of electrical appliances
After studying the wiring diagram of electrical wires in a wooden building and marking cable lines you can proceed to the installation of electrical switchgear- sockets, lamps and switches. In this case, the fastening of all electrical components should be carried out only on a pre-prepared metal platform, fixed on a wooden surface. Only thanks to metal protection, it is possible to ensure the proper level of fire safety in a house made of wood. This rule also applies to distribution boxes.
The problem of many fans of self-repair when installing electrical wiring is non-compliance with fire safety standards and requirements in wooden buildings. In no case do not use standard wires and electrical appliances as it is against safety regulations.
The laying of electrical wiring in wooden buildings should be carried out only taking into account all the recommendations, which will guarantee the durability and efficiency of the work performed, as well as the safety of all residents of the house.
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