To learn how to compose and understand puzzles, it is worth understanding what they are.
Word "rebus" of Latin origin (lat. rebus, with the help of things, "Non verbis sed rebus" - "Not with words, but with the help of things"). The rebus originated in France in the 15th century, and the first printed collection of puzzles published in this country in 1582 was compiled by Etienne Taburo. In the time that has passed since then, the technique of compiling rebus problems has been enriched with a variety of different techniques.
So, rebus- this is one of the types of puzzles, a riddle for deciphering words. Encrypted according to certain rules in a rebus can be not only a single word, but also a proverb, saying, quote, riddle, and even a whole short story. Words and phrases in the rebus are depicted in the form of pictures, letters, numbers, notes and other various signs, the number of which is not limited. Solving the rebus is a whole science. When solving a rebus, it is necessary to write down all the signs in the form of a meaningful word or sentence. Although there are several types of puzzles (literary, mathematical, musical, sound, etc.), there are some general rules for compiling and solving them.
rebus example
GENERAL RULES FOR SOLVING PUZZLES
A word or sentence is divided into such parts that can be depicted in the form of a picture or any sign. The rebus is read from left to right, less often from top to bottom. Punctuation marks and spaces in the rebus are not taken into account. If one word is guessed in the rebus, then it should, as a rule, be a noun, moreover, in the singular and in the nominative case. Deviation from this rule must be stipulated in the conditions of the rebus. If a sentence is guessed (proverb, aphorism, etc.), then, naturally, it can contain not only nouns, but also verbs and other parts of speech. In this case, the conditions of the rebus must contain the appropriate phrase (for example: “Guess the riddle”). The rebus must have a solution, and, as a rule, one. The ambiguity of the answer should be specified in the conditions of the rebus. For example: “Find two solutions to this puzzle.” The number of techniques used in one rebus and their combinations is not limited.
REBUSES IN PICTURES
The simplest option, when the rebus consists of two pictures to help you create a new word. The names of the objects depicted in the rebus should be read in the nominative singular or plural if several objects are depicted.
rebus 1
OX + WINDOW = FIBER
rebus 2
TRAIL + EXPERIENCE = TRAILER
rebus 3
EYE + FACES = EYE
From the last example, it can be seen that the picture in the rebus can have more than one name (eye and eye, bees and swarm, etc.); or the image may have a general or private name (a bird is a common name; a swift, a swallow, a chicken is a private name). If the depicted object has two meanings, then it is logically necessary to determine the appropriate one. This is the hardest part of puzzles.
If the picture turned upside down, which means that the word is read backwards.
rebus 4
Inverted NOSE = SLEEP
If to the right or left of the picture is one or more letters- this means that these letters should simply be added. Sometimes they are preceded by a "+" sign. Sometimes the desired object in the picture is indicated by an arrow.
rebus 5
FLASK + SA = SAUSAGE
rebus 6
Letter X + LION = SHED
REBUSES WITH COMMA
commas to the right or left of the picture means that in the word conceived with the help of the picture, you need to remove as many letters as there are commas. At the same time, commas in front of the picture indicate how many letters need to be removed at the beginning of the hidden word, commas at the end of the picture indicate how many letters need to be removed from the end of the word. Sometimes the commas to the left of the image are drawn upside down, although this does not play a fundamental role.
rebus 7
VOL K - K = VOL
rebus 8
GA MAC - GA = MAC
rebus 9
BA RAB AN - BA - AN = RAB
The arrow pointing to the left above the picture indicates that after the word is deciphered, it must be read backwards.
rebus 10
DRESSER - KO, read from right to left = HOUSE
REBUSES WITH LETTERS AND NUMBERS
If above the picture is strikethrough letter, and there is another one nearby, then this letter in the word must be changed to the specified one. If one or more letters are simply crossed out, then they must be removed from the given word. The "=" sign also serves to replace one of the letters with another.
rebus 11
O R YOL \u003d Donkey
rebus 12
BA BARREL - BA = BARREL
rebus 13
KORO B A = CROWN
If the crossed out letter(s) stands as an independent figure, then it must be read with the addition of the “not” particle.
rebus 14
NOT UCH
Numbers can be used instead of a picture. If part of the word in the rebus is represented by a number, then the number is pronounced as a numeral.
rebus 15
Number SEVEN + letter I = FAMILY
rebus 16
STO number + letter L \u003d TABLE
Keep in mind that a number can have more than one name.
rebus 17
ONE + FORK = FORK
rebus 18
Letter W + QOL + letter A = SCHOOL
rebus 19
Letter P + ONE + AR KA \u003d MELLE
rebus 20
ON VAR + figure TWO + L EU \u003d BASEMENT
Several identical letters or other images in a row mean that you need to try to count them.
rebus 21
SEVEN letters I = FAMILY
rebus 22
THREE CATS + letter F = JERSEY
rebus 23
PAIR of letters D = PARADE
Numbers next to the picture are used to number the letters in a word. The number indicates the place of the letter in the given word, and the order in which the numbers are written determines the new place of this letter.
rebus 24
PINE = PUMP
rebus 25
PAINTER = GAUGE
If there are fewer numbers than letters in the hidden word, this means that only the specified number of letters must be selected from the hidden word.
rebus 26
A LL IGAT O R = GUITAR
The use of crossed out numbers means that the corresponding letters must be removed from the hidden word.
rebus 27
PAL AT KA = STICK
If two numbers with arrows pointing in different directions are shown next to the picture, it means that in the word it is necessary to swap the letters indicated by the numbers.
rebus 28
Z A M OK \u003d SMAMA
Roman numerals may also be used.
rebus 29
Forty A = FORTY
The use of fractions is not excluded. When a fraction is used in a rebus, it is unraveled as "ON THE"(divide by). If a fraction with a denominator 2 is used in the rebus, then this is unraveled as "FLOOR"(half).
rebus 30
Z divide by K \u003d SIGN
rebus 31
Gender of letter E = FIELD
crossed out sign "=" between pictures should be read as "NOT".
rebus 32
And not Y \u003d hoarfrost
PUZZLES BY THE TYPE "LETTERS IN A LETTER", "LETTERS ON OR UNDER THE LETTER"
Often in puzzles, letters are drawn placed in an unusual perspective relative to each other (one inside the other, one under or above the other, one runs towards the other, one goes out of the other, etc.). This means that it is necessary to describe a drawing or letter combinations using prepositions, unions: “I”, “B”, “K”, “U”, “C”, “FOR”, “FROM”, “ON”, “ON” , "BEFORE" and others.
If objects, numbers or letters are depicted one in the other, then their names are read with the addition of a preposition "AT" before or between titles.
rebus 33
In the letter O, the letter Z = WHO
rebus 34
The letter Z in the letter O + the letter H \u003d CALL
If one object is depicted after another, then their names are read with the addition of a preposition "BEFORE" or "PER".
rebus 35
Behind the letter L, the letter P \u003d ZALP
Usage horizontal bar between pictures, letters or numbers placed one below the other means the use of prepositions "ON THE", "ABOVE", "UNDER".
rebus 36
On the letter C, the letter T \u003d NAST
rebus 37
Under the letter C cok \u003d HOOP
rebus 38
C letter H letter E + letter G \u003d SNOW
The main thing when solving puzzles is to figure out exactly how to name the image in the picture (for example, a hedgehog and a hedgehog, one and a unit - the meaning is the same, but when replacing one word with another, the rebus "will not give in").
You can guess the whole sentence, or maybe you will come across only one word - anyway, the rebus does not contain any spaces or any semantic punctuation marks, and this is very important to consider when trying to "read" the drawings: one image may turn out to be not only the end of some word, but also the beginning of the next.
If a number and a letter with an equal sign between them are shown under the picture, you need to count the letter in the deciphered word, the serial number of which in the word indicates the number, and replace it with a letter from equality.
If there are images, letters or numbers of noticeably different sizes nearby (one is smaller), then they need to be read by adding the prepositions "U" or "at" before or between the words.
It happens that under the picture there is a list of numbers, then it is in this order that the name of the depicted object should be “read” letter by letter.
If there is an index arrow next to numbers, letters or figures, as if showing the direction of their movement, then you need to “see” the preposition “from” or “to” between them.
Puzzles for children
They are not difficult at all, and I hope the kids will be interested in them. Difficulties arise - review the rules again.
However, if adults join in solving them, they will only win: they will once again practice how to do it, and make sure that they have the skills.
Puzzles for adults (including smart adult children)
Since any work must have a logical conclusion, then all the puzzles presented here are with answers.
Answers to puzzles for adults and children
Answers to puzzles for adults and children, which are interesting and incredibly useful for any opportunity to exercise your mind, as well as solving any other logical problems. I call in the same order in which the puzzles with pictures that you recently had were located on the page, I want to believe, with pleasure, to solve.
The very first rebus in the article, intended for children, is at the very beginning of the article. I hope that it was also successfully solved by you, like all the others, divided into categories.
So, the first answer to the rebus is that the word "schoolboy" is encrypted in the picture.
Answers to the rest of the puzzles for children:
1. Mobile.
2. Bunny.
Answers to puzzles for adults:
1. Stimulation.
2. We solve problems.
3. Brain development.
4. Exercise your brain.
5. Intellectual level.
municipal educational institution
"Secondary School No. 18
Traktorozavodsky district of Volgograd
VII International
educational and practical conference
"First steps"
The amazing world of puzzles
Completed by: students of 9 "B" class
Vasilyeva Elena Sergeevna
Leader: math teacher
Startseva Tatyana Alexandrovna
Volgograd 2017/2018
Introduction - pages 3 - 4
The history of puzzles - pages 4 - 5
What does the word rebus mean? - pages 5 - 6
Rules for compiling and solving puzzles - pages 6 - 12
Self-composed math puzzles - pages 12 - 14
The results of the survey of students in grades 8 "B" and 8 "A" - pp. 15 - 17
Conclusion - pp. 17-18
List of used literature - page 18
1.Introduction.
We apply mathematical knowledge not only in mathematics lessons, but also in everyday life. We are lucky that we like math. However, the difficulty for us is the problems for the solution of which it is necessary to apply logical reasoning. We read that a person can develop any of his abilities, to one degree or another. How to develop mathematical skills? On the Internet, we found a lot of statements of this nature:
- "To develop mathematical abilities, it is necessary to solve problems for ingenuity, joke problems, mathematical puzzles and puzzles."
- "Solving puzzles is an excellent gymnastics for the development of the student's intellect."
- "Solving puzzles perfectly stimulates the development of intellect, develops the ability to draw logical conclusions, teaches you to think."
We decided that solving different puzzles would help us develop our math skills.
Work theme:"The fascinating world of puzzles."
Relevance of the topic: in the course of school mathematics puzzles are not considered, and in mathematics lessons it is necessary to solve problems not only according to certain rules, but also non-standard problems.
Target: learn how to solve math puzzles.
Tasks:
Find and study various sources with information about puzzles;
To study puzzles of various types;
Explore possible ways to solve puzzles.
Create your own puzzles using the rules of compilation.
Create an album-folder "Mathematical puzzles through the eyes of eighth graders."
Hypothesis: solving puzzles will help us develop logical thinking.
Problem: Mathematics is always considered a difficult subject to understand. Some students find it difficult to remember the rules of definition and formulas.
The ability of students to memorize educational material is very different. Compiling and solving puzzles in the study of mathematics allows students to develop attention, observation, logical and creative thinking, and make the learning process more interesting.
Object of study: math puzzles
Subject of study: methods and ways of compiling and solving mathematical puzzles.
Research methods: study of various sources of information, analysis, generalization and systematization of the material.
2. The history of puzzles.
An early form of the rebus is found in pictorial writing, in which abstract words that are difficult to depict were represented by images of objects whose names were pronounced in a similar way. Such puzzles are similar to the hieroglyphs of Egypt and the pictographs of early China. Images of rebuses were used to convey the names of cities on Greek and Roman coins, or to designate family names in the medieval age. The history of rebuses began a very long time ago. In the 15th century in France, farcical performances were called a rebus. Later, in the 16th century, such fun was banned and a pun based on a play on words began to be called a rebus. Often it was a riddle, consisting of images of various objects, numbers or letters. And it was not so easy to guess such a word. In this form, the puzzle has come down to us. In 1783, the English artist and engraver Thomas Buick printed an unusual Bible for children in the London printing house of T. Hodgson. He retells the events of Holy Scripture in the form of rebuses. Such a Bible came to be called "hieroglyphic". In the text, some words are replaced by pictures. A few years later, in 1788, the American publisher Isaiah Thomas published a hieroglyphic Bible overseas. Such unusual hieroglyphic Bibles became very popular at the end of the 18th century, as they made it easier and more interesting to teach the Holy Scriptures to children. The well-known author of the fairy tales "Alice in Wonderland" and "Alice Through the Looking-Glass" Lewis Carroll often used rebuses in his correspondence with young readers . In his letters, he often replaced some of the words with pictures or depicted letters in a mirror image.
display. Reading such cryptic letters required ingenuity, which, of course, the children really liked. In the second half of the 19th century, puzzles began to be widely used in society. It is interesting that even during the war, puzzles were held in high esteem. During the Great Patriotic War, in 1942, the Moscow printing factory of the Moskvoretsky industrial trade publishes a collection of rebuses by A.A. Ryazanov "During Leisure Hours: Rebuses" (illustrations by I. Telyatnikov). They were intended for the adult population. In 1945, after the end of the war, a small brochure by the illustrator and illusionist Georgy Kelsievich Bedarev "Rebuses" was published. In the post-war period, puzzles began to focus on a children's audience. Currently, puzzles are intended for both adults and children. It is difficult to find a children's magazine or a developmental manual that does not contain puzzles. Often children are given similar tasks at school and are even given the task to come up with puzzles. Puzzles are a means of increasing information culture. With self-compilation of puzzles, information search skills, creativity, and intellectual abilities develop.
3. What does the word rebus mean?
Rebus (from the Latin "rebus" - "with the help of things"), the representation of a word or syllable using an image of an object whose name is consonant with the presented word or syllable. Simply put, this is a riddle in which the unraveled words or expressions in the form of drawings are combined with letters and some other signs.
Types of puzzles.
Puzzle puzzles are a double task: having solved the puzzle, you will read the riddle, but the riddle needs to be solved.
Add and subtract puzzles differ from the usual ones in that the value of the image following the minus sign is not added to the combination of words already obtained, but subtracted from it.
Joking puzzles are a comic riddle in verse.
Proverb rebuses are an encrypted proverb that needs to be unraveled and its meaning explained.
A sound rebus is a riddle exercise that allows you to work out the skill of merging syllables.
A rebus story consists of a large rebus that you need to solve and make up a story.
A rebus problem is a rebus that needs to be solved and a problem solved. It consists of several puzzles.
Numerical puzzles are puzzles that improve the ability to understand and comprehend the positional principle when writing numbers in the decimal system.
4. Rules for compiling and solving puzzles.
In order to solve and compose puzzles, you need to know the rules and techniques that are used in their compilation. Read and remember these rules. For clarity, some of them are illustrated with examples.
1. The names of all objects depicted in the rebus are read only in the nominative case and in the singular. Sometimes the desired object in the picture is indicated by an arrow.
2. Very often, the object depicted in the rebus may have not one, but two or more names, for example, “eye” and “eye”, “leg” and “paw”, etc. Or it may have one general and one specific name, such as "tree" and "oak", "note" and "re", etc. You need to choose the one that makes the most sense.
The ability to identify and correctly name the object depicted in the figure is one of the main difficulties in deciphering puzzles. In addition to knowing the rules, you will need ingenuity and logic.
3. Sometimes the name of any object cannot be used in its entirety - it is necessary to discard one or two letters at the beginning or end of the word. In these cases, a conventional sign is used - a comma. If a comma is to the left of the figure, then this means that the first letter must be discarded from its name, if to the right of the figure, then the last. If there are two commas, then two letters are discarded accordingly, and so on. For example, a “collar” is drawn, only “whirlpool” needs to be read, “sail” is drawn, only “steam” needs to be read.
4. If any two objects or two letters are drawn one into the other, then their names are read with the addition of the preposition "in". For example: “v-o-yes”, or “not-in-a”, or “v-o-seven”:
In this and the next five examples, different readings are possible, for example, instead of "eight" you can read "SEVEN", and instead of "water" - "DAVO". But there are no such words! Here you should come to the aid of ingenuity and logic.
5. If any letter consists of another letter, then they read with the addition of "from". For example: “from-b-a” or “vn-from-y” or “f-from-ik”:
6. If there is another letter or object behind any letter or object, then you need to read with the addition of “for”.
For example: “Ka-za-n”, “za-ya-ts”.
7. If one figure or letter is drawn under another, then you need to read with the addition of “on”, “above” or “under” - choose a preposition according to the meaning. For example: “for-on-ri” or “under-at-shka”:
The phrase: "Tit found a horseshoe and gave it to Nastya" - can be depicted as follows:
8. If another letter is written for any letter, then they read with the addition of “by”. For example: “po-r-t”, “po-l-e”, “po-i-s”:
9. If one letter lies next to another, leaning against it, then they read with the addition of "y". For example: "L-u-k", "d-u-b":
10. If in the rebus there is an image of an object drawn upside down, then its name must be read from the end. For example, a “cat” is drawn, you need to read “current”, a “nose” is drawn, you need to read “dream”.
11. If an object is drawn, and a letter is written next to it, and then a letter is crossed out, then this means that this letter must be discarded from the resulting word. If there is another one above the crossed out letter, then this means that it is necessary to replace the crossed out one with it. Sometimes in this case an equal sign is placed between the letters. For example: “eye” read “gas”, “bone” read “guest”:
12. If there are numbers above the picture, for example, 4, 2, 3, 1, then this means that the fourth letter of the name of the object shown in the picture is read first, then the second, followed by the third, etc., that is letters are read in the order indicated by the numbers. For example, a “mushroom” is drawn, we read “brig”:
13. If two numbers are shown next to the picture with arrows pointing in different directions, then in the word it is necessary to swap the letters indicated by the numbers. For example, "castle" = "dab".
14. The use of an arrow going from one letter to another also serves to indicate the appropriate substitution of letters. Also, the arrow can be deciphered as the preposition "K". For example, “The letters AP go to FIR” = “DROPS”
15. When compiling a rebus, Roman numerals can also be used. For example, "forty A" read "forty".
16. If any figure in the rebus is drawn running, sitting, lying, etc., then the corresponding verb in the third person of the present tense (runs, sits, lies, etc.) must be added to the name of this figure (runs, sits, lies, etc.), for example “ u-runs."
17. Very often in puzzles there are separate
the syllables "do", "re", "mi", "fa" are depicted by the corresponding notes. For example, we read words written in notes: “do-la”, “fa-sol”:
Since not everyone knows the notes and the position on the stave, we give their names.
Other signs are also possible in rebuses: names of chemical elements, all kinds of scientific terms, special characters: “@” - dog, “#” - sharp, “%” - percentage, “&” - ampersand, “()” - brackets, “ ~" - tilde, ":)" - emoticon, "§" - paragraph and others.
In complex puzzles, the listed techniques are most often combined.
"The red maiden sits in a dungeon, and the scythe is on the street"
5. Self-composed puzzles in mathematics.
Perimeter
2.Triangle
Height(s)
Numerator
5. Denominator
I=E, P=N
puzzles is a means of increasing information culture. With self-compilation of puzzles, information search skills, creativity, intellectual abilities develop
6. The results of a survey of students in grades 8 "B" and 8 "A".
Among students of 8 "B" and 8 "A" classes, we conducted a survey "What do you know about puzzles?". For this, a questionnaire was drawn up.
Questionnaire
7. Do you know where you can apply this knowledge?
The survey results are presented in the form of a diagram.
In the course of work, for eighth graders who wanted to learn how to solve puzzles, we created memos with the rules for solving puzzles. We interviewed 25 people. The study involved students of 8 "B" and 8 "A" classes.
Table 1.
| Question | Answers students |
|
| 1. Do you know what puzzles are? | ||
| 2. Do you know when the first puzzles appeared? | ||
| 3. Can you solve puzzles? | ||
| 4. Do you want to learn how to solve puzzles? | ||
| 5. Was it interesting for you to make puzzles yourself? | ||
| 6. Are you interested in the topic of the lesson that begins with a rebus? | ||
| 7. Do you know where you can apply this knowledge? | ||
Figure #1. Distribution of answers of students of 8 "B" and 8 "A" classes.
Having studied the results of the questionnaire, we were convinced of the practical significance of the project, as the students wanted to learn how to solve puzzles. We suggested that these guys first get acquainted with the rules for solving puzzles, and then choose the word they like from the mathematics course and depict it in the form of a rebus. Everyone willingly completed this work, and we created a folder-album "Mathematical puzzles through the eyes of eighth graders." After choosing the topic of the project, it was decided to start each mathematics lesson with a rebus that would interest us in the topic of the lesson, develop mathematical thinking, ingenuity,
sparked creativity. The teacher notes that our vocabulary is replenished, attention and imaginative thinking develop. Compiling a rebus is mental work. Sometimes this takes a long time. But what pleasure do you get when the puzzle is solved. From childhood, you need to solve puzzles, this will help develop mathematical abilities.
7. Conclusion.
Solving puzzles helps us develop logical thinking . Rebuses are an entertaining task, a game in which words, phrases or whole sentences are encrypted using drawings combined with letters, shapes and signs. Rebus develops attention, memory. With self-compilation of puzzles, logical thinking and creativity develop. Thus, our hypothesis that solving puzzles helps us develop logical thinking was confirmed.
In doing this work, we:
We learned the history of the origin of puzzles, their types.
We learned the rules for compiling and solving puzzles.
Conducted research in 8 classes;
They created a memo "How to learn to solve puzzles", and an album-folder "Mathematical puzzles through the eyes of eighth graders".
In the course of working on the project, we got acquainted with the literature and other information sources on the chosen topic, in which we learned the definition of the concept of "rebus", information about the history of the origin of puzzles, about the types of puzzles, learned the rules for solving and compiling puzzles. Working on the project, we learned how to find the necessary information in the scientific literature, Internet resources, work with programs: Microsoft Office Word; Microsoft Office Power Point, Excel. We collected information about puzzles and presented it in the form of a presentation. According to the results of a survey of classmates, we were convinced of the need to be able to solve puzzles. Puzzles help us in the development of memory, attention, logical thinking, develop mental activity, concentrate attention. By training the mind, we become observant, quick-witted, insightful, quick-witted, inventive, resourceful, witty, and also acquire many other important and useful qualities. Puzzles are a means of increasing information culture. With self-compilation of puzzles, information search skills are developed,
creativity and intellectual ability. Students who know how to solve puzzles take an active part in olympiads, intellectual marathons, quizzes, city, regional, All-Russian competitions "Kit", "Kangaroo", "Kangaroo-graduates" and others.
8. List of used literature:
Gorodkova T.V., Elkina N.V. "Children's crosswords", M., 2014. - 353 p.
Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: fav. Art. / V. I. Dal; comm. ed. ed. V. I. Dahl and I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay; [scient. ed. L. V. Belovinsky]. - M. : OLMA Media Group, 2009. - 573 p.
Kordemsky B.A. Mathematical ingenuity. — M.: GIFML, 1958. — S. 189-194.
Livinsky V. Journal "Do not be bored", pp. 193 - 197.
The best math games and puzzles, or a real math circus / per. from English. M. I. Antipina. — M.: AST, Arel, 2009. - S. 123. - 255 p.
Mathematical charades and puzzles / N.V. Udaltsova - M .: Chistye Prudy, 2010 - 32 pp.: ill. - (Library "First of September", series "Mathematics", issue 35).
Mochalov L.P. Puzzle. — M.: Nauka. Main edition of physical and mathematical literature, 1980. - 128 p.
Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / RAS, Institute of Linguistics. research; Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. - 4th ed., erased. — M.: Rus. lang.; Polygraphic resources, 1999. - 652 p.
Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. - under. ed. N. Abramova, Moscow: Russian dictionaries, 1999. - 314 p.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvetsov. - M., 2003.
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