Fixed assets. Accounting for fixed assets of an enterprise What are fixed assets

What about fixed assets? How to correctly account for fixed assets in accounting? What is depreciation and how is it calculated?

Fixed assets in accounting

The fixed assets of an enterprise are property that is used as a means of labor for the production of goods, the provision of services, the performance of work or for the management of an institution for a period that is more than 12 months, or an operating cycle that exceeds 12 months.

As for fixed assets:

• buildings
• working equipment
• power machines
• measuring instruments and control devices
• computer technology
• means of transport
• tools
• household supplies and inventory
• production and productive, breeding and working cattle
• perennial plantations
• on-farm roads and other relevant facilities

Also, among the fixed assets take into account:

• capital investments for the purpose of radical land improvement (irrigation, drainage and other land reclamation works)
• investments in fixed assets on a leasehold basis
• plots of land, objects of natural resources (subsoil, water and other resources)

Fixed assets that are intended only to be provided by the institution for a monetary reward for temporary use and possession or for temporary use for profit are reflected in accounting, as well as financial statements as part of profitable investments in tangible assets.

The asset is accepted by the institution for accounting as a fixed asset, in case of simultaneous fulfillment of the following conditions:

• purpose of the object - use in the production of goods, for the provision of services or in the performance of work; for the management needs of the institution or for the provision by the institution for a monetary reward for use of temporary or temporary use and possession
• purpose of the object - use for a long time, that is, a period that lasts more than 12 months or an operating cycle that is more than 12 months
• the institution does not plan further resale of this object
• it can bring economic benefit (profit) to the institution in the future

OS depreciation

During operation, the fixed asset transfers its value to the cost of production using depreciation. Depreciation charges are calculated monthly over the entire useful life of the asset.

Useful life - is the period during which the use of an object that is a fixed asset brings economic benefits (profit) to the institution. For a number of fixed assets, such a period is determined by the amount of production (volume of work in physical terms), which is expected to be obtained as a result of using this object.

Documents on fixed assets:

In accounting, it is very important to properly document the movement of fixed assets.

Funds are accepted for accounting only on the basis of the relevant primary documentation:

• act of acceptance and transfer: form OS-1, used to account for all fixed assets, with the exception of structures and buildings, form OS-1a - to account for structures and buildings, form OS-1b - when accounting for groups of fixed assets, with the exception of structures and buildings
• the act of acceptance of equipment in the form of OS-14
• the act of acceptance and transfer of equipment for installation in the form of OS-15

For each item of fixed assets, an inventory card should be opened:

• form OS-6 - with one fixed asset
• form OS-6a - with a group of fixed assets
• form OS-6b - inventory book for accounting for fixed assets

In case of write-off of fixed assets, it is necessary to issue a write-off act:

• according to OS-4 form - with one object
• according to the OS-4a form - for road transport
• according to the OS-4b form - with a group of objects

Accounting for fixed assets at the enterprise

Fixed assets in accounting fall on account 01 "Fixed assets". The entire amount of fixed assets goes to account 01 through account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". Account 08 - intermediate between accounts 01 "Fixed funds" and 60 "Settlement with suppliers". When an object is accepted for accounting, all costs are collected on the debit of account 08, after which they are transferred from the credit of account 08 to the debit of account 01, from this moment the object is considered put into operation. The object is retired and written off from credit account 01.

Account 02 “Depreciation” is used to calculate depreciation charges.

Write-off of fixed assets up to 40,000 rubles.

PBU 6/01 clause 4 allows organizations to take inexpensive objects (the cost of which is within 40 thousand rubles) for accounting not as a fixed asset, but as inventories, and then write it off as expenses.

For example, an enterprise purchased a printer for 5,000 rubles, it makes no sense to accept it on account 01 as an OS, charge monthly depreciation on it. It is much more convenient to accept it as an inventory and immediately write it off as expenses. At the same time, it is necessary to reflect the postings in the accounting department: D10 K60 - the object is accepted for accounting as materials, and then write it off as expenses by posting D20 (25, 26, 44) K10.

This can only be done if the value of the fixed asset is less than 40,000 rubles, if its fixed asset is worth more than 40,000 rubles, then the object must be accepted on account 01.

Receipt of fixed assets to the enterprise

Fixed assets are assets that are directly used to produce products, provide services and perform other functions of the enterprise, with a service life of at least one year. In addition to those in operation, some of the property, plant and equipment may be held in stock or leased out. Depreciation of fixed assets subject to depreciation, for example, machine tools or vehicles, is taken into account in the cost of manufactured products (services rendered).

Let us dwell in more detail on the features of accounting for the receipt of objects by an enterprise, consider the postings on fixed assets performed when they are taken into account in the case of construction, purchase, gratuitous receipt, as well as upon receipt of an object in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital.

Accounting for the receipt of fixed assets

Commissioned fixed assets are recorded using the Fixed Assets account (account 01). The basis for commissioning is the order of the head of the enterprise. The accounting department draws up acts of acceptance and transfer and takes into account fixed assets on inventory cards (such as OS-6).

Most often, the receipt of fixed assets occurs as a result of:

1. completion of construction
2. acquisitions for a fee (purchase of OS)
3. receiving free of charge
4. receipts in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital

In accordance with this, accounting for the receipt of such funds is somewhat different. Let's consider each case separately.

Accounting for commissioned construction projects

The formation of the initial cost of the object put into operation in this case is determined by the amount of costs for its construction. These costs are reflected on the balance sheet "Investments in non-current assets" (account 08). The construction of facilities can be carried out by the enterprise or with the involvement of contractors.

In the case of construction with the help of a third-party developer, the account “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (account 60) is used.

Accounting entries during the construction of the OS object by third parties:

D08 - K60 - the total cost of work has been determined

D19 - K60 - allocated VAT

D01 - K08 - the construction site was accepted into operation

D68 - K19 - the allocated VAT is directed to reimbursement from the budget

D60 - K51 - funds were transferred to the contractor.

If the construction is carried out on its own, then the accounts “Materials” (10), “Settlements with personnel for wages” (70), “Auxiliary production” (23), “Depreciation” (02) and others are used to account for the costs of it. In this case, the following lines are drawn up:

D08 - K10 (02.23.70.69, etc.) - construction costs are taken into account

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted into operation.

Accounting for the acquisition of fixed assets

The purchase of fixed assets is the most frequent type of their receipt. To account for such funds, the accounts “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (account 60) or “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (account 76) are used. Depending on the type of acquired funds, corresponding sub-accounts are opened to the account “Investments in non-current assets” (08).

The initial cost of acquired fixed assets is the sum of all costs associated with their purchase and commissioning. Such expenses, in addition to the amount paid to the seller, may include: customs duties, non-refundable taxes, state duties, fees to intermediaries and consultants, as well as funds spent on the installation and adjustment of equipment.

Acquisition of fixed assets of wiring:

D08 - K60 (76) - the cost of the object is taken into account according to the supplier's documents

D19 - K60 (76) - VAT is allocated from the cost of the object

D08 - K70 (69, 76, 10, etc.) - costs for delivery, assembly, adjustment are taken into account

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted into operation

D68 - K19 - VAT sent for reimbursement from the budget

D60 (76) - K51 - funds were transferred to the supplier.

Accounting for donated fixed assets

The initial value of fixed assets of the enterprise, which were accepted free of charge, for example, in the form of a gift, is the market value of such objects. If it is impossible to determine it, the assessment takes place at the cost of similar material assets. According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, funds received free of charge are considered non-operating income of the enterprise.

Free receipt of fixed assets of the posting:

For accounting, the sub-account "Grant-free receipts" (98-2) is used. The accounting entries include the following:

D08 - K98-2 - fixed assets accepted for accounting

D01 - K08 - objects are put into operation.

D98-2 - K91 - depreciation deductions are written off.

Receipt of fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital

Fixed assets received as a contribution to the authorized capital are accounted for at the value agreed by the founders of the organization (joint stock company). If necessary, use the services of an independent appraiser.

The contribution of the founders is reflected using the account "Authorized capital" (80), sub-account "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital" (75-1).

The wiring is as follows:

D75-1 - K80 - the debt of the founders has been formed

D08 - K75-1 - funds received as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted for operation.

As a result of the article, we will summarize all the postings performed with one or another type of receipt of an object by an enterprise into one table.

Postings upon receipt of fixed assets:

The concept of OS depreciation

Depreciation of fixed assets - what is it? What is depreciation for? What is a useful life? We will analyze the features of depreciation and the corresponding accounting entries in the article below.

During the operation of fixed assets, a gradual obsolescence of the object occurs, both moral and physical. Parts wear out, power is lost, productivity is reduced. As a result of this, complete physical wear and tear occurs, as a result of which the object is written off from the register, and a new modern model is bought instead.

There is such a thing as a useful life - the period during which an object is able to operate at full capacity and bring economic benefits. During this entire period, depreciation is calculated from the cost of fixed assets, which, in fact, is a unit of depreciation in monetary terms.

Why is depreciation necessary?

Depreciation is a very important process, thanks to which the funds spent on the acquisition of fixed assets are returned as part of the proceeds from the sale of manufactured products.

From the 1st day of the month following the month of putting the object into operation, the depreciation process begins. Every month, depreciation deductions are calculated and written off to the cost of products, works, services or to sales expenses (for trade enterprises). Thus, when a product (goods) goes on sale, its cost includes a part of the cost of fixed assets used in the production process, in the amount of depreciation. These funds are returned to the enterprise after the sale of products (works, services) and receipt of payment from the buyer. The funds received can be used to improve existing fixed assets (repair, reconstruction, modernization) or to purchase new, more modern facilities.

The process of accruing depreciation is continuous, continuing from month to month until the object is fully depreciated, that is, until the cost of fixed assets is fully transferred to the cost of production. After that, the object can be written off from the account on which it is recorded (account 01 "Fixed assets"). Also, depreciation is terminated when the object is retired from the enterprise, for example, when it is sold, donated, obsolescence.

According to the law, depreciation starts on the 1st day of the month following the month of commissioning and ends on the 1st day of the month following the month of deregistration.

Depreciation also ceases to accrue if the object is transferred for conservation for a period of more than three months, or for reconstruction (modernization) for a period of more than twelve months.

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment depends on the useful life of the asset. This period is set by the enterprise independently, depending on the type of object. In this case, you need to be guided by the Classification of fixed assets, according to which, all objects are divided into depreciation groups. In total, there are 10 such groups, each with its own useful life.

Upon receipt of a fixed asset, the organization, in accordance with the classification, determines which group the received fixed asset belongs to, selects the useful life corresponding to this group and, based on it, then calculates depreciation on a monthly basis.

Useful life depending on the depreciation group:

• 1 - 1-2 years
• 2 - 2-3 years
• 3 – 3-5 years
• 4 - 5-7 years
• 5 – 7-10 years
• 6 - 10-15 years
• 7 - 15-20 years
• 8 - 20-25 years
• 9 - 25-30 years old
• 10 - from 30 years

Upon receipt of the object, an act of transfer acceptance is issued in the form of OS-1, OS-1a or OS-1b. Information about the selected useful life should be reflected in this document.

Depreciation postings

Depreciation is a business transaction for which a posting must be reflected in the accounting of an enterprise.

The depreciation posting is carried out on the basis of the document - the depreciation settlement sheet.

To account for depreciation, account 02 is intended, called "Depreciation". In the credit of account 02, the calculated depreciation deductions are entered monthly in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for sales or production expenses.

Depreciation posting:

D20 (23, 25) K02 - depreciation of the fixed assets object involved in production has been accrued;

D26 K02 - depreciation of fixed assets used for economic needs has been accrued;

D44 K02 - reflects the accrued depreciation on fixed assets used in trading activities.

Thus, depreciation is accumulated on loan account 02.

When a fixed asset is written off from accounting, all depreciation accumulated on account 02 is written off by posting D02 K01.

When the fixed asset is sold, the accumulated depreciation is written off by posting D02 K91 / 2.

Knowing the initial cost of the fixed asset, for which it is listed on the debit of account 01, and the depreciation accrued for the entire period of operation on credit account 02, you can calculate the residual value of the object at any time by subtracting the value of credit 02 from the value of debit 01. Knowledge of the residual cost is useful in a number of cases, for example, when the object is retired, sold, depreciation calculation.

There are 4 methods for calculating monthly depreciation charges:

• linear
• diminishing balance method
• method of writing off the cost of fixed assets proportional to the output

Calculation of depreciation of fixed assets in a linear way

To calculate depreciation in accounting, 4 methods are used.

Methods for calculating depreciation of fixed assets:

• Linear way
• Declining balance method
• The method is proportional to the volume of output
• Method by the sum of numbers of years of useful life

In all these 4 methods of calculating depreciation, such a concept as the depreciation rate is used - an annual percentage of the cost of fixed assets.

The basis of the calculation is the original (or replacement) cost of the object or residual, the latter is obtained by subtracting from the original cost of depreciation. Replacement cost is the value obtained as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, it can be either more (in case of revaluation) or less (in case of markdown) of the original one.

The organization independently determines for itself which method of calculation for this object will be used, its choice should be fixed in the accounting policy. In addition, the selected method is reflected in the fixed asset inventory card.

Let us first consider in more detail the linear method for calculating depreciation. As a rule, in the vast majority of cases, enterprises use this method.

Straight line depreciation method

This is the simplest and most common calculation method. During the entire period of use, depreciation is written off in equal installments. Depreciation should begin on the first day of the month following the month in which the object was accepted for accounting.

To calculate depreciation using this method, you need to know the initial (or replacement) cost of the fixed asset and the depreciation rate.

The straight-line depreciation formula is:

A \u003d Initial cost * Depreciation rate.

The initial cost is the cost at which the object is accounted for on account 01.

The formula for calculating the depreciation rate:

Norm A = 100% / useful life.

The resulting depreciation is annual, to calculate the monthly deductions, you need to divide the annual depreciation by 12 months.

Linear calculation example:

The car has an initial cost of 200,000 and was taken into account on 03/10/2014. The useful life is assumed to be 10 years. How to calculate car depreciation?

Annual A. \u003d 200,000 * (100% / 10) \u003d 20,000.

Monthly A. = 20,000/12 = 1666.67.

Thus, every month, starting from April 1, 2014, depreciation should be charged in the amount of 1666.67, this amount should be used to make a monthly depreciation posting - D20 (44) K02.

Calculating depreciation using the straight-line method has several advantages over non-linear methods.

The method is very simple, monthly depreciation charges are calculated once at the beginning of operation.

The cost of the object is evenly transferred to the cost of products (services, works) throughout the entire period of use. With non-linear methods, most of the cost of fixed assets is written off in the first years, due to which there is an increase in the cost of production in these years. For enterprises that plan to quickly update fixed assets, it is more convenient to use non-linear methods, but if the asset is acquired for long-term operation and it is not planned to quickly replace it, then it is better and easier to use the linear method of depreciation.

Calculation of depreciation using the decreasing balance method

All methods of depreciation of fixed assets are divided into linear and non-linear. Let us dwell in more detail on the non-linear calculation method - the diminishing balance method. Using this method, accelerated depreciation of fixed assets is carried out. What is the benefit of this payment method? In what cases is it best to use it? Below is an example of calculating depreciation charges using the accelerated method.

In contrast to the straight-line method of calculation, the residual value of the object is taken to calculate depreciation using the reducing balance method. The residual value is calculated by subtracting the accrued depreciation from the initial (or replacement) cost of the object. That is, the residual value is equal to the difference between the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the debit of account 01 and the credit of account 02.

In addition, this method uses an acceleration factor that the organization sets itself. This coefficient is designed to accelerate the write-off of the value of the object through depreciation and, accordingly, the return of funds invested in the acquisition of fixed assets.

Upon receipt of fixed assets, the object is accepted for accounting on account 01, from the next month depreciation should be charged on it and monthly postings should be made to write off depreciation charges (D20 (44) K02).

The general formula for calculating the declining balance method:

A \u003d Residual value * Depreciation rate * Acceleration factor.

An example of calculating the depreciation of fixed assets using the accelerated method:

We have fixed assets with an initial cost of 200,000 and a useful life of 5 years. We take the acceleration coefficient equal to 2.

When calculating depreciation charges using the diminishing balance method, the depreciation rate will be calculated taking into account the acceleration factor.

Norm A \u003d 100% * 2 / 5 \u003d 40%

1 year of operation:

Residual value (Rest.) = 200,000 - 0 = 200,000.

Monthly A = 80,000 / 12 = 6666.67

2nd year of operation:

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 = 120,000.

Year. A. \u003d 120,000 * 40% \u003d 48,000.

We eat. A. \u003d 48,000 / 12 \u003d 4000

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 = 72,000.

Year. A. \u003d 72,000 * 40% \u003d 28,800.

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 - 28,800 = 43,200.

Year. A. \u003d 43,200 * 40% \u003d 17,280

As you can see, with each year of operation, monthly depreciation deductions decrease. Most of the value of the fixed asset is written off in the early years. In order to fully write off the cost of an object, you need to use Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, according to which, at the moment when the residual value is less than 20% of the original cost, depreciation is calculated as the residual value divided by the number of remaining months of the useful life.

In our example, 20% of the original cost is 40,000.

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 - 28,800 - 17,280 = 25,920, which is less than 20% of the original cost.

Therefore, in the future, we will calculate the monthly depreciation by dividing the residual value by 12.

We eat. A. \u003d 25920 / 12 \u003d 2160.

As a result of these calculations, the value of the fixed asset object will be completely written off, the residual value will be 0, the object can be written off from account 01.

When is the decreasing balance method beneficial?

The accelerated method of calculating depreciation is convenient to use if, for any reason, an organization needs to write off an asset as soon as possible. This is true for operating systems that quickly wear out or become obsolete, the performance of which is significantly reduced with an increase in the period of use.

An example of such a fixed asset is a computer. Every year more and more powerful models appear, and very quickly a computer whose service life has not yet come to an end may no longer be able to cope with the tasks. After 2-3 years of use, it needs to be upgraded or changed to a more modern model. Therefore, it will be convenient here in the first 1-2 years to write off the bulk of its cost and use the money returned as part of the proceeds to improve the computer or purchase a new one. At the same time, the old model can still be sold before the end of its service life. At the same time, it turns out that we will return almost the entire cost of the computer using accelerated depreciation, and we will receive additional profit by selling the old model.

That is, if the organization plans to quickly update fixed assets, then it is more profitable for it to use the accelerated reducing balance method.

There is also such a non-linear depreciation method as the method in proportion to the volume of production and the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of numbers of years of useful life

To calculate the depreciation of fixed assets in accounting, there are 4 methods. One of them is the linear method - the most common and simple.

The remaining 3 are non-linear:

• Declining balance method
• The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of numbers of years of useful life
• The method of writing off the cost proportional to the volume of products (works, services)

Let's analyze the depreciation method by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

This method, along with the reducing balance method, is an accelerated way to write off the cost of fixed assets. In the first year of operation, the monthly depreciation amount written off will be the largest, with each subsequent year the monthly depreciation will decrease.

In some cases, the accelerated depreciation method is more beneficial for the enterprise than the straight-line method, in which depreciation occurs evenly over the entire useful life.

The calculation basis is the initial cost of the fixed asset, at which it is taken into account.

Formula for calculating depreciation:

A \u003d Initial cost of fixed assets * Depreciation rate.

The depreciation rate for each year is calculated separately and depends on the useful life established for the object when it was taken into account.

The general formula for calculating the norm:

Norm A \u003d number of years remaining until the end of the useful life / sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

For example, if the useful life is 7 years, then the annual depreciation rate in the first year is calculated as:

Norm A in the 1st year = 7 / (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) * 100% = 25%.

N. And in the 2nd year = 6 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) * 100% = 21.4%.

N. A in the 3rd year = 5 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) * 100% = 17.86%

N. A in the 4th year = 4 / (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) * 100% = 14.3%

For the remaining years of the useful life, the depreciation rate is calculated according to the same principle, the numerator decreases by one every year, the denominator remains unchanged.

Calculation example

There is a fixed asset, accepted for accounting on January 10, 2014 at an initial cost of 200,000. It has a useful life of 4 years. How do I calculate the monthly depreciation charge for this fixed asset?

First of all, we note that the facility was put into operation in January 2014, which means that depreciation on it will be charged from February 1, 2014.

Norm A \u003d 4 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 40%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 40% \u003d 80,000.

Monthly A \u003d 80,000 / 12 \u003d 6666.67.

Norm A \u003d 3 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 30%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 30% \u003d 60,000.

Monthly A \u003d 60,000 / 12 \u003d 5000.

Norm A \u003d 2 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 20%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 20% \u003d 40,000.

Monthly A \u003d 40,000 / 12 \u003d 3333.33.

Norm A \u003d 1 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 10%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 10% \u003d 20,000.

Monthly A \u003d 20,000 / 12 \u003d 1666.67.

Thus, in 4 years, the cost of the fixed asset will be completely written off through depreciation.

Advantages and disadvantages of the method

As mentioned above, this method is accelerated. In the first years, the largest part of the value of the fixed asset is written off, with each subsequent year, depreciation deductions decrease until the cost of fixed assets is completely written off.

When is it convenient to use the accelerated depreciation method?

If the company intends to quickly update its fixed assets, then it is better to use the accelerated method. In this case, the company will be able to quickly return the funds spent on the acquisition of the object, through depreciation as part of the proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, and provision of services.

If the equipment in use wears out quickly, its performance decreases significantly with each year of operation, or quickly becomes obsolete, then it is better to use an accelerated method, for example, the write-off method by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life. The funds spent will be returned to the enterprise faster, with this money it will be possible to buy new equipment.

In addition to this method, you can also use the diminishing balance method, where the company independently applies the acceleration factor and returns the funds invested in the object much faster.

In addition to these advantages, the method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life has its drawbacks.

An undoubted disadvantage is the rise in the cost of manufactured products (works, services) in the first years, since it is in these years that depreciation deductions are maximum. Depreciation is included in the cost, so in the first years the cost of production will be overestimated, gradually every year it will decrease.

Write-off of the cost of fixed assets in proportion to the volume of production

The write-off method in proportion to the volume of output is a non-linear depreciation method that can only be applied to fixed assets for which the expected output is determined. In what cases it is convenient to apply this method of calculation, how to calculate depreciation in proportion to the volume of actually produced products - more on that below.

In general, there are 4 methods for calculating the depreciation of fixed assets, one of which is linear and 3 are non-linear.

The straight-line method is characterized by a uniform depreciation throughout the useful life. As a rule, it is this method that is most often used for calculation.

Three non-linear methods:

• The declining balance method is an accelerated depreciation method, characterized by the write-off of most of the cost of the fixed asset in the first years of operation, with each subsequent year depreciation deductions decrease
• Write-off method based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life - also an accelerated method
• The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets in proportion to the volume of output. We will discuss this method of depreciation in more detail below, we will give an example of calculating depreciation using this method.

The formula for calculating depreciation in proportion to the volume of output:

As mentioned above, the method is applicable to those objects for which the manufacturer has set the expected output of products in advance - that is, if the amount of work that the object must perform during its useful life is known.

For the calculation, the initial cost of the fixed asset is taken, which is formed upon receipt of the object by the enterprise and putting it into operation.

General formula for calculation:

A \u003d Actual volume of output for the reporting period * Depreciation rate

Depreciation rate = Initial cost / Estimated volume of production over the useful life.

Example of depreciation calculation:

There is a main vehicle - a truck. Its initial cost is 600,000 rubles. Accepted for accounting April 20, 2014. The estimated mileage over the useful life as set by the manufacturer is 400,000 km.

Calculation:

Norm A \u003d 600,000 / 400,000 \u003d 1.5 rubles / km

Depreciation on the car is charged monthly, so we will take 1 month for the reporting period. We start accruing depreciation from May 1, 2014, that is, the next month after commissioning. Depreciation stops after the full write-off of the cost of the fixed asset or when the fixed asset is retired.

The actual mileage of the truck in May was 1,000 km.

A \u003d 1000 * 1.5 \u003d 1500 rubles.

Actual mileage for June = 4000 km.

A \u003d 4000 * 1.5 \u003d 6000 rubles.

Actual mileage for July = 5000 km.

A \u003d 5000 * 1.5 \u003d 7500 rubles.

Further, the depreciation for the car is calculated in a similar way depending on the actual mileage in that month. The write-off will continue until the cost is fully written off through depreciation.

If the cost of the object is completely written off, but its useful life has not ended, that is, the fixed asset is in working condition, then the object can be operated further, depreciation does not need to be charged.

When is it convenient to use the write-off method in proportion to the volume of production?

Any method of calculating depreciation has its pros and cons, in one case it is convenient to use one method of calculation, in another - another.

In this case, it is convenient to write off the cost of an object depending on the volume of output when there is a direct dependence of the object's wear on the frequency of its operation.

This method is common in industry, such as mining, or for cars or trucks.

Whichever method is chosen for depreciation, it must be reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

The procedure for revaluation of fixed assets

The initial cost at which an item of fixed assets is accepted for accounting may change in the course of operation in several cases. If the object was reconstructed or modernized, as well as during the revaluation. The value obtained as a result of the revaluation will be referred to as the replacement value.

What is a revaluation of fixed assets?

Revaluation is the process of recalculating the original cost of fixed assets in order to match their market prices. This procedure is available only to commercial enterprises that independently determine for themselves the frequency of revaluation, as well as the objects for which it will be carried out. When setting the frequency of the revaluation of fixed assets, you need to remember one limitation: it can be carried out no more than once a year in the last month of the year. All points relating to the revaluation of fixed assets should be reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise.

It must be borne in mind that if a certain frequency of cost recalculation is established for an object, and it is indicated in the Order on Accounting Policy, then this frequency must be observed and a revaluation must be carried out without fail.

How is the revaluation of fixed assets carried out?

The procedure must be documented, all the necessary revaluation of fixed assets associated with an increase or decrease in their value as a result of the recalculation must be reflected.

As mentioned above, the revaluation is carried out at the end of the year. The procedure begins with the issuance of an order indicating the objects for which revaluation should be carried out. The results of the revaluation (the new price of the object and the recalculated depreciation) should be reflected in the inventory card of the asset.

The method of revaluation of fixed assets for commercial enterprises is called the method of direct translation at documented market prices.

The cost of fixed assets is recalculated in accordance with market prices on the date of recalculation. You can determine the average market price both independently and with the involvement of specialist appraisers.

The new (replacement cost) is reflected at the beginning of the new year.

The increase in value (revaluation) in accounting is reflected in the credit of account 83 "Additional capital" in correspondence with the debit of account 01 (posting D01 K83).

The reduction in value (markdown) is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” in correspondence with the credit of account 01 (posting D91/2 K01).

Along with the cost reflected in the debit of account 01, the depreciation accrued on account 02 is also subject to recalculation.

How to re-evaluate the depreciation of fixed assets?

Depreciation rate \u003d (accrued depreciation / initial cost of fixed assets) * 100%.

Recalculated depreciation = replacement cost * wear rate.

The increase in depreciation as a result of revaluation is reflected in posting D83 K02.

The decrease in depreciation as a result of the markdown is reflected in posting D02 K91/1.

For clarity, let's consider two examples: revaluation and markdown of the OS cost.

Revaluation of fixed assets (example):

We have a fixed asset with an initial cost of 100,000. Depreciation of 25,000 was accrued on the object. As a result of the revaluation, the cost increased to 110,000. What transactions should be reflected in the accounting department?

The cost of the OS has increased - we are seeing an additional assessment.

Let's recalculate depreciation:

Depreciation = (25,000 / 100,000) * 100% = 25%

A \u003d (110,000 * 25%) / 100% \u003d 27,500.

That is, as a result of the revaluation, the value of the fixed asset increased by 10,000, depreciation increased by 2,500.

Revaluation postings:

10,000 - D01 K83 - increased the value of the object during revaluation.

2,500 - D83 K02 - increased depreciation on the object as a result of revaluation.

Depreciation of fixed assets (example):

We have an object with an initial cost of 100,000. Accrued depreciation - 25,000. When analyzing the market, the average market price for this object was revealed - 80,000. How should the transactions be reflected?

The cost of the fixed asset has decreased - we observe a markdown.

Let's recalculate depreciation:

Degree of wear = 25%

A \u003d (80,000 * 25%) / 100% \u003d 20,000

That is, as a result of the revaluation, the value of the fixed asset decreased by 20,000, the amount of accrued depreciation decreased by 5,000.

Markdown transactions:

20 000 - D91/2 K01 - reduced the value of the object at a markdown.

5,000 - D02 K91/1 - the accrued depreciation on the object at a markdown has been reduced.

Inventory of fixed assets (surplus and shortage)

Inventory of fixed assets is a procedure necessary for every enterprise. Inventory is the process of reconciling the actual availability of fixed assets and their location with accounting data. This important procedure allows you to identify inconsistencies between accounting and actual data, identify surpluses and shortcomings.

The procedure for conducting an inventory is regulated by the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations.

Before starting the inventory, you need to prepare - check the following points:

• Availability and correctness of filling out documents on fixed assets: inventory cards, inventory books, inventories and other documents
• Availability of technical documentation for fixed assets
• Availability of documents for leased objects, as well as for leased ones

If any documents are not found or damaged, then they should be restored, received or issued.

Before starting the procedure, a receipt is taken from the financially responsible persons that all objects are located at their destination and are taken into account.

Inventory can be carried out in the following cases:

• Control check
• Change of responsible person
• Regular scheduled inspection, etc.

The procedure for conducting an inventory of fixed assets

This procedure must be accompanied by competent documentation.

First of all, the decision to conduct an inventory of fixed assets is fixed in the inventory order. For this, there is a unified form INV-22. This order notes which assets are being checked, sets the date for the procedure, as well as the composition of the inventory commission.

The formation of an inventory commission is an integral part of this process. It should include representatives of the accounting department, materially responsible persons, representatives of the management team, third-party persons who are not employees of this enterprise. The functions of the formed commission include control of the inventory process, execution of the necessary documentation and the issuance of a final conclusion.

Upon the arrival of the date specified in the order, the verification of the availability and condition of the enterprise's fixed assets begins.

The commission inspects all objects, enters into special inventory lists in the INV-1 form information about the inspected objects:

• Name
• Purpose
• Inventory number
• Technical and operational indicators

When inventorying buildings, structures, land plots, the presence of documents confirming that these objects are owned by the organization is checked.

Inventory lists are compiled in two copies: for the accounting department and for the financially responsible person.

When inventorying leased fixed assets, inventories are compiled in three copies, the third version of the inventory is transferred to the direct owner of the object.

For items of fixed assets, for which discrepancies were revealed during the inventory process, collation statements are compiled in the form of INV-18.

The collation statement is also compiled in two copies: for the accounting staff who will perform the necessary postings to account for surpluses and write off shortages, and for the financially responsible person.

Objects that have become unusable and cannot be restored are reflected in a separate inventory indicating the date of commencement of use, as well as the reason why they are not suitable for operation.

Objects under repair are also reflected separately; for these fixed assets, an act of inventory of unfinished repairs is filled out in the form of INV-10.

Objects that are in the organization, but do not belong to it, for example, are in safekeeping, are entered in separate collation sheets.

All inventory documents are certified by the signatures of materially responsible persons and members of the commission headed by the chairman.

The final results of the inventory of fixed assets are recorded in the statement of results of the INV-26 form.

Accounting inventory of fixed assets

The results of the inventory are subject to immediate reflection in the accounting of the enterprise. Identified surpluses and shortages should be reflected using accounting entries in the month in which the inventory was carried out.

All identified surpluses and shortages must be explained by financially responsible persons.

Inventory surplus (postings):

Surpluses are objects unaccounted for in accounting.

The surplus identified during the inventory is credited to the account of fixed assets (account 01) in correspondence with the account of other income and expenses (account 91). The surplus is taken into account through account 08, in the same way as in the case of receipt of fixed assets. Postings for the acceptance of surplus have the form: D08 K91 / 1 and D01 K08. Such fixed assets are accepted at the average market value as of the current date.

Write-off of shortage during inventory (posting):

The identified shortage is debited from account 01 to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”. There are three steps to take when decommissioning an object:

1 - write off from account 02 the accrued depreciation for the missing object (posting D02 K01 / 2),

2 - write off the initial cost of the missing object from account 01 (posting D01/2 K01/1),

3 - write off the residual value of the missing object from account 01 (posting D94 K01 / 2).

In order to write off an object, it is necessary to open subaccount 2 on account 01, transfer the initial cost of the missing object to its debit, and the accrued depreciation to its credit. After that, on the loan account 01/2, the residual value will be determined, which must be written off as a shortage.

1 - the guilty person has not been identified, in this case the shortage is written off as other expenses by posting D91 / 2 K94. In this case, there must be documentary evidence of the absence of the perpetrators or a refusal to recover damages from the perpetrator.

2 - the guilty person has been identified, in this case the shortage is written off to the debit of sub-account 2 of account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” by posting D73 / 2 K94. Further, the employee either makes a shortage in cash in cash (posting D50 K73/2) or it is deducted from his salary (posting D70 K73/2). If the market value of the missing object is recovered from the guilty person, then the difference between the amount of the shortage and the market value is charged to account 98 “Deferred income”.

Postings during the inventory of fixed assets:

Transfer of fixed assets for conservation

Conservation of fixed assets is the termination of the operation of an object for a certain period of time with the possibility of its renewal. Conservation is a set of measures aimed at ensuring the preservation of an object for a long time.

Mothballing may be applicable when an item is idle for some reason and is not in use, and management may decide that it would be more beneficial to mothball the item for the required period, thereby providing it with the proper conditions for preservation.

The period of conservation of the fixed asset may not be less than three months.

Depreciation is not charged on mothballed objects. Depreciation should stop accruing from the first month following the month of transition to conservation.

If such a situation has occurred that the object is deactivated in less than 3 months, for example, after 2 months, then depreciation will have to be charged for these 2 months.

The procedure for transferring a fixed asset to conservation

At the initial stage of preparation for conservation, an inventory of fixed assets is carried out, the actual availability of objects with credentials is checked. An inventory is necessary to identify fixed assets that are not currently used. It is economically more profitable to transfer such objects to conservation, thereby ensuring their safety.

The procedure for transferring to conservation is carried out with the help of a commission specially created for this purpose. The commission may include employees of the enterprise, representatives of the management team, etc. The commission draws up a list of idle objects, checks them, decides on the conservation of the fixed asset, sets the conservation deadlines, draws up the necessary documentation.

First of all, the head of the enterprise draws up a conservation order, which contains a list of unused objects. The order is made in any form.

Another of the main documents is the act of conservation of the object, which is drawn up and signed by the members of the commission. Since the State Statistics Committee has not established a standard form of the act, the organization itself develops the form of the act in accordance with its needs.

When setting the act form, you need to follow certain rules and include the necessary details in the form. As a rule, the conservation act contains the following information:

• Number and date
• Name of the object, its purpose
• Asset inventory number
• Initial cost (or replacement cost, if a revaluation was carried out)
• residual value
• Accrued depreciation
• Useful lives
• Reasons for the transfer to conservation
• The term of conservation of the fixed asset

After the members of the commission sign the act, it is sent to the head for approval.

In the inventory cards, you can make a note about the transfer of the object to conservation, it is more convenient to do this in the 4th section.

After the object is removed from the mothballed state, depreciation should be continued, while the useful life is extended for the time spent on mothballing. Depreciation must begin on the first day of the month following the month of re-entry.

OS conservation accounting

Objects of fixed assets are accepted for accounting on the debit of account 01. When transferring a fixed asset for mothballing, a separate sub-account “Fixed assets for mothballing” is opened on account 01. The mothballed object is transferred there by posting D01.OS on mothballing K01.OS in operation.

During depreservation, reverse wiring is performed.

Conservation costs:

When preparing an object for conservation and transferring it to long-term storage, some costs arise, which are taken into account as others in the debit of account 91/2. Expenses may also arise during re-preservation, as well as during storage.

Posting for the write-off of expenses for the conservation of fixed assets: D91 / 2 K20 (23, 10, 70, etc.).

Repair of fixed assets

Repair of fixed assets may be required at any time. Equipment does not last forever and can be damaged or broken. If the equipment cannot be restored, then it should be written off, but if the operational properties of the object can be restored, then repairs are carried out.

Repair or reconstruction?

Restoration of an object can be carried out in two ways: current repairs and major repairs (reconstruction, modernization). These two concepts are sometimes confused or considered one and the same process. However, accounting and tax accounting for current and capital repairs of fixed assets is different. It is important at the initial stage to decide how the object will be restored: repaired or reconstructed.

During the current repair, the properties and characteristics of the object that were before the breakdown are restored. That is, the technical and economic indicators of the fixed asset do not change, only the elimination of the malfunctions occurs, or preventive work is carried out to prevent these malfunctions. That is, the repair is aimed primarily at maintaining the standard operating condition of the fixed asset. Repair costs are deducted as expenses in the current tax period.

When carrying out a major overhaul (reconstruction or modernization), the characteristics of the object improve, it becomes better, more powerful, more productive, more modern. The changes are more global and, in general, are characterized by an improvement in the technical and economic indicators of the facility. At the same time, all expenses for major repairs increase the initial cost of the object.

That is, the cost accounting mechanism in both cases is fundamentally different, so that the tax authority does not have unnecessary questions in the future, it is necessary to clearly determine what type of work is carried out with the object and where the costs should be attributed.

Accounting for the cost of repairing fixed assets (postings)

Repair work can be carried out both by the enterprise itself, and by attracting third-party contractors with whom a contract is concluded. In the first case, the repair method is called economic, the second - contract.

Depending on how an organization decides to repair its assets, the costs will vary somewhat.

Whatever the source of costs, the cost of repairing fixed assets is attributed to an increase in the cost of production, goods.

Postings to write off the cost of repairs performed on their own:

• D 23 K10 - posting on the write-off from the warehouse of the materials necessary for the repair
• D23 K70 - payroll entry for employees involved in the repair of the facility
• D23 K69 - entry for the accrual of insurance premiums from the salary of employees involved in the repair of the facility
• D20 K23 - repair costs are charged to production costs

Postings for writing off the costs of repairs performed by a contract method:

• D 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) K60 (76) - entry for attributing the cost of work performed to the cost of production for manufacturing enterprises (into sales expenses for trading enterprises)
• D19 K60 - VAT allocated from the cost of work performed by the contractor
• D68. VAT K19 - VAT directed to reimbursement from the budget
• D60 (76) K50 (51) - payment to the contractor for the work performed

Provision for the repair of fixed assets in accounting (postings)

Large enterprises for which repair is a frequent operation and / or repair costs are significant, form a special reserve in advance. The creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets occurs gradually, from month to month. In accounting, account 96 “Reserve for future expenses” is used for this. The formation of a reserve for repairs takes place on a loan account 96 with the help of the gradual inclusion of certain amounts in the cost of production.

Postings for the creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets: D20 (23, 25, 26) K96.

When it becomes necessary to repair an object, a posting is written off from the reserve: D96 K10 (70, 60, 76, 69 ...).

The monthly amount deducted to the reserve is determined as 1/12 of the annual cost of repairs according to the estimate.

If the amount of the formed reserve is not enough to carry out repair work, then the missing funds can be obtained either by deducting additional funds to the reserve (posting D20 K96), or by attributing these costs to the cost of production (posting D20 K10, 70, 60).

If the amount of the formed reserve exceeded the annual repair costs, then the funds remaining on the loan are written off to the organization's income by posting D96 K91 / 1.

At the end of the year, the balance on account 96 is 0.

Modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets

In the process of using fixed assets, equipment may break down, lose its operational properties, become morally and physically obsolete. To restore the properties and characteristics of fixed assets, repairs are carried out. If, in the process of repair work, an object is improved, it becomes more functional, more efficient, that is, its technical and economic indicators generally improve, then this will not be just a repair, but a reconstruction or modernization.

The difference between reconstruction and repair

It is important to see the differences between regular maintenance of fixed assets and modernization or reconstruction. The cost accounting mechanism in both cases is different, so it is necessary at the initial stage to determine how the fixed asset will be restored.

In the process of repair, the functions and properties of the object are restored, which it had at the initial stage of operation, that is, the object does not become better than it was. It just fixes breakage and damage.

If, in the process of carrying out repair work, replacing parts and parts of equipment, the fixed asset has become more powerful, more functional, its productivity has increased, the layout has improved (for real estate), then this is already modernization and reconstruction. And costs need to be accounted for differently.

Maintenance costs are included in the cost of production or selling expenses. The costs of modernization, reconstruction, completion, additional equipment increase the initial cost of the OS.

So, modernization is characterized by an increase in productive capacity, an increase in the book value of fixed assets and useful life, a change in depreciation parameters.

Accounting for the reconstruction (modernization) of fixed assets

The main feature that distinguishes reconstruction from repair is the improvement of the technical and economic indicators of the object. The fixed asset from an economic point of view becomes more profitable for operation. In the process of reconstruction (modernization), new properties and functions of the object may appear.

Documenting:

If the enterprise decides to improve the fixed asset by modernizing it, then the manager issues an order (instruction) in which he establishes which object is to be overhauled, what are the deadlines for the work, and appoints responsible persons.

A defective list is filled out for the OS object indicating the reason for the need for modernization.

If the work is carried out by a contract method, then an agreement is concluded with the contractor, which describes the terms of the work, as well as a list of what needs to be done. Estimated technical documentation is being prepared.

For modernization, reconstruction of fixed assets is transferred on the basis of an invoice for internal movement (OS-2 form). This form is issued if the OS will be repaired by the organization itself. If third parties are involved for this, then the act of acceptance and transfer of OS-1 is used.

A modernized, reconstructed object is taken back to accounting on the basis of an acceptance certificate in the OS-3 form.

Information about the overhaul and associated costs is reflected in the inventory card of the object.

Cost accounting entries:

All costs of modernization, reconstruction are attributed to the increase in the initial cost of the fixed asset.

Just as with the receipt of fixed assets by the enterprise, all costs for the work performed are collected under the debit of account 08, after which they are transferred to the debit of account 01.

Postings during the modernization (reconstruction) of fixed assets on their own:

• D08 K10 - written off the materials necessary for the modernization (reconstruction)
• D08 K70 - wages were accrued to employees involved in the reconstruction process
• D08 K69 - insurance premiums are accrued from the salary of these employees
• D08 K23 - expenses of auxiliary production are written off
• D01 K08 - the cost of fixed assets was increased by the amount of expenses for modernization, reconstruction

Postings during the reconstruction (modernization) of fixed assets by a contract method:

• D08 K60 (76) - reflects the cost of work by third parties
• D19 K60 (76) - VAT allocated from the cost of work performed
• D01 K08 - the cost of fixed assets was increased by the amount of expenses taken into account

With an increase in the cost of fixed assets, monthly depreciation charges will also be increased, this must be taken into account when calculating depreciation.

It should also be noted that in connection with the improvement of the technical and economic indicators of the fixed assets, the useful life may be increased. The need for this is determined by the management of the organization and the commission that controls the process of modernization (reconstruction).

Disposal of fixed assets from the enterprise

An item of fixed assets can leave the enterprise in several ways and for various reasons. The object can be sold, donated, contributed to the authorized capital of another organization, written off due to moral or physical deterioration. We will analyze each method of disposal of a fixed asset, how the object is deregistered, what postings to write off the fixed asset must be performed by the accountant in each case.

Write-off of a fixed asset as a result of physical or obsolescence

If the fixed asset is physically worn out, its useful life has expired, obsolete or damaged so much that it is not subject to further use, then it must be written off, that is, deregistered.

Before writing off the OS, it is necessary to assess its condition, the possibility or impossibility of its further operation. This assessment is carried out by a special commission. If the commission decides to write off the object, then the head issues an order on the need to write off the fixed asset. At the same time, a write-off act is drawn up in the form of OS-4, OS-4a or OS-4b, on the basis of which the accountant already makes postings to deregister the fixed asset and makes a mark on the write-off in the inventory card OS-6, OS-6a or OS- 6b.

When an asset is disposed of in this way, its residual value is written off from account 01 on which the object is listed. The residual value is calculated by subtracting the amount of accrued depreciation from the initial (replacement) cost. Initial - this is the cost at which the fixed asset was accepted for accounting on account 01 upon receipt. The replacement value is the value received as a result of the revaluation. Accrued depreciation - all accumulated depreciation deductions as of the write-off date, accrued on credit account 02, are taken.

The procedure for writing off fixed assets is as follows:

1. On account 01, an additional sub-account 2 "Disposal of fixed assets" is opened. At the same time, operating OS will be listed on subaccount 1
2. Posting is being written off the initial (replacement) cost: D01/2 K01/1
3. Posting is being written off the accrued depreciation: D02 K01/2
4. On subaccount 2, the residual value of fixed assets (the difference between debit and credit) was formed, which is written off to other expenses by posting D91/2 K01/2

If the object is fully depreciated, its useful life has ended, then the residual value will be equal to 0 (the debit of the account 2 account 01 is equal to its credit).

The costs of writing off fixed assets, for example, for dismantling, are also written off as other expenses (D91 / 2 K70, 69, 76).

Parts, spare parts, materials remaining after the dismantling of the fixed asset and subject to further use are accounted for at the average market value as material assets (D10 K91 / 1).

Based on the results of the write-off, a financial result is formed on account 91;

Postings when decommissioning a fixed asset:

Sale of a fixed asset

If the disposal as a result of write-off is documented by a write-off act, then the disposal of a fixed asset through a sale is documented by an act of acceptance and transfer form OS-1, OS-1a, OS-1b.

If for an enterprise the sale of fixed assets is an isolated case and is not a common activity, then the income and expenses associated with the sale are reflected on account 91 (in contrast to the sale of goods, which are recorded on account 90 “Sales”).

When a fixed asset is sold to a third-party enterprise, the residual value of the object is written off in the same way, postings:

D01 / 2 K01 / 1 - the initial cost of the OS was written off,

D02 K01 / 2 - depreciation was written off for this fixed asset.

D91/2 K01/2 - the residual value of fixed assets aimed at sale has been written off.

D91 / 2 K70 (69, 76) - associated costs are reflected.

The proceeds received from the sale of fixed assets are reflected in the credit of account 91 on the first sub-account, the posting looks like:

D62 (76) K91 / 1 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets.

The sale of an item of fixed assets is a transaction subject to VAT. The price at which the object is sold to the buyer must include value added tax. The amount of VAT is reflected in posting D91/3 K68.vat.

Based on the results of the sale, a financial result is formed on account 91, which is reflected in one of the postings:

D99 K91 / 9 - reflected the loss from the sale of fixed assets (if expenses exceeded revenue).

D91 / 9 K99 - reflected the profit from the sale of fixed assets (if the proceeds from the sale exceeded the costs).

Transactions when selling a fixed asset:

Free transfer of fixed assets (donation)

A donation of a fixed asset is equated to a sale, so the mechanism for the disposal of fixed assets is similar to a sale.

Similarly, the residual value is debited to account 91/2. This includes all associated costs.

Since the object is transferred free of charge, there will be no revenue in this case. However, VAT must be charged for payment. The VAT calculation is based on the average market value of the fixed asset at the date of transfer.

The loss received from donation is reflected in posting D99 K91 / 9.

Postings for the gratuitous transfer of fixed assets:

Contribution of a fixed asset to the authorized capital of another enterprise

Let's consider another way to dispose of fixed assets - making it into the authorized capital of another organization. The transfer is similarly formalized by the act of acceptance and transfer.

The contribution of fixed assets to the authorized capital is considered a financial investment of the enterprise in order to receive income in the form of dividends, therefore, account 58 “Financial investments” is used to reflect this operation.

Initially, postings are made to write off the initial cost and depreciation: D01/2 K01/1 and D02 K01/2.

The posting for the transfer of fixed assets to another enterprise looks like: D76 K01 / 2, which is carried out for the amount of the residual value of the fixed assets.

At the same time, a debt is formed on a contribution to the authorized capital, which is reflected in posting D58 K76.

It is not necessary to charge VAT on the cost of fixed assets, since this operation is not equated with sales, but is considered an investment by the enterprise.

Postings when making a fixed asset in the Criminal Code of another enterprise:

Lease of fixed assets

When transferring fixed assets for temporary use from one organization to another, it becomes necessary to take into account the lease of objects from both the lessor and the lessee.

The property is transferred on the basis of a lease agreement, which specifies the details of the parties (lessor and tenant), as well as the period for which the property is transferred. When transferring fixed assets for a period of less than 12 months, we observe a short-term lease, for a period of more than 12 months - a long-term lease. Also, the agreement may reflect the possibility of transferring ownership of the leased property and indicate the conditions under which this is possible.

The accounting records of the leased fixed assets must be maintained by both parties to the transaction. With the help of postings, the lessor reflects the transfer of the object for rent, and the tenant - their acceptance. Let's figure out what accounting entries for the lease of fixed assets should be reflected by both parties.

Accounting for the lease of fixed assets from the lessor

The owner of an item of fixed assets, for example, equipment, has the right to transfer this equipment for temporary use to another organization. This may be an isolated case, or the organization may specialize in leasing property and for it such operations are a common activity.

We will analyze both cases, since the accounting for expenses and income in both cases differs markedly.

By the way, despite the fact that the fixed asset was leased to another enterprise, the object still continues to be listed on the balance sheet of the lessor and, therefore, depreciation must be charged on it monthly.

To account for the transfer of an asset for lease, a separate sub-account “Integrated assets leased” is opened on account 01, the transfer of an asset for rent is reflected by posting D01.OS in lease D01.OS in operation.

The transfer itself is drawn up by an act of acceptance and transfer in the form of OS-1, OS-1a or OS-1b.

Leasing of fixed assets is the main activity of the enterprise

In this case, account 90 “Sales” is used to record all income and expenses from lease operations. The debit of this account collects all the expenses associated with the lease, the income on the loan.

The expenses can be monthly depreciation, transportation and installation costs of the facility (if this happens at the expense of the lessor), expenses for current or major repairs (again, if this happens at the expense of the owner of the equipment) and other related expenses.

The income is the rental payments that the tenant pays to the owner of the object.

The entry for accounting for rental expenses looks like: D90 / 2 K20, 23, 26 (44).

Posting for accrual of lease payments looks like: D76 K90/1.

Posting on receipt of these payments: D51 K76.

Every month, the final financial result from the lease is considered on account 90, the profit received is reflected in the posting D90/9 K99, if the expenses exceeded the income, then we observe a loss, which is reflected in the posting D99 K90/9.

If the lease payments include VAT, then it must be separated from the amount of payments (posting D90/3 K68.VAT) and paid to the budget (D68.VAT K51).

Lease of fixed assets is a one-time operation

In this case, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used to account for expenses and income.

Similarly, debit account 91 collects expenses associated with a leased fixed asset, credit account 91 - income.

Fixed asset lease accounting entries:

D91 / 2 K20, 23, 26 (44) - expenses for the lease of fixed assets are taken into account.

D76 K91 / 1 - lease payments have been accrued.

D51 K76 - payment for the rental of fixed assets has been received.

When the fixed asset is returned to account 01, a reverse posting is made D01.OS in operation K01.OS in lease. And also a mark is made in the act of acceptance and transfer of this OS.

Accounting for a leased asset with a tenant

When receiving any equipment for temporary use from another organization, the organization records it on the off-balance account 001. The cost specified in the anerda agreement is entered in the debit of account 001.

At the same time, the organization can start inventory cards for these fixed assets.

Since the object continues to be listed on the balance sheet of its owner, the tenant does not charge depreciation on it.

The tenant writes off the costs of lease payments by posting D20 (44) K76, their payment to the lessor is reflected by posting D76 K51.

The tenant allocates VAT included in the rental amount by posting D19 K76 and directs it to reimbursement from the budget by posting D68. VAT K19.

If the tenant returns his property to the owner, then in the tenant's accounting it must be removed from account 001, for which its value is reflected in credit 001.

If the tenant wants to pay rent payments ahead of time, then you can use account 97 “Deferred expenses”. D97 K76 wiring is in progress. After that, monthly it is necessary to carry out posting D20, 23, 26 (44) K97.

Repair of a leased fixed asset

If the leased object requires repair, then it is carried out depending on the conditions specified in the lease agreement.

At the expense of the tenant:

If the tenant repairs the OS on its own, then all repair costs are debited by postings:

D20 (44) K10 - the cost of materials spent on repairs was written off.

D20 (44) K70 - the accrued wages of employees involved in the repair of a leased OS were written off.

D20 (44) K69 - insurance premiums are accrued from the salary of these employees.

D20 (44) K76 - reflects the costs of the services of third-party organizations engaged in repairs.

D19 K76 - allocated VAT on services of third-party organizations.

D68.VAT K19 - VAT is deductible.

By the lessor:

If the OS is being repaired by its owner, then all the above entries are made in the lessor's accounting.

Also, these expenses can be offset against future lease payments, while all expenses associated with the repair and collected on the debit of account 20 or 44 are written off by posting D76 K20 (44).

Redemption of a leased fixed asset:

The ability to buy out the OS is usually written into the lease agreement. In this case, as a rule, the tenant pays the cost of this equipment to its owner (posting D76 K51). The redemption price is usually reflected in the text of the lease agreement.

The costs associated with the redemption of the object are collected under the debit of account 08, this includes the redemption value (posting D08 K76), as well as lease payments paid earlier. These lease payments will be accounted for as accrued depreciation in posting D08 K02.

The purchased object is put into operation, while the accountant makes posting D01 K08.

Based on materials: buhs0.ru

fixed assets- these are non-current assets that participate in the business process for a long period and bring additional economic benefits to the organization. While retaining their original material form, they transfer their value in parts to the products produced with their participation, work performed or services rendered by way of depreciation.

The Regulation on Accounting "Accounting for Fixed Assets" (PBU 6/01) determines that four conditions must be simultaneously met in order for assets to be recognized as fixed assets:

Use for the production of products, in the performance of work, the provision of services or for the purposes of managing the organization;

Use for a long time, i.e. the useful life must exceed 12 months or normal operating cycle;

No subsequent resale of such assets is envisaged;

The acquisition of assets is associated with the intention to obtain economic benefits in the future.

The main assets include: buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, vehicles, instruments and devices, computers, tools, etc. Fixed assets also include capital investments for radical land improvement, capital investments in leased fixed assets, land plots and nature management facilities.

Fixed assets do not include: machines, equipment and similar objects that are finished products or goods in the warehouses of organizations. In addition, fixed assets do not include objects that have been commissioned or are being installed. The useful life is determined by the organization itself when accepting an item of fixed assets. to accounting. Usually, the useful life is the period during which it is expected to receive income from the operation of a particular object.

The useful life of each item is determined based on:

The expected period of use of this facility in accordance with the planned capacity or productivity;

Estimated physical wear and tear, depending on the mode of operation, the system for carrying out repairs and other conditions;

Legal and other restrictions on the use of this facility.

For the rational organization of accounting of fixed assets and reliable reflection in the reporting, their detailed classification is important.

There are several classification features by which fixed assets can be grouped.

- According to the types and functions performed, all fixed assets are divided, in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF), into: buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, vehicles, production and household equipment, working and productive livestock, perennial plantations, etc. In addition, fixed assets include land plots, as well as nature management objects acquired by the organization into ownership .

- By industry fixed assets are divided into fixed assets of industry, trade, agriculture, construction, etc.

- By nature of participation in the production process, fixed assets are divided into active (directly involved in the production process) and passive (creating conditions for the normal course of production).

- By appointment fixed assets are divided into production (used in the conduct of ordinary activities) and non-production (not used in the conduct of ordinary activities).

- According to existing rights all fixed assets are divided into: owned by the organization on the basis of ownership (including those leased or transferred to trust management); located at the organization in the operational management or economic management; received by the organization for rent; received by the organization for free use; received by the organization in trust management.

- According to the degree of use fixed assets are divided into those in operation, in stock (reserve), under repair, at the stage of completion (or additional equipment), reconstruction, modernization, conservation, decommissioned and intended for sale.

All the values ​​of the enterprise, regardless of their form, constitute its assets. In the course of the enterprise's activities, its assets participate in the production process for the development of products (works or services) and directly and indirectly, participate in ensuring the internal functions of the enterprise.

According to the method of transferring the price of assets to the cost of finished products, they can be defined as current and fixed assets.

The cost of the former, fully used during one production cycle, is transferred directly to the products, in accordance with their consumption in physical form.

The latter participate in the production activities of the enterprise for a long period of time and form the cost of goods indirectly, with the transition of the conditional part of their value in the share of depreciation, which corresponds to the estimated waste (wear and tear) of assets.

According to the principle of reification, fixed assets are divided into two types - intangible and tangible assets.
Intangible assets of an enterprise mean intangible objects of an intellectual nature with certain rights to use them.

Material assets, otherwise - fixed assets, are called objects that have a physical embodiment and are used by the enterprise during several production cycles.

The most important point that should be paid attention to when defining an object as the main means is its isolation in a constructive and functional way. Only a certain device or a group of items and devices that are a single complex, capable of acting independently in production, can be considered suitable for recognition in accounting as an object of fixed assets.

Definition of fixed assets of the enterprise

When compiling accounting entries for the inclusion of any objects in the composition of the enterprise's property as fixed assets, it should be determined whether they meet the following requirements:

• Each separate unit can be used in the production or on-farm needs of the enterprise, or rented out to them for a fee;
• The useful life of such property is more than 12 calendar months, or exceeds the production cycle, if it is obviously longer than 12 months;
• The acquisition of a property object did not imply its deliberate subsequent resale;
• The operation of the facility is economically beneficial, that is, it directly or indirectly increases the income of the enterprise.

Regulatory accounting procedures IFRS 16, Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 186n dated December 24, 2010 oblige to simultaneously comply with all conditions for setting property on accounting as an OS. It should also be noted that no less "popular" criterion for introducing objects into fixed assets is a cost indicator.

Indeed, already at the time of receipt, focusing on Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1993 N 121 on the implementation of the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to the internationally accepted system of accounting and statistics in accordance with the requirements of the development of a market economy, it is easy to single out those property objects, the cost of which is above the threshold of 40 thousand rubles.

So, fixed assets are tangible assets used by an enterprise for a long time in order to make a profit. However, for accounting and tax accounting, including accounting entries and accounting documentation, one definition of the essence of fixed assets is clearly not enough.

It is important to divide objects into categories of use - groups and types of operating systems.

Production and economic groups of fixed assets

By itself, the grouping of operating systems does not affect the general accounting rules. But, any accounting entries related to the reflection of depreciation operations, writing off the costs of maintenance, repair, reconstruction of fixed assets, such a division is taken into account without fail. Fixed assets can be allocated to various groups with the following features:

• Link to production processes. Based on this feature, active and passive fixed assets are distinguished. Active OS are used directly in the process of production of goods, works and services. Passive ones serve as the basis for ensuring production conditions, but are not used in the production process itself.
• Industry affiliation. By belonging to the industry, the main means of construction, industry, trade and other industries are distinguished. This classification of operating systems is especially important for large companies with a wide range of activities.
• Internal appointment. Depending on whether the OS is involved in the main activity of the enterprise or not, they are divided into production and non-production. As a rule, OS used in the social sphere of the enterprise is primarily classified as non-production.
• Organizational and legal registration of ownership of objects. According to this criterion, there are: own operating systems (owned); OS in economic management or operational management; leased OS: OS in gratuitous use; OS in trust.
• The nature of the use. Provides for the following division of fixed assets: operated; on conservation (reserve); withdrawn for repair; under reconstruction; decommissioned.

Types of fixed assets - the main form of classification

The implementation of accounting procedures is impossible without a detailed and accurate allocation of accounting units by type, characterized by common signs of their use in production and general business processes. In addition, a number of indicators used in the analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise, when making calculations, require an accurate functional differentiation of the subject of analysis.

In the case of fixed assets, such indicators are, first of all, capital productivity, capital-labor ratio and capital intensity, which characterize the efficiency of using fixed assets in the production process of an enterprise.

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 12, 1993 N 121 on the implementation of the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to the system of accounting and statistics adopted in international practice in accordance with the requirements for the development of a market economy, which was approved by OKOF (OK 013-94) was devoted to the solution of this problem. - a unified classifier of fixed assets by types and functions performed by them.

When creating it, such basic international and domestic standards as the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) were taken into account - the international standard industrial classification of all types of economic activities (ISIC), the Central Product Classification (CPC) - the international Classification of basic products (CPC ), Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation, All-Russian Classification of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP).

In accordance with OKOF, fixed assets are divided into the following types:

• Buildings - production, economic and administrative buildings belonging to the organization;
• Structures - engineering facilities that ensure the functioning of production (overpasses, tunnels, railway platforms and tracks);
• On-farm roads - motor and pedestrian roads of general purpose, equipped on the internal territory;
• Transmission devices - power grids, heat, gas and steam pipelines;
• Machinery and equipment - machine park used in the main and auxiliary industries;
• Other machinery and equipment - objects that are not included in the previous paragraph on the basis of non-production purposes;
• Vehicles - self-propelled special equipment, cars, carts, lifts, stackers, trailers;
• Tool, other than special;
• Production equipment - other devices used in the main and auxiliary industries;
• Household equipment - general household appliances that are not used in production processes;
• Working, productive and breeding stock;
• Perennial plantings;
• Other fixed assets - this category may include those fixed assets that are not reflected in the previous paragraphs.

In addition, PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets” and OKOF allow to include land plots, nature management facilities, capital investments in land improvement and leased fixed assets, as well as natural resources used in the main production, as fixed assets.

The following categories of property are not accepted for accounting as fixed assets, regardless of their compliance with the classification criteria:

• with a service life of less than one year or a cost lower than that established in the Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 186n dated December 24, 2010. limit;
• fishing gear, chainsaws, rafting ropes, seasonal roads, temporary road branches, temporary non-permanent structures with a service life of less than two years;
• special devices, interchangeable devices for fixed assets, regardless of their cost;
• special, sanitary, uniform clothes and footwear, bedding;
• temporary structures and other facilities, the costs for the creation of which are included in the cost of construction and / or installation works as overhead costs;
• young and fattening cattle, poultry, rabbits, fur stock, bee colonies, guard dogs and experimental animals;
• perennial plantations grown as planting material.

In addition, machines, fixtures and machines that are in warehouse storage as a commodity group, are on the way or in the process of installation, and also included in the capital construction balance cannot be positioned as fixed assets.

The above principles of classification and grouping are a mandatory basis on which the system of accounting and tax accounting of fixed assets of an enterprise should be built.

SBU IFRS GAAP Financial statements Areas of Accounting

Cost Accounting Financial Accounting Forensic Accounting
Fund accounting Management accounting Tax accounting
Budget accounting Bank accounting

Audit Financial control

fixed assets- these are the means of labor that participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form. They are intended for the needs of the main activity of the organization and must have a period of use of more than a year. As they wear out, the value of fixed assets decreases and is transferred to cost using depreciation.

Fixed assets - tangible assets that the enterprise contains for the purpose of using them in the process of production or supply of goods, provision of services, leasing to other persons or for the implementation of administrative and socio-cultural functions, the expected useful life (operation) of which is more than one year ( or operating cycle if it lasts longer than a year). The cost of fixed assets minus accumulated depreciation is called net fixed assets or residual value. Fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost, however, in the future, fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their residual value. The residual value of fixed assets is determined as the difference between the original (replacement) cost and depreciation.

Kinds

To account for fixed assets, determine their composition and structure, their classification is necessary. There are the following groups of fixed production assets (including according to PBU 6/01):

1. Buildings (buildings of workshops, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.);
2. Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the implementation of the production process: flyovers, highways, tunnels);
3. On-farm roads;
4. Transmission devices (power grids, heating networks, gas networks);
5. Machinery and equipment, including:
   1. Power machines and equipment (generators, electric motors, steam engines, turbines, etc.).
   2. Working machines and equipment (metal-cutting machines, presses, electric furnaces, etc.).
   3. Measuring and regulating instruments and devices, laboratory equipment.
   4. Computer Engineering.
   5. Automatic machines, equipment and lines (automatic machines, automatic production lines).
   6. Other machines and equipment.
6. Vehicles (wagons, cars, carts, carts);
7. Tools (cutting, pressing, fixtures for fastening, mounting), except for special tools;
8. Production equipment and accessories (racks, work tables, etc.);
9. Household inventory;
10. Working, productive and breeding stock;
11. Perennial plantings;
12. Other fixed assets (this includes library funds, museum valuables).

Fixed assets also include: capital investments for radical improvement of land (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works); capital investments in leased fixed assets; land plots, nature management objects (water, subsoil and other natural resources).

To recognize an object as a fixed asset for an organization, the following conditions must be met:

• the cost of the object exceeds 40,000 rubles;
• the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;
• the object is intended for use for a long time, that is, a period lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
• the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object;
• the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

Working capital should be distinguished from fixed assets, including such objects of labor as raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, containers, and so on. Circulating assets consumed in one production cycle are materially included in the product and completely transfer their value to it.

Each enterprise has at its disposal fixed and working capital. The totality of fixed production assets and working capital of enterprises forms their production assets.

Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production. Production facilities are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services. These include: machine tools, machines, devices, etc.

Non-productive fixed assets do not participate in the process of creating products. These include: residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, hospitals, etc. Despite the fact that non-production fixed assets do not have any direct impact on the volume of production, labor productivity growth, a constant increase in these funds is associated with an improvement well-being of the employees of the enterprise, an increase in the material and cultural level of their life, which, ultimately, affects the result of the enterprise's activities.

Efficiency of use of fixed assets

Audit of fixed assets

Notes

see also

Literature

• PBU 6/01
• Astakhov V.P. Accounting (financial) accounting: Textbook. 5th edition, revised and enlarged. - Moscow: ICC "Mart"; Rostov NlD: Publishing Center "March", 2004. - 960 s (Series "Economics and Management");
• Babaev Yu. A. Theory of Accounting: A Textbook for High Schools. - 2nd ED., revised. and additional - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2001.-304 s;
• Babaev Yu. A. Accounting: Textbook for universities. - M.: UNITIDANA, 2002. - 476 s;
• Fixed capital and working capital (chapter 8 from the book of K. Marx "Capital")

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Fixed assets" is in other dictionaries:

- (fixed capital) The amount of capital invested in capital assets. Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. Moscow: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 ... Financial vocabulary

Funds of long-term means of production involved in production for many cycles, having long depreciation periods. Fixed assets (funds) include land, industrial buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, ... ... Economic dictionary

fixed assets- property used for a long time as a means of production. When accepting assets for accounting as fixed assets, the following conditions must be met at a time: a) use in production ... ... Accounting Encyclopedia

- (fixed capital) The amount of capital invested in the fixed assets of the organization (see: fixed capital (capital assets). See: working capital (circulation capital). Business. Explanatory Dictionary. M .: INFRA M, Publishing House Ves Mir. Graham Bets, Barry ... ... Glossary of business terms

fixed assets- 1. Tangible assets that are used by a company for the production or supply of goods and services, for leasing to other companies or for administrative purposes and that are expected to be used for more than one period. 2.… … Technical Translator's Handbook

Means of labor for production and non-production purposes. A characteristic feature of O. with. is participation in the production process for a long time, for many cycles, while maintaining the basic properties and original shape, while ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Means of labor (buildings, structures, equipment, etc.) involved in production for a long time and gradually transferring their value to the products of the enterprise. Enterprises are included in the balance sheet currency at the residual value (in the asset in ... ... Glossary of Crisis Management Terms

fixed assets- (English principal means of enterprise) in accounting, a set of material assets used as means of labor and acting in kind for a long time as in the sphere of material ... ... Encyclopedia of Law

fixed assets- part of the property with a useful life exceeding 12 months used as a means of labor for the production and sale of goods (performance of work, provision of services) or for the management of an organization. Otherwise, the financial fund ... ... Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of the head of the enterprise

Fixed assets in accountingrepresent an important and in some aspects complex area of ​​accounting. After all, any movement of fixed assets (acquisition by a firm or disposal from production) requires accountants of an organization to have a clear understanding of the rules and regulations of accounting relating specifically to fixed assets. What specialists should know in the first place will be discussed in this article.

Accounting for fixed assets at the enterprise in 2017-2018: what has changed

First of all, accounting specialists at the enterprise should clearly represent the difference and similarity in approaches to the reflection of fixed assets and operations with them in the accounting and tax accounting of fixed assets.

In both accounting and tax accounting, in order for a firm to consider certain equipment as its fixed asset, an object must meet the following criteria:

• the estimated period of use of the object exceeds 12 months;
• the object was acquired for use in the business activities of the enterprise, and not for resale;
• the asset is able to bring economic benefits to the enterprise;

Until 01/01/2016, the criterion for the initial cost of fixed assets in accounting coincided with that in tax accounting: fixed assets were considered equipment worth more than 40,000 rubles. But from 01/01/2017 in paragraph 1 of Art. 256 and paragraph 1 of Art. 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, amendments were made, according to which fixed assets began to be recognized for tax purposes only property that exceeds 100,000 rubles in value. At the same time, this increase in the limit applies only to fixed assets accepted from 01/01/2016. In accounting, the value of the limit has not yet changed: an asset worth more than 40,000 rubles is recognized as depreciable property. In this connection, taxable temporary differences are formed between tax and accounting.

Each fixed asset item belongs to a specific depreciation group, and its cost is written off as expenses within a certain time period.

The main change in the accounting of fixed assets that 2017 brought was a change in the codes of the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF), in connection with which the depreciation periods for some fixed assets changed, and some types of fixed assets were transferred to another depreciation group. The new rules apply to OS objects put into operation after 01/01/2017.

IMPORTANT! If the object was put into operation before 01/01/2017 and after the entry into force of the new OKOF it turned out to be in a different depreciation group or its useful life has changed, the depreciation rate does not need to be recalculated.

We talked about the nuances in the material.

The accounting procedure for the receipt of fixed assets in the company

When a company acquires (or receives) fixed assets, the task of accounting specialists is to ensure that the fact of receipt of fixed assets by the company is correctly reflected, as well as the subsequent accounting of fixed assets in financial statements.

The first thing to do in this context is to determine the initial cost of the OS object. Therefore, it is important to know what this cost consists of.

As follows from paragraph 8 of PBU 6/01, the initial cost is determined by adding up all the costs that the company actually incurred in order to acquire the object and bring it to a state where it can be operated in production, namely:

• Purchase price or build price. If the OS for the company was built by a counterparty, the costs can be confirmed using a transfer and acceptance certificate, an invoice, an act of work performed, etc.

IMPORTANT! The price should be included in the initial price without VAT. VAT is taken into account in the cost of fixed assets only if the firm will use such fixed assets for non-VATable activities.

• Amounts spent on the delivery of the object from the manufacturer (former owner) to the company. For accounting, this part of the initial cost of the OS will be confirmed by the waybill or waybill (when the company brought the OS on its own).
• The costs that a company had to incur in order for an object to become usable in production. This group of costs includes the costs of installation, debugging, etc.
• If a company imported an OS object from abroad, then as part of the initial cost, customs duties and fees indicated in the declaration can also be taken into account. This, in particular, was pointed out by the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation in a letter dated April 22, 2014 No. GD-4-3/7660@.
• State duty, if its payment is necessary in order for the object to be used by the company in production. A simple payment order for the payment of a fee can serve as confirmation of such costs.
• Any other costs that the company had to incur in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets.

NOTE! The fundamental difference between accounting and tax accounting is that it allows you to take into account in the initial cost of an investment asset the interest on loans that the company had to take in order to acquire such an asset (clause 7 PBU 15/2008, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 No. 107n). In tax accounting, interest is always non-operating expenses.

An example of the formation of the cost of fixed assets in accounting based on 1C ERP version 8.3 is presented below:

After the company's specialist calculates the final value of the initial cost of fixed assets, such an object can be taken into account. To do this, the company should issue, and then open a special one for the object.

IMPORTANT! Companies should be aware that even if the OS needs to be registered with state authorities, this procedure will not affect the time of acceptance for accounting. Such a moment in any case occurs on the date when the initial cost of the asset is determined.

Depreciation and revaluation of fixed assets in accounting

The firm depreciates the OS during the operating time, i.e. gradually transfers its cost to account 02.

NOTE! Depreciation in accounting for the operating system used should not be interrupted. An exception exists only for fixed assets that have been mothballed for more than 3 months, as well as for fixed assets, the restoration of which should last longer than 12 months (clauses 17, 23 PBU 6/01).

However, accountants should be aware that some categories of fixed assets do not need to be depreciated. These include, for example, land.

The company also has the right to reassess its fixed assets, that is, to recalculate both the cost of fixed assets and the amounts of previously accrued depreciation. This follows from paragraph 15 of PBU 6/01. Such revaluation shall be carried out at the end of each year. At the same time, the results of the revaluation (the value of the revaluation or markdown) can both affect the financial results of the company and increase/decrease the additional capital of the company.

For more information about OS repricing, see the article .

Organization of accounting for the sale of fixed assets

If the company decides to sell fixed assets, then the accounting specialist has the task of correctly showing the fact of the sale in the financial statements. What are the accounting implications of selling fixed assets?

1. On the date of the sale (transfer of ownership to a new owner), the selling company should reflect income. Such income is included in other income and accumulated on account 91 (on a loan).

IMPORTANT! The income is only the net sales price, excluding VAT. However, all income is first credited to account 91, after which the amount of VAT on fixed assets is reflected in the posting to the debit of account 91 in correspondence with account 68.

2. The sale of fixed assets entails the need to attribute the residual value of such fixed assets to other expenses of the company.

Learn about the features of accounting for the sale of fixed assets.

In terms of documenting the sale of fixed assets to a company, it should be remembered that the fact of transferring the fixed assets to the buyer is recorded by an act of acceptance and transfer.

What is important to remember when selling unfinished properties

In practice, there are often cases when a company decides to sell the unfinished future of the OS, for example, a warehouse or a building. Here you should also remember some features of accounting.

In particular, income from the sale of such unfinished objects is also considered other income and is credited to account 91 in the amount that the buyer paid for the object.

However, since the unfinished object has not yet been recognized by the firm as a fixed asset, it does not have a generated initial cost. The question arises as to what should be included in the costs.

IMPORTANT! As indicated in paras. 11, 14.1, 16, 19 PBU 10/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 05/06/1999 No. 33n, in this situation, the company should include in other expenses (debit of account 91) those costs that it has already incurred in connection with the construction of the OS ( the actual value of the object at the date of sale), as well as, if relevant, the costs associated with the sale (for example, for a fee to an intermediary, etc.).

As in the case of the sale of fixed assets, when selling an unfinished object, income arises (and is shown in the financial statements) on the date when the ownership transferred to the acquirer.

The nuances of accounting for the transfer of fixed assets to the authorized capital of an LLC

If a company decides to transfer its former OS to the authorized capital of another organization, it should be remembered that such a transfer must also be formalized by an appropriate act. It can be drawn up both in free form and using a template in the OS-1 form. At the same time, it is important that such an act reflects the residual value of fixed assets, as well as the amount of VAT that the company will have to recover in connection with the transfer of fixed assets as a contribution to the management company of another company.

Further. The transferred OS is evaluated by the participants of the receiving organization to determine the amount of the contribution made by such OS. Therefore, it is important for the company to understand that if the participants evaluate the fixed assets at a cost exceeding its book value, then the company will attribute the difference to its income (the credit of account 91 in correspondence with the debit of account 76, intended to account for the company's debt on a contribution to the Criminal Code of a third-party company). Otherwise, if the shareholders valued fixed assets in a smaller amount than indicated in the accounting documents of the company, it turns out that in fact the debt on the contribution to the management company has not been fully repaid. Therefore, the difference should be included in other expenses and written off to the debit of account 91.

Whether to charge depreciation on fixed assets received as a contribution to the Criminal Code, read.

Liquidation of fixed assets in accounting

The liquidation of the OS has some features in terms of accounting.

First, since the company did not receive income for the retired fixed assets, the company will only have to show expenses in accounting. Expenses (reflected in the debit of account 91) in this case will include the following:

• residual value of the liquidated fixed assets;
• the amount of costs for work (both own and performed by third parties) that directly accompanied the liquidation of the fixed assets;
• the amount of VAT that the company had to recover in connection with the liquidation of fixed assets.

Which wiring are drawn up at retirement object OS cm . V material .

Secondly, professionals responsible for asset accounting should not forget that as a result of liquidation, the company receives any new inventories. They must be taken into account on account 10 (debit) in correspondence with an increase in other income of the company (credit 91).

Read about how to take into account the costs of liquidating an OS.

Results

Accounting for fixed assets in 2017-2018, for the most part, should be carried out in the same manner as before. Namely, to take into account the fixed assets on the date of bringing to the state of readiness for operation. Subsequently, when the fixed assets are sold, the consideration received is included in income, and the residual value of the fixed assets is included in expenses. Similar rules apply to the sale of unfinished properties. At the same time, it is important for specialists to remember: despite the fact that in tax accounting the cost criterion for recognizing an asset has increased to 100,000 rubles, in accounting it has not changed and still amounts to 40,000 rubles.