The hipped (four-pitched) roof gives the house an exquisite look. The special design of the roof allows you to additionally protect the building itself, its walls from moisture. Therefore, the construction of a roof with four slopes is optimal for regions with high rainfall and strong winds.
The first step in the construction of the roof is to determine the purpose of the roof (covers the attic floor, attic, etc.), the choice of roofing material (depending on this, a list of materials for construction will be determined), taking into account the atmospheric conditions of the place where the roof will be used (wind, rain , snow).
The choice of a hip roof will give the building greater resistance to rain and make it more durable (the rafter system is more reliable). The main difference between this type of roof and a gable roof is that instead of side gables, there are two triangular roof slopes in it.
When choosing the angle of inclination of the slopes, the level of precipitation and wind characteristics of the area should be taken into account. With small and medium average annual precipitation, it is recommended to choose an angle in the range of 4-40 degrees. With heavy snowfalls and prolonged rains, the recommended optimal angle of inclination of the slopes is in the range of 40-60 degrees.
Roofing material can be: rolled roofing, shingles or metal tiles.
Depending on all of the above nuances, the thickness and other parameters of the wooden component of the hipped roof will be selected.
The end result of the first stage is the creation of a scheme for the future roof, on the basis of which construction will be carried out.
Let's describe the further technology of how to make a hipped roof with your own hands.
The second stage is to build the foundation for the roof. The base is used to evenly distribute the load from the roof to the load-bearing walls. The construction of a hipped roof involves a base that can be built on your own - a wooden Mauerlat and a bed. Under the base to extend the life of the roof, waterproofing is necessary. A power plate is placed on the hydrobarrier along the outer contour of the building (the size of this beam varies, either 100x150 mm, or 50x150 mm.).
Beds - a beam located in the plane of the base of the truss system at the same distance from the two side Mauerlats. It serves as a supporting element for struts and racks, so it is laid on load-bearing partitions (see drawings of a hipped roof). Large roof structures may include several beds.
The third stage is the direct installation of the roof frame (bases, rafters, crate).
Structurally, the construction of the roof in the house with or without existing floors is different (in this case, there is no need to lay the floor beams on which the supports will be installed).
The installation of racks (vertical supports of the roof frame) should be approached with great care. It is necessary to accurately maintain the installation angle (90 degrees). At the slightest deviation, further deformation of the roof is possible. Rack mounting step - up to two meters.
The device of the hipped roof of the house consists of four planes (slopes). Two trapezoidal and two triangular. Trapezoidal slopes will be formed by side rafters, hip (triangular slopes) - by diagonal (diagonal) rafters.
The emphasis of the rafters at the top of the frame is carried out in a ridge beam (run). This timber goes over vertical racks (groove connection with racks is possible). The distance between the rafters is from 50 to 150 cm (according to the roof plan). The recommended width of the rafter board is 150 mm.
The frame is fastened with the help of corners and steel plates with self-tapping screws (nails). To strengthen the resulting structure, diagonal supports, struts, wind beams are used. They allow you to increase the load capacity of the system.
Waterproofing is laid on top of the rafters. Then a counter-lattice is made (bars that are attached to the rafters on top of the waterproofing). It is needed to create a ventilation duct between the roofing material, the crate and the waterproofing. This will quickly and effectively remove moisture. Next, the lathing is performed - horizontal boards are attached from the bottom to the very top to the counter-lattice (see the diagram of the four-slope roof).
The last step is the installation of roofing material. Installation is carried out depending on the parameters of the material. An example of the installation of a metal tile.
Thus, the installation of a hipped roof is a rather laborious process that requires a careful approach. For a deeper understanding of the building, you should view photos and video materials.
Do-it-yourself video of building a hipped roof
Hip roof truss hip roof system 
Richten 2 
We build a house from aerated concrete 2. Day 45-46. Hip roof. Rafter. All in the mind 
We build a house from aerated concrete 2. Day 47. How is the roof attached to the SIP floor? All in the mind 
We build a house from aerated concrete 2. Day 48-50. Roof, jibs, filly, insulation. All in the mind 
We build a house from aerated concrete 2. Day 51. Roof. Installation of the Tyvek membrane. Crate. All in the mind 
Standing aerated concrete house 2. Day 53-57. Installation of metal tiles and gutters. All in the mind 
Roofs with four slopes have higher reliability and resistance to stress. This design is much more complicated than the usual gable, and installation takes more time. And yet, a do-it-yourself hipped roof is a completely doable task, if you properly prepare and study in detail the intricacies of its device.
Do-it-yourself four-pitched roof
Roof design
The four-pitched roof has many variations. The simplest design is 2 trapezoidal slopes, connected in the center of the roof, and 2 triangular slopes from the side of the gables. Sometimes all four slopes are made triangular, then the roof edges converge at a central point. More complex designs involve broken lines, a combination of short slopes with gables, built-in straight and sloping windows, as well as multi-level slopes.
hipped roof
It is impossible to build a truss system of this configuration without the appropriate experience, so it is better to pay attention to the standard hip roof.
hipped roof project
hip roof construction
The slope of the slopes can have an angle of 5 to 60 degrees. To calculate the optimal slope value, the following factors must be taken into account:
- attic functionality;
- type of roofing;
- atmospheric pressure in the region.
Roof scheme
Gentle slopes are not suitable for arranging an attic, as they take up too much free space. Therefore, if the attic is planned in the project of the house, the angle of inclination of the roof should be 45 degrees or more. You can choose the angle of inclination depending on the type of roofing using the table.
Atmospheric loads are also of great importance. Where a lot of snow falls, you can not make a slope of less than 30 degrees, otherwise the rafter system will not withstand the loads. If the slope angle is more than 60 degrees, the snow load can be ignored. In addition to these factors, you should consider the location of objects such as water tanks or ventilation chambers. Usually they are suspended from the rafters and put an additional load on them. After preliminary calculations, you can begin to draw up a drawing of the truss system.
Roofing materials
Like a gable, hip roof, it consists of a Mauerlat, puffs, rafters, support posts, a ridge beam and a crate. The difference between the second design is the location of the rafters and their length. For a pitched roof, it is recommended to use pine or larch lumber, of good quality, without defects, with a maximum moisture content of 22%.
Mauerlat fastening to the wall
Rafters are made of boards with a section of 50x100 mm; if the roof area is very large, it is better to take boards 50x200 mm. For Mauerlat, you need a solid beam with a section of at least 150x150 mm. Additionally, you will need metal threaded studs for attaching the Mauerlat, boards for crates and overhead metal plates, with which the wooden elements are connected.
Threaded metal studs for fastening the Mauerlat
Lumber before assembling the roof must be impregnated with an antiseptic.
In the process, you will need tools:
- hacksaw;
- building level;
- plumb and tape measure;
- hammer;
- drill;
- screwdriver;
- chisel;
- Circular Saw.
Rafter system installation technology
Mauerlat laying
Step 1. Laying the Mauerlat
Mauerlat laying
In houses made of timber, the functions of the mauerlat are performed by the last crown of the log house, in which special grooves are cut out for the rafters. In brick houses, the Mauerlat is laid on the walls around the perimeter of the box, having previously secured metal threaded studs between the bricks of the last rows. To more accurately mark the holes for the fasteners, the beam is lifted and laid on top of the tips of the studs, and then hit with a hammer. After that, clear marks remain on the tree, along which holes are drilled.
Mauerlat fastening to the wall
After removing the beam for drilling, the surface of the walls is covered with one or two layers of waterproofing material, usually roofing material. It is placed directly on the studs and pressed down. Next, the Mauerlat is laid, aligning the holes with the studs, align them horizontally and screw the nuts tightly onto the threads. At the corners, the bars are connected with metal plates or brackets. After fixing, the timber should not move even a millimeter, because the reliability of the entire rafter system depends on this.
Mauerlat fastening to the wall
Step 2 Mounting the Racks
If the house does not have a central load-bearing wall, it is necessary to lay the support beam perpendicular to the load-bearing floor beams. Connect two boards with a section of 50x200 mm, leaving a gap of 50 mm between them. To do this, short bars 50 mm thick are inserted between the boards and nailed. The distance between the bars is about 1.5 m, the beams are not fastened at the ends. Having measured out the middle of the attic, the support beam is laid so that its ends extend beyond the boundaries of the Mauerlat by 10-15 cm.
Now they take 3 boards 50x150 mm, cut them to the height of the roof, and use a plumb line to install them on the support beam. Each post should rest against the beam where the boards are connected by a bar. Racks are temporarily strengthened with jibs from the bars. The top of the racks is connected with a ridge beam, which is used as a board 50x200 mm.
Step 3. Fixing the central rafters
Rafter fastening
They take a rafter board and apply it with one end to the ridge beam, and with the other end to the Mauerlat from the front side of the building. Immediately adjust the length of the cornice overhang, cut off the excess. The cut lines are marked with a pencil, after which the upper end of the board is cut off and a groove is made in the Mauerlat by 1/3 of the rafter width. The board is nailed to the ridge, the lower edge is inserted into the groove on the Mauerlat and secured with metal plates.
In the same way, the rest of the rafters are made and installed in 60 cm increments from the facade of the house. The edge boards should be perpendicular to the ridge beam and fastened at its ends. On the opposite side of the building, everyone does the same. On the hips there is only one rafter on each side: the board is placed on the edge and fastened with the upper end to the ridge beam, and the lower end is inserted between the boards of the support beam and fixed with nails.
Step 4. Attaching the corner rafters
Installation of a roof truss system
For the manufacture of corner rafters, two boards with a section of 50x150 mm are usually connected. In one of the upper corners of the box, at the junction of the Mauerlat beams, a nail is driven in and a thin cord is tied on it. At the junction point of the ridge and the central rafter, a nail is also driven in from the side of the hip, a cord is pulled to it and fixed. So designate a line of diagonal, or angular, rafters. Their length must be the same, otherwise the roof will be uneven. The prepared rafter is lifted up, placed along the markings and connected to the ridge beam and Mauerlat. The overhang of the rafter is approximately 50-70 cm.
Step 5 Installing the Jigs
To fix the diagonal rafters, sprigs are used - shortened rafters, resting on the Mauerlat with their lower end and located at right angles to the ridge beam. They are fastened in increments of 60 cm, starting from the outermost ordinary rafter. As you approach the diagonal, the jocks make everything shorter. Now it is necessary to strengthen the structure with puffs and braces, as well as install additional vertical supports.
If the span under the diagonal rafter is more than 7 m, it is required to install another support at a distance of a quarter of the span from the corner of the attic. The lower end of the rack should rest on the floor beam. In the case when the beam is further than the designated place or is completely absent, instead of a vertical stand, a sprengel is attached - a horizontal jumper made of timber, the ends of which are nailed to the spears.
Step 5. Mounting the crate
Lathing step for corrugated board
When all the supports are installed, you can fill the crate. For a four-pitched roof, the crate is performed in the same way as for a gable roof. First, a waterproofing membrane is attached, on each slope separately. The joints are carefully glued with adhesive tape, and then thin slats are stuffed over the membrane to provide an air gap. Boards are stuffed in increments of up to 40 cm, depending on the type of roof, and always perpendicular to the rafters.
Installation of the roof lathing
On this, the assembly of the truss system is considered complete. It remains only to insulate the structure, lay the roofing, mount the windshields and sheathe the overhangs. To make the hipped roof look more stylish, it is recommended to install sloping or straight windows on the slopes.
Video - Do-it-yourself four-pitched roof
Friends, we hope that this information will be really interesting and useful for you!!!
People who started the construction of any structure should have an idea of what is needed for what, what parts the structure consists of, what materials they will need and how much this or that material costs.
Before starting construction, you need to develop a building plan and specify all the parameters. Consider one of the important details of the structure and this will be the roof.
Hip roof construction
There are several types of roofs, the most aesthetic and durable is the hipped roof.
Such a roof will withstand strong winds, snowfalls and heavy rains. A four-pitched roof may not be complicated in design and has some elements.
A four-slope roof differs from a gable roof in external data and in design. By design, the four-pitched one is somewhat more complicated, but for small buildings you can build it yourself.
The standard hip roof has trapezoidal slopes and triangular slopes.
Semi-hip - two trapezoidal slopes, two cut hips. This design makes it possible to equip an attic with large windows in the attic.
A hipped roof is different from a hip roof.
The complex four-slope has attic windows, valleys.
The construction of this roof can only be done by professionals, or take a project with material calculations.
A gable roof includes the same details as a gable roof, but due to some design complexity, additional frame parts are required for its construction.
Details of the pitched roof:
Mauerlat is a beam placed on the upper part of the main walls;
Beds are support bars that are located inside and laid on load-bearing walls;
Rafters are diagonal, oblique or side bars;
Sprengels and racks are supports that support the rafter structure;
A run or ridge beam is a horizontal support for rafters located on top of the roof;
Crossbars and puffs are horizontal parts that connect the side rafters;
Narozhniki - parts that are placed on diagonal rafters;
Wind beams and struts are struts that increase the strength of the roof;
Mares are boards that form the desired roof overhang.
It depends on the design of the roof, which details can be used during construction, for example, cornices over windows or a porch, sheathing.
Before starting construction, it is necessary to calculate the amount of raw materials, it will also be determined what the size and shape of the roof will be, then make a drawing.
Construction technology.
To distribute the load of the truss system and external factors, mauerlat and beds are laid on the main walls.
For them, a bar with a section of 100 × 150 mm or 150 × 120 mm is used, in some cases reinforced concrete beams are laid.
Installation of truss group and lathing
On an ordinary hip roof, the side rafters are placed in the same way as the sent rafters on a gable roof.
To the ridge beam in the place where the extreme stand is located, a board is applied with a width identical to the width of the rafter board (150 mm) and a template is made on it.
The distance between the rafters should be from 0.5 to 1.5 m.
Diagonal rafters are made from two connected boards, so they carry an increased load. The blank for diagonal rafters is performed in the above way.
Cuts on boards for diagonal rafters must be made at an angle of 45 degrees to the plane of the board, since they rest on the Mauerlat angle from below and on the rack from above. The spans between the diagonal rafters on the hip slopes are filled with sprigs.
We make a crate
Overlap the four-slope roof, possibly with any available material.
When covering complex roofs with a soft roof, in this case it is necessary to make a plywood crate.
The roof insulation depends on the layout of the house and other factors, it must be done in accordance with the rules
Building a pitched roof is not an easy task, but if you have carpentry skills, the necessary skills, tools, and a couple of friends who are ready to help you, this task will be up to you.
You can choose a different type of roof for your building, and a four-pitched roof is ideal for a large house.
But before you start any construction, you will need to get ahead of what exactly you want to build and what the structure should be, allocate funds and determine the approximate time for construction.
The main thing is to have strength, desire and means. We wish you good luck and inspiration!
Most often, a hipped roof for a house is chosen because of its visual appeal, not taking into account that this design has other advantages: the ability to withstand large wind loads, increase the level of protection of walls from moisture, and allow equipping living quarters in the attic space.
Four slopes are considered the best option for regions with strong winds and high rainfall. When deciding to build a hipped roof on your own, it must be taken into account that this design is t Requires accurate drawings and increased attention to measurements and markings.
Do-it-yourself four-pitched roof. Photo
Preparatory work
The main difference between a four-pitched (hip) roof with four slopes and a design with two slopes is the absence of the need for side gables. The four-slope structure consists of two trapezoidal and two triangular slopes, the latter replacing the pediments.
Under the roof, there can be just an attic or a residential attic. The construction of a hipped roof begins with determining its purpose and selecting materials, taking into account climate features. It is important to take into account the amount of precipitation and the strength of the wind when choosing the angles of the slopes, the thickness of the materials for the wooden components and the type of roof.
Important! The slope of the slopes can vary from 5 to 60 °. The stronger the winds and the more precipitation, the greater the slope.
Wooden components should be thicker than for a gable structure. If the slope does not exceed 18 °, roll materials are suitable for roofing. With a slope of 18-30 °, it is better to choose metal or ceramic tiles.
Do-it-yourself calculation of a hipped roof. Photo
Upon completion of the first stage, an accurate roofing scheme. You need to know what materials and in what volumes you need to buy.
Stages of building a hipped roof with your own hands
For the construction of a hipped roof, coniferous wood without defects with a moisture content of 18-22% is used. First of all, a foundation is arranged that evenly distributes the load on the supporting structures. A layer is laid around the perimeter of the building waterproofing and mounted Mauerlat- a solid beam 10x15 cm or 15x15 cm. Connections are made into an overlay, metal brackets, plates and corners are used to connect the corners.
The next step in the construction of a hipped roof is bed installation. This is a beam that serves as a support for the racks and is located on the base. Next, racks are mounted on the beds (beam 10x10 or 10x15 cm) with a rafter spacing (no more than 2 meters), a ridge beam (10x20 cm) is installed, temporarily based on special racks.
Important! It is necessary to pay special attention to the angle of mounting racks.
When constructing a hipped roof, it must be taken into account that it consists of 4 planes. Trapezoidal slopes require lateral rafters, for triangular - diagonal (oblique). This is a solid beam 10x15 cm or 10x20 cm, which is mounted in increments of 50-150 cm. If necessary, docking is mounted on lining, fixed in several places.
Do-it-yourself four-pitched roof. Photo
At the points where the rafters rest on the base, you need to make cuts and fix the structure with metal elements. From above, the rafters abut against the ridge beam, connected to the uprights with the help of grooves. To strengthen the structure, it is recommended to use diagonal supports, struts, steel connecting elements.
Roof installation
The final stage of building a hipped roof with your own hands is the installation of a waterproofing layer, a counter-lattice, a crate (or a solid flooring). Fitted on the rafters waterproofing material. Its purpose is to prevent the destruction of the truss system due to the ingress of moisture from the attic under the roofing material. The film is overlapped and fastened with adhesive tape for tightness.
The next step is the device counter-lattices. This is a bar or board treated with an antiseptic. It is attached to the rafters, allows you to fix the waterproofing material, creates an air cushion between the roofing material and the insulation.
For the crate, dry boards 4-5 cm wide are used, which are attached to the counter-crate at a distance of 25-30 cm from each other. If it is not planned to equip living quarters in the attic space, then roofing material is mounted further. 
On device warm attic a vapor barrier material (film, foil, glassine) is mounted on the rafters from the inside with the help of staplers, which prevents moisture from entering the warm room into the insulation. A heat-insulating material with a thickness of 15-20 cm is laid on the vapor barrier.
Benefits of a pitched roof
The construction of a hipped roof allows you to:
- convert the attic space into a residential attic, that is, increase the useful area of the house;
- increase the level of resistance to external influences in the form of wind and rain, thereby increasing the strength of the roof and extending its life;
- make your home look more attractive.
Despite the fact that the planning and installation process requires a lot of time and material costs, do-it-yourself hip roof construction is possible with basic carpenter skills. The household should have: a gasoline, circular saw or a hand saw, a drill, chisels, hammers, a level, a cord, a tape measure. Before starting work, it is advisable to carefully watch the video that is suitable for the content.
The hipped or hipped roof is one of the most popular roofing options in the construction of individual housing around the world.
Unlike the gable roof of the house, on the sides of which gables are mounted, the hipped one has additional slopes in the shape of a triangle.
A four-pitched roof with your own hands is very difficult to perform, and if you are interested in how to make a four-pitched roof, you should definitely familiarize yourself with the theoretical part first.
Before starting work, you should carefully calculate everything, draw up drawings and a project in which you need to indicate the placement of various elements and other design features.
The calculation of the hipped roof and the project must take into account all the loads that will affect the building.
The design must be very strong, withstand strong winds, snowfall and other weather conditions. The service life of the roof depends on how correctly the roof material is selected.
That is why, when creating a project and drawings, it is very important to calculate everything correctly. Project of a hipped roof in the photo:
Before creating a project and a drawing of a four-pitched roof of a house, you must first find out the angle of inclination of the slopes, which depends on many factors, such as the purpose of the attic, the choice of roof material, and the features of atmospheric influences.
Most often, the angle of inclination of the roof of individual houses is from 5 to 60 degrees.
If in your region precipitation and winds are not very strong, then the angle of inclination of the structure may be insignificant.
If in your area it often rains heavily, and in winter it snows, then the angle of inclination of the hipped roof of houses should be from 40-45 to 60 degrees.
The finishing material, as well as installation features, also depend on the option, what angle of inclination the structure will have:
- if the angle of inclination is less than 18 degrees, wavy and flat slates are used for the roof, as well as rolled roofing materials;
- when the angle of inclination is up to 30 degrees, varieties of tiles are usually used;
- for a roof whose slope angle is at least 30 degrees, piece material is usually used.
Calculation of the slope of the roof in the photo.
The design and calculation of the structure must take into account where all the elements of the roofing system will be located. When you have determined the slope of the hipped roof, you must also calculate the height of the ridge.
Roof truss system
The device of the roof of this type of private houses involves the calculation of the desired section of the rafters. The calculation is made based on the loads that your hipped roof will receive.
The calculations, as well as the design of the structure, should include the wind load, the maximum possible mass of snow in winter, the angle of the roof.
When calculating the distance between the rafters, it is necessary to evaluate their ability to withstand loads, as well as their margin of safety, which should be 1.4 or more.
The type of device of the truss system depends on the features of the building, and therefore may be different.
If the house has a load-bearing wall or supports from pillars, then layered rafters are usually used, but if the support device is not possible, then hanging rafters are made.
In some buildings, both types of rafters are used simultaneously.
When carrying out a drawing and a project for a future building, it is important not only to determine the type of rafter system, but also to take into account additional fasteners that will give the structure strength and reduce the load on the beams.
Calculation of roof loads
When developing a drawing and a roof project for individual houses, it is important to correctly calculate the loads.
Loads are of the following types:
- constants - the weight of the insulating material, various finishing and insulation materials, the weight of the materials
- for roofing and lathing weight;
- temporary - the weight of snow in winter, the negative impact of the wind;
- additional - various structures that are attached to the roof.
When creating a project and a drawing of the roof of your house, you should adhere to the average snow load, which is 180 kg per square meter.
But if the angle of inclination is 60 degrees or more, then the snow load is not taken into account.
As for wind loads, their average value is usually 35 kg per square meter, but if the roof slope is less than 30 degrees, this amendment is not taken into account.
After making all the calculations, you can proceed to the choice of material for the roofing device.
The photo below shows a diagram of the structure of a hipped roof and the name of all structural elements.
The choice of materials for the construction of the roof
When the hipped roof area is covered with roofing material, a lot of waste remains.
Therefore, in order to cover the area of \u200b\u200ba hipped roof, roofing materials are usually chosen, the elements of which are small.
The most common materials for covering the roof area are flexible or ordinary tiles, slate sheets, ondulin, metal tiles.
To build a roof that will last for several decades, special attention must be paid to the selection of materials for the construction of the truss system.
Usually, softwood lumber is used to build a hipped roof.
Do not neglect the quality of wood, choose a material without defects, which can further reduce the quality and durability of the structure.
An important criterion for choosing lumber is its moisture content, which should be no more than 15 - 20%.
If this indicator is exceeded, the beam should be dried before use, so that during the service the hipped roof does not distort or deform.
The construction of rafters for the roof of a house is usually carried out using a rectangular beam, the cross section of which should be calculated for each individual case.
To build such a structure, boards with a rectangular section measuring 50 by 100, 50 by 200, 100 by 150 and others are usually used.
If necessary, then in the process of work, you can double the boards to obtain the desired diameter.
To build a four-pitched roof, special steel elements are often used that hold the rafters firmly in one position for many years.
In addition, supports for ridge runs are also often made of metal.
Construction of a pitched roof
All wooden parts for the roof frame are treated with a special compound that will protect the tree from fire. In places where the beam will be adjacent to brick or stone, it must be wrapped in waterproofing.
The construction of a hipped roof begins with laying the Mauerlat building around the perimeter of the roof area.
Fasten it with wire loops or studs, which are embedded in the wall or in the floor slabs. Next, install the central beam, which is located on the central axis of the house.
It should rest on a floor slab or interior wall.
In order for the structure to be absolutely symmetrical, it is important to correctly calculate and mark the location of the diagonal rafters, as well as the ridge support.
The height of the ridge must also be marked with maximum accuracy.
A clear symmetrical marking of the structure will make the load distribution uniform and prevent the roof from distorting in the future.
After the Mauerlat has been installed along the perimeter of the roof area, the beams are placed under the ridge run. The height of the ridge must strictly comply with the design drawings.
Diagonal beams withstand high loads during service, so they must be installed very well.
If the length of the beam or board is not enough, diagonal supports are made of two parts. In order for the junction not to experience the maximum load, a support bar is installed under it.
The structure can be made the most rigid if the joint with the support is located at such a distance that is equal to a quarter of the length of the rafter beam from its upper edge, which is attached to the ridge.
It is best to implement diagonal rafters with the help of prefabricated rafter legs, which are convenient to mount. You can see the process of installing diagonal rafters in the video.
The device of this roof involves the installation of not only full-length rafters that are connected to the ridge, but also those that are attached to diagonal beams - sprigs.
The closer to the corner of the house, the shorter the jumpers.
The distance between the rafters is determined during the development of the roof project, but it should be borne in mind that each slope must have at least three central rafters.
To give the structure maximum rigidity, supports, braces and puffs are attached in the necessary places. The scheme for attaching the rafters can be seen in the photo.
The final stage of the roof device is the installation of the rafter sheathing. Usually, a beam measuring 50 by 50 mm is used for the crate. The step of the crate depends on what roofing material you have chosen.
If the attic area will be used as a living room, then ventilation should also be installed.
To date, all manufacturers of roofing materials also offer ridge parts of the same textures and colors.
The main ridge is installed on the hipped roof, and skates that cover the gaps between the main slopes and hips.
Complete the installation of a hipped roof by installing cornices and gutters. The whole process is shown in the video.
The final structural element of the building should not only reliably protect against precipitation, retain heat, but also emphasize the architectural merits. The form is classified according to: angle of inclination (flat, pitched); the presence of vaults, domes; the number of external and internal ribs; the number of planes (slopes). The more complex the system, the more likely it is that a construction team will have to be hired to carry out the work. It is necessary to choose not the easiest option, but interesting in terms of design. A hipped roof is the perfect solution.
Execution types:
- Hip - consists of two triangular slopes, the tops resting on the ends of the ridge. The other two planes are trapezoids.
- Half hip - differs from the first version in that part of the inclined surface is occupied by the pediment. The roof on one or two planes has a shortened appearance. Experiences less wind and snow loads. Another plus is the possibility of installing full-fledged windows or balconies in the gable area in the attic.
- Hipped - triangular slopes converge at one point. The use of such a solution is advisable for a house with the same dimensions of external walls.
Features of hipped roofs:
- More even distribution of the load on the foundation, around the entire perimeter.
- Reducing the volume of attic space - reducing heat consumption for heating, the complexity of organizing an attic space.
- Good resistance to wind and snow loads.
- Higher structural rigidity by increasing the number of external ribs.
The nuances of a hipped roof:
- At the ends of the ridge beam, the central intermediate and diagonal rafters converge. The organization of the site is quite complex.
- Outdoor rafters are attached to the corners.
- It is necessary to maintain the angle of inclination of the elements to create a plane for the installation of the roof.
- The slope of the corner rafter is always less than that of the central and intermediate ones. This is the longest element.
- The support is the Mauerlat and the ridge run.
Instructions for choosing and calculating the truss system
The construction of a house begins with the design of the project. Self-development of a drawing is impossible without:
- study of construction technology;
- farm calculation.
Factors influencing the choice:
- slope angle;
- hip roof material;
- the weight of the "roofing cake";
- wind and snow loads;
- seismic hazard;
- overall dimensions of the house box, the presence of internal load-bearing partitions, columns;
- planning the organization of the attic space.
The slope of the slopes will be determined not only for aesthetic reasons. It is important to find a middle ground between a positive visual perception and maintaining the reliability and functionality of the structure. The value of the angle is closely related to almost all of the above factors:
- The use of all types of roofing materials is limited by the range of this parameter.
- The smaller the angle of inclination, the smaller the effect of wind load.
- An increase to 45-60 ° guarantees an independent gathering of precipitation. The impact of snow cover is minimized.
- By reducing the angle of inclination, we obtain a reduction in area and weight of the entire system. The consumption of thermal energy for warming up the attic space is falling.
- The organization of the attic floor is unlikely with a small slope.
Types of roof trusses
1. Sloping - the design of the hip roof is based on:
- external walls (Mauerlat);
- run (ridge);
- on internal load-bearing partitions, columns inside the house through the bed.
The distribution of the load occurs due to the installation of additional racks under the ridge beam. The bed shares the pressure over the entire surface of the internal baffle (column).
2. Hanging - used for buildings with a maximum foundation size of up to 6 ~ 7 meters. The rafters rest on the walls. Distribution of the load with the help of racks, puffs, crossbars, struts. For hip roofs, this type is rarely used.
Instructions for calculating the truss system
It is impossible to make a drawing of a hipped roof without performing mathematical calculations.
1. The size of the run - is determined based on the dimensions of the house. Standard solution: length minus width. The middle of the ridge beam is located clearly above the intersection of the diagonals of the base. The run line is parallel to the front walls.
2. Skate height: H = b x tgα. b - half the length of the end walls of the house, α - the slope of the slopes. The numerical value of the tangent is determined from the Bradis table.
3. The size of the central and intermediate rafters of the slope: Ltr.str.slope \u003d √ (H² + b²).
4. The length of the central rafter leg of the hip: Lctr.str.hip = √ (H² + b²). With a non-standard choice of the size of the ridge, the value of b is determined as half the difference in the lengths of the house and the run.
5. The size of the diagonal elements: Ldgn.str. \u003d √ (L tr. str. hip² + b²).
6. Calculation of the lengths of the sprigs - the property of similar triangles is used. If the angles are equal, on one of the sides the proportion of lengths is fulfilled, then the ratio of the remaining components of the figure will be observed: D = 3/4 C, which means: Lext = Ltr.str.hip x 3/4.
7. The distance between the rafters depends on the choice:
- Section dimensions, wood quality. The weaker the material, the smaller the step should be.
- The presence, type of heat-insulating layer - is determined by the convenience of installing insulation (60-120 cm).
- Roofing material, its weight and geometry. The greater the total mass, the smaller the step. As with thermal insulation, the dimensions of the sheet are taken into account.
The minimum step between farms is 60 cm, the maximum is 2 meters.
8. The formation and calculation of overhangs depend on the preferences of the residents and the height of the house. The minimum size for a 1-storey building is 500 mm. The task is to protect the walls from precipitation.
Construction of a hip truss system
Mauerlat - a timber or an upper crown, a strapping of a house, to which rafters are attached. Provides uniform load distribution on external walls. Section: 10x10 cm ~15*15 cm. Armopoyas - concrete reinforced structure along the upper perimeter of the walls. Its task is to strengthen the base under the Mauerlat, to ensure reliable adhesion to the roof.
Mauerlat installation options:
- On a reinforced concrete belt using embedded studs, anchors.
- Anchors in the body of the wall are brick one-story houses with a slight slope of the hip roof.
- On the last crown of a wooden frame or the upper trim of a frame structure.
- Installation on studs embedded in brickwork.
- Staples hammered into wooden liners inside the brick wall and the body of the Mauerlat.
- Non-hardened steel wire, laid at the time of facade erection.
- On studs fixed in the wall with a chemical anchor - a two-component composition. The glue is introduced into the drilled holes in the masonry of the house, drying, it securely holds the element.
Peculiarities:
- The number of studs, brackets, anchors must be greater than or equal to the number of rafter legs.
- Roofing material is laid under the beam or bituminous mastic is applied to the base.
Installation guide:
- Marking holes for studs, anchors is carried out by laying rails on fasteners, followed by a blow to the surface of the tree. Drilling is performed along the notches. The beam is put on studs, fixed with a washer and nut.
- Wire connection - the ends are passed over the planks, twisted.
- Extension schemes for long sections:
- Floor beams are laid either on the same level with the Mauerlat, or on a bar attached to the wall. Step - 0.6-1 meter.
- Mauerlat screed with slats, to which the racks for the run will be fixed in the future.
- After completion, on the surface of the Mauerlat, the layout of the rafters is marked.
Installation of runs
The ridge beam experiences significant loads, it is installed on racks. The correctness of the work depends on:
- Symmetry of a design, uniformity of distribution of weight.
- Reliability of a hipped roof under maximum wind and snow loads.
Brief installation instructions:
- The scheme (hanging, hinged) depends on the presence of internal load-bearing partitions. Racks can be fastened to screeds or ceilings.
- In houses with large dimensions, the structure must be reinforced with struts to ensure load resistance.
- The material for the ridge and supports is chosen of the same section, at least 100x100 mm.
- Before work, carefully measure and determine the central and extreme fixation points of the racks. Their number is affected by the length of the run. Step - no more than 1 meter.
Do-it-yourself installation of rafters
There are two workflows:
- First the central rafters, then the diagonal ones. The guards are installed last.
- Installation of diagonal elements, after that - central ones.
The first method is considered to be simpler. The second allows you to check the symmetry at the initial stage of work.
Mauerlat mounting options:
- Rigid - in the rafters they wash down, the depth of which is no more than 1/3 of the beam width. Recesses (saddle) can be cut according to the template.
- Sliding - used for structures that shrink. For fixing to the Mauerlat, special fasteners are used, floating supports for rafters. With this method, the connection of the legs above the ridge is performed in a hinged way.
- Layered - the end of the rafter rests on the Mauerlat. The overhangs of the hip roof are formed by extending the legs with additional slats (fillies) of a smaller section. This method saves on material.
Design of the ridge knot of the central, intermediate opposite rafters:
- Butt - connection with cutting the ends of the legs at an angle. Perform cross sections. The assembly is fastened with nails. Additional fixation will be provided by a metal plate or a wooden slip.
- Overlapping - the rafters overlap each other with side surfaces. Fastening - hinged (bolt), nails.
- To the ridge beam - joining the section of the rafter with the side surface of the run.
Features of mounting diagonal legs:
- Placement of the upper node with the stop of the cut of the slanting rafter in the side surface of the central elements of the system.
- To strengthen the diagonal legs, which are experiencing the greatest load, the installation of trussed trusses and racks is required.
The installation of the sprigs to the diagonal rafter is carried out by sawing and docking with its side surface, fixing with nails.
Upon completion of work, it is necessary to check the equality of the angles of inclination and the lengths of the opposite rafters, compliance with the plane of the slopes and hips.
Nuances and possible errors
1. When purchasing lumber, you need to make sure that:
- The moisture content of the tree does not exceed 20%. When drying, the board changes its geometry, which will lead to a change in length, straightness. Violation of proportions entails leakage, a decrease in resistance to wind and snow loads. The best quality is from wood harvested in winter in regions with a cold climate. Before making a purchase, contact the seller to request a humidity measurement.
- There are no cracks, ingrown knots, traces of insect activity in the body.
- When purchasing glued laminated timber, make sure the seller, manufacturer is honest. The use of low-quality products will lead to a violation of strength.
2. Elements of the truss system can be ordered from enterprises specializing in the construction and manufacture of turnkey houses.
3. Wood is treated with antiseptics and flame retardants before starting installation work.
4. The length of the purchased rail sometimes does not correspond to the calculated size. Extension technology:
- Oblique cut with maximum adjustment of mating planes. A bolt or stud is inserted into the through hole with an interference fit, without play; tighten the nut.
- Overlapping more than 100 cm. Carried out with nails, bolts, studs in a checkerboard pattern.
- Butt on the section - drank at 90 °. The place of docking on opposite sides is covered with overlays. Fastening - as in the previous method.
5. Knots are additionally fixed with metal fasteners: corners, plates and others. Each of these elements has holes for hardware. It is advisable to use products with oval slots that allow slight displacement of the mating surfaces. In the process of shrinkage, the impact of loads can break the rigid connection.
- Lack of calculation of loads, weight. Exceeding the permissible values entails the destruction of the foundation, the roof frame. The necessary calculations can be performed independently or using online calculators. Hiring a professional is the best solution.
- The step exceeds the calculated value. Saving on materials, the master will get a lot of problems.
- The control of the plane of the slopes and hips with a cord is not performed. Deviations will cause sagging of the roof, violate the tightness and reliability of the roof, up to its deformation.
Roofs of complex shape draw special attention to the architecture of the building. Four-pitched roofs are popular in the construction of country houses. Four slopes, located in different planes, give the dwelling a respectable look. Most often, the slopes are made in different shapes: two of them are triangular and act as gables, two have the shape of a trapezoid.
Design Benefits
Installing a four-pitched or hip roof, in addition to its aesthetic appearance, also has practical advantages:
- in the attic, surrounded by a roof on all sides, a comfortable temperature is maintained;
- the construction of the rafters is strong and durable;
- high resistance to winds and precipitation;
- the space under the roof can be used for the attic.
Types of pitched roofs
Having a common basis, subspecies of such coatings differ somewhat in execution:
- - a classic version with two triangular hips and two slopes in the shape of a trapezoid.
- Half hip - triangular slopes have a shortened shape, this design is performed for attic equipment.
- Tent - has the shape of a pyramid with triangular slopes. Suitable for square building.
Design
The angle of inclination for the slopes is selected based on the recommendations of the manufacturers of the roofing material and natural features. An angle of up to 18 degrees is enough for a soft roll roof, an angle of 15–60 degrees is suitable for slate, and a slope of 30 to 60 degrees should be laid under it.
Of great importance is the amount of precipitation in winter, if a significant amount of snow falls, then it is better to choose steep slopes, on which precipitation lingers less.
When designing a truss system, a lot needs to be taken into account: the cross section of the beam, the length of the rafters, the size of the run, the installation step of the elements. All possible loads on the roof are clarified at the design stage, these include:
- the weight of the selected roofing;
- annual precipitation;
- mass of insulation and waterproofing;
- installation on the roof of various equipment (antennas, lights, windows, etc.);
In addition to the inherent loads, the roof of the house must have a margin of safety that guarantees the stability of the structure in an unforeseen situation. For the construction of the truss system, timber and boards are used. If there is a need to strengthen the elements, the boards are doubled.
Before starting work, all lumber is treated with an antiseptic.
Sequence of work
Installation of the roof begins with fixing the supporting base - Mauerlat. This is a bar with a section of 150 × 150 mm, which is laid along the perimeter of the walls. Its horizontal placement is controlled by the level. The beam should not be on the edge of the wall, you need to leave a distance of 5-7 cm. The Mauerlat is fastened to the studs immured in the masonry, which are tightened with nuts. This beam allows you to connect the truss system and the walls of the house into a common structure.
To install racks, beds or floor beams are required. These elements are made of bars measuring 100 × 200 mm or double boards. All supports are installed strictly vertically and are attached to the bed with a metal corner or plate. For a hip roof, racks are installed in one line, a ridge run is attached to them. When erecting a tent-type roof, the supports are placed diagonally, equal distances are laid from the corner. As a result, they form a rectangle on which the runs fit. Fastening is carried out by corners.
The side rafters are installed after processing according to the template. A thin board is taken as a blank, applied to the run and washed down. The second end rests on the Mauerlat and a lower gash is outlined. The required number of rafters is prepared according to the template and installed with the selected fastening step, it can be from 60 cm to 1 meter. With the run and the base, the connection occurs with brackets or self-tapping screws.
Skew rafters with a ridge run form the angle of inclination of the slopes. These rafters are located diagonally and carry additional load, so double boards are used for them. The sawing of the rafters is carried out according to a template, their length takes into account an overhang of 50 cm. In the upper part, the rafters are connected by a crossbar to give strength. When constructing a hipped roof, the rafters are connected in the ridge knot with the help of puffs. The rafters are installed at an angle of 90 degrees and are necessarily connected to the walls with wire clamps.
Short rafters or rafters are attached to the diagonal rafters. They are made in different lengths, but must be parallel to each other. The rafters, together with ordinary rafters, form side slopes. For the tent model, the installation of sprigs and the fastening of racks, struts and trusses is also the final stage of construction.
To relieve the load from the diagonal rafters, sprengels are installed under them. These are vertical supports that rest on the beds. The side rafters are fixed with struts. One of the horses of the board rests on the bed, and the second is cut off at 45 degrees and attached to the rafter leg.
Sheathing and insulation
To complete the construction of the roof will allow its insulation with basalt wool or foamed polystyrene. The material is laid between the rafters. The waterproofing layer will protect the roof from moisture. The dimensions of the crate depend on the type of roofing; soft tiles look attractive on the hip type, it needs a continuous crate.
Watching a video explaining the nuances of installing rafters will help to conduct construction correctly.
Video
See how the truss system is installed:
December 28, 2017
Specialization: facade finishing, interior finishing, construction of dachas, garages. The experience of an amateur gardener and horticulturist. He also has experience repairing cars and motorcycles. Hobbies: playing the guitar and much more, for which there is not enough time :)
Getting to know the design
First of all, I note that the hipped roof is of two types:
- Hip. The device of this design resembles a gable roof, with the difference that instead of gables it has slopes (hips). Thus, the roof consists of two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular.
- Wind. It is a symmetrical structure, which consists of only hips, i.e. identical isosceles rectangles.
The choice of roof type depends on the shape of the building. Installation of a hipped roof can be done on a square structure. Hips are suitable for rectangular houses.
The most difficult is the hip roof, which is a combination of a gable and hipped roof. Its design includes the following elements:
- Side rafters. They are located on the sides of the roof and rest in the upper part on each other or on the ridge run. Two reciprocal lateral rafter legs, i.e. leaning on each other, form a truss truss;
- Skate ride. It is a beam that connects all trusses in a ridge knot;
- Corner (sloping, ridge) rafter legs. These elements are installed at the junctions of the side and hip slopes. In the upper part, they rest on the end of the ridge run;
- Central. They are installed in the center of the hips, as a result of which, like the oblique legs, they rest on the end of the run;
- Intermediate legs (spiders). Legs are called narozhniks, which are supported by the upper part of the rafters;
- Strengthening elements. This includes supports, struts, runs and crossbars. They are standard elements that are used in the construction of any type of pitched roofs.
As for the hipped roof, it has in many respects the same design as the hip roof, with the only difference being that it does not have a ridge run and, accordingly, side rafters. As a result, the ridge knot is a point at which four bone and four central legs converge.
Mounting technology
Installation of the roof truss system of a hipped roof includes several stages:
Preparation of materials
First of all, you need to prepare lumber for the manufacture of rafters. To choose the right section, you need to decide on the following design parameters:
- tilt angle;
- Step rafters;
- The distance between the supporting beams.
Of course, it is not necessary to calculate on your own. Just decide for yourself what the angle of inclination and other parameters will be, and then take the data from the technical literature.
It's even easier to use an online calculator. Just enter the basic parameters into the program, and it will calculate not only the cross section, but also the amount of materials.
Most often, boards with a width of 150 mm and a thickness of 40 mm are used for the manufacture of rafters. In this case, the step is in the range from 60 to 90 cm.
If the angle of inclination of the slopes is 45 - 60 degrees or even higher, the step can be taken 90 cm. If the angle of inclination is less, the distance between the legs should be reduced.
In addition, you will need some other materials:
- A bar with a section of 100x100 mm for mounting a Mauerlat;
- Roofing material.;
- Steel corners or self-tapping screws;
- Ruberoid;
- Bituminous mastic.
Mauerlat installation
I start work with laying the Mauerlat, which is mounted as follows:
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Wall waterproofing:
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Mauerlat mount. If there are no embedded elements under the Mauerlat in the walls, you must do it yourself as follows:
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Frame assembly
So, a hipped roof is built as follows:
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Mounting the skate:
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Installation of side rafters. The side rafters are installed in the same way as when assembling gable systems - they are inserted into the grooves on the Mauerlat and fixed with fasteners, and they are cut from above for joining with the ridge beam. |
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Installation of bone legs:
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Installation of skins. The most difficult thing when installing sprigs is to correctly cut down their upper part. It is done like this:
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On this, the main work on assembling the frame is completed. Now we need to strengthen the structure. To do this, install crossbars (puffs) between the side legs. Support the rafters with rafter legs.
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