Heating of industrial buildings is an important issue, which in most cases is solved by non-standard methods. The fact is that such premises are usually created for certain technological processes. And their sizes are individual, unlike residential ones. The area of such structures can vary from tens to several thousand square meters. Each one has its own height. Often the working area that needs to be heated is small.
Features of industrial heating
Heating of industrial premises, unlike residential ones, has some features:
- Heating equipment must be as efficient as possible.
- The location of the installations does not play a role, especially in terms of aesthetics.
- There are buildings where it is necessary to maintain the desired temperature only in certain areas. Others need to be heated completely.
- It is important to consider heat loss.
Suitable equipment is selected depending on the premises and needs.
Efficient types of industrial heating
There are many manufacturers offering various industrial heating systems. The most effective of them are:
- steam;
- water;
- air;
- electrical.
Let's consider each in more detail.
Steam heating
It should be immediately clarified that this type of heating is placed in buildings where there is no emission of aerosols and combustible gases, as well as constant dust. For example, such heating is not suitable for workshops for the production of paving slabs.
Advantages:
- Constant high temperature (often exceeding one hundred degrees).
- The room warms up in no time. If necessary, it is also cooled quickly.
- The number of floors in the building does not play any role.
Important! Steam heating of industrial plants is ideal for intermittent heating.
Like any other system, this one has its drawbacks:
- Constant loud noise during operation.
- It is almost impossible to regulate the amount of steam and heat transfer.
If we calculate the installation of equipment for a building of 500 square meters and a ceiling height of 3 meters, the approximate cost of maintenance in the winter will be from 30 to 90 thousand rubles. Such a considerable difference depends on the frequency of use and fuel.
Water heating
The main component of this heating system, which is used in industrial buildings, is a boiler that can operate on almost any type of energy carrier: electricity, gas, liquid and solid fuels. The most economical (for the same premises) is gas - about $ 1,300 per season, or coal - 1,500. Other options are most often more expensive, and therefore they should not be considered.
There are some features of water heating:
- high pressure;
- it is possible to maintain a standby temperature that allows the building not to freeze through;
- if the temperature in the room drops to zero, the unit may fail;
- if the equipment is not used, antifreeze is added.
air heating
One of the main features of air heating of household and industrial premises is the ability to produce it in a certain area or throughout the area. This type of heating is characterized by the following factors:
- Air is always moving.
- Constant filtering and updating.
- The temperature distribution occurs evenly throughout the formation.
- Safe for humans.
Basically, such installations take air directly from the room, so as not to heat it up once again. After that, it is filtered, brought to the required temperature and sent back inside. This allows you to significantly reduce costs. But outside air is also supplied.
Local industrial heating involves the use of only internal resources.
The main advantage of such a system is the rapid heating of the room. However, it has a number of disadvantages:
- According to the laws of physics, hot air rises, and cold air remains at the bottom. It turns out that with low ceilings, a person’s head will be in a hot area, and his legs in a cold one. And only the torso will be normal. This often negatively affects the body, leading to diseases.
- Large power consumption.
- If the installation is local, it dries the air, which makes it necessary to additionally use humidifiers.
Electric heating
Heating with this type of energy carrier allows you to use a variety of developments. So, for example, if the area of the enterprise is small, you can install infrared emitters. Such systems are great for warehouses.
In addition, thermal curtains have proven themselves well. Usually they are installed in places where air from outside can get inside - entrance doors. With the help of heat, a barrier is created that does not allow cold to enter the room. This system is convenient, but it will not always fully heat the building, so there may be a need for additional equipment. Using this method will cost the owner about 7.5 thousand dollars for the heating season. So with such expenses, you can think about choosing another method.
Today, many experts consider ceiling systems to be the most effective - innovative technologies that allow you to quickly achieve the desired result. A significant difference between radiant installations is the heating of the floor, walls and objects inside the building. In this case, the air is heated only from them. It turns out that the employees' legs and torso are warm, and the head is cool. In this regard, it is possible to avoid the development of diseases or colds among workers.
There are many advantages:
- Heating of a local zone.
- Long service life without any reconstruction work.
- Location on the minimum area.
- The technology has a small mass, which is why the installation of industrial heating is quick and easy. Such heating is suitable for any room.
- Fast heating of the provided area.
- Such equipment is perfect for buildings that have problems with enough electricity.
Sometimes infrared heating is installed in the form of wall panels. This solution is often used in service stations, hangars and warehouses of low height.
Many experts believe that it is radiant heaters that are better than others for heating industrial premises, since they not only speed up the production process, but also have a beneficial effect on the health of employees.
Well, there is a lot of equipment that allows you to heat production facilities. They feed on various raw materials and are used for different situations. The main thing to do is to decide on specific goals, to select the right technology for the existing conditions.
The company has been operating on the market for many years, during which time we have gained valuable experience and know how to satisfy any request related to heating a room for any purpose. We carry out the design and installation of turnkey heating systems of various levels of complexity at any facility.
Heating of industrial enterprises
The quality of the products manufactured by the enterprise, largely depends on the proper level of production. The implementation of technological processes requires certain parameters of indoor air. The task of heating is to maintain the required temperature of the indoor air during the cold season.
Design solutions for the creation of engineering systems for industrial buildings are very dependent on the specifics of this production, so the technological part of the project plays an important role in this process. The help of professionals from the Integrated Engineering Systems Company in this matter will be very helpful. Specialists will perform all the necessary calculations, justify the decisions made, select equipment and carry out competent and high-quality installation in a short time.
Types of heating systems used in manufacturing enterprises:
- Water heating
- Steam heating
- air heating
Central
Local
- Radiant heating
The choice of the type of heating system depends on the availability of a particular heat source at a given enterprise, production technology, feasibility study, etc.
Water heating in an industrial enterprise.
In this case, the source of heat for the heating system can be the district heating network or the local boiler house. The main element of the boiler room is a boiler of the required power. Modern boilers, depending on the design, can run on gas, solid or liquid fuels, they can also be electric.
From external heating networks, water is supplied with higher temperatures and pressures than in the heating system itself. To bring the water parameters to the desired values, a heating point is equipped.
Through the heating pipeline system, water enters the heating devices. Typically, in industrial premises, radiators are used as heating devices; registers from smooth pipes can be used. For distributing a water heating system, pipes of various types can be used: steel, metal-plastic, polypropylene.
During non-working hours, the heating system of production premises operates in standby mode to reduce energy costs, maintaining the temperature of the internal air at a level of + 10 ° C (if this does not contradict the production technology).
Steam heating at an industrial plant.
Sometimes industrial enterprises use water vapor as a heat carrier. Such a system has its pros and cons. The advantages include:
the possibility of rapid heating of the premises when steam is supplied to the heating devices and their equally rapid cooling when the steam supply is turned off;
reduction of capital costs and material consumption, due to a decrease in the size of heating devices and pipelines;
the possibility of heating buildings of any number of storeys, since the steam column does not create a significantly increased hydrostatic pressure in the lower part of the system.
Such a heating system is more preferable for on-duty space heating than water.
The disadvantages of steam heating are as follows:
- the impossibility of regulating the heat transfer of heating devices, since it is quite difficult to adjust the steam flow;
- increase in useless losses by steam pipelines when they are laid in unheated premises;
- noise during system operation;
- short service life of steam pipelines in comparison with pipelines of water heating, tk. during interruptions in the supply of steam, the steam pipelines are filled with air, which accelerates the process of corrosion of their inner surface.
Air heating in an industrial enterprise.
Air heating of industrial premises can be central and local.
When using a central air heating system, air mobility favorable for the normal well-being of people, room temperature uniformity, as well as air change and purification can be ensured.
The air is heated in the air heaters of the ventilation units to a temperature higher than the internal temperature of the premises, and enters the premises through the air ducts. There, the heated air mixes with the surrounding air and cools down to its temperature. It should be noted that due to the relatively low heat capacity of air, its required amount for heating is quite large, which leads to the need to use air ducts of large cross section.
To reduce energy consumption, the main part of the air taken from the premises is cleaned in filters, heated again and fed back into the premises (recirculation). At the same time, outside air is supplied in an amount not less than the established sanitary standards. If harmful or odorous substances are released during the production process, then the use of recycling is very problematic. In this case, to save energy resources, exhaust air heat recovery systems (for example, a heat exchanger with an intermediate heat carrier or a heat exchanger) can be used.
With local air heating, the air heater is located in the room itself (air-heating units, heat guns). Local systems operate on full recirculation, i.e. process indoor air and do not supply outdoor air.
Radiant heating in an industrial plant.
An innovation that has affected heat generation and heat supply is the use of radiant heating technology. The source of heat in this option is electric or gas infrared heaters, the heating of the working area is carried out by a directed flow of radiant energy of the infrared spectrum. This is the most economical and efficient heating option with great potential - from heating domestic and office buildings to heating livestock complexes, warehouses, construction sites. Experts are sure that this option has a great future!
To reduce heat losses in industrial premises, air-thermal curtains are installed above the gates, doors and technological openings. Curtains can be water or electric; Recently, wide-jet air curtains have also appeared on the market that do not require air heating.
Heating systems are open and closed.
Fluid circulation in open heating systems is ensured by installing a tank at the top of the building. To compensate for the expansion of the coolant, the expansion tank is made open.
Closed heating systems work due to a closed membrane tank. The use of such a tank provides a number of advantageous advantages over an open type system. In such a system, the liquid or coolant does not interact with oxygen, and therefore, the oxidation processes inside the boiler proceed more slowly. The tank with the coolant can be placed next to the heating boiler and create a greater internal pressure in the system, which will virtually eliminate the formation of air locks.
How can fluid circulate?
Fluid can circulate in the heating system naturally or as a result of pressurization by a pump.
With natural circulation, the movement of the coolant occurs as a result of the displacement of cold water by hot water, since the density of cold water is higher and it is heavier. So hot water is displaced and enters the heating radiators. The cooled water goes through the return pipes to the boiler, squeezing out the heated water, thereby there is a continuous circulation of water. The disadvantage of such a heating system is the continuous fuel consumption and the large diameter of the pipes.
In a heating system with forced circulation, the movement is carried out using a circulation pump. This provides a number of significant benefits:
- small diameter bearing pipes;
- the ability to adjust and maintain the desired temperature in the room;
- a small difference between cooled and heated water, which saves fuel consumption and increases the life of the boiler.
Pipes are bred to radiators in various ways.
A two-pipe heating system consists of two pipes suitable for a radiator. One of the pipes carries liquid to the radiator, and the other serves as a drain for the cooled liquid. This way of distributing the coolant allows you to achieve the same temperature in all radiators.
A single-pipe distribution system carries out a sequential transfer of fluid from one heater to another. In such a heating system, the last radiator will of course be colder than the first. However, the advantage of such a system is its low cost.
If we compare two heating systems in operation, then the two-pipe wins and is therefore used more often.
What are the pipes. 
Today, three types of pipes are used. Their classification is based on the material from which they are made.
- copper;
- steel;
- polymeric (metal-plastic, polypropylene, etc.).
The disadvantage of steel pipes in the first place is their susceptibility to corrosion, expensive and laborious installation. If you decide to install a heating system from galvanized pipes, then it will be impossible to use the refrigerant as a coolant. The use of copper pipes for heating makes their high price difficult. Meanwhile, they have a number of advantages, they are beautiful, not subject to corrosion, and convenient to install. Without going into a detailed description of all types of polymer pipes, we can name their common advantages - ease of installation, low weight, not subject to corrosion and have a low coefficient of resistance.
What coolant to choose.
The choice of coolant will help you save not only in the subsequent operation of the heating system, but also in the initial costs. The liquid that will carry heat in the heating system determines the power of heating radiators, boilers, pump characteristics, materials for laying the heating system.
When choosing the type of coolant, try to analyze whether your heating system will work in winter. Water will be the best heat carrier for systems where there is no risk of liquid freezing and in case of boiler shutdown in winter. Possessing certain physical parameters, water is an excellent and frequently used heat carrier. There are also disadvantages of such a coolant - corrosiveness, the formation of salts and corrosive compounds on metal equipment.
Next, consider the option when defrosting is possible (power outage, gas pressure drop or other reasons). In this case, antifreeze, specially designed for heating systems, is used as a coolant.
Company "Complex Engineering Systems" offers various heating solutions and technologies, so we can find the option that is ideal for your home, your conditions and budget. We will make sure that your home is really warm.
I would like to note that we are dealers of several well-known world manufacturers, so we do not have to raise prices for our customers. Our main suppliers include companies such as: Elite, Kermi, Arbonia, Zehnder, Kampmann, Grundfos, Reflex, FAR, Baxi, Beretta, etc.
Specialists LLC Integrated Engineering Systems are regularly trained and equipped with modern equipment. After completing the entire range of works on installation and commissioning of heating systems, we bear all warranty obligations.
The organization of the production process is a multifaceted task in which all factors must be taken into account. In addition to equipment and skilled workers, special attention should be paid to maintaining the optimum temperature in the room. To do this, you need to develop systems and schemes for heating workshops with your own hands: welding, carpentry, production.
The choice of heating according to the characteristics of the room
Before you do the heating of the workshop with your own hands, you need to find out several important characteristics. First of all - the optimal temperature regime in the room. The choice of heating system directly depends on this.
When drawing up a heating scheme for a carpentry shop or other production areas, the following parameters must be taken into account:
- Ceiling area and height. If the distance from the floor to the roof is more than 3 meters, then convection (water, air) systems will be ineffective. This is due to the large volume of the room;
- Thermal insulation of walls and roofs. The heat loss of a building is the first thing to consider when choosing. The heating system for the workshop should be not only efficient, but also economical. In this case, it is best to use zonal heat sources. They will maintain a comfortable temperature level in a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe room;
- Technological requirements for optimal temperature in the workshop. For example, the heating of a woodworking shop must maintain the heating of the air at a constant level. Otherwise, it will affect the quality of the products. If the raw material is metal, then a comfortable temperature is needed only for workers.
To conduct this analysis, it will be necessary to study the advantages and disadvantages of each type of heating. Consider the most efficient heating of the production hall, which differs depending on the scheme and the components used.
Air heating of the workshop
For large rooms with high temperature requirements, it is recommended to use air heating of the workshop. This system is an extensive network of air channels through which hot air flows move. Its heating occurs with the help of a special climate control unit or a gas boiler.
Such do-it-yourself systems and schemes for heating workshops are applicable for welding, carpentry, and industrial premises. The main structural elements of this system are:
- Outdoor air intake device. It includes fans and cleaning filters;
- Further, the air masses through the channels enter the heating zone. It can be electrical appliances (coil element) or gas installation with an air heat exchanger;
- Air masses with high temperature move through channels that distribute heat to individual production rooms. To control the heating temperature level, a throttle valve is installed in each outlet pipe.
Such a shop air heating system has a number of significant advantages over the standard one. The main one is the optimal heating of the room. Properly positioned air ducts can have directional elements that focus airflow to the desired area of the shop.
Also, with the additional installation of an air conditioner, the same system can be used as a cooling system. However, such a scheme for heating the workshop is rather complicated in terms of design. Before self-installation, you need to calculate the power of the fans, the shape and cross section of the air channels. Therefore, for the installation of air heating of the production workshop, it is recommended to use the services of specialized companies.
Workshop water heating
The use of traditional water heating is relevant for small industries whose workshop area does not exceed 250 m². It is necessary to constantly maintain the air temperature at an optimal level throughout the volume of the room. Often, woodworking shops are heated with water.
This is due to wood waste production. For their disposal, a long-burning solid fuel boiler is installed. This scheme of work allows not only quickly, but also effectively get rid of wood waste. Later they are used as fuel.
However, this scheme for organizing heating has a number of nuances:
- In order to maximize the heating efficiency of the production workshop, it is necessary to significantly increase the area of heating devices. To do this, use pipes of large diameter, which are welded together into registers;
- Inertia. It takes a sufficiently long time to heat the air in the workshop from the coolant;
- The inability to quickly change the temperature of the water in the pipes.
However, along with this, when installing water heating in the welding shop, a floor heating system can be used. Such a scheme will help reduce the required area of \u200b\u200bheaters. At the same time, the inertia of the system will decrease - the air in the workshop will heat up faster.
During the design of heating, it is possible to provide for the organization of hot water supply, which is important for many production processes. To do this, you need to purchase (or make) a heat exchange tank for heating the workshop with your own hands.
In it, the energy of the coolant will be transferred through the coil to the water. This will make it possible to use hot water not only for domestic needs, but also for production processes.
In addition to solid fuel boilers, you can install other types of heating equipment:
- gas boilers. Economically effective if there is no cheap solid fuel;
- Electric heaters. It is preferable not to use them, as the cost of electricity will be high;
- Boilers running on liquid fuel - diesel or used engine oil. Installed if there are no gas lines. They are economical, but inconvenient in that special containers are needed for storing fuel.
To use water circuits for heating a workshop, it is necessary to correctly calculate the power of the heating installation.
The standard ratio of 1 kW of released thermal energy per 10 m² of area is relevant only for a workshop whose ceiling height does not exceed 3 meters. If they are higher, then each additional meter is + 10% to the power of the boiler.
Workshop infrared heating
The principle of operation of infrared heaters is to heat surfaces due to the effect of infrared radiation. If the heating system of the welding shop is designed for spot heating of certain areas, then it is best to use these devices. Efficient heating with infrared heaters for workshops should start with the choice of heating elements. Currently, two methods for generating IR radiation are used.
Carbon heaters
Its design consists of a bulb, inside of which there is a carbon spiral, and a reflective element. When current passes through the heating element, it glows due to high electrical resistance. As a result, IR radiation is emitted.
To focus the thermal energy, a reflector made of stainless iron or aluminum is provided.
Infrared electric heaters can be used as additional heating for a carpentry shop. They are mounted above those working areas where a stable temperature regime is required. The advantages of electric infrared heaters include:
- Easy installation;
- The ability to control the heating temperature by changing the supplied current power;
- Small overall dimensions.
However, due to the high energy consumption, heating with electric infrared heaters for workshops is rare. Instead, gas models are mounted.
Gas infrared heaters
For production workshops with a large area, if zonal heating is required, it is recommended to use gas models of infrared heaters. Their principle of operation is based on the so-called flameless combustion of a mixture of gas and air on a ceramic surface. As a result, IR radiation is formed, which is focused by the reflector.
For efficient heating by infrared heaters of workshops, ceiling models of heaters are often used. It is important to correctly calculate the mounting height and the required power. The heating area and the temperature regime in this part of the workshop will depend on these parameters.
They are used as a heating system for a welding shop, where a comfortable temperature is needed only to ensure normal conditions for the working personnel. However, when planning this type of heating, a number of nuances must be taken into account:
- An infrared heating system for a workshop cannot be used if air heating is needed throughout the room. Heaters are designed for local impact;
- To minimize costs, only natural main gas should be used. Liquefied bottled, in addition to the additional purchase of exchange containers, is inconvenient due to the periodic connection procedure.
But despite these shortcomings, the use of infrared heating for woodworking shops and other industries remains the best option. However, for the installation of gas heating of the workshop only with your own hands, you need to carry out a series of coordination activities with the gas service in order to obtain all permits.
How to choose the right heating system for a particular workshop? It is necessary to take into account its operational parameters, the cost of acquiring equipment and the price of an energy carrier. Remember that the cost of production will depend on the efficiency of heating of any production workshop.
If you need an economical option for organizing heating for a carpentry shop, you can see non-standard ways of heating air using sawdust and wood shavings in the video.
"How to choose the optimal heating"? - this question is asked by the owners of industrial premises, workshops and warehouses. The large size of the buildings, combined with Russia's harsh climate, scare young entrepreneurs. In this review, we will talk about "optimal" heating. First, let's understand what is meant by the word "optimal". Usually, this word is understood as a suitable ratio for the building "cost / reliability / convenience".
Choosing and creating a heating scheme for large rooms is not an easy task. Each building is universal - size, height, purpose. Equipment for production is often an obstacle to laying pipes. But without heating anywhere. A well-built heating system protects equipment from hypothermia (often this factor leads to equipment breakdown), creates favorable working conditions for workers. In addition, without the right temperature, some products will deteriorate many times faster. That is why it is so important to choose a reliable space heating system.
Choosing a heating system for industrial buildings
Almost every warehouse needs heating. Usually use centralized heating systems. They are:
- Water;
- Air.
When choosing heating, the following characteristics should be considered:
- The area and height of the building;
- The amount of heat energy required to maintain the desired temperature;
- Ease of equipment for heating in technical terms, its wear resistance.
Central water heating
The main thermal resource is the central heating system or boiler room. Water heating includes:
- Boiler;
- Heating devices;
- Pipeline.
The principle of operation is simple. The liquid is heated in the boiler and goes through the pipes, giving off heat.
Types of water heating:
- Single-pipe (it is impossible to regulate the water temperature);
- Two-pipe (temperature control is possible. It is carried out using thermostats on radiators).
The central heating element is the boiler. To date, there are quite a few types of boilers: liquid fuel, solid fuel, gas, electric and mixed. The boiler should be chosen taking into account the possibilities. A gas boiler is convenient when you can connect to a gas source. Keep in mind that the price of this resource is growing every year. Interruptions in gas supply will lead to sad consequences.
Oil-fired boilers need a separate room and a container for storing fuel. In addition, it will be necessary to constantly replenish fuel supplies, which means that additional hands are needed for transportation and unloading. And these are additional costs.
Solid fuel boilers are not suitable for heating large industrial premises. Caring for a solid fuel boiler is not an easy task (loading fuel, cleaning the chimney and furnace). On the modern market, you can find partially automated models with the possibility of mechanized fuel loading. Other components (firebox, chimney) require human care. Sawdust, pellets, wood chips, etc. act as fuel. Despite the fact that the operation of such boilers is a laborious process, these models are the cheapest on the market.
Electric boilers are not the most suitable option for heating large rooms (up to 70 square meters). The electricity used will cost the owner dearly. It should be borne in mind that planned and unscheduled power outages negatively affect the system.
Combined boilers can be called universal samples.
The water heating system is a stable and efficient space heating. Despite the fact that combined boilers cost more than their counterparts, but with it you will not depend on external troubles (various interruptions in gas and electrical systems). Combined samples of boilers have two or more heaters for different types of fuel. Due to the built-in types of burners, boilers are divided into:
- Gas-wood - are not afraid of interruptions in the gas supply system and rising fuel prices)
- Gas-diesel - ideally heat a large room)
- Gas-diesel-wood - a functional boiler with low efficiency and low power)
- Gas-diesel-wood-electricity is an almost universal unit that is completely independent of external problems
The situation with the boilers is explained. Now you need to find out if the water type of heating fits the previously described criteria. It is worth noting that the heat capacity of water is thousands of times higher than the heat capacity of air. This means that water will need a thousand times less than air. Another point: the water heating system will allow you to set the desired temperature at different times. For example, during standby heating of production, the temperature will be +10 C, and during working hours you can set a higher temperature.
air heating
People have been using air heating for a long time. The system is efficient and popular. Has the following advantages:
- Instead of radiators and pipes, air ducts are installed.
- Air heating has a higher efficiency compared to a water system
- The heated air is evenly distributed over the entire area of the room
- It is convenient to connect the air system with ventilation and air conditioning (you can get clean air instead of warm air)
- The constant change of air has a positive effect on the well-being of workers; increases work efficiency.
If you want to save money, it is better to choose mixed industrial air heating. It consists of natural and mechanical air stimulation.
- The "natural" motivation is to take the warm air of their atmosphere at any temperature.
- Mechanical impulse - taking cold air through the duct for its subsequent warming and supply to the room.
It is believed that an air heating system is the best option for heating large industrial premises.
infrared heating
It is possible to heat the production room in non-traditional ways. Infrared heaters are a modern invention of engineers. The principle of their operation is as follows: radiators produce energy above the heating zone and give off heat to objects that heat the air. The functionality of such heaters is compared with the sun. It also heats the surface of the earth with the help of infrared waves, and then the air heats up from the heat exchange. Thanks to this principle, the heated air will not accumulate under the ceiling, evenly distributed over the area of the room.
There are many types of IR heaters, differing in the following characteristics:
- Installation location (floor, portable floor, wall, ceiling);
- Type of emitted waves (shortwave, medium wave and light);
- Type of energy consumed (diesel, gas, electric).
The most profitable are gas and diesel infrared models of heaters. Their efficiency is often above 90%. But they are characterized by burning air and changing the characteristics of its humidity.
- Type of heating element (halogen - not very durable models; carbon - a fragile model, but consumes less energy; ceramic - the heater is assembled from ceramic tiles. Inside it is a mixture that heats the environment).
Infrared heaters are used for heating industrial buildings, various structures, workshops, greenhouses, greenhouses, farms and apartments.
Benefits of infrared heating
Infrared heating can provide spot heating, that is, there can be different temperatures in different parts of the building. Infrared heaters do not come into contact with air, heating surfaces, objects, organisms. This means that there will be less drafts in the room. IR heating is economical. High efficiency and low power consumption - just a dream. Long service life, ease of installation, low weight, the possibility of local effective heating - these are just the main positive aspects of IR heaters.
In this extensive article, we reviewed the popular types of space heating. Which type is the best is up to you. We hope that this article was useful and informative.
2.3. Heating of industrial premises. (Local, central; specific heating characteristics)
Heating is designed to maintain normalized air temperature in industrial premises during the cold season. In addition, it contributes to a better preservation of buildings and equipment, as it simultaneously allows you to regulate the humidity of the air. For this purpose, various heating systems are being built.
During the cold and transitional periods of the year, all buildings and structures in which the residence time of people exceeds 2 hours, as well as rooms in which temperature maintenance is necessary due to technological conditions, should be heated.
The following sanitary and hygienic requirements are imposed on heating systems: uniform heating of indoor air; the possibility of regulating the amount of heat released and combining the processes of heating and ventilation; lack of indoor air pollution with harmful emissions and unpleasant odors; fire and explosion safety; ease of use and repair.
Heating of industrial premises in the radius of action is local and central.
Local heating is arranged in one or more adjacent rooms with an area of less than 500 m 2. In systems of such heating, the heat generator, heating devices and heat-releasing surfaces are structurally combined in one device. The air in these systems is most often heated by using the heat of the fuel burned in stoves (wood, coal, peat, etc.). Much less often, floors or wall panels with built-in electric heating elements, and sometimes electric radiators, are used as original heating devices. There are also air (the main element is a heater) and gas (when burning gas in heating appliances) local heating systems.
Central heating according to the type of heat carrier used can be water, steam, air and combined. Central heating systems include a heat generator, heating devices, means of transferring the coolant (pipelines) and means of ensuring operability (shut-off valves, safety valves, pressure gauges, etc.). As a rule, in such systems, heat is generated outside the heated premises.
Heating systems must compensate for heat losses through building fences, heat consumption for heating injected cold air, raw materials, machinery, equipment coming from outside, and for technological needs.
In the absence of accurate data on the building material, fences, the thickness of the layers of building envelope materials and, as a result, it is impossible to determine the thermal resistance of walls, ceilings, floors, windows and other elements, the heat consumption is approximately determined using specific characteristics.
Heat consumption through the external fences of buildings, kW
where 
- specific heating characteristic of the building, which is the heat flux lost by 1 m 3 of the volume of the building according to the external measurement per unit time with a temperature difference of 1 K, W / (m 3 ∙K): depending on the volume and purpose of the building 
\u003d 0.105 ... 0.7 W / (m 3 ∙K); V H - the volume of the building without the basement according to the outer measurement, m 3; T B - the average design temperature of the internal air of the main premises of the building, K; T N - estimated winter outdoor temperature for designing heating systems, K: for Volgograd 248 K, Kirov 242 K, Moscow 247 K, St. Petersburg 249 K, Ulyanovsk 244 K, Chelyabinsk 241K.
Heat consumption for ventilation of industrial buildings, kW
where 
- specific ventilation characteristic, i.е. heat consumption for ventilation of 1 m 3 of the building with a difference of internal and external temperatures of 1 K, W / (m 3 ∙K): depending on the volume and purpose of the building 
\u003d 0.17 ... 1.396 W / (m 3 ∙K); 
- the calculated value of the outdoor air temperature for the design of ventilation systems, K: for Volgograd 259 K, Vyatka 254 K, Moscow 258 K, St. Petersburg 261 K, Ulyanovsk 255 K, Chelyabinsk 252 K.
The amount of heat absorbed by materials, machinery and equipment brought into the premises, kW
,
where 
- mass heat capacity of materials or equipment, kJ / (kg∙K): for water 4.19, grain 2.1 ... 2.5, iron 0.48, brick 0.92, straw 2.3; 
- mass of raw materials or equipment imported into the premises, kg; 
- temperature of materials, raw materials or equipment brought into the premises, K: for metals 
=
, for non-flowing materials 
=
+10, bulk materials 
=
+20;
- time of heating materials, machines or equipment to room temperature, h.
The amount of heat consumed for technological needs, kW, is determined through the consumption of hot water or steam
,
where 
- consumption for technological needs of water or steam, kg / h: for repair shops 100 ... 120, for one cow 0.625, for a calf 0.083, etc.; 
- heat content of water or steam at the boiler outlet, kJ/kg; 
- coefficient of return of condensate or hot water, varying within 0 ... 0.7: in calculations, they usually take 
=0,7;
- heat content of condensate or water returned to the boiler, kJ/kg: in calculations it can be taken equal to 270…295 kJ/kg.
The thermal power of the boiler plant P k, taking into account the heat consumption for the auxiliary needs of the boiler house and losses in heating networks, is taken to be 10 ... 15% more than the total heat consumption
According to the obtained value P to we select the type and brand of the boiler. It is recommended to install the same type of boiler units with the same heat output. The number of steel units should be at least two and no more than four, cast iron - no more than six. It should be borne in mind that in case of failure of one boiler, the remaining ones must provide at least 75-80% of the calculated thermal output of the boiler plant.
For direct heating of premises, heating devices of various types and designs are used: radiators, cast-iron finned pipes, convectors, etc.
The total surface area of heating devices, m 2, is determined by the formula
,
where 
- heat transfer coefficient of the walls of heating devices, W / (m 2 ∙K): for cast iron 7.4, for steel 8.3; 
- temperature of water or steam at the inlet to the heating device, K; for water radiators of low pressure 338…348, high pressure 393…398; for steam radiators 383…388; 
- water temperature at the outlet of the heating device, K: for low pressure water radiators 338 ... 348, for high pressure steam and water radiators 368.
From the known value of F, find the required number of sections of heating devices
,
where 
- the area of one section of the heating device, m 2 , depending on its type: 0.254 for M-140 radiators; 0.299 for M-140-AO; 0.64 for M3-500-1; 0.73 for the skirting type convector 15KP-1; 1 for a cast-iron ribbed tube with a diameter of 500 mm.
Uninterrupted operation of boilers is possible only with a sufficient supply of fuel for them. In addition, knowing the required amount of alternative fuel materials, it is possible to determine the optimal type of fuel using economic indicators.
The need for fuel, kg, for the heating period of the year can be approximately calculated by the formula
,
where 
=1.1…1.2 - safety factor for unaccounted for heat losses; 
- annual consumption of standard fuel for increasing the temperature of 1 m 3 of air in a heated building by 1 K, kg / (m 3 ∙K): 0.32 for a building with 
m 3; 0.245 at 
; 0.215 at 0.2 at 
>10000 m 3 .
Conventional fuel is considered to be fuel, the heat of combustion of 1 kg of which is 29.3 MJ, or 7000 kcal. To convert standard fuel into natural fuel, correction factors are used: for anthracite 0.97, brown coal 2.33, medium quality firewood 5.32, fuel oil 0.7, peat 2.6.
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