Hydraulic and pneumatic diagrams help you understand how hydraulic and pneumatic equipment functions. Individual elements of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits have their own symbols. Below are the symbols that you will meet on hydraulic diagrams.
| Working line. | |
| control line. | |
| Drain line. | |
| Flexible line. | |
| Electric wire. | |
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Inside the interrupted line, the instruments are built in one unit. |
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| Shaft, lever, rod, piston rod. | |
| Connection of lines. | |
| Crossing lines. | |
| Direction of oil flow in the hydraulic circuit. | |
| Direction of air flow in a pneumatic circuit. | |
| Direction. | |
| Direction of rotation. | |
| Direction of flow in the valve. The perpendicular shows the lateral movement of the arrow. | |
| Adjustment indication. | |
| Spring. | |
| Adjustable spring. |
Pumps and compressors.
designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure management.
Pressure controls.
Designation of various types of valves that control pressure in hydraulics on hydraulic diagrams. Designation of hydraulic motors.
Valves.
Designation of valves on hydraulic diagrams.
| The valve is indicated by a square or series of squares when each the square indicates one operating position of the valve. |
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| Directional control valves (e.g. boom control) | |
| The lines are connected to the square of the neutral position. Valve hole markings: P = pressure from the pump T - to the tank A, B, C ... - working lines Х,YZ... - control pressure a,b.c... - electrical control connections |
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One way to flow. |
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| Two paths for flow. | |
| One path for flow, two connections closed. | |
| Two paths for flow, one connection closed. | |
| In the following examples, the first digit indicates the number of connections. Second the number indicates the number of working positions. |
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| 3/2 control valve; control by pressure from both sides. | |
| 4/3 control valve; lever control, return spring. |
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| 6/3 control valve | |
| Shut-off valve (e.g. ball valve). | |
| stop valves. | |
| Pressure limiting valve. The valve opens the flow channel to the tank or to the air, when the valve inlet pressure exceeds the closing pressure. (Hydraulic left, pneumatic right). |
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| Pressure reducing valve, no pressure release. When the inlet pressure changes, the outlet pressure remains former. But the inlet pressure by reduction must be above outlet pressure |
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Hydraulic motors - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure reducing and check valves, flow regulators - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Filters, tanks, water separators and other elements on hydraulic diagrams.
Hot and cold water pipelines, drains, sewer systems, gas supply networks, ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as heating systems are sanitary systems and engineering equipment of residential, industrial and public buildings.
In order to equip buildings for various purposes with engineering and sanitary systems, a set of working drawings is developed and compiled. It includes:
Plans and sections of installations
Plans, sections and axonometric diagrams of systems
General data of water supply, heating, sewerage, ventilation and air conditioning systems
The main components of engineering and sanitary systems are:
Pipelines (risers, horizontal lines and connections to devices)
Pipe fittings (valves, cocks, gate valves, valves, etc.)
Various equipment (pumps, filters, air conditioners, water heaters, etc.)
The basis for drawing up drawings of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings and structures is the information that is contained in the architectural and construction drawings, on the sections and plans on them. It contains graphic images and layouts of pipelines and pipeline fittings, as well as developments, profiles and sections of walls, which depict both the elements of engineering and sanitary systems themselves, and the connections that should be between them. For a more visual and understandable image of the most complex nodes, some fragments of sections and plans are made on a larger scale.
The axonometric diagrams, made in frontal isometry, depict the most complex in their design and the most extensive networks of plumbing, heating systems and gas supply systems. At the same time, for individual sections of pipelines, the values \u200b\u200bof such quantities as the diameter, direction and length of the slope, as well as the length of the section, are indicated. Specifications of equipment and materials are attached to the working drawings.
According to accepted standards, conventional graphic symbols are used to depict various elements of sanitary systems in diagrams and drawings. Special tables contain the designations that should be used to depict both the pipelines themselves and the fittings used in them on axonometric diagrams, developments, sections and plans of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings.
According to GOST 21.601 - 79, a solid main line is used to draw conditional graphic elements of pipeline systems, and those parts that are invisible (in channels, underground) - a dashed line of the same thickness. A thin solid line is used to depict technological equipment and building structures.
If it is necessary to draw the dimensions of the conventional signs of pipeline fittings (gate valves, valves, etc.), then their dimensions are taken equal to 3-3.5 pipe diameters. Elements of networks and sanitary systems are supplied with special brands (alphanumeric designations).
The table below shows the conditional graphic elements of pipelines GOST 2.784 - 96.
| Piping elements | |
| Designation | Name |
| Pipe line suction, pressure, drain | |
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Piping of the control line, drainage, air outlet, condensate drainage |
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Piping connection |
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Crossing pipelines without connection |
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Connection point for power take-off or measuring device (closed) |
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Connection point for power take-off or measuring device (connected) |
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Pipeline with vertical riser |
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Flexible pipeline, hose |
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Isolated pipeline section |
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Pipeline in a pipe (case) |
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Pipeline in stuffing box |
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Detachable piping connection |
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flange connection |
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Union threaded connection |
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Union threaded connection |
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Sleeve elastic connection |
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Swivel joint single-line |
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Swivel joint three-way |
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Pipe end for detachable connection |
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Flanged end |
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Union threaded end |
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Coupling threaded end |
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Sleeve elastic |
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The end of the pipeline with a plug (plug) |
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Flanged pipe end with plug |
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Threaded pipe end with plug |
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Tee |
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cross |
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Branch (elbow) |
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Splitter, collector, comb |
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Siphon (water seal) |
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Transition, adapter pipe |
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Transition flange |
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Union transition |
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Quick coupling without locking element (connected or disconnected) |
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Quick coupling with locking element (connected and disconnected) |
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Compensator |
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Compensator U-shaped |
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Lyre-shaped compensator |
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Lens compensator |
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Wavy compensator |
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Compensator Z-shaped |
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Bellows expansion joint |
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Ring compensator |
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Telescopic compensator |
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Shock-absorbing insert |
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Soundproof insert |
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Electrical insulating insert |
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Place of resistance with a flow rate dependent on the viscosity of the working medium |
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Place of resistance with a flow rate that does not depend on the viscosity of the working medium (throttle washer, flow restrictor, diaphragm) |
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Fixed pipeline support |
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Movable support (general designation) |
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Ball bearing |
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support guide |
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sliding support |
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roller support |
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elastic support |
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Suspension fixed |
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suspension guide |
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Suspension elastic |
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Water hammer absorber |
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Breakthrough membrane |
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Nozzle |
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Atmospheric air intake |
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Engine air intake |
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Connecting device to other systems (testing machines, washing machines, air conditioners, etc.) |
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Lubrication point |
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Splash lubrication point |
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Drip lubrication |
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Grease nozzle |
The hydraulic diagram is an element of technical documentation, which, using symbols, shows information about the elements of the hydraulic system, and the relationship between them.
According to the ESKD standards, hydraulic circuits are designated in the main inscription cipher with the letter "G" (- the letter "P").
As can be seen from the definition, hydraulic scheme conditionally shows the elements that are interconnected by pipelines - designated lines. Therefore, in order to correctly read the hydraulic circuit, you need to know how this or that element is indicated on the diagram. Symbols for elements are indicated in GOST 2.781-96. Study this document and you will be able to find out how the main elements of hydraulics are indicated.
Designations of hydraulic elements on the diagrams
Consider the main elements hydraulic circuits.
Pipelines
The pipelines on the hydraulic diagrams are shown with solid lines connecting the elements. Control lines are usually shown as a dotted line. The directions of fluid movement, if necessary, can be indicated by arrows. Often on hydraulic diagrams they indicate lines - a letter P denotes the pressure line, T - drain, X - control, l - drainage.
The connection of lines is shown with a dot, and if the lines intersect in the diagram, but are not connected, the intersection point is indicated by an arc.
Tank
The tank in hydraulics is an important element that is the storage of hydraulic fluid. A tank connected to the atmosphere is shown on the hydraulic diagram as follows.
A closed tank or container, such as a hydraulic accumulator, is shown as a closed loop.
Shown below hydraulic drive diagram, allowing you to move the rod of the hydraulic cylinder, with the possibility of charging the accumulator.
Any serious construction begins with the drafting of the project. This allows in advance, even at the level of diagrams and drawings, to arrange and place in the room all the engineering communications necessary for a comfortable stay. The main ones, along with gas supply, heating and garbage disposal, are cold and hot water supply with sewerage and drains.
For the convenience of planning and reading the designed documentation during construction, GOST developed, approved and regulated in SNiP the symbols for all systems installed at construction sites, as well as sanitary requirements for each of them. They also include a detailed symbolism of the nodes required to bring water into the house, filter it and remove it from it as part of sewer waste.
This table shows all the design symbols for water supply and sewerage communications used in construction:
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Symbols for water supply and sewerage are uniform throughout the Russian Federation and the CIS countries. You cannot change them at your own discretion. The reason is simple: any trained plumber should understand the plumbing arrangement drawing. This will help to avoid errors in the technology of work and, ultimately, provide the most efficient way to operate the facility's water supply.
Symbols on the drawings and diagrams for the installation of plumbing should be indicated during the construction of any construction object, whether it be a multi-storey building, a cottage or any industrial building. They also apply in computer programs such as AutoCAD used in the creation of projects for water supply and sewerage facilities.
Features of drawing up diagrams and drawings
Plumbing designations of conventional symbols of various nodes are used both in the diagrams of the object and in its drawings. Both types of graphical display of communications, in general, perform the same task - the creation of a working draft, which is the main document during construction work.
A scheme is an idea, the beginning of everything, most often based on a specific technical problem. It runs on any medium, including a simple notepad. All elements of the upcoming design here can be fixed quite conditionally, only with the designation of mounting nodes and their communication links at the facility. For example, like this:
However, diagrams are more informative, where the projection of the constructed communications and the symbols of all the proposed nodes are indicated. Depending on the need, two types of projections are used in the diagrams - two-dimensional and three-dimensional (isometric).
2D ( axonometric) diagrams allow you to represent an object in two planes: along the length and height or along the length and width:
Isometric projection more informative. It makes it possible to immediately evaluate the working area in terms of length, width and height:
Even more visual for the designer is a three-dimensional image in a 3D computer format. With it, it is much easier to maintain the scale and the required dimensions.
The presence of all dimensions in all three planes, made on a given scale, turns a detailed and neatly executed diagram into a drawing. All drawings in construction projects are made on paper. This makes them more convenient to use on objects. At large construction sites equipped with computers, information is duplicated on special sites with the ability to view each drawing area in 3D.
The main task of the project is to create a plan that takes into account all the details of supplying cold and hot water to the facility and its subsequent sewerage.
The specification of the proposed drawings is also important, in particular data on the wells available at the construction site, as well as the topography of the area. In addition, the project includes all certified materials necessary for the work.
All symbols on the drawings must comply with GOST. Otherwise, it will be impossible to accurately perform installation work. It is also necessary to take into account the requirements of SPDS (project documentation system for construction) for the development and accounting of documentation designed to install plumbing at construction sites. Only in this way can you be sure that the house's water supply and sewerage will work efficiently and safely.
Symbols on drawings for water pipes
Before developing a water supply project for a building and, in particular, a country house, the entire group of factors that can affect the functioning of the water supply system is identified.
These factors include, first of all, the presence or absence of a centralized water supply network near the construction site, and whether it can lead to pressure drops. If there is no network, a local water supply system is designed with the installation of a storage tank.
The process of creating a project goes through several stages:
- Based on the total number of water-consuming points in the house and on the site, the maximum load on the water supply system is calculated.
- Methods are being developed to compensate for water supply when pressure drops in the central or local network.
- A drawing is being made.
- Equipment is selected according to the selected scheme.
In order to correctly place the symbols of the water supply system on the drawings of the designed object, the designer needs to imagine what elements the water supply system consists of. The number of plumbing elements and the material from which sanitary fittings are made can be different in cost and quality, but this does not fundamentally change anything.
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Symbols of pipeline schemes and the corresponding equipment of the water supply system in all cases remain approximately as follows in composition:
- well (or other source);
- pump;
- storage tank with a tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for domestic water supply, the other for technical (garden, kitchen garden);
- water filtration system for home with tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for cold water, the other for hot.
Piping symbols are intended to show the hot and cold water piping system.
Cold water from the tee of the filtration system enters the collector installed in the house. From there it is distributed through pipes to existing plumbing points.
Hot water is brought to the heater and then exactly the same is bred point by point. This diagram clearly demonstrates this:
Sewerage: design features
The sewerage system in any house or industrial premises is divided into an indoor and outdoor module. The first covers cleaning inside buildings, the second provides for external sewerage around the house.
The internal sewer module is formed from a network of pipelines combined into one complex. This module has only one outlet from the house, connected to the outdoor module by means of a non-return valve, which prevents the system from overflowing with water in case the outdoor tanks are overfilled.
Into which all internal and external drains from external sewer inlets merge, including “storm water”, if it is available on the site.
Storm sewage system
What are the types, who performs maintenance and installation features
When designing, a number of calculations are made. The main ones are:
- determination of the localization of plumbing units indoors and ways to connect them to the sewer;
- choice of drainage methods (forced or self-drainage). In the case of self-drainage of water, the slope of the pipes is calculated, as well as their marking.
In addition, the project takes into account:
- environmental requirements for the site adjacent to the house: a cesspool with a septic tank should not be located near wells with drinking water;
- method of disposal of sewage. It can be autonomous with disposal through a cesspool or centralized with waste disposal through the community sewerage system available near the house.
Symbols of internal sewerage
Internal sewerage is designed to divert waste from all plumbing installations available in the room. The water formed as a result of the life of its inhabitants, mainly moves through pipelines installed with a certain slope, in a natural way. In rare cases, this requires forced promotion.
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The rooms in which the plumbing is located are planned close to each other. This helps to speed up the drain and reduces the likelihood of clogging the sewer.
In order to avoid the appearance of unpleasant odors, hydraulic locking siphons are provided for each plumbing fixture during planning. The end of the pipe, which unites all the outlets, is brought out through the wall to the outside of the building.
Sewer designation should take into account both internal and external sewer networks.
Internal sewerage includes signs indicating:
- taps from all sanitary facilities available in the room;
- risers that allow pumping waste from the upper floors to the lower ones;
- collectors that collect wastewater from various sources;
- exhaust systems;
- treatment plants;
- ventilation pipelines;
- cleaning pipes;
- hydraulic seals that prevent the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer;
- sewer plugs.
The designation of the sewer plug is mandatory. If there are several plugs, the location of each should be indicated on the drawing.
The internal sewerage system in residential premises is designed in the isometry of pipelines with symbols, primarily as a system for household waste. At the same time, it provides for drains associated with storm sewers or special trays around the perimeter of the building. A special siphon is installed at the place where drains are released from the house.
If you decide, then we offer step-by-step instructions with a video tutorial, diagrams and projects.
The symbol in the axonometry of the sewer includes the elements that are the source of sewer waste:
- equipment for sanitary facilities (baths, sinks, toilet bowls, bidets);
- dishwashers and washing machines;
- industrial equipment with water waste systems.
Flushing devices are connected to the water supply. Waste water is directed to the external sewer through siphons, which are also hydraulic locks - U-shaped pipes with water. Each siphon is connected to a pipe with holes for revision in case of blockage.
The drawing also conventionally indicates the sewer pipes, as well as their fittings, with the help of which the effluents are diverted to cast-iron or plastic risers - tees, elbows, crosses. The attic outlet of the riser to the roof is also indicated in the drawing, which prevents the gas contamination of the room with unpleasant odors.
Graphic symbols on the drawings of external sewerage
External sewerage covers water treatment and spillway outside the home. It can be all-alloy, semi-separating, separating. Alloy sewerage is designed to collect all types of sewage into a collector with subsequent direction to a sewage treatment network.
Semi-separating sewerage is aimed at removing all rainfall without dividing it into polluted and clean.
Sewerage symbols in the drawings of the separation system include a storm and household network.
Storm outlets collect rainwater or industrial runoff and, without prior treatment, discharge it into a sewer well or reservoir.
The sewer network, designed for household needs, passes atmospheric precipitation or effluents of industrial origin through a special filtration system.
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Graphic signs on wiring diagrams without fail display:- devices for receiving waste water;
- pipes for drainage;
- external sewer riser;
- exhaust ventilation pipe;
- hydraulic lock;
- outlet;
- yard sewerage network;
- sewer well with a cover;
- drain funnel;
- internal sewer riser.
Each of these elements has a specific function in the system for receiving, transmitting and treating sewer and storm drains, and therefore must be installed both in the house and in the area adjacent to it.
Summary of the article
It is difficult to overestimate the value of symbols in the practice of building design. In the process of studying the material, a large amount of information is worked out, concerning not only the equipment mounted at the facility. It is important to create a drawing that would be understandable to the direct executors of the work: it should be easy to read.
That's what symbols are for. They can be alphabetic, digital, but the most obvious is the graphic, sign, option.
The pictograms used by the project executor allow the master reading the drawing to easily determine which element of the system being created and where should be installed. This greatly facilitates the process of installing water supply and sewerage at the facility.
The great advantage of symbols is that with their help, according to GOST, not only plumbing communications, but also the plumbing itself can be applied to the drawing: a sink, faucets, a bathtub, a shower, a toilet bowl.
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Each of these elements is displayed in the form of a specific picture. This makes it possible to immediately understand what should be installed in one place or another, and, ultimately, to carry out the work more quickly and efficiently.
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