The foundation is the foundation of any structure. Its main purpose is to ensure the strength and reliability of the erected structure. Building a foundation is a key moment in the overall construction of a house. If you want to build a foundation with your own hands, then do it as efficiently as possible! A well-laid foundation will extend the life of the building, protect it from the negative effects of the environment. Of great importance is the type of foundation, the choice of which largely depends on the type of soil at the construction site and the type of building.
Varieties of the foundation and their features
You can build a house on any foundation, it is only important to take into account the natural conditions of the area where the construction site is located. In modern construction, the following types of foundation are used:
- The columnar base is erected under wooden or light frame buildings, as well as under houses in which it is not planned to equip the basement. The pole base is ideal for a sloping site. From an economic point of view, it is more profitable to build such a foundation at a large depth of soil freezing or in wetlands.
- The base in the form of a concrete tape is the most common option. The strip foundation can be erected under brick houses, and fences. However, it is not recommended to erect heavy stone structures on a strip base. The tape base allows you to equip the basement in the house. The best place for the construction of the tape is considered to be a site with deep groundwater and a small amount of soil freezing.
- A slab base is an ideal foundation for dubious soil characteristics. This is a solid, solid foundation. The slab is one of the most expensive construction processes requiring precise calculation. Therefore, you need to choose only as a last resort.
- The pile-screw foundation is very popular due to its high bearing capacity, low price and high installation speed. The weak point of such a foundation is. It is possible to erect a pile foundation on all types of soil, with the exception of rocky soil.
Independent construction of the foundation for the house
In order for the foundation of the house to be strong and reliable, it is necessary to take every stage of its construction very responsibly.
Stage 1. Marking the foundation.
Making markings for the foundation
The markup indicates the position of the future home, so the strength of the entire structure depends on its correct implementation. The main tools of this stage are wooden pegs and thick threads. The following actions are performed:
- Pegs are driven in along the proposed line of the facade of the building and a thread is pulled between them. The distance between the stakes should exceed the length of the house by 0.5 m.
- On the thread, mark the places where the corners of the house will be located, and draw lines through these marks perpendicular to the lines of the facade. Their length should slightly exceed the planned width of the house.
Advice! To check the perpendicularity of the corners, you need to measure 3 m along one thread, and 4 m along the other. If the distance between these points is 5 m, then the corners are right.
- A distance equal to the length of the side walls is measured along these threads, and marks are made using pegs.
- A thread is pulled between the marks, parallel to the line of the facade of the house.
Advice! To check the accuracy of the location of the corners, you need to measure the diagonals of the resulting rectangle. If these parameters are equal, then the markup is done correctly.
- After carrying out all the control measurements, the internal lines of the foundation are marked. To do this, it is necessary to make a retreat of 0.4 m inside the perimeter. For a more accurate indication of the corners, the pegs are set outside the perimeter.
Stage 2. Earthworks.
Earthworks during construction
You can do the work at this stage manually using a shovel. You can attract special equipment, which will speed up the process several times. depends on the type of foundation chosen: for a shallow tape - 0.6-0.7 m, for a conventional base - about 1.8 m. To equip a sand and gravel cushion, an additional 20 cm is dug.
The walls of the trench must be strictly vertical; for verification, use the building level. To prevent soil shedding, you can install props.
The bottom of the trench is carefully leveled, also using the building level to check the horizontalness.
The gravel-sand cushion is arranged in the following order:
- Sand is poured at the bottom with a layer of 10-15 cm, moistened and compacted.
- Sand is again poured and again carefully tamped.
- A layer of gravel up to 15 cm high is laid on top of the sand, which is also carefully compacted.
Advice! To avoid erosion or silting of the shallow base pad, the bottom of the trench can be lined with geotextiles.
Stage 3. Installation of formwork for the foundation.
We make formwork
The arrangement of the formwork of the strip base is a very important stage. His main task is to choose the right material. After all, the formwork must withstand the load of a huge mass of concrete mortar. Most often, edged boards with a thickness of more than 20 mm or sheets of moisture-resistant plywood are used for the manufacture of formwork. These materials are low cost and more affordable than other options.
Formwork installation is carried out in the following order:
- Rectangular shields are constructed from boards, fastening them with transverse bars. As fasteners, it is better to use self-tapping screws. This will facilitate the dismantling of the formwork system in the future.
- The installation of shields is carried out on both sides of the trench with reinforcement every 50-70 cm with wooden struts. Using spacers of the same length, it is possible to achieve one distance between opposite sides of the formwork.
- Outside, the formwork is fixed with wooden props. One side of the bars should be sawn off at 45 0. It is with this end that the bar rests against the formwork panels. This design will make the shape more durable.
- Further, the formwork and the bottom of the trench are covered with waterproofing material, which will prevent the tree from absorbing milk from the concrete solution. For this purpose, you can use .
Stage 4. Creation of a reinforcing frame.
The reinforcing frame laid in the foundation serves to strengthen the foundation and extend its service life. Most often, the frame is made of steel rods with a diameter of 10-16 mm, and soft knitting wire is used to tie them. The frame is created in the following way:
- The reinforcement is cut into rods along the length and width of the trench.
- Longitudinal rods, laid at a certain distance, are fastened with transverse elements every 25-30 cm. The result is a horizontal grid.
- To create a three-dimensional form, horizontal gratings are laid in several rows, also fastened with transverse rods.
At the corners of the foundation and at the intersections of the main tape with the load-bearing partitions, it is necessary to additionally perform a bunch of the frame.
Stage 5. Concrete pouring.
For pouring the foundation, you need to use high-quality prefabricated concrete. It will be delivered to the site by specialized equipment. But to save money, you can independently prepare the mixture on the site. To do this, you need cement grade M400, crushed stone of fine fraction and coarse sand. Compliance with the mixing proportions is a very important condition that guarantees a high quality solution. The preparation of the mixture is carried out according to the following technology:
- Sift 3 parts of sand and combine them with 5 parts of gravel.
- Mix everything thoroughly and add 1 part of water. In this case, the liquid is introduced in small portions until a solution of medium density is obtained.
- The solution is stirred until a homogeneous consistency is obtained.
It is necessary to fill in the resulting composition in layers of no more than 20 cm. It is very important that the solution fills all the voids in the reinforcement cage. For compaction, you can use small bars of reinforcement, piercing the filled mixture with them. This will also remove air bubbles that have formed during the mixing of the solution. If you use a special vibrator, you can increase the strength of the poured base several times.
The next layers should be poured in a similar pattern until the concrete is level with the stretched fishing line. The top of the concrete mixture is leveled with a trowel.
The formwork can be dismantled after two weeks, and it is recommended to start further construction only after a month.
Important! The entire period of strengthening the foundation, it is necessary to monitor its surface. From rain and sunlight, it is necessary to cover the foundation with plastic wrap. To avoid cracking - carry out constant moistening.
How to equip the foundation for an extension to the house
Sometimes, after the completion of the main construction, it becomes necessary to build an extension to the house. To avoid trouble during the operation of this part, it is necessary to build it on a quality basis. To do this, you must follow the established rules:
- The foundation of the house and extension should be exactly the same.
- For rigid fastening of the additional base, the reinforcing cage of the main building is connected to the extension reinforcement.
The process of pouring the foundation for the extension is carried out using the same technology as the main tape.
Creating a foundation for a house with your own hands is a very responsible and time-consuming process. However, subject to all the rules and regulations, you can make a high-quality and reliable foundation with your crayfish.
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