Speech etiquette- “nationally specific rules of speech behavior, implemented in a system of stable formulas and expressions in situations of “polite” contact with an interlocutor accepted and prescribed by society. Such situations are: addressing the interlocutor and attracting his attention, greeting, acquaintance, farewell, apology, gratitude, etc.” (Russian language. Encyclopedia).
The main functions of speech etiquette are communicative, contact-establishing, calling, attracting attention, the function of courtesy, etc. Etiquette is a prescription proceeding from the fact that if a person wants to occupy a certain place in a given society, then he must justify the expectations of this society with his behavior (including speech). Etiquette helps to get around sharp corners, smooth out contradictions with etiquette formulas or etiquette behavior.
Thus, speech etiquette is the norms of people's social adaptation to each other, it is designed to help organize effective interaction, restrain aggression (both one's own and others'), serve as a means of creating an image of "one's own" in a given culture, in a given situation.
Accordingly, the main etiquette genres are: greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, congratulations, request, consolation, refusal, objection ... Speech etiquette extends to oral and written communication.
At the same time, each speech genre of speech etiquette is characterized by a wealth of synonymous formulas, the choice of which is determined by the sphere of communication, the characteristics of the communicative situation and the nature of the relationship of the communicants. For example, in a greeting situation: Hello! Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening! (Very) glad to greet (see) you! Allow me to welcome you! Welcome! My regards! Hello! What a meeting! Well, meeting! Who do I see! and etc.
EUPHEMISM, from the Greek “well” and “I say”, a stylistically neutral word or expression used instead of a synonymous language unit that seems to the speaker indecent, rude or tactless; euphemisms often veil, mask the essence of the phenomenon; for example: pass away instead of die,tell a lie instead of lie,price liberalization instead of price increase,product(about the atomic bomb).
Essence of euphemism . The following points are essential for the process of euphemization: 1) the speaker's assessment of the subject of speech as such, the direct designation of which can be qualified (in a given social environment or by a specific addressee) as rudeness, harshness, indecency, etc .; 2) the choice by the speaker of such designations that not only soften the way of expression, but also mask, veil the essence of the phenomenon; this is particularly clear in the case of semantically vague medical euphemisms such as neoplasm instead of tumor or foreign - and therefore not understandable to everyone - terms like pediculosis instead of lice; 3) the dependence of the use of euphemism on the context and on the conditions of speech: the tighter the social control of the speech situation and the self-control of the speaker of his own speech, the more likely the appearance of euphemisms, and, on the contrary, in poorly controlled speech situations and with high automatism of speech (communication in the family, with friends, etc.) “direct”, non-euphemistic means of designation may be preferred to euphemisms.
Purposes of euphemization of speech . 1. The main goal pursued by the speaker when using euphemisms is the desire to avoid communicative conflicts, not to create a feeling of communicative discomfort in the interlocutor. For example, the words used as peculiar terms blind(instead of blind), as well as the words not true(instead of False or lies. 2. Veiling, camouflage of the essence of the matter is another goal for which euphemisms are created and used. This is especially characteristic of the language of a totalitarian society, which was Russia until the end of the 1980s. Competent authorities,institution(instead of prison), well-wisher(instead of snitch). 3. Euphemisms can be used to hide from others what the speaker wants to communicate only to a specific addressee. This is typical, for example, for the search for sexual partners (“Young woman will pay attention wealthy man"); hiring ("For a highly paid job are invited girls without complexes.
Topics and areas of euphemization . The speaker's evaluation of this or that subject of speech in terms of decency / indecency, rudeness / politeness is focused on certain topics and areas of human activity (as well as relationships between people). Traditionally, such topics and areas are the following: 1) some physiological processes and conditions: Free your nose! - instead of blow your nose!,empty the intestines,malaise(about menstruation) She is expecting a baby instead of She is pregnant; 2) certain parts of the body associated with the "bodily bottom"; objects of this kind are such that their indirect, euphemistic designation in everyday speech is often perceived by most speakers as not quite decent: compare, for example, colloquial and slang nominations for the male penis: stick,the end,tool,apparatus,device,bulldozer,banana,wafer and many others. others; 3) relations between the sexes; compare: to be close,intimate relationships,in an intimate relationship,physical proximity, colloquial meaning of the verb meet have "sexual relations", etc.; 4) illness and death: get sick,to feel yourself bad- instead of get sick,get sick; She's really bad- hopelessly ill; French runny nose- instead of syphilis;left us,he was gone- instead of died; deceased- instead of dead,death- instead of death etc.
The norms of speech behavior adopted in a given society are ...
Correct answers: r * h * howl etiquette
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: euf * mysms
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R good afternoon
R hello
J cool
J let me greet you
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R baby
J be kind
J ladies and gentlemen
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J respected + mister + position
R respected + mister + surname + first name + patronymic
J respected + first name + patronymic
J dear + first name + patronymic
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Let me introduce you
R please love and favor
I would like to get to know you
J let me introduce myself
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J is to blame
R Please accept my apologies.
R I apologize
J sorry
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R see you soon
R good luck
J allow me to take my leave
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J let me take my leave
R don't disappear
J I don't dare to detain you
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R to a friend to ask him for a textbook
J to the teacher to ask him to take your exam ahead of time
J to immediate supervisor
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R to a well-known destination
J to an old man to find out what time it is
J to a stranger
"Average level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R furnishing official
J addressee - friend
R relationship between addressee and addressee is cold
R unfamiliar addressee
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J indicative mood
R imperative
R form of the infinitive
J subjunctive
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J I totally disagree
R allow me to object to you
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R let me disturb you, do not take it for work
J not in service, but in friendship; be kind
J put in a word, be so kind
J help please; do me a favor
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J formal polite
R neutral polite
J rude offensive
J colloquial
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J type of work activity
J type of physical activity
R is a special case of human activity
J process unrelated to the activity
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R to the teacher to ask him to take your exam ahead of schedule
J to a friend to ask him to take your exam ahead of schedule
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J to an unfamiliar, unfamiliar addressee
J in a formal setting
J with an emphatically polite, restrained attitude towards the addressee
R to the head of the organization to find out the decision on your application
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R possession of speaking norms of linguistic behavior adopted in a given society:
J language skills
J accuracy, clarity, conciseness, expressiveness of speech
J possession of speech norms
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R to an equal and older (by age, position) addressee
J in an informal setting
J to a familiar destination
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R to the policeman to find out how to get to the exhibition
J to a friend to find out what time it is
J to brother to invite him to the cinema
J to a friend to ask him for notes
"High level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J binding
R courtesy
J modesty
J neutrality
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Task (( 165 )) TK 165
R Think about the possible consequences of words
J Speak in such a way that your preparation will be appreciated by the audience
J Say what is expected of you
J Speak quickly without hesitation
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R nationally specific rules of speech behavior used in situations where interlocutors come into contact and to maintain communication in the chosen tone, according to the communication environment, the social characteristics of the communicants and the nature of their relationship
J the ability to correlate the verbal and non-verbal expression of one's thoughts.
J the art of complimenting
J ability to speak and write well
Topic 2. Advertising in business speech
"A basic level of"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R journalistic and official business
J artistic and colloquial
J scientific and official business
J scientific and journalistic
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R France (1987)
J USA (2000)
J Russia (1990)
J Germany (1988)
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: in * actions
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
j note
R ad
J memo
R call
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: slogan#S#
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: r * quizzes
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: l*g*type#S#
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: spam#S#
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J figuratively
J with detailed description
R as a commodity
J as photo
"Average level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J connected sequence of sentences
J set of words
R segmented list consisting of phrases
J similarity footage
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J adverbs
J verb
R of a noun in im.p. in the view function
J pronouns
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R brilliant achievements
J traditional German quality
J double effect
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J subjunctive
J indicative
R imperative
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answer options: unethical, unethical
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: l*xic
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct Answer: Punctuation
"High level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J violation of lexical compatibility
J morphological
R logical
R syntactic
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J grammar
R speech insufficiency
J morphological
R logical
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R violation of lexical compatibility
J tautology
J pleonasm
J mismanagement
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R stylistic
R punctuation
J syntactic
J lexical
Topic 3. Business letter. Business writing standards
"A basic level of"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct Answer: official document
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R position
J statement
J power of attorney
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct Answer: Warranty
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answer options: s * pr * in * diteln * m
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct Answer: Request
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: r*clamation#S#
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: auto * biography
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: r*zume
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct Answer: statement
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: d*verity*nnost
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R one question
J two questions
J set of questions
J three questions
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R props
J element
J situation
J speech pattern
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R a document used for communication, transmission of information over a distance between two correspondents, which can be both legal entities and individuals
J document fixing the agreements of two or more parties
J legislative document
J document containing binding instructions from higher authorities
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J managerial
J legal
J function of historical source
R information
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J communicative
R legal
J cultural
J social
"Average level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R receipt
J solution
R power of attorney
J memo
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R memo
J explanatory note
J memorandum
J statement
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J memo
R explanatory note
J protocol
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J memo
J explanatory note
R memorandum
J order
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J administrative
R ascertaining
J operative
J approving
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J solicitation
R act
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J letter of inquiry
J letter-reply
R offer letter
J rejection letter
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J letter of protest
J letter of inquiry
J letter of offer
R letter of complaint
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R signature
R addresser
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R contract
J lampoon
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R contract
J carte blanche
J abstract
R solicitation
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J 14th century
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J XVIII century
19th century
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R props J element J speech pattern J pattern
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R one - two pages
J two to three pages
J three to four pages
J four to five pages
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R Referring to your request from…
J In order to exchange experience, we send to your address ...
J Due to the delay in receiving the shipment…
J In connection with the completion of work on ...
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J As a matter of assistance, please...
J According to government decree…
R Given the increase in demand for products…
J To avoid conflict situations…
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J The organization notifies you that…
R We insist on compliance with all the terms of this agreement ...
J We would like to remind you…
J Appoint…
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R The obligations assumed by the organization are no longer valid with ...
J In response to your inquiry from…
J To oblige the heads of all departments of the institute ...
J We would like to inform you that…
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J the uniqueness of the words and terms used
J Precision and clarity of presentation
J conciseness
R emotional tone of presentation
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J I ask you to give me financial assistance
J Could you give me financial assistance
R Please grant me financial assistance
J I would like to receive financial assistance
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J I, Igor Ivanov, trust my friend, Petr Sidorov, to get my salary at the box office
J Please allow Viktorov Vasily Petrovich to receive my scholarship for May
J Viktorov Vasily Petrovich is a decent person, I trust him to receive my scholarship for May, thank you in advance
R I ask you to grant me another paid vacation from 1.06.2008.
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J Full name the person who issued the power of attorney
J signature certification date
J date of issue of the power of attorney
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J is sent as an invitation card
R confirms that the documents attached to it have been sent
J is sent to the party guilty of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of any promises, conditions, works, etc.
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R invites the addressee to take part in some event
J confirms any promises, guarantees
J announces any events
J reminds of any promises, events, etc.
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J trust trust
R draw up a trust
J win trust
J set up a trust
"High level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J purpose of the document
R signature
R title of the document
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R addressee's name
R document text
R Applicant's signature
J passport details
R name of the recipient
R date of application
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J recipient's passport details
R Purpose of getting help
R document expiration dates
J help topic
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J related to the military sphere
R proactive nature
J nothing since the terms are synonymous
R informs management about the execution of orders
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
Correct Answer: props
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
J Full name of the person who issued the power of attorney
J signature certification date
R stamp of document approval
J date of issue of the power of attorney
J position and signature of the person certifying the signature of the principal
Task (( 1 )) TK 1
R page options
J Document name
J registration number
R style and shape
Topic 4. Features of the official business style of speech
"A basic level of"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J exclamation point
R comma
J semicolon
J colon
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R due to
R according to
R due to
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct answers: r * diligent
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct Answer: dative
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
Correct Answer: Accuracy
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J indefinitely personal
R definite-personal
J impersonal J two-part
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J spelling
J stylistic
J phraseological
R syntactic
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J sentence
R request
J rejection of the offer
J notice
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J order
j promise
j request
R notice
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J guarantee
R sentence
j request
"Average level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J power of attorney
R memo
J order
R statement
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J compound sentences
R archaisms and historicisms
R obscure terms
R foreign words with Russian terms
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J do not carry a measure
J are ordinal
Rs are at the beginning of a sentence
J stand in the middle of a sentence
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R is an indication of the measure
J no indication of measure
J only at the beginning of a sentence
J in the middle or end of a sentence
R position in the sentence is not a defining criterion
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J pay the fare, cheap prices, provide e improving the standard of living of pensioners
R travel expenses a act for my son upon arrival in Tyumen
J repair water supply about waters, submit a vacation, according to the price list
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R fruitful cooperation
R good partnerships
J mind blowing cruise
R reasonable pricing policy
"High level"
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
R improvement measures
J repair costs
R repair costs
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J spelling
R morphological
J lexical R syntactic
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J due to delayed salary
R according to customer's letter
J we are asking you
R as previously agreed
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
J for the exchange of experience
R due to extreme financial difficulties
R due to poor student performance
J to streamline documentation
Task (( 1 )) TOR 1.
| positive constructive units, which are turns that do not pretend to be figurative and expressive, which serve to save mental effort | cliche |
| originally figurative, but due to its constant use, an expression that has lost expression | stamp |
| standard means of official business style used outside of this style, especially in a situation of everyday communication | clericalism |
| phraseological units |
Section 4. Rhetoric
Marianna Balasanyan, Head of Department, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor
Samtskhe-Javakheti State University, Georgia
Championship participant: National championship in research analytics - "Georgia";
Open European-Asian championship in research analytics;
In the last few years, a substantial rise of interest for the communication etiquette of the Russian language can be observed not only among the philosophers, but also among sociologists and curturologists, which is due to the fact that etiquette in a social phenomenon by its nature. By means of communication etiquette occurs social interaction between the communicators, through which is spread social influence, typical for communication in general, but it is manifested more conspicuously through communication etiquette. Social differentiation among the native speakers, their constant status and variable social roles dictate predominantly individual selectivity, and, as a conquence, fixedness among the native speaking groups of labeled stylistic formulas.
keywords: communication etiquette of the Russian language, sociologists and curturologists, native speaking groups.
With the help of speech etiquette, the social interaction of communicants and their social impact on each other takes place, which is characteristic of communication in general, and in speech etiquette it manifests itself especially clearly. The social differentiation of native speakers, their permanent social status and variable social roles dictate the predominant selectivity of units, and as a result, the assignment of stylistic marked formulas to groups of native speakers.
Consideration of speech etiquette in the stylistic aspect is relevant. A cursory glance at the synonymous rows in thematic groups is enough to notice interstyle synonymy - stylistic differences: Bye and Let deviate, hello and welcome you etc. Some units turn out to be stylistically lowered, others are stylistically elevated (we prefer this term in comparison with “high”) relative to the corresponding neutral ones. It is important to determine what underlies the stylistic nature of the units of speech etiquette. It seems legitimate to look for the origins of this nature in a complex interweaving of causes and effects of both extra- and intralinguistic order.
When starting a sociostylistic classification of units of speech etiquette, it is necessary to keep in mind the following set of interacting and intertwining features that determine the characteristics of the unit:
- 1) a sociolinguistic characteristic of a generalized addresser, who is typically characterized by a unit of speech etiquette.
- 2) sociolinguistic characteristics of the generalized addressee.
- 3) the situation of communication in terms of formality - informality.
- 4) the nature of the relationship of the communicants (predetermining the tone of communication).
- 5) the contact position of the interlocutors.
- 6) written - oral form of the text.
For some units, all of the listed features are important, for others, the proportional influence of one or more features will be different.
Based on the goals of our study, let's turn to a specific synonymous series in the thematic group "Greetings".
In the semantic field of greeting, the most commonly used dominant in the synonymic series is the unit Hello).
However, if we proceed from the above stylistic conditions-consequences that determine the nature of stylistic connotations, we have two units (and not two forms) that are significantly different from the standpoint of the characteristics of the addresser, the environment of communication, etc.
Hello combined with you-forms, applied either in relation to an unfamiliar person, or to a well-known person in an official setting of communication, or in strained relations.
hello to to an unfamiliar addressee, it can be sent by an unmarked addressee in an official setting, with the official and social role of the addressee known to the addressee.
Hello, combined with you-forms, has the opposite characteristics - a sign of greeting a friend, at the same time a close acquaintance, in an informal setting of communication, with equal social status of the addressee-addresser in a symmetrical situation or with a lower status of the addressee in an asymmetric situation: Mikola entered in a Boston suit: Hello, Kolya, sit down. (V. Shukshin).
Therefore, as if a neutral unit Hello(-te_, which has the second form, is actually firmly fixed for fundamentally different situations of speech etiquette, in particular, and communication situations in general. However, we do not have the appropriate stylistic mark to distinguish between such phenomena, so we can only resort to a descriptive way of presenting stylistic characteristics of the units, including the features mentioned above.In this sense, greetings that do not have you-you-forms are much more neutral: Good afternoon, good evening, good morning, which are actively used due to the shades of the meaning of greeting at a certain time of the day.
Without canceling the actual stylistic characteristics of “neutral”, “increased”, “reduced”, including “colloquial”, “colloquial”, “slang”, sociolinguistic characteristics concretize communicants who choose their characteristic and therefore marked units, and the environment of communication, in which marked units are appropriate as signs related to units in the form of connotation. The continuity, interconnection and mutual influence of stylistic and sociolinguistic signs give rise to the introduction of complex, sociostylistic characteristics.
Among the numerous stylistic groups of Russian speech etiquette, our attention was paid to the group “Greetings” - “Farewells”, in which components are used indicating the time. These units use words with a temporary meaning. Let's consider the "Greetings" group. This group uses the following expressions: Good afternoon, good morning, good morning, good evening.
There are structures of interest to us in the thematic group of speech etiquette “Farewell” and “Wishing for farewell“.
In the “Farewells” group: Goodbye, goodbye (s), all the best! All the best! See you! See you soon! Till tomorrow! Until Sunday! Until the evening! Until the holiday! Until the summer! Up to three.
In a group " Farewell wishes. “- Good night, Good night, Good afternoon.
It is also necessary to highlight the use of the expression “Congratulations” and “Wishes” with a temporary meaning.
In a group Congratulations ": Congratulations! Happy New Year! Happy birthday! Please accept my congratulations + s + n. in creative pad.
In the group "Wish. “: Long life, Many years of life.
Thus, the shade of meaning in speech etiquette reveals additional semes along with those common to all units of the series (Until tomorrow, indicating the term of separation, Goodbye, parting for a long time or forever, etc.).
Addresser and addressee are permanent and variable social signs of communicants who predominantly and regularly choose formulas. In these cases, relevant: a) age, education, upbringing, residence in the city, village, gender, etc., b) boss-subordinate, teacher-student, parent-child, etc.
In relations between the addresser and the addressee, it is important to take into account the concept of symmetry - asymmetry of the situation of communication as equality - inequality of communicants. Violation of the accepted in behavior and the usual in speech leads to the opposite concept of etiquette, the destruction of polite communication, the creation of rudeness (intentional or unintentional), to the destruction of contact in general.
Formality-informality of the atmosphere of communication.
- · Officiality.
- a) the actual official situation in compliance with the rules of speech behavior, the intended business area (meeting, session, etc.): Dear comrades! Allow me on behalf of. . . etc.,
- b) officially-neutral everyday environment.
- The communicators are aware of the social roles of the addressee and the addressee: seller-buyer, hotel administrator-businessman, hairdresser-client, cashier-ticket buyer, etc. The predominance of everyday life leads to the inversion of the type Young woman, preponderance to officiality-to type appeal Comrade cashier.
- c) a solemn atmosphere (such as an anniversary) brings to life high units, solemnly-rhetorical-highly polite, exaggerated expressions of gratitude, congratulations, wishes, compliments, etc.
2. The informality of the communication environment leads to the non-obligation of “protocol” rules of speech behavior, leads to the use, along with neutral, reduced units (environment of friendly and family communication).
You-You-communication and You-You forms. This component is connected both with the atmosphere of communication and with the tone of communication and concentrates in itself a whole gamut of relationships between the communicants.
Units that have the appropriate forms require consideration as separate, with independent sociolinguistic features (Hello-Hello).
The tonality of communication depends most of all on the nature of the relationship of the communicants and the environment of communication and is associated with the expressive-stylistic gradation of units.
- 1) unmarked tone, neutral, “zero” - in a neutral communication environment, with neutral relationships between communicants (Good afternoon, Thank you, Sorry, etc.)
- 2) the tonality above neutral has positive (emphasized respectful, solemn, etc.) assessments as connotations inherent in linguistic units and negative assessments (“cold”, strained, etc.) as linguistic potentials of units that are more manifested in speech use: Allow me to thank, Allow me to take my leave, etc.,
- 3) the tone below neutral has both positive assessments (intimate-confiding, friendly, affectionate, etc.) and negative (familiarly rude, playfully ironic, etc.): Hello, All, Goodbye, Healthy and etc.
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The topic "Russian speech etiquette - greetings" is currently very relevant. Among linguists, there is concern about the fate of the Russian language: whether foreign-language mass culture, various types of jargon, non-standard vocabulary and a general decrease in the level of control over speech threaten its purity. These are worrying trends.
Language always provides the speaker with a choice: how to express a thought, how to say accurately and intelligibly in order to be heard and understood. A person must have this freedom of choice, otherwise the development of language will come to a standstill. But he must have criteria choice. And the main criteria are relevance this form of speech in a situation of communication and efficiency speech: a more positive result will be achieved by a word that is balanced and correct. After all, a word can act like a gesture or an act: you can offend, insult, but you can support or glorify.
Having taken up the work on etiquette - greetings, I quickly became convinced that quite a lot of interesting things were written about this. Nevertheless, while writing the work, I used the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, the Russian Explanatory Dictionary by Lopatin V.V., the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ozhegov S.I. the book by Olga Dmitrievna Ushakova "Wise Thoughts of Wise People", the newspaper "Arguments and Facts", which touches upon the problems of the modern language. In collecting material on greetings, our own observations of the people around us also helped.
The variety of forms of greetings in the world
As you know, any communication begins with a greeting. Lopatin V.V. in the "Russian Explanatory Dictionary" gives the concept of this word as "... words, gesture, action, expressing greetings at a meeting." Ozhegov's "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" says that "a greeting is a speech with
expression of good wishes, location. A similar definition of the concept is given by V.I.Dal in his “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.
Greeting is a sign of recognition of the value and dignity of a person. The variety of forms and the multi-color palette of greetings in various etiquettes are difficult to comprehensively describe and classify. A nod of the head, a bow, a handshake, a kiss, an air kiss, a simple "good afternoon", "hello", etc. are determined by a number of objective and subjective factors of an ethnographic and sociocultural nature.
“They say about the Masai tribe that before they greet each other, they spit on their hands. A Tibetan, taking off his hat, sticks out his tongue, and holds his left hand behind his ear, as if listening. Maori people touch each other with their noses. And in England, a woman on the street, as a rule, is the first to greet a man, since she is given the right to decide whether she wants to publicly confirm her acquaintance with this man or not. Europeans, when greeting, raise their hats and bow slightly. The Japanese have three types of bows for greeting: low, medium and light (with an angle of 15 degrees).
Russians, British, Americans shake hands as a greeting gesture; a Chinese in the old days, meeting a friend, shook hands with himself. The Laplanders rub their noses, the young American salutes his friend by slapping him on the back; Hispanics embrace; the French kiss each other on the cheek; the military salute; Samoans sniff each other. Modern Greeks greet each other with the words: “Be healthy!”, The ancient Greeks said to each other as a sign of greeting: “Rejoice!” Arabs greet each other with the phrase: "Peace be with you!", And the Indians - with the phrase "All is well!".
Modern democratic etiquette is increasingly focused on humanism, equality and justice in relations between people. In democratic etiquette, the rule is increasingly accepted and even becoming the norm: the more polite greet first. If the teacher is the first to greet the students, he acts according to the laws of democratic etiquette. If the student is the first to greet the teacher, he acts according to the call of his heart, greeting the elder as a sign of respect.
New in speech etiquette
We live in an era of great and, most importantly, rapid changes in language and speech. The most noticeable changes in the vocabulary: numerous borrowings, the penetration of jargon into our speech, etc. This is what linguists first of all describe, this is what native speakers themselves notice. Oddly enough, changes in speech etiquette are less noticeable. There are practically no new words in this area. Apparently, the older generation considers changes in speech etiquette as a simple and accidental violation of it, and the younger one - as the norm. Actually, the process of change remains unnoticed. However, changes in speech etiquette occur.
It is well known that language develops, and in the process of language development, language norms gradually change. However, it is equally well known that the norms of the literary language are conservative in nature. If everything new that arises in speech were immediately and recklessly recognized as normative, we would not have a literary language at all, since literary language is the result of a careful and lengthy selection of linguistic means. The linguistic ideal, according to the apt expression of A.M. Peshkovsky, is the only one of all ideals that lies behind, i.e., mastering the literary language, we strive to speak like the best writers, our teachers, parents - in a word, representatives
older generation.
From these positions, consider that fragment of Russian speech etiquette, which is associated with a speech act greetings. Various greetings are known and used, differing in stylistic coloring, degree of prevalence and areas of functioning, but at the same time being exactly greetings:
Hello! Hello! Good afternoon! Good morning! Good evening! (stylistically neutral, appropriate in any setting and with a different nature of the relationship between the communicants);
Greetings! (somewhat archaic, with a touch of solemnity, appropriate in an official setting);
Hello! Salute! (colloquial, familiar, appropriate in an informal setting, in the presence of informal relations between speakers);
Hi! (colloquial, reduced, ironically-joking, possible only in an informal setting, between speakers who are on friendly terms);
Hai! Hello! (borrowed from English, belonging to youth jargon, appropriate in an informal setting in the presence of informal relations between those who communicate)”.
Following Western films, it has become fashionable in Russia when meeting, as a greeting, to hug and press each other's cheeks, stretching out your lips and imitating a kiss.
The same idea is continued by M.A. Krongauz in his article “New in speech etiquette”. The professor writes: “It is also interesting to note the emergence of new variants of greeting and farewell that have arisen in the “television” speech. TV journalist Sergei Sholokhov, host of various film programs, persistently uses the formula Bye Bye. Many native speakers of the Russian language do not perceive this form as something new at all, since in Russian speech etiquette, in principle, repetition is possible.
forms of greeting and farewell: Hello, hello, hello, hello, goodbye, goodbye, bye, bye! But a special intonation and a specifically fast pace of speech show that here we are rather dealing with a single formula, apparently used quite consciously as in English bye-bye . However, this innovation did not have any effect on the real "non-television" etiquette and was implemented only in a very narrow circle of journalists.
Another television greeting has become widespread: Good night! Its emergence is associated with the emergence of a new reality - night television. TV presenters began to use this greeting under the influence of the decomposition of etiquette formulas. Good morning!, Good afternoon!, Good evening!, it was later picked up by viewers asking questions live on the air at night.
It is interesting to note that the use of this formula as a greeting is contrary to some linguistic laws or trends.
Firstly, in European languages, a similar formula is used precisely when saying goodbye, and not when greeting: Eng. goodmorning, goodevening, - goodnight, German GutenMorgen, Guten Tag - GuteNacht, fr. bonmatin, bonjour-bonnenuit- that is, it corresponds to standard Russian Goodnight!
Secondly, in Russian Good night! as a farewell formula also exists, although it is used much less often than the formula Goodnight!
Thirdly, the formula Good night! arose not only under the influence of greeting formulas Good morning!, Good afternoon!, Good evening! , but also under the influence of the already mentioned formula Goodnight! But the genitive actually means we're dealing with a wish :( I wish you good night, and wishes are standardly used precisely as farewell formulas, the use of many of them is fixed in the language:
Bon Voyage! Good luck! etc.
“To what extent the “television greeting” will take root in everyday speech,” the author concludes, “it is still impossible to say. In addition, it should be noted that its appearance contradicts the established etiquette rules in various languages, and it itself is a kind of incident, a dubious linguistic innovation, nevertheless, already functioning in a certain area of communication. Thus, the greeting becomes like a farewell or a wish.”
Violations of the rules of speech etiquette
From the point of view of syntax, all these greetings are not sentences in the grammatical sense, since they are deprived of the grammatical meaning of predicativity (correlation with the modal-temporal plan); but they certainly are communicative units (communicates). Such units do not serve to convey any information to the interlocutor, not to encourage someone to act and not to request information, like ordinary declarative, motivating and interrogative sentences, but are a reaction to the situation or words of the interlocutor. Russian speech etiquette requires that the greeting is also answered with a greeting. Not answering the greeting to the interlocutor, ignoring it means showing disrespect to the interlocutor, which is not only a violation of speech etiquette, but also ethical norms accepted in a cultural society.
That all the above examples are precisely greetings is proved, in particular, by their interchangeability (of course, provided that they are stylistic homogeneity or stylistic neutrality); for example:
- Greetings! - Hello
-Hello!
-Good afternoon!
3. - Hello!
-Salute!
4. - Good morning!
- Hi!
-Hi!
-Hey!- etc.
Recently, a speech situation similar to the following has become quite frequent: you call a friend, his son (or daughter) picks up the phone, and before you ask to call your friend, naturally, you greet the person who picked up the phone. Here is a surprise for you:
- Hello!- you speak and hear in response:
-Good evening! - you say, and the answer is:
-Kind!
But this is wrong! Why such responses-reactions as "Yes" and "Kind!", in this case shock the caller? Because they do not correspond to either the syntactic or stylistic norm, and also violate the rules of speech etiquette. After all, the replica Yes' functions as an answer to a question. But the caller did not ask any question and, naturally, he expects only a greeting to his greeting, but it did not follow. Thus, it happened communication failure.
The speaker's greeting was actually ignored: in response, he did not hear a greeting, which means that speech etiquette was violated, so the speaker experienced emotional discomfort, similar to what a person who stretched out his hand for a shake can experience when this hand was voluntarily or involuntarily not noticed.
In addition, combinations Good afternoon! (Good morning! and Good evening!) are stable and indecomposable and act as a greeting only in full force.
Thus, the use Yes and Kind! as a greeting leads to a violation of linguistic (syntactic and stylistic) norms, to a communicative failure and a violation of the rules of speech etiquette. The consequence of these violations is the feeling that the greeting was ignored, and this in an educated person with a good linguistic instinct cannot but cause a state of emotional discomfort.
Of course, the rules are subject to change. But this change must be communicatively justified. Unnecessarily, only out of love for everything new or out of blind imitation of fashion, one should not violate the norms.
Requirement reasonable conservatism in compliance with the norms means that the speakers of the literary language should not thoughtlessly follow the language fashion. This is not at all about a complete and categorical rejection of everything new in the language, but about the need for a critical attitude to various speech innovations, about the need for their comprehensive analysis in order not to rush to declare them a speech norm.
Conclusion
Thus, it is precisely the careful attitude to the language (and, therefore, to the established norms of the literary language) that is an indicator of a high speech culture, both of individual native speakers and of society as a whole.
After all, “for as long as he can remember, a person has always thought about the word, his own speech, his native language. And in ancient times they already tried to understand why the word changes and what it means.
Remarkable monuments of art and literature have been created in Russian, it is the language of science, culture ...
So how can we help preserve the language? Many scholars are "puzzling over" whether to introduce strict measures to protect the purity of the language (in particular, the law on the protection of the language norm) or to let the language overcome temporary difficulties on its own. You just need to carefully monitor your speech, any power measures are unlikely to “correct” the language. After all, culture lies in the ability to choose and appropriately use only that word, the only and important one, which in this case will convey your thought more clearly and vividly.
References
Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. M., 1994.
Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M., "Azbukovnik", 1996.
Russian language" (supplement to the newspaper "First of September"), No. 23 (287), 2011.
Ushakova O.D. Wise thoughts of wise people - a schoolchild's reference book. Ed. house "Litera", St. Petersburg, 2009.
Introduction
Russian speech etiquette is unusually rich. It includes a huge number of words and expressions that can be used in a wide variety of speech situations. Each person should know these etiquette formulas and be able to use them correctly in their speech.
Every day we greet and say goodbye, we turn to someone with a request, we thank for the work, for the courtesy, we apologize if we made any mistake. And in all these situations, our constant companions are the magic words - the words of speech etiquette.
Greeting formulas
One of the most commonly used politeness formulas is greeting formulas. Greeting formulas play a big role in our communication. Greeting acquaintances, we confirm our acquaintance and express our desire to continue it. A nod of the head, a bow, a handshake, a kiss or a hug are often added to the greeting. We are worried when a good acquaintance, passing by, only slightly nods his head or does not notice us at all. After all, to stop saying hello means to interrupt good relations, to stop acquaintance! And vice versa: when we greet a person with whom we have not communicated before, we express a friendly attitude towards him and an intention to make contact.
"Hello!" indicates readiness for communication and offers to make it friendly.
When they meet acquaintances, they say "Hello!" or "Hello!", sometimes - "Greetings!". And of course, never combine different greetings together like "Greetings, great!" or "My respects, hello!". This would be completely impossible, because each greeting formula has its own use, expresses a special relationship, is associated with a specific situation.
So the formula "Hello!" expresses close, laid-back relationships and is widespread among young people. Greetings “My respect!”, “Good health!” Are very polite and full of dignity, but they are used most often by older people.
"Great!" - male greeting. It is familiar, somewhat rude and has a colloquial character. If you do not want to look like a person with little education and insufficient knowledge of the norms of literary speech, try to avoid this greeting. And of course, it can not be recommended to girls!
In official, solemn cases, especially when addressing a large audience, they say: “Greetings!” or "Let (let me) greet you!"
And in all situations, the greeting “Hello!” is appropriate. It is universal, therefore, using it, we do not risk making a mistake.
Probably, each of us had to hear such greetings as “Salute!”, “Hello!”. They are found only in the speech of young people and express in it a relationship of complete ease, equality, familiarity. However, let us remember that these greetings are non-literary. They give speech a slang character and even among young people are possible with well-known people.
The choice of greeting depends not only on the age, gender and degree of closeness of those communicating. It is also influenced by something else, the time of day, for example, and especially by who the person being welcomed is and what he is doing at the moment. In each case, there is a greeting, a special wish. It is from the wishes that most of the greeting formulas arise, so initially they had to be very diverse.
Greeting is one of the most important signs of speech etiquette. Communication begins with a greeting, with its help the contact of those communicating is established, relations between people are determined. Therefore, not owning greeting formulas means being a stranger to everyone, not being able to communicate.
A polite person had to not only respond to a greeting, but use an etiquette formula special for each case in the response.
Until now, in some Russian villages on "Hello!" answer "Thank you!", and in response to the greeting "Good afternoon!" also wish good weather.
Of the rich set of special formulas in the past, few have survived. Morning, afternoon, evening greetings turned out to be more stable than others: “Good morning!”, “Good afternoon!”, “Good evening!”, Which are widely used in modern Russian speech along with “Hello!”. In comparison with the formulas "Hello!", "Hello!" they even have some advantage. In the greetings "Good afternoon!", "Good evening!", "Good morning!" does not contain an appeal to "You" or "You", so we willingly resort to them when in doubt how to address this person. Not daring to choose "Hello!" or “Hello”, we prefer less specific, but just this is what convenient formulas like “Good afternoon!” Are.
Greeting formulas connect us with each other, strengthen contacts, bring us closer to the joy of human communication.
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