Linear speed of propagation of combustion in various fires. Values ​​for basic combustible materials Fire spread rate table

fire chemical combat control

The growth rate of the fire area is the increase in the area of ​​fire over a period of time and depends on the rate of spread of combustion, the shape of the fire area and the effectiveness of combat operations. It is determined by the formula:

where: V sn- growth rate of the fire area, m 2 /min; ДS n - the difference between the subsequent and previous values ​​of the fire area, m 2 ; Df - time interval, min.

333 m2/min

2000 m2/min

2222 m2/min


Fig 2.

Conclusion from the graph: It can be seen from the graph that a very high rate of fire development occurred in the initial period of time, this is due to the properties of the burning material (flammable liquid-acetone). The spilled acetone quickly reached the limits of the room and the fire development of the fire was limited to fire walls. The rapid introduction of powerful water shafts and the correct actions of the site personnel contributed to a decrease in the rate of fire development (an emergency drain was activated and a fire extinguishing system was launched that did not work in automatic mode, the supply ventilation was turned off).

Determination of the linear speed of propagation of combustion

In the study of fires, the linear speed of propagation of the flame front is determined in all cases, since it is used to obtain data on the average speed of propagation of combustion on typical objects. The spread of combustion from the original place of origin in different directions can occur at different speeds. The maximum rate of combustion propagation is usually observed: when the flame front moves towards the openings through which gas exchange is carried out; by fire load

This speed depends on the situation on the fire, the intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agents (OTV), etc.

The linear rate of propagation of combustion, both with the free development of a fire and with its localization, is determined from the ratio:

where: L is the distance traveled by the combustion front in the studied time interval, m;

f 2 - f 1 - the time interval in which the distance traveled by the combustion front was measured, min.

for basic combustible materials

Table 1

Linear velocity of flame propagation over the surface of materials

Material

Linear velocity of flame propagation over the surface X10 2 m s -1

1. Waste of textile production in a loosened state

3. Cotton loosened

4. Loose flax

5. Cotton + nylon (3: 1)

6. Wood in stacks at humidity,%:

7. Hanging pile fabrics

8. Textiles in a closed warehouse at a load of 100 from m -2

9. Paper in rolls in a closed warehouse with a load of 140 from m 2

10. Synthetic rubber in a closed warehouse when loading over 230 m 2

11. Wooden coverings of large workshops, wooden walls finished with fibreboard

12. Furnace enclosing structures with polyurethane foam insulation

13. Straw and reed products

14. Fabrics (canvas, baize, calico):

horizontally

in the vertical direction

in the direction normal to the surface of the tissues, with a distance between them of 0.2 m

15. Sheet polyurethane foam

16. Rubber products in stacks

17. Synthetic coating "Skorton" at T= 180°С

18. Peat slabs in stacks

19. AAShv1x120 cable; APVGEZx35+1x25; АВВГЗх35+1х25:

in a horizontal tunnel from top to bottom with a distance between shelves of 0.2 m

in the horizontal direction

in a vertical tunnel in a horizontal direction with a distance between rows of 0.2-0.4

table 2

Average burnout rate and net calorific value of substances and materials

Substances and materials

Weight loss rate x10 3, kg m -2 s -1

Net calorific value, kJ kg -1

diethyl alcohol

Diesel fuel

Ethanol

Turbine oil (TP-22)

Isopropyl alcohol

Isopentane

sodium metal

Wood (bars) 13.7%

Wood (furniture in residential and office buildings 8-10%)

paper loosened

Paper (books, magazines)

Books on wooden shelves

Film triacetate

Carbolite products

Rubber CKC

Natural rubber

Organic glass

Polystyrene

Textolite

polyurethane foam

Staple fiber

Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Cotton in bales 190 kgx m -3

Cotton loosened

Flax loosened

Cotton + nylon (3:1)

Table 3

Smoke generating capacity of substances and materials

Substance or material

smoke generating capacity,

D m , Np. m 2. kg -1

Butyl alcohol

Gasoline A-76

ethyl acetate

Cyclohexane

Diesel fuel

Wood

Wood fiber (birch, pine)

Chipboard GOST 10632-77

Plywood GOST 3916-65

Fibreboard (Fibreboard)

Linoleum PVC TU 21-29-76-79

Fiberglass TU 6-11-10-62-81

Polyethylene GOST 16337-70

Tobacco "Jubilee" 1 grade, vl.13%

Polyfoam PVC-9 STU 14-07-41-64

Polyfoam PS-1-200

Rubber TU 38-5-12-06-68

HDPE HDPE

PVC film grade PDO-15

Film brand PDSO-12

turbine oil

Flax loosened

Viscose fabric

Atlas decorative

Woolen furniture fabric

Canvas tent

Table 4

Specific output (consumption) of gases during combustion of substances and materials

Substance or material

Specific output (consumption) of gases,

Li, kg. kg -1

Cotton + nylon (3:1)

Turbine oil TP-22

AVVG cables

APVG cable

Wood

Wood fire-retardant with SDF-552

Administrative buildings................................................ ................................... 1.0 1.5

Libraries, book depositories, archives .............................................................. 0.5 1.0

Woodworking enterprises:

Sawmills (buildings I, II, III fire resistance) .............................................. 1.0 3.0

The same (buildings of IV and V degrees of fire resistance .......................................... ..... 2.0 5.0

Dryers ................................................. ................................................. .......... 2.0 2.5

Preparatory workshops .................................................................. ...................................... 1.0 1.5

Plywood production .................................................................. ............................................... 0.8 1.5

premises of other workshops .............................................. ............................................... 0.8 1.0

Residential houses .................................................. ................................................. .......... 0.5 0.8

Corridors and galleries ............................................................... ................................................ four, 0 5.0

Cable structures (cable burning) .............................................................. ............. 0.8 1.1

Forest areas (wind speed 7 10 m/s and humidity 40%):

Rada-pine forest sphagnum .............................................. ................................................ up to 1.4

Long-moss spruce forest and green moss .................................................................. ............... up to 4.2

Green moss pine forest (berry) .............................................. ......................... up to 14.2

Pine forest boron-white moss ....................................................... ................................................ up to 18.0

vegetation, forest floor, undergrowth,

Tree stand during crown fires and wind speed, m/s:

8 9 .................................................. ................................................. ...................... up to 42

10 12 .................................................... ................................................. ................. up to 83

the same along the edge on the flanks and in the rear at wind speed, m/s:

8 9 .......................................................................................................................... 4 7

Museums and exhibitions ............................................... ................................................. .1.0 1.5

Transport objects:

Garages, tram and trolleybus depots .............................................. ..... 0.5 1.0


Repair halls of hangars ............................................... ................................. 1.0 1.5

Sea and river vessels:

Combustible superstructure in case of internal fire .............................................. 1 .2 2.7

The same with an external fire .............................................. ............................... 2.0 6.0

Internal superstructure fires if present

synthetic finishes and open openings .................................................................. ........ 1.0 2.0

polyurethane foam

Textile industry enterprises:

Premises for textile production .................................................................. ......... 0.5 1.0

Also in the presence of a layer of dust on the structures .............................................. .1.0 2.0

fibrous materials in a loosened state .......................................... 7.0 8, 0

Combustible pavements of large areas (including hollow ones) .............................. 1.7 3.2

Combustible structures of roofs and attics .............................................. ............ 1.5 2.0

Peat in piles .............................................................. ................................................. 0.8 1.0

Flax fiber .............................................. ................................................. ....... 3.0 5.6

Textile products ................................................................ .............................. 0.3 0.4

Rolls of paper ............................................................... ................................................. 0.3 0.4

Rubber products (in the building) .............................................. ............. 0.4 1.0

Rubber products (in stacks on

open area) ............................................... ............................................. 1.0 1 .2

Rubber ................................................. ................................................. ........... 0.6 1.0

Lumber:

Round wood in stacks .............................................. ................................. 0.4 1.0

lumber (boards) in stacks at humidity, %:

Up to 16 ................................................ ................................................. ......................... 4.0

16 18 ........................................................................................................................ 2,3

18 20 ........................................................................................................................ 1,6

20 30 ........................................................................................................................ 1,2

Over 30 ................................................ ................................................. ................... 1.0

heaps of pulpwood at moisture content, %:

Up to 40 ................................................ ................................................. ................ 0.6 1.0

more than 40 ................................................ ................................................. ............... 0.15 02

Drying departments of tanneries............................................................... ............................... 1.5 2.2

Rural settlements:

Residential area with dense development of buildings of the 5th degree

resistance to fire, dry weather and strong winds .............................................. ......... 20 25

Thatched roofs of buildings .................................................................. ............................... 2.0 4.0

Litter in livestock buildings .............................................................. .1.5 4.0

Steppe fires at high and dense grassy

cover, as well as crops in dry weather

and strong wind ........................................................ ................................................. .. 400 600

Steppe fires with low sparse vegetation

and calm weather ............................................... ................................................. ......... 15 18

Theaters and palaces of culture (stage) .............................................. ......................... 1.0 3.0

Trade enterprises, warehouses and bases

inventory items .................................................................. ...................... 0.5 1.2

Typography................................................... ................................................. .......... 0.5 0.8

Milled peat (on production fields) at wind speed, m/s:

10 14 ................................................................................................................. 8,0 10

18 20 .................................................................................................................. 18 20

Refrigerators ................................................. ................................................. ..... 0.5 0.7

Schools, medical institutions:

Buildings of I and II degree of fire resistance .............................................. ................. 0.6 1.0

Buildings III and IV degree of fire resistance .............................................. ............. 2.0 3.0


Appendix 8

(Informative)

Intensity of water supply when extinguishing fires, l / m 2 s.

Administrative buildings:

V - degree of fire resistance .............................................. ............................. 0.15

basements .................................................................. ................................. 0.1

attic rooms .................................................................. .. 0.1

Hangars, garages, workshops, tram

and trolleybus depots ............................................... .................................... 0.2

Hospitals; ................................................. ................................................. .. 0.1

Residential buildings and outbuildings:

I - III degree of fire resistance .............................................. ......................... 0.06

IV - degree of fire resistance .............................................. ...................... 0.1

V - degree of fire resistance .............................................. .............................. 0.15

basements .................................................................. ................................. 0.15

attic rooms; ................................................. ............................... 0.15

Animal buildings:

I - III degree of fire resistance .............................................. ......................... 0.1

IV - degree of fire resistance .............................................. ...................... 0.15

V - degree of fire resistance .............................................. .............................. 0.2

cultural and entertainment institutions (theatres,

cinemas, clubs, palaces of culture):

Stage .................................................. ................................................. ....... 0.2

· auditorium............................................... ......................................... 0.15

utility rooms .................................................................. ............................... 0.15

Mills and elevators ............................................................... ................................. 0.14

Industrial buildings:

I - II degree of fire resistance .............................................. ......................... 0.15

III - degree of fire resistance .............................................. ......................... 0.2

IV - V degree of fire resistance .............................................. ................. 0.25

paint shop .................................................................. ............................................... 0.2

Basements .................................................................. ...................... 0.3

Attic rooms .................................................................. .............................. 0.15

combustible coatings of large areas:

When extinguishing from below inside the building .............................................. ............ 0.15

When extinguishing from the outside from the side of the coating ....................................... 0.08

When extinguishing outside with a developed fire .............................. 0.15

Buildings under construction0.1

Trade enterprises and warehouses

inventory items .................................................................. ................... 0.2

Refrigerators ................................................. ............................................... 0.1

Power plants and substations:

cable tunnels and mezzanines

(water mist supply) ............................................... ................. 0.2

Machine rooms and boiler rooms .................................................................. .... 0.2

fuel supply galleries .................................................................. ................................. 0.1

transformers, reactors, oil

switches (water mist supply) .......................................................... 0.1


Administrative buildings 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Libraries, book depositories, archives 0.5 ÷ 1.0

Woodworking enterprises:

Sawmills (buildings I, II, III fire resistance) 1.0 ÷ 3.0

The same (buildings IV and V degree of fire resistance 2.0 ÷ 5.0

Dryers 2.0 ÷ 2.5

Preparation shops 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Plywood production 0.8 ÷ 1.5

premises of other workshops 0.8 ÷ 1.0

Residential buildings 0.5 ÷ 0.8

Corridors and galleries 4.0 ÷ 5.0

Cable structures (cable burning). 0.8 ÷ 1.1

Forest areas (wind speed 7+ 10 m/s and humidity 40%):

Rada-pine forest sphagnum up to 1.4

Long moss and green moss spruce forest up to 4.2

Green moss pine forest (berry) up to 14.2

Pine forest pine forest up to 18.0

vegetation, forest floor, undergrowth,

Tree stand during crown fires and wind speed, m/s:

8 ÷ 9 to 42

10 ÷ 12 to 83

the same along the edge on the flanks and in the rear at wind speed, m/s:

10 ÷ 12 8 ÷ 14

Museums and exhibitions 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Transport objects:

Garages, tram and trolleybus depots 0.5 ÷ 1.0

Repair halls of hangars 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Sea and river vessels:

Combustible superstructure in case of internal fire 1.2 ÷ 2.7

The same for outdoor fire 2.0 ÷ 6.0

Internal superstructure fires if present

synthetic finishes and open openings 1.0 ÷ 2.0

polyurethane foam

Textile industry enterprises:

textile production premises 0.5 ÷ 1.0

Also, if there is a layer of dust on the structures 1.0 ÷ 2.0

fibrous materials in a loosened state 7.0 ÷ 8.0

Combustible coatings of large areas (including hollow ones) 1.7 ÷ 3.2

Combustible structures of roofs and attics 1.5 ÷ 2.0

Peat in piles 0.8 ÷ 1.0

Flax fiber 3.0 ÷ 5.6

- textile products 0.3 ÷ 0.4
- paper rolls 0.3 ÷ 0.4
- rubber products (in the building) 0.4 ÷ 1.0
- rubber products (in stacks on
open area) 1.0 ÷ 1.2
- rubber 0.6 ÷ 1.0
- lumber:
- round wood in stacks 0.4 ÷ 1.0
lumber (boards) in stacks at humidity, %:
- up to 16 4,0
16 ÷ 18 2,3
- 18 ÷ 20 1.6
- 20 ÷ 30 1,2
- over 30 1.0
heaps of pulpwood at moisture content, %:
- up to 40 0.6 ÷1.0
over 40 0.15 ÷ 02
Drying departments of tanneries 1.5 ÷ 2.2
Rural settlements:
- residential area with dense development of buildings and V degree
fire resistance, dry weather and strong wind 20 ÷ 25
- thatched building roofs 2.0 ÷ 4.0
- litter in livestock buildings 1.5 ÷ 4.0
- steppe fires with high and dense grassy
cover, as well as crops in dry weather
and strong wind 400 ÷ 600
- steppe fires with low sparse vegetation
and calm weather 15 ÷ 18
Theaters and palaces of culture (stage) 1.0 ÷ 3.0
Trade enterprises, warehouses and bases
inventory items 0.5 ÷ 1.2
Printing houses 0.5 ÷ 0.8
Milled peat (on production fields) at wind speed, m/s:
10 ÷ 14 8.0 ÷ 10
18 ÷ 20 18 ÷ 20
Refrigerators 0.5 ÷ 0.7
Schools, medical institutions:
- buildings of I and II degree of fire resistance 0.6 ÷ 1.0
- buildings III and IV degree of fire resistance 2.0 ÷ 3.0

Application No. 6

Intensity of water supply when extinguishing fires

Administrative buildings:



IV degree of fire resistance 0.1

V degree of fire resistance 0.15

basements 0.1

attic space 0.1

Hangars, garages, workshops, tram

and trolleybus depots 0.2

Hospitals; 0.1

Residential buildings and outbuildings:

I - III degree of fire resistance 0.06

IV degree of fire resistance 0.1

V degree of fire resistance 0.15

basements 0.15

attic rooms; 0.15

Animal buildings:

I - III degree of fire resistance 0.1

IV degree of fire resistance 0.15

V degree of fire resistance 0.2

Cultural and entertainment institutions (theaters, cinemas, clubs, palaces of culture):

Scene 0.2

Auditorium 0.15

Utility rooms 0.15

Mills and elevators 0.14

Industrial buildings:

I - II degree of fire resistance 0.15

III degree of fire resistance 0.2

IV - V degree of fire resistance 0.25

Painting shops 0.2

Basements 0.3

Attic space 0.15

Combustible coverings of large areas:

When extinguishing from below inside the building 0.15

When extinguishing outside from the side of the coating 0.08

When extinguishing outside with a developed fire 0.15

Buildings under construction 0.1

Trade enterprises and warehouses

inventory items 0.2

Refrigerators 0.1

Power plants and substations:

Cable tunnels and mezzanines

(water mist supply) 0.2

Machine rooms and boiler rooms 0.2

Fuel galleries 0.1

Transformers, reactors, oil

switches (water mist supply) 0.1

2. VEHICLES

Cars, trams, trolleybuses

in open parking areas 0.1

Planes and helicopters:

Interior finish (for mist water supply) 0.08

Designs with the presence of magnesium alloys 0.25

Housing 0.15

Vessels (dry cargo and passenger):

Superstructures (internal and external fires)

when supplying solid and finely sprayed jets 0.2

Holds 0.2

Loose paper 0.3

3. SOLID MATERIALS.

Wood:

Balance, at humidity%:

Less than 40 0.5

Lumber in stacks within the same group,

at humidity %:

Over 30 0.2

Round wood in stacks, within one group 0.35

Chips in piles with moisture content 30-50% 0.1

Rubber (natural or artificial),

rubber and rubber-technical products ............... 0.3

Flax camp in dumps (supply of mist water) 0.2

Flax straw (stacks, bales) 0.25

Plastics:

Thermoplastics 0.14

Thermoplastics 0.1

Polymeric materials and products from them 0.2

Textolite, carbolite, plastic waste,

triacetate film 0.3

Peat on milling fields with a moisture content of 15-30%

(at a specific water consumption of 110-140 l/m2

and extinguishing time 20 min) 0.1

Milling peat in stacks (with specific water consumption

235 d / m.kv, and extinguishing time 20 min.)......... 0.2

Cotton and other fibrous materials:

Open warehouses 0.2

Closed warehouses 0.3

Celluloid and products from it 0.4

Pesticides and fertilizers 0.2

5. FLAMMABLE

AND FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

(when extinguishing thinly sprayed with other water)

Acetone 0.4

Oil products in containers:

With a flash point below 28 ° C ....... 0.4

With flash point from 28 to 60 gr.С 0.3

With a flash point of more than 60 ° C ...... 0.2

Flammable liquid spilled on the surface

platforms, in trenches and technological trays 0.2

Thermal insulation impregnated with oil products 0.2

Alcohols (ethyl, methyl, propid, butyl

and others) in warehouses and distilleries 0.2

Oil and condensate around the fountain well 0.4

Notes:

1. When water is supplied with a wetting agent, the intensity of supply according to the table is reduced by 2 times.

2. Quenching of cotton, other fibrous materials and peat must be carried out only with the addition of a wetting agent.


Application No. 7

Organization of extinguishing a possible fire by the first RTP.


Application No. 8

Estimated supply of fire extinguishing agents, taken into account when calculating the forces and means for extinguishing a fire.

Most fires:

water for extinguishing period 5

water for the period of extinguishing (dismantling,

pouring fire places, etc.), hour 3

Fires for volume extinguishing of which

non-flammable gases and vapors are used 2

Fires on ships:

fire extinguishing foam

MKO, holds and superstructures 3

Fires of oil and oil products in tanks:

Frother 3

fire extinguishing water with foam 5

water for cooling ground tanks:

mobile vehicles, hour 6

by stationary and means, hour 3

water for cooling underground tanks, hour 3

Note: The supply of water in reservoirs (reservoirs) when extinguishing fires of gas and oil fountains should ensure the uninterrupted work of fire departments during the daytime. This takes into account the replenishment of water during the day by pumping units. As the practice of extinguishing fires shows, the total volume of water bodies is usually 2.5-5.0 thousand m 3.


Application No. 9

Resistance values ​​of one pressure hose 20 m long.

Sleeve type Sleeve diameter, mm
Rubberized 0,15 0,035 0,015 0,004 0,002 0,00046
Non-rubberized 0,3 0,077 0,03 - _ -

Application No. 10

Water return of water supply networks (approximately).

Head in the network, m Type of water supply network Pipe diameter, mm
Water pressure, l/s
dead end
Ring
dead end
Ring
dead end
Ring
dead end
Ring
dead end
Ring

Appendix No. 11

Fire work in progress Required number of people
Working with the RS-50 barrel on a flat plane (from the ground, floor, etc.)
Work with the barrel "RS-50" on the roof of the building
Working with the barrel "RS -70" 2-3
Working with the RS-50 or RS-70 barrel in an atmosphere unsuitable for breathing 3-4 (link GDZS)
Working with a portable fire monitor 3-4
Working with an air-foam barrel and a GPS-600 generator
Work with the GNS-2000 generator 3-4
Working with foam 2-3
Installing the foam maker 5-6 (separation)
Installation of a retractable portable fire escape
Retractable portable fire escape insurance after installation
Exploration in a smoky room 3 (link GDZS)
Exploration in large basements, tunnels, subways, lanternless buildings, etc. 6 (two links GDZS)
Rescue of victims from a smoky room and seriously ill patients (one victim)
Rescue of people on fire escapes and with the help of a rope (to the rescue site) 4-5
Branch work and control of the hose system: when laying hose lines in one direction (per machine) when laying two hose lines in opposite directions (per machine)
Opening and dismantling of structures: performing actions at the position of the shaft working on fire extinguishing (except for the barrel operator) performing actions at the position of the shaft working for protection (except for the barrel operator) by opening 1 m: plank sheet pile or parquet shield field plank nail or parquet piece floor plastered wooden partition or filing the ceiling of a metal roof rolled roof on a wooden formwork of an insulated combustible coating at least 2 1-2 3-4
Water pumping: control over the flow of water into the tanker (for each machine) control over the operation of the hose system (per 100 m of the pumping line)
Water supply: accompanying person on the car work at the refueling point

Appendix No. 12

CARD

Combat operations ___________ guard HPV (PPV) No. _____________

on a fire that happened

__________________________________________________________

(day month Year)

(compiled for all fires)

1. Object __________________________________________________

(name of the object, departmental affiliation - ministry, department, address)

2. Type of building and its dimensions _________________________________

(number of floors, fire resistance and dimensions of the building in plan)

3. What and where burned __________________________________________

(floor, room, type, quantity of substances, materials, equipment)

4. Time: fire start _________, detection __________

fire announcement _____, departure of the duty guard _____, arrival

to a fire _____, supplying the first barrels _____, calling an additional

assistance ______, containment _______, liquidation _____, return

in part __________.

5. Composition of departing units ___________________________

(type of vehicles and number of combat crews)

6. Features and circumstances of the development of a fire _________________

7. Result of the fire __________________________________________

(burnt materials, substances, equipment and loss from fire)

8. Characteristic features of tactical actions in a fire _______

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

9. Evaluation of the work of the guard _____________________________________

(positive aspects, shortcomings in the work of personnel, departments and RTP)

___________________________________________________________

10. Additional remarks (but the work of equipment, rear) ____________

11. Suggestions and measures taken _______________________________

12. A note on the analysis of the fire and on additional data obtained during the analysis of the fire ________________________________________


Appendix No. 13

Conditional graphic symbols

Tracked vehicle Vehicle communication and lighting fireman Gas and smoke protection service car Fire pumping station Fire truck with a fixed fire monitor Headquarters fire truck Fire extinguishing vehicle
FIRE SPECIAL VEHICLES FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT, SPECIAL TOOLS
seaplane firefighter Branching sleeve three-way
Helicopter firefighter Branching sleeve four-way
Motor pump fire portable trailed Portable hose reel Mobile hose reel
Powder fire trailer Sleeve bridge
Adapted vehicle for firefighting purposes Hydraulic elevator fireman
Other adapted fire-fighting equipment Foam mixer fireman
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT SPECIAL TOOLS Fire column
Pressure fire hose Hand fire barrel (general designation)
Suction fire hose - Barrel A with nozzle diameter (19.25 mm)
Sleeve water collector Barrel for forming a finely atomized water (water-aerosol) jet
Branching sleeve two-way Barrel for forming a water jet with additives
Barrel for forming low expansion foam (SVP-2, SVP-4, SVPE-4, SVPE-8) Smoke exhauster fireman: portable trailed
Barrel for forming medium expansion foam (GPS-200, GPS-600, GPS-2000)
Barrel for extinguishing electrical installations under voltage Ladder - stick
Trunk "B" On the third floor K - on the roof P - basement H - attic
GZDS
Retractable fire ladder
FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATION
Fire monitor fire monitor portable stationary with water nozzles and powder stationary with foam nozzles transportable Fixed fire extinguishing installation (general and local protection of the premises with automatic start)
Elevator foam drain Stationary fire extinguishing installation with manual start
Foam lifter with generator comb GPS-600 Foam fire extinguishing installation
Installation of water-aerosol fire extinguishing Water fire extinguishing installation
FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS CONTROL POINTS AND COMMUNICATIONS
fire extinguishing station Traffic control post (traffic controller). With the letters checkpoint - checkpoint, P - traffic controller, PB - security post GZDS
PB
R
checkpoint
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing station
Fire extinguishing station with other gas Radio stations: mobile portable stationary
Installation of gas-aerosol fire extinguishing
Powder extinguishing installation Speaker
Steam fire extinguishing installation Telephone
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Searchlight
Fire extinguisher portable (manual, knapsack) mobile Headquarters location
SMOKE EXHAUST DEVICES radio direction
Smoke exhaust device (smoke hatch) Radio network
Smoke and heat exhaust devices MOVEMENT OF UNITS, INTELLIGENCE
Manual control of natural ventilation Reconnaissance watch. With the letters HRD - chemical reconnaissance patrol Internal fire with heat affected zone
Exit of forces from the occupied line Outdoor fire with smoke zone
Locations of the victims
Location of the fire (center)
First Aid Squad Separate fire from the area and the direction of its spread
Temporary casualty collection point firestorm
SITUATION IN THE COMBAT ZONE Fire zone and direction of its spread
Fire internal Direction of fire development
Fire outdoor The decisive direction of action of fire extinguishing forces and means
building on fire The boundaries of the fire extinguishing area Oil depot, fuel storage
Radiation measurement point indicating the radiation level, time and date of measurement Complete destruction of a building (object, structure, road, gas pipeline, etc.)
Staircase connected to the attic
H
single track railway
Furnaces double track railway
Ventilation shaft Crossing under the railroad
Elevator
BUILDINGS, COMMUNICATIONS, WATER SOURCES
Crossing over the railroad metal fence
Moving on the same level with the barrier reinforced concrete fence
tram line stone fence
Underground water supply Earth embankment (bundling)
Pipeline Ring water main dead end water main Well

Calculations of forces and means are performed in the following cases:

  • when determining the required amount of forces and means to extinguish a fire;
  • in the operational-tactical study of the object;
  • when developing plans for extinguishing fires;
  • in the preparation of fire-tactical exercises and classes;
  • when carrying out experimental work to determine the effectiveness of extinguishing agents;
  • in the process of investigating a fire to assess the actions of the RTP and units.

Calculation of forces and means for extinguishing fires of solid combustible substances and materials with water (propagating fire)

    • characteristics of the object (geometric dimensions, the nature of the fire load and its placement on the object, the location of water sources relative to the object);
    • the time from the moment of the fire to the notification of it (depends on the availability of the type of security equipment, communication and signaling equipment at the facility, the correctness of the actions of the persons who discovered the fire, etc.);
    • linear speed of fire propagation Vl;
    • forces and means provided for by the schedule of departures and the time of their concentration;
    • intensity of supply of fire extinguishing agents Itr.

1) Determining the time of fire development at various points in time.

The following stages of fire development are distinguished:

  • 1, 2 stages free development of a fire, and at stage 1 ( t up to 10 min) the linear velocity of propagation is taken equal to 50% of its maximum value (table) characteristic for this category of objects, and from a time point of more than 10 min it is taken equal to the maximum value;
  • 3 stage is characterized by the beginning of the introduction of the first trunks to extinguish the fire, as a result of which the linear speed of the fire spread decreases, therefore, in the time interval from the moment the first trunks are introduced until the moment the fire spread is limited (the moment of localization), its value is taken equal to 0,5 V l . At the time of fulfillment of localization conditions V l = 0 .
  • 4 stage - fire suppression.

t St. = t update + t message + t Sat + t sl + t br (min.), where

  • tSt.- the time of free development of the fire at the time of the arrival of the unit;
  • tupdate – time of fire development from the moment of its occurrence to the moment of its detection ( 2 minutes.- in the presence of APS or AUPT, 2-5 min.- with 24 hour service 5 minutes.- in all other cases);
  • tmessage- the time of reporting a fire to the fire brigade ( 1 minute.– if the phone is in the duty room, 2 minutes.– if the phone is in another room);
  • tSat= 1 min.- the time of collection of personnel on alarm;
  • tsl- the time of the fire department ( 2 minutes. for 1 km);
  • tbr- combat deployment time (3 minutes when applying the 1st barrel, 5 minutes in other cases).

2) Determination of distance R passed by the combustion front during the time t .

at tSt.≤ 10 min:R = 0,5 Vl · tSt.(m);

at tcenturies> 10 min.:R = 0,5 Vl · 10 + Vl · (tcenturies – 10)= 5 Vl + Vl· (tcenturies – 10) (m);

at tcenturies < t* ≤ tlok : R = 5 Vl + Vl· (tcenturies – 10) + 0,5 Vl· (t* – tcenturies) (m).

  • where t St. - time of free development,
  • t centuries - the time at the time of the introduction of the first trunks for extinguishing,
  • t lok - time at the time of localization of the fire,
  • t * - the time between the moments of localization of the fire and the introduction of the first trunks for extinguishing.

3) Determination of the fire area.

fire area S p - this is the area of ​​the projection of the combustion zone on a horizontal or (less often) on a vertical plane. When burning on several floors, the total fire area on each floor is taken as the fire area.

Fire perimeter P p is the perimeter of the fire area.

Fire front F p is the part of the fire perimeter in the direction(s) of combustion propagation.

To determine the shape of the fire area, you should draw a diagram of the object on a scale and set aside the distance from the place of fire on the scale R passed by fire in all possible directions.

In this case, it is customary to distinguish three options for the shape of the fire area:

  • circular (Fig. 2);
  • corner (Fig. 3, 4);
  • rectangular (Fig. 5).

When predicting the development of a fire, it should be taken into account that the shape of the fire area can change. So, when the flame front reaches the enclosing structure or the edge of the site, it is considered that the fire front straightens and the shape of the fire area changes (Fig. 6).

a) The area of ​​fire in a circular form of fire development.

SP= k · p · R 2 (m 2),

  • where k = 1 - with a circular form of fire development (Fig. 2),
  • k = 0,5 - with a semicircular form of fire development (Fig. 4),
  • k = 0,25 - with an angular form of fire development (Fig. 3).

b) The area of ​​fire with a rectangular form of fire development.

SP= n b · R (m 2),

  • where n– the number of fire development directions,
  • b- the width of the room.

c) The fire area in the combined form of fire development (Fig. 7)

SP = S 1 + S 2 (m 2)

a) The fire extinguishing area along the perimeter with a circular form of fire development.

S t = kp(R 2 - r 2) = kph t (2 R - h t) (m 2),

  • where r = R – h t ,
  • h t - fire extinguishing depth of barrels (for hand-held barrels - 5 m, for gun monitors - 10 m).

b) Fire extinguishing area along the perimeter with a rectangular form of fire development.

St= 2 ht· (a + b – 2 ht) (m 2) - around the perimeter of the fire ,

where a and b are the length and width of the fire front, respectively.

St = n b ht (m 2) - along the front of a spreading fire ,

where b and n - respectively, the width of the room and the number of directions for the supply of trunks.

5) Determination of the required water consumption for fire extinguishing.

Qttr = SP · Itr – atS p ≤S t (l/s) orQttr = St · Itr – atS p >S t (l/s)

The intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agents I tr - this is the amount of fire extinguishing agent supplied per unit of time per unit of the calculated parameter.

There are the following types of intensity:

Linear - when a linear parameter is taken as a design parameter: for example, a front or a perimeter. Units of measurement – ​​l/s∙m. Linear intensity is used, for example, when determining the number of barrels for cooling burning and adjacent to burning tanks with oil products.

superficial - when the fire extinguishing area is taken as the design parameter. Units of measurement - l / s ∙ m 2. Surface intensity is used most often in firefighting practice, since in most cases water is used to extinguish fires, which extinguishes the fire on the surface of burning materials.

Volumetric - when the volume of quenching is taken as the design parameter. Units of measurement - l / s ∙ m 3. Volumetric intensity is mainly used in volumetric fire extinguishing, for example, with inert gases.

Required I tr - the amount of fire extinguishing agent that must be supplied per unit of time per unit of the calculated extinguishing parameter. The required intensity is determined on the basis of calculations, experiments, statistical data on the results of extinguishing real fires, etc.

Actual I f - the amount of fire extinguishing agent that is actually supplied per unit of time per unit of the calculated extinguishing parameter.

6) Determination of the required number of barrels for extinguishing.

a)Ntst = Qttr / qtst- according to the required water flow,

b)Ntst\u003d R n / R st- around the perimeter of the fire,

R p - part of the perimeter, on the extinguishing of which trunks are introduced

R st \u003dqst / Itr ∙ ht- part of the fire perimeter, which is extinguished with one barrel. P = 2 · p L (circumference), P = 2 · a + 2 b (rectangle)

in) Ntst = n (m + A) – in warehouses with rack storage (Fig. 11) ,

  • where n - the number of directions for the development of a fire (the introduction of trunks),
  • m – number of passages between burning racks,
  • A - the number of passages between the burning and neighboring non-burning racks.

7) Determination of the required number of compartments for supplying trunks for extinguishing.

Ntotd = Ntst / nst otd ,

where n st otd - the number of trunks that one branch can file.

8) Determination of the required water flow for the protection of structures.

Qhtr = Sh · Ihtr(l/s),

  • where S h – area to be protected (ceilings, coverings, walls, partitions, equipment, etc.),
  • I h tr = (0,3-0,5) I tr – intensity of water supply to protection.

9) The water yield of the ring water supply network is calculated by the formula:

Q to the network \u003d ((D / 25) V c) 2 [l / s], (40) where,

  • D is the diameter of the water supply network, [mm];
  • 25 - conversion number from millimeters to inches;
  • V in - the speed of movement of water in the water supply system, which is equal to:
  • - at the pressure of the water supply network Hv = 1.5 [m/s];
  • - at the pressure of the water supply network H> 30 m w.c. –V in =2 [m/s].

The water yield of a dead-end water supply network is calculated by the formula:

Q t network \u003d 0.5 Q to the network, [l / s].

10) Determination of the required number of shafts for the protection of structures.

Nhst = Qhtr / qhst ,

Also, the number of barrels is often determined without analytical calculation for tactical reasons, based on the location of the barrels and the number of objects to be protected, for example, one fire monitor for each farm, for each adjacent room along the RS-50 barrel.

11) Determination of the required number of compartments for supplying trunks to protect structures.

Nhotd = Nhst / nst otd

12) Determining the required number of compartments for performing other work (evacuation of people, material values, opening and dismantling of structures).

Nlotd = Nl / nl otd , Nmtsotd = Nmts / nmts otd , NSunotd = SSun / SSun otd

13) Determination of the total required number of branches.

Ncommonotd = Ntst + Nhst + Nlotd + Nmtsotd + NSunotd

Based on the result obtained, the RTP concludes that the forces and means involved in extinguishing the fire are sufficient. If there are not enough forces and means, then the RTP makes a new calculation at the time of the arrival of the last unit at the next increased number (rank) of the fire.

14) Comparison of actual water consumption Q f for extinguishing, protection and water loss of the network Q waters fire water supply

Qf = Ntst· qtst+ Nhst· qhst ≤ Qwaters

15) Determining the number of AC installed on water sources to supply the estimated water flow.

Not all the equipment that arrives at the fire is installed on the water sources, but such an amount that would ensure the supply of the estimated flow, i.e.

N AC = Q tr / 0,8 Q n ,

where Q n – pump flow, l/s

Such an optimal flow rate is checked according to the accepted combat deployment schemes, taking into account the length of the hose lines and the estimated number of barrels. In any of these cases, if conditions permit (in particular, the pump-hose system), the combat crews of the arriving subunits should be used to work from vehicles already installed on the water sources.

This will not only ensure the use of equipment at full capacity, but also accelerate the introduction of forces and means to extinguish the fire.

Depending on the situation on the fire, the required flow rate of the fire extinguishing agent is determined for the entire area of ​​the fire or for the area of ​​fire extinguishing. Based on the result obtained, the RTP can draw a conclusion about the sufficiency of the forces and means involved in extinguishing the fire.

Calculation of forces and means for extinguishing fires with air-mechanical foam on the area

(not spreading fires or conditionally leading to them)

Initial data for the calculation of forces and means:

  • fire area;
  • the intensity of the supply of the foaming agent solution;
  • intensity of water supply for cooling;
  • estimated extinguishing time.

In case of fires in tank farms, the area of ​​the liquid surface of the tank or the largest possible area of ​​the spill of flammable liquids during fires on aircraft is taken as the design parameter.

At the first stage of hostilities, burning and neighboring tanks are cooled.

1) The required number of barrels to cool the burning tank.

N zg stv = Q zg tr / q stv = n ∙ π ∙ D mountains ∙ I zg tr / q stv , but not less than 3 trunks,

Izgtr= 0.8 l/s ∙ m - the required intensity for cooling the burning tank,

Izgtr= 1.2 l/s ∙ m - the required intensity for cooling a burning tank in case of fire,

Tank cooling W cut ≥ 5000 m3 and it is more expedient to carry out fire monitors.

2) The required number of barrels to cool the adjacent non-burning tank.

N zs stv = Q zs tr / q stv = n ∙ 0,5 ∙ π ∙ D SOS ∙ I zs tr / q stv , but not less than 2 trunks,

Izstr = 0.3 l/s ∙ m - the required intensity for cooling the adjacent non-burning tank,

n- the number of burning or neighboring tanks, respectively,

Dmountains, DSOS is the diameter of the burning or neighboring tank, respectively (m),

qstv– performance of one (l / s),

Qzgtr, Qzstr– required water flow for cooling (l/s).

3) Required number of GPS N gps to extinguish a burning tank.

N gps = S P ∙ I r-or tr / q r-or gps (PCS.),

SP- fire area (m 2),

Ir-ortr- the required intensity of the supply of the foam concentrate solution for extinguishing (l / s ∙ m 2). At t vsp ≤ 28 about C I r-or tr \u003d 0.08 l / s ∙ m 2, at t vsp > 28 about C I r-or tr \u003d 0.05 l / s ∙ m 2 (See Appendix No. 9)

qr-orgps – productivity of HPS in terms of foaming agent solution (l/s).

4) Required amount of foam concentrate W on to extinguish the tank.

W on = N gps ∙ q on gps ∙ 60 ∙ τ R ∙ Kz (l),

τ R= 15 minutes - estimated extinguishing time when applying the VMP from above,

τ R= 10 minutes is the estimated extinguishing time when the VMP is supplied under the fuel layer,

K s= 3 - safety factor (for three foam attacks),

qongps- productivity of HPS in terms of foaming agent (l/s).

5) Required amount of water W in t to extinguish the tank.

W in t = N gps ∙ q in gps ∙ 60 ∙ τ R ∙ Kz (l),

qingps– HPS performance in terms of water (l/s).

6) Required amount of water W in h for tank cooling.

W in h = N h stv ∙ q stv ∙ τ R ∙ 3600 (l),

Nhstv is the total number of shafts for cooling tanks,

qstv– productivity of one fire barrel (l/s),

τ R= 6 hours - estimated cooling time for ground tanks from mobile fire fighting equipment (SNiP 2.11.03-93),

τ R= 3 hours - the estimated cooling time of underground tanks from mobile fire fighting equipment (SNiP 2.11.03-93).

7) The total amount of water required for cooling and extinguishing tanks.

Wincommon = Wint + Winh(l)

8) Estimated time of occurrence of a possible release T of oil products from a burning tank.

T = ( H – h ) / ( W + u + V ) (h), where

H is the initial height of the combustible liquid layer in the tank, m;

h is the height of the bottom (bottom) water layer, m;

W - linear speed of heating of a combustible liquid, m/h (table value);

u - linear burnout rate of a combustible liquid, m/h (table value);

V - linear rate of level decrease due to pumping out, m/h (if pumping is not performed, then V = 0 ).

Extinguishing fires in rooms with air-mechanical foam by volume

In case of fires in the premises, they sometimes resort to extinguishing the fire in a volumetric way, i.e. fill the entire volume with medium-expansion air-mechanical foam (ship holds, cable tunnels, basements, etc.).

When applying VMP to the volume of the room, there must be at least two openings. VMP is supplied through one opening, and through the other, smoke and excess air pressure are displaced, which contributes to a better promotion of VMP in the room.

1) Determination of the required amount of HPS for volumetric quenching.

N gps = W pom K r / q gps ∙ t n , where

W pom - the volume of the room (m 3);

K p = 3 - coefficient taking into account the destruction and loss of foam;

q gps - foam consumption from the HPS (m 3 / min.);

t n = 10 min - the standard time for extinguishing a fire.

2) Determination of the required amount of foaming agent W on for bulk quenching.

Won = Ngps ∙ qongps ∙ 60 ∙ τ R∙ Kz(l),

Sleeve capacity

Application No. 1

Throughput of one rubberized sleeve 20 meters long depending on diameter

Capacity, l/s

Sleeve diameter, mm
51 66 77 89 110 150
10,2 17,1 23,3 40,0 – –

Application № 2

Resistance values ​​of one pressure hose 20 m long

Sleeve type Sleeve diameter, mm
51 66 77 89 110 150
Rubberized 0,15 0,035 0,015 0,004 0,002 0,00046
Non-rubberized 0,3 0,077 0,03 – – –

Application № 3

The volume of one sleeve 20 m long

Application No. 4

Geometric characteristics of the main types steel vertical tanks (RVS).

No. p / p tank type Tank height, m Tank diameter, m Fuel mirror area, m 2 Tank perimeter, m
1 RVS-1000 9 12 120 39
2 RVS-2000 12 15 181 48
3 RVS-3000 12 19 283 60
4 RVS-5000 12 23 408 72
5 RVS-5000 15 21 344 65
6 RVS-10000 12 34 918 107
7 RVS-10000 18 29 637 89
8 RVS-15000 12 40 1250 126
9 RVS-15000 18 34 918 107
10 RVS-20000 12 46 1632 143
11 RVS-20000 18 40 1250 125
12 RVS-30000 18 46 1632 143
13 RVS-50000 18 61 2892 190
14 RVS-100000 18 85,3 5715 268
15 RVS-120000 18 92,3 6691 290

Application No. 5

Linear velocities of combustion propagation during fires at facilities.

Object name Linear speed of propagation of combustion, m/min
Administrative buildings 1,0…1,5
Libraries, archives, book depositories 0,5…1,0
Residential buildings 0,5…0,8
Corridors and galleries 4,0…5,0
Cable structures (cable burning) 0,8…1,1
Museums and exhibitions 1,0…1,5
Printing houses 0,5…0,8
Theaters and Palaces of Culture (stages) 1,0…3,0
Combustible coatings for large workshops 1,7…3,2
Combustible roof and attic structures 1,5…2,0
Refrigerators 0,5…0,7
Woodworking enterprises:
Sawmills (buildings I, II, III CO) 1,0…3,0
The same, buildings of IV and V degrees of fire resistance 2,0…5,0
Dryers 2,0…2,5
Procurement workshops 1,0…1,5
Plywood production 0,8…1,5
Premises of other workshops 0,8…1,0
Forest areas (wind speed 7…10 m/s, humidity 40%)
Pine up to 1.4
Elnik up to 4.2
Schools, medical institutions:
Buildings I and II degrees of fire resistance 0,6…1,0
Buildings III and IV degrees of fire resistance 2,0…3,0
Transport objects:
Garages, tram and trolleybus depots 0,5…1,0
Repair halls of hangars 1,0…1,5
Warehouses:
textile products 0,3…0,4
Paper rolls 0,2…0,3
Rubber products in buildings 0,4…1,0
The same in stacks in an open area 1,0…1,2
rubber 0,6…1,0
Inventory assets 0,5…1,2
Round timber in stacks 0,4…1,0
Lumber (boards) in stacks at a moisture content of 16 ... 18% 2,3
Peat in piles 0,8…1,0
Flax fiber 3,0…5,6
Rural settlements:
Residential area with dense building with buildings of the V degree of fire resistance, dry weather 2,0…2,5
Thatched roofs of buildings 2,0…4,0
Litter in livestock buildings 1,5…4,0

Application No. 6

Intensity of water supply when extinguishing fires, l / (m 2 .s)

1. Buildings and structures
Administrative buildings:
I-III degree of fire resistance 0.06
IV degree of fire resistance 0.10
V degree of fire resistance 0.15
basements 0.10
attic space 0.10
Hospitals 0.10
2. Residential houses and outbuildings:
I-III degree of fire resistance 0.06
IV degree of fire resistance 0.10
V degree of fire resistance 0.15
basements 0.15
attic space 0.15
3. Livestock buildings:
I-III degree of fire resistance 0.15
IV degree of fire resistance 0.15
V degree of fire resistance 0.20
4. Cultural and entertainment institutions (theaters, cinemas, clubs, palaces of culture):
scene 0.20
auditorium 0.15
utility rooms 0.15
Mills and elevators 0.14
Hangars, garages, workshops 0.20
locomotive, wagon, tram and trolleybus depots 0.20
5. Industrial buildings, sites and workshops:
I-II degree of fire resistance 0.15
III-IV degree of fire resistance 0.20
V degree of fire resistance 0.25
paint shops 0.20
basements 0.30
attic space 0.15
6. Combustible coverings of large areas
when extinguishing from below inside the building 0.15
when extinguishing outside from the side of the coating 0.08
when extinguishing outside with a developed fire 0.15
Buildings under construction 0.10
Trade enterprises and warehouses 0.20
Refrigerators 0.10
7. Power plants and substations:
cable tunnels and mezzanines 0.20
machine rooms and boiler rooms 0.20
fuel supply galleries 0.10
transformers, reactors, oil switches* 0.10
8. Hard materials
paper loosened 0.30
Wood:
balance at humidity, %:
40-50 0.20
less than 40 0.50
lumber in stacks within the same group at humidity,%:
8-14 0.45
20-30 0.30
over 30 0.20
round wood in stacks within one group 0.35
wood chips in piles with a moisture content of 30-50% 0.10
Rubber, rubber and rubber products 0.30
Plastics:
thermoplastics 0.14
thermoplastics 0.10
polymer materials 0.20
textolite, carbolite, plastic waste, triacetate film 0.30
Cotton and other fibrous materials:
open warehouses 0.20
closed warehouses 0.30
Celluloid and products made from it 0.40
Pesticides and fertilizers 0.20

* Supply of finely sprayed water.

Tactical and technical indicators of foam supply devices

Foam dispenser Pressure at the device, m Solution concentration, % Consumption, l / s Foam ratio Foam production, m3/min (l/s) Foam supply range, m
water ON software solutions
PLSK-20 P 40-60 6 18,8 1,2 20 10 12 50
PLSK-20 S 40-60 6 21,62 1,38 23 10 14 50
PLSK-60 S 40-60 6 47,0 3,0 50 10 30 50
SVP 40-60 6 5,64 0,36 6 8 3 28
SVP(E)-2 40-60 6 3,76 0,24 4 8 2 15
SVP(E)-4 40-60 6 7,52 0,48 8 8 4 18
SVP-8(E) 40-60 6 15,04 0,96 16 8 8 20
GPS-200 40-60 6 1,88 0,12 2 80-100 12 (200) 6-8
GPS-600 40-60 6 5,64 0,36 6 80-100 36 (600) 10
GPS-2000 40-60 6 18,8 1,2 20 80-100 120 (2000) 12

Linear rate of burnout and heating of hydrocarbon liquids

Name of combustible liquid Linear burnout rate, m/h Linear fuel heating rate, m/h
Petrol Up to 0.30 Up to 0.10
Kerosene Up to 0.25 Up to 0.10
Gas condensate Up to 0.30 Up to 0.30
Diesel fuel from gas condensate Up to 0.25 Up to 0.15
Mixture of oil and gas condensate Up to 0.20 Up to 0.40
Diesel fuel Up to 0.20 Up to 0.08
Oil Up to 0.15 Up to 0.40
fuel oil Up to 0.10 Up to 0.30

Note: with an increase in wind speed up to 8-10 m/s, the burn-out rate of a combustible liquid increases by 30-50%. Crude oil and fuel oil containing emulsified water may burn out at a faster rate than indicated in the table.

Changes and additions to the Guidelines for extinguishing oil and oil products in tanks and tank farms

(information letter of the GUGPS dated 19.05.00 No. 20/2.3/1863)

Table 2.1. Normative rates of supply of medium expansion foam for extinguishing fires of oil and oil products in tanks

Note: For oil with gas condensate impurities, as well as for oil products obtained from gas condensate, it is necessary to determine the standard intensity in accordance with the current methods.

Table 2.2. Normative intensity of low-expansion foam supply for extinguishing oil and oil products in tanks*

No. p / p Type of oil product Normative intensity of the foam solution supply, l m 2 s '
Fluorine-containing blowing agents “non-film-forming” Fluorosynthetic “film-forming” blowing agents Fluoroprotein "film-forming" blowing agents
to the surface into layer to the surface into layer to the surface into layer
1 Oil and oil products with T flash 28 ° C and below 0,08 – 0,07 0,10 0,07 0,10
2 Oil and oil products with Тsp over 28 °С 0,06 – 0,05 0,08 0,05 0,08
3 Stable gas condensate 0,12 – 0,10 0,14 0,10 0,14

The main indicators characterizing the tactical capabilities of fire departments

The fire extinguishing leader must not only know the capabilities of the units, but also be able to determine the main tactical indicators:

    ;
  • possible area of ​​extinguishing with air-mechanical foam;
  • possible volume of extinguishing with medium expansion foam, taking into account the stock of foam concentrate available on the vehicle;
  • maximum distance for the supply of fire extinguishing agents.

Calculations are given according to the Handbook of the head of fire extinguishing (RTP). Ivannikov V.P., Klyus P.P., 1987

Determining the tactical capabilities of the unit without installing a fire truck on a water source

1) Definition formula for running time of water shafts from the tanker:

tslave= (V c -N p V p) /N st Q st 60(min.),

N p =k· L/ 20 = 1.2L / 20 (PCS.),

  • where: tslave- operating time of the trunks, min.;
  • V c- the volume of water in the tank, l;
  • N p- number of hoses in the main and working lines, pcs.;
  • V p- the volume of water in one sleeve, l (see appendix);
  • N st– number of water trunks, pcs.;
  • Q st- water consumption from trunks, l / s (see appendix);
  • k- coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the terrain ( k= 1.2 - standard value),
  • L- distance from the place of fire to the fire truck (m).

In addition, we draw your attention to the fact that in the RTP reference book Tactical capabilities of fire departments. Terebnev V.V., 2004 in section 17.1, exactly the same formula is given, but with a coefficient of 0.9: Twork = (0.9Vc - Np Vp) / Nst Qst 60 (min.)

2) Definition the formula for the possible area of ​​extinguishing with water STfrom the tanker:

ST= (V c -N p V p) / J trtcalc60(m 2),

  • where: J tr- the required intensity of water supply for extinguishing, l / s m 2 (see appendix);
  • tcalc= 10 min. - estimated extinguishing time.

3) Definition foam dispenser operating time formula from the tanker:

tslave= (V r-ra -N p V p) /N GPS Q GPS 60 (min.),

  • where: V r-ra- the volume of an aqueous solution of a foaming agent obtained from the filling tanks of a fire truck, l;
  • N gps– number of HPS (SVP), pcs;
  • Q gps- consumption of a foaming agent solution from the HPS (SVP), l / s (see appendix).

To determine the volume of an aqueous solution of a foaming agent, you need to know how much water and foaming agent will be consumed.

K B \u003d 100-C / C \u003d 100-6 / 6 \u003d 94 / 6 \u003d 15.7- the amount of water (l) per 1 liter of foam concentrate for the preparation of a 6% solution (to obtain 100 liters of a 6% solution, 6 liters of foam concentrate and 94 liters of water are needed).

Then the actual amount of water per 1 liter of foam concentrate is:

K f \u003d V c / V by ,

  • where V c- the volume of water in the tank of a fire engine, l;
  • V by- the volume of the foaming agent in the tank, l.

if K f< К в, то V р-ра = V ц / К в + V ц (l) - water is completely consumed, and part of the foam concentrate remains.

if K f > K in, then V r-ra \u003d V by K in + V by(l) - the foaming agent is completely consumed, and part of the water remains.

4) Definition of possible flammable liquid and liquid liquid quenching area formula air-mechanical foam:

S t \u003d (V r-ra -N p V p) / J trtcalc60(m 2),

  • where: S t- extinguishing area, m 2;
  • J tr- the required intensity of the supply of the software solution for extinguishing, l / s m 2;

At t vsp ≤ 28 about C – J tr \u003d 0.08 l / s ∙ m 2, at t vsp > 28 about C – J tr \u003d 0.05 l / s ∙ m 2.

tcalc= 10 min. - estimated extinguishing time.

5) Definition volume formula for air-mechanical foam received from AC:

V p \u003d V p-ra K(l),

  • where: V p– volume of foam, l;
  • To- foam ratio;

6) Definition of the possible extinguishing volume of air-mechanical foam:

V t \u003d V p / K s(l, m 3),

  • where: V t– volume of fire extinguishing;
  • K s = 2,5–3,5 – foam safety factor, which takes into account the destruction of the HFMP due to high temperature and other factors.

Examples of problem solving

Example #1. Determine the operating time of two trunks B with a nozzle diameter of 13 mm at a head of 40 meters, if one sleeve d 77 mm is laid before the branching, and the working lines consist of two sleeves d 51 mm from AC-40 (131) 137A.

Solution:

t= (V c -N r V r) /N st Q st 60 \u003d 2400 - (1 90 + 4 40) / 2 3.5 60 \u003d 4.8 min.

Example #2. Determine the operating time of the GPS-600 if the pressure at the GPS-600 is 60 m, and the working line consists of two hoses with a diameter of 77 mm from AC-40 (130) 63B.

Solution:

K f \u003d V c / V by \u003d 2350/170 \u003d 13.8.

K f = 13.8< К в = 15,7 for 6% solution

V solution \u003d V c / K in + V c \u003d 2350 / 15.7 + 2350» 2500 l.

t= (V r-ra -N p V p) /N gps Q gps 60 \u003d (2500 - 2 90) / 1 6 60 \u003d 6.4 min.

Example #3 Determine the possible fire extinguishing area for VMP gasoline of medium expansion from AC-4-40 (Ural-23202).

Solution:

1) Determine the volume of the aqueous solution of the foaming agent:

K f \u003d V c / V by \u003d 4000/200 \u003d 20.

K f \u003d 20\u003e K in \u003d 15.7 for a 6% solution,

V solution \u003d V by K in + V by \u003d 200 15.7 + 200 \u003d 3140 + 200 \u003d 3340 l.

2) Determine the possible extinguishing area:

S t \u003d V r-ra / J trtcalc60 \u003d 3340 / 0.08 10 60 \u003d 69.6 m 2.

Example #4 Determine the possible volume of extinguishing (localization) of a fire with medium expansion foam (K = 100) from AC-40 (130) 63b (see example No. 2).

Solution:

VP = Vr-raK \u003d 2500 100 \u003d 250000 l \u003d 250 m 3.

Then the volume of quenching (localization):

Vt = VP/ K s \u003d 250/3 \u003d 83 m 3.

Determination of the tactical capabilities of the unit with the installation of a fire truck on a water source

Rice. 1. Scheme of water supply to pumping

Distance in sleeves (pieces) Distance in meters
1) Determination of the maximum distance from the place of fire to the head fire truck N Goal ( L Goal ).
N mm ( L mm ) working in pumping (the length of the pumping stage).
N st
4) Determining the total number of fire trucks to pump N auth
5) Determination of the actual distance from the place of fire to the head fire truck N f Goal ( L f Goal ).
  • H n = 90÷100 m - pressure on the AC pump,
  • H unfold = 10 m - pressure loss in the branching and working hose lines,
  • H st = 35÷40 m - pressure in front of the barrel,
  • H in ≥ 10 m - pressure at the inlet to the pump of the next pumping stage,
  • Z m - the greatest height of ascent (+) or descent (-) of the terrain (m),
  • Z st - the maximum height of lifting (+) or lowering (-) trunks (m),
  • S - resistance of one fire hose,
  • Q - total water consumption in one of the two busiest main hose lines (l / s),
  • L – distance from the water source to the place of fire (m),
  • N hands - distance from the water source to the place of fire in the sleeves (pcs.).

Example: To extinguish a fire, it is necessary to supply three trunks B with a nozzle diameter of 13 mm, the maximum height of the trunks is 10 m. The nearest water source is a pond located at a distance of 1.5 km from the fire site, the elevation of the area is uniform and is 12 m. Determine the number of tankers AC − 40(130) for pumping water to extinguish a fire.

Solution:

1) We adopt the method of pumping from pump to pump along one main line.

2) We determine the maximum distance from the place of fire to the head fire truck in the sleeves.

N GOAL \u003d / SQ 2 \u003d / 0.015 10.5 2 \u003d 21.1 \u003d 21.

3) We determine the maximum distance between fire trucks operating in pumping, in the sleeves.

N MP \u003d / SQ 2 \u003d / 0.015 10.5 2 \u003d 41.1 \u003d 41.

4) We determine the distance from the water source to the place of fire, taking into account the terrain.

N P \u003d 1.2 L / 20 \u003d 1.2 1500 / 20 \u003d 90 sleeves.

5) Determine the number of pumping stages

N STUP \u003d (N R - N GOL) / N MP \u003d (90 - 21) / 41 \u003d 2 steps

6) We determine the number of fire trucks for pumping.

N AC \u003d N STUP + 1 \u003d 2 + 1 \u003d 3 tank trucks

7) We determine the actual distance to the head fire truck, taking into account its installation closer to the fire site.

N GOL f \u003d N R - N STUP N MP \u003d 90 - 2 41 \u003d 8 sleeves.

Therefore, the lead vehicle can be brought closer to the fire site.

Methodology for calculating the required number of fire trucks for the supply of water to the place of fire extinguishing

If the building is combustible, and the water sources are at a very great distance, then the time spent on laying the hose lines will be too long, and the fire will be short-lived. In this case, it is better to bring water by tank trucks with a parallel organization of pumping. In each specific case, it is necessary to solve a tactical problem, taking into account the possible scale and duration of the fire, the distance to water sources, the speed of concentration of fire trucks, hose trucks and other features of the garrison.

AC water consumption formula

(min.) – time of AC water consumption at the place of fire extinguishing;

  • L is the distance from the place of fire to the water source (km);
  • 1 - the minimum number of AC in the reserve (can be increased);
  • V movement is the average speed of movement of the AC (km/h);
  • Wcis is the volume of water in the AC (l);
  • Q p - average water supply by the pump filling the AC, or water flow from the fire column installed on the fire hydrant (l / s);
  • N pr - the number of water supply devices to the place of fire extinguishing (pcs.);
  • Q pr - total water consumption from the water supply devices from the AC (l / s).

Rice. 2. Scheme of water supply by the method of delivery by fire trucks.

Water supply must be uninterrupted. It should be borne in mind that at water sources it is necessary (mandatory) to create a point for refueling tankers with water.

Example. Determine the number of ATs-40(130)63b tank trucks for water supply from a pond located 2 km from the fire site, if three barrels B with a nozzle diameter of 13 mm must be supplied for extinguishing. Tanker trucks are refueled by AC-40(130)63b, the average speed of tanker trucks is 30 km/h.

Solution:

1) We determine the time for the AC to travel to the place of fire or back.

t SL \u003d L 60 / V DVIZH \u003d 2 60 / 30 \u003d 4 min.

2) We determine the time for refueling tankers.

t ZAP \u003d V C / Q N 60 \u003d 2350 / 40 60 \u003d 1 min.

3) We determine the time of water consumption at the site of the fire.

t RASH \u003d V C / N ST Q ST 60 \u003d 2350 / 3 3.5 60 \u003d 4 min.

4) We determine the number of tankers for the supply of water to the fire site.

N AC \u003d [(2t SL + t ZAP) / t RASH ] + 1 \u003d [(2 4 + 1) / 4] + 1 \u003d 4 tank trucks.

Method for calculating the water supply to the place of fire extinguishing using hydraulic elevator systems

In the presence of swampy or densely overgrown banks, as well as at a significant distance to the water surface (more than 6.5-7 meters), exceeding the suction depth of the fire pump (high steep bank, wells, etc.), it is necessary to use a hydraulic elevator to take water G-600 and its modifications.

1) Determine the required amount of water V SIST required to start the hydraulic elevator system:

VSIST = NR VR K ,

NR= 1.2 (L + ZF) / 20 ,

  • where NR− number of hoses in the hydraulic elevator system (pcs.);
  • VR− volume of one sleeve 20 m long (l);
  • K− coefficient depending on the number of hydraulic elevators in a system powered by one fire engine ( K = 2- 1 G-600, K =1,5 - 2 G-600);
  • L– distance from AC to water source (m);
  • ZF- actual height of water rise (m).

Having determined the required amount of water to start the hydraulic elevator system, the result obtained is compared with the water supply in the fire truck, and the possibility of starting this system is determined.

2) Let us determine the possibility of joint operation of the AC pump with the hydraulic elevator system.

And =QSIST/ QH ,

QSIST= NG (Q 1 + Q 2 ) ,

  • where And– pump utilization factor;
  • QSIST− water consumption by the hydroelevator system (l/s);
  • QH− supply of the fire engine pump (l/s);
  • NG− number of hydraulic elevators in the system (pcs.);
  • Q 1 = 9,1 l/s − operating water consumption of one hydraulic elevator;
  • Q 2 = 10 l/s - supply of one hydraulic elevator.

At And< 1 the system will work when I \u003d 0.65-0.7 will be the most stable joint and pump.

It should be borne in mind that when water is taken from great depths (18-20m), it is necessary to create a head of 100 m on the pump. Under these conditions, the operating water flow in the systems will increase, and the pump flow will decrease against normal and it may turn out that the sum and the ejected flow rate will exceed the pump flow rate. Under these conditions, the system will not work.

3) Determine the conditional height of the rise of water Z USL for the case when the length of hose lines ø77 mm exceeds 30 m:

ZUSL= ZF+ NR· hR(m),

where NR− number of sleeves (pcs.);

hR− additional pressure losses in one sleeve on the line section over 30 m:

hR= 7 m at Q= 10.5 l/s, hR= 4 m at Q= 7 l/s, hR= 2 m at Q= 3.5 l/s.

ZF – actual height from the water level to the axis of the pump or the neck of the tank (m).

4) Determine the pressure on the AC pump:

When water is taken by one G-600 hydraulic elevator and a certain number of water shafts are operated, the pressure on the pump (if the length of rubberized hoses with a diameter of 77 mm to the hydraulic elevator does not exceed 30 m) is determined by tab. one.

Having determined the conditional height of the rise of water, we find the pressure on the pump in the same way according to tab. one .

5) Define the limit distance L ETC for the supply of fire extinguishing agents:

LETC= (NH- (NR± ZM± ZST) / SQ 2 ) · twenty(m),

  • where HH− pressure on the fire truck pump, m;
  • HR− head at the branch (taken equal to: HST+ 10), m;
  • ZM − elevation (+) or descent (-) terrain, m;
  • ZST− height of lifting (+) or lowering (−) trunks, m;
  • S− resistance of one sleeve of the main line
  • Q− total flow from shafts connected to one of the two most loaded main lines, l/s.

Table 1.

Determination of the pressure on the pump during the intake of water by the G-600 hydraulic elevator and the operation of the shafts according to the corresponding schemes for supplying water to extinguish the fire.

95 70 50 18 105 80 58 20 – 90 66 22 – 102 75 24 – – 85 26 – – 97

6) Determine the total number of sleeves in the selected scheme:

N R \u003d N R.SIST + N MRL,

  • where NR.SIST− number of hoses of the hydraulic elevator system, pcs;
  • NSCRL− number of sleeves of the main hose line, pcs.

Examples of problem solving using hydraulic elevator systems

Example. To extinguish a fire, it is necessary to submit two trunks, respectively, to the first and second floors of a residential building. The distance from the place of fire to the tank truck АЦ-40(130)63b, installed on the water source, is 240 m, the elevation of the terrain is 10 m. feeding it to the trunks to extinguish the fire.

Solution:

Rice. 3 Scheme of water intake using hydraulic elevator G-600

2) We determine the number of sleeves laid to the G-600 hydraulic elevator, taking into account the unevenness of the terrain.

N P \u003d 1.2 (L + Z F) / 20 \u003d 1.2 (50 + 10) / 20 \u003d 3.6 \u003d 4

We accept four sleeves from AC to G-600 and four sleeves from G-600 to AC.

3) Determine the amount of water needed to start the hydraulic elevator system.

V SIST \u003d N P V P K \u003d 8 90 2 \u003d 1440 l< V Ц = 2350 л

Therefore, there is enough water to start the hydroelevator system.

4) We determine the possibility of joint operation of the hydraulic elevator system and the tank truck pump.

And \u003d Q SIST / Q H \u003d N G (Q 1 + Q 2) / Q H \u003d 1 (9.1 + 10) / 40 \u003d 0.47< 1

The operation of the hydraulic elevator system and the tank truck pump will be stable.

5) We determine the required pressure on the pump for taking water from the reservoir using the G-600 hydraulic elevator.

Since the length of the sleeves to G−600 exceeds 30 m, we first determine the conditional height of the water rise: Z

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