Technical requirements for the design of stairs. SNiP: stairs, their design, sizes and types. Basic regulatory documents for various types of stairs

The parameters of the steps of the stairs must comply with the requirements of GOST and SNiP

The norm of the width and height of the steps of the stairs is the basic parameter in the design of the stairs. GOST and SNiP for stairs impose requirements for the design of helical, mid-flight and other staircase structures. Compliance with standardization requirements allows the design to be safe and ergonomic. What?

And SNiP is regulated quite strictly.

The main parameters of the flight of stairs

When designing staircases, engineers apply the requirements of the following standards:

  • GOST 23120-78 - requirements for marching ladders;
  • GOST 25772-83 - requirements for enclosing elements;
  • GOST 24258-88 - norms for scaffolding;
  • GOST 8556-72 - specifications for fire escapes;
  • GOST 21.101-97 - a list of requirements for the project;
  • GOST R53254-2009 - technical conditions for external structures;
  • GOST 8717.1-84 - norms for the dimensions of the elements of stairs;
  • GOST 8717.0-84 - technical parameters for product development.

In addition to GOST, SNiP are used, which set out guidelines and factors that must be taken into account when calculating, designing and constructing staircase structures in houses, public buildings and industrial facilities.

Regulatory documents impose requirements on the following main elements:

  • step height;


Stair step height
  • the angle of inclination of the structure;


  • march width.

The standard tread height according to regulatory standards is 120-250 mm.For lifting to the roof and descending to the basement, the permissible maximum height is 250 mm. In residential buildings, products are designed according to the values ​​\u200b\u200bof 170-220 mm. For street structures in public buildings, norms of 150-170 mm are applied.

Primary requirements

It is recommended to design a ladder structure at the planning stage of a house. In this case, it is necessary to know the type and basic design parameters:

  • the area on which the stairs will be placed;
  • room height;
  • march width;
  • material for the manufacture of stair structures (reinforced concrete, metal, wood).

SNiP requirements for stairs installed in residential buildings and basements:

  • march width - 900 mm;
  • slope - no more than 1: 1.25.

For sectional structures:

  • passage width - 1050 mm;
  • slope - less than 1:1.15.

For corridor structures:

  • slope - 1: 1.75;
  • width - at least 1200 mm.


The minimum width of the corridor staircase is 120 cm

Stair slope factor

Slope factorAngle of elevation of the flight of stairs, in degrees
2,64 20,8
2,50 21,8
2,33 23,2
2,00 26,6
1,93 27,4
1,70 30,5
1,60 32,0
1,50 33,7
1,36 36,3
1,15 41,0
1,00 45,0
0,85 49,6

Important!

One flight of stairs can include no more than 18 steps. When using more treads, it is recommended to additionally install a landing.



It is important to know the distance from the march to the ceiling. The minimum opening height is 1900-2000 mm.


The distance from the march to the ceiling must be at least 190 cm

Maintaining the relationship between travel distance and slope ensures ergonomic movement on the stairs.

2a + b = 60 cm, where

x - riser height;

y is the step width.


Two more were derived from this formula, responsible for:

  • security - a + b = 45;
  • convenience – b – a = 12.

Design rules

SNiP put forward requirements for the design of stairs from various materials.

If you follow these rules, you can avoid an administrative penalty:

  • In residential buildings, above two floors, it is necessary to design several flights of stairs.
  • The width of the march for the movement of one person along the ladder cannot be less than 800 - 1200 mm.


  • One ladder ladder, includes an odd number of treads up to 18 pieces.
  • The best angle of inclination is in the range of 26-45 degrees.

  • The ideal tread depth is 250 mm.

The most optimal step depth is 25 cm
  • The height of the steps are in the range of 150-200 mm.
  • In one flight of stairs, the height of the riser cannot differ by more than 5 mm.
  • The overhanging distance of the treads cannot be more than 30 cm.
  • Inter-span landing in width cannot be less than 1300 mm.

Minimum platform width 130 cm
  • The gap from the front door to the first step of the ladder cannot be less than 1000 mm.
  • Handrail height - not less than 900 mm.

Stair railings
  • Portable ladders are used only for attic or basement rooms.
  • The load for the handrail is not less than 100kg.

At the design stage of the project, the following conditions must be taken into account:

  • load on the structure;
  • type of movement of people (industrial, domestic);
  • the availability of the necessary space;
  • design solutions.

Basic rules for designing stairs

Ways to get to the roof

In addition to the requirements for interfloor stair structures in public buildings, rules are also put forward for outdoor stairs.

For lifting to the roof are used:

  • ladders attached to the wall;
  • folding products;
  • roof ladders;
  • sliding ladder structures;
  • outdoor stair vertical structures.

In residential buildings and public buildings, the easiest and most common way to climb the roof is a ladder. Metal structures should be located vertically and raised from the floor at the level of one meter.

Climbing a folding ladder is carried out only in cases where the inner cover located in the hatch hides the entire structure. Folding ladder products are divided into scissor and sectional.





Advice!

Hatches and folding ladder structures that provide access to the roof of the building are recommended by SNiP to communicate with neighboring premises that have different temperatures (for example, in residential buildings and attics).

External metal stairs in residential buildings and public buildings are used as an emergency ascent or descent in case of emergency


The use of roof ladders for lifting onto the roof is possible in cases where the product is located on a pitched roof surface.



If the roof slope is small, the steps of the ladder are placed at a distance of 700 mm. The width of such a product is 250 - 300 mm, length 400 - 3000 mm.

Security

Stair structures will always be in a high-risk area. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to safety at the design stage. It is very important to follow the rules and instructions for the parameters of the slope, enclosing elements, lighting, width and height of the opening, and the size of the landing.

The slope cannot change along the center line of the ladder. By should be strictly the same.


The angle of inclination of the march must be the same throughout its entire length.

Metal fences are required to withstand the standard load so that any person can lean on them and feel safe. The distance along the entire structure between the vertical posts of the handrail cannot be more than 150 mm.



The distance between the posts should be no more than 15 cm.

Lighting for staircases in public buildings and residential buildings must be carefully considered. It is important to consider the availability of switches and the possibility of replacing light bulbs. It is important that the first and last treads are well lit. If it is possible to install motion sensors, this must be done.


Also, the safety of the ladder structure depends on the material. If the surface is slippery, it must be additionally covered with abrasive products. Metal products should be covered with corrugated anti-slip materials. Wooden products can be covered with carpet.



Wooden stairs covered with carpet Ksenia Skvortsova / article author

Ksenia Skvortsova. Chief Editor. Author.
Planning and distribution of responsibilities in the content production team, work with texts.
Education: Kharkov State Academy of Culture, specialty “Culturologist. Lecturer in History and Theory of Culture. Experience in copywriting: From 2010 to the present. Editor: since 2016.

In order to properly design a staircase, it is necessary not only to correctly choose its location, but also to take into account the design standards for stairs set forth in the relevant chapters of SNiP.

Parameters of landings and marches.

The width of the marches and platforms determines the throughput of the stairs and depends on the requirements of fire safety (evacuation) and the estimated dimensions of the things being carried.

  • Minimum width of a flight of stairs: for intra-apartment stairs - 80 cm, for 2-storey buildings - 90 cm, for residential buildings with a higher number of storeys - 105 cm, for public buildings - 135 cm
  • Maximum march width: for residential buildings - 140 cm, for public - 240 cm.
  • Useful march width Turning stairs and stairs connecting more than 2 floors must be at least 1.0 m in order to ensure the simultaneous passage of two people and the carrying of bulky items.
  • Width of multi-flight stairs should be the same throughout the stairs.
  • Between flights of stairs located in the opposite direction to each other, there must be a gap of at least 50 mm.
  • Landing Width must be at least 120 cm and not less than the width of the march.
  • Landing length between marches should be at least 1.3 - 1.4 m (this is the average length of two steps for an adult)
  • The length of the landings at the entrance doors can be 1m if the doors are sliding or open in the opposite direction from the stairs. Otherwise, the length of the platform is equal to the width of the door leaf + at least 60 cm.

The slope of the stairs, the calculation of steps

When designing a staircase, two things are taken into account at the same time: the convenience (safety) of moving up the stairs and minimizing the area occupied by the stairs. The safety of a staircase depends on its slope and the parameters of the steps.

  • Number of steps in one flight of stairs there should be at least 3 and no more than 16. With a smaller number, it is easy to stumble, more makes the stairs “fatiguing” and an intermediate platform is required.
  • It is desirable to provide an odd number of steps in the march, since it is more convenient for a person to start and finish moving up the stairs with the same foot.
  • The recommended slope of the stairs is in the range of 1:2 - 1:1.75 (from 20 to 26.7 degrees).
  • The maximum slope of the stairs for walking is 1:0.85 (50 degrees)
  • Minimum stair slope for walking 1:2.75 (20 degrees)
  • Maximum height of stairs: in residential and public buildings -19 cm, for intra-apartment stairs - 20 cm, for basements and attics - 21 cm.
  • Minimum step height- 12 cm.
  • Maximum stair tread width: in residential and public buildings -26 cm, for intra-apartment stairs - 23 cm, for basements and attics - 21 cm.
  • Minimum step width- 25 cm. For stairs leading to non-residential premises (basement, attic), the minimum width of the steps is 20 cm.
  • The height of the steps of the stairs within the same march should not differ by more than 5 mm.
  • With a step width of up to 26 cm, its overhang should not exceed 3 cm.
  • Winder (wedge-shaped) steps on the inner border of the usable width must have a tread width of at least 10 cm and 26 cm on the middle line of the march.
  • The radius of curvature of the middle line of the march with winder steps must be at least 30 cm.
  • The distance between any step of the stairs and the ceiling must be at least 2 meters.

To design a comfortable and safe staircase, you need to use the March slope formula, defined as the ratio of the width of the step to its height: k = b / a

With a step width of 26 to 30 cm and a coefficient value ranging from 1.75 to 2, the staircase is considered convenient. Convenient will be such ratios of the width of the step to its height as 30/15 (k=2), 31/16 (k=1.94) and 29/17 (k=1.70).

Handrail parameters (guardrails)

  • The height of the railing of interfloor stairs must be at least 90 cm, for stairs over 12 m high - 110 cm.
  • For ladders used by children, a railing height of 150 cm is recommended.
  • The height of the railings of the external entrance stairs when climbing 3 or more steps must be at least 80 cm.
  • Stairs with more than 5 steps, with a march width of up to 125 cm, are equipped with a handrail on one side, with a march width of 125 - 250 cm on both sides. Stair flights wider than 250 cm are equipped with additional railings in the center of the flight.
  • The absence of railings is acceptable for stairs of 5 steps or less.
  • Distance between balusters(railing posts) should not be more than 12 cm when the height of the stairs from the floor is more than 150 cm.
  • The railing of the stairs must withstand a load of 100 kg/m.

Schematic representation of the stairs and its components

A staircase is a high-risk area, therefore, when designing it, it is necessary to pay special attention to a number of issues to reduce this risk to a minimum.

The slope and width of the flights of stairs, the height of the steps, the width of the treads, the width of the landings, the height of the passages on the stairs should provide convenience and security movement and the ability to move items of building equipment.

Stairs must be durable, meet sanitary and fire safety requirements, match the style of the building and ………………………

Number of lifts in one flight between landings (with the exception of curvilinear auxiliary stairs) there must be at least 3 and no more than 16. In single-flight stairs, as well as in one flight of two- and three-flight stairs within the ground floor, no more than 18 rises are allowed.

Application of stairs with different step heights is not allowed.

Landing Width must be at least the width of the march and at least 1 m.

Width of flights of stairs in public buildings must be at least: 1.35 m - for buildings with more than 200 people staying on the most populated floor; 1.2 m - for buildings leading to premises that are not related to the stay of spectators and visitors in them; 0.9 m - in buildings leading to a room with no more than 5 people in it at the same time.

The slope of the marches stairs in the above-ground floors of public buildings should be taken no more than 1:2; for stairs leading to the basement and basement floors, it is allowed to take a slope of 1: 1.5 to the attic.

The smallest width and the largest slope of flights of stairs residential buildings taken according to the table.

Slopes and width of flights of stairs of residential buildings

March name

Minimum width, m

Greatest slope

Flights of stairs leading to the residential floors of buildings:

sectional:

two-storey

three stories or more

corridor

Flights of stairs leading to the basement and basement floors, as well as internal staircases

Between two marches or between a march and a ceiling there must be a distance of at least 2 m vertically to ensure free movement of an adult.

Guardrail height stairs should be sufficient to prevent falls and be at least 0.9 m. Fencing should be continuous, equipped with handrails and designed to withstand loads of at least 0.3-1.0 kN/m (30-100 kgf/m) depending from the purpose of the building.

Stairwells are designed with natural light through openings in the outer walls (except for basement stairs). The first and last steps should be especially brightly illuminated. It is good if the treads and risers are contrasted to make their border clearly visible, since most injuries occur due to the foot slipping off the edge of the step. In some cases, it is convenient to use an automated system that turns on artificial lighting for a short time, sufficient to go up or down the stairs.

Provide for escape routes spiral staircases and winder steps are not recommended. When constructing curved front stairs, the width of the steps in the narrow part must be at least 22 cm, and for service stairs - at least 12 cm.

One of the internal stairs in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance up to 9 floors high can be open to the entire height of the building, provided that the room where it is located is separated from the corridors and other rooms adjacent to it by fireproof partitions.

In buildings of I-III degrees of fire resistance, the internal staircase from the lobby to the second floor can be open if the lobby is separated from corridors and other rooms by fireproof partitions with ordinary doors.

Components of stairs. The main elements of the stairs are stair steps, which allow you to achieve the main goal - vertical movement. The first in the flight of stairs is input, or starting point, step; intermediate steps are located between the starting and day off(final) steps; the output stage is adjacent to the site of the opposite (receiving) level.

According to the shape in the plan, stair steps are distinguished: straight (rectangular), beveled, wedge-shaped (winder) and arched.

Forms of stairs in the plan:

(rectangular)

beveled

wedge-shaped

(foreigner)

arched

According to the shape of the vertical section, stair steps can be:

Flat solid (closed);

Profiled solid (closed);

Through (open).

Types of steps and their elements:

flat solid (closed)

profiled solid

(closed)

through

(open)

through in the place-saving staircase of the butterfly type

1 - tread; 2 - misdemeanor; b - tread width; h is the height of the tread.

The upper horizontal platform of a staircase (working surface) is called tread. The level difference between the horizontal platforms of the steps (treads) is called misbehavior.

Depending on the structural and static characteristics of the stairs, their steps can have various support options, the main of which are:

Embedding in an inclined slab (monolithic version);

Embedding in the stringer (mounted version);

Leaning on the kosour;

Closing in the bowstring (monolithic version);

Leaning on a bowstring;

Leaning on the wall from above;

Leaning on the wall from the side;

Embedding in the wall;

Suspension (to handrails, ceilings, walls).

Rice. Support options for stair steps: a - embedding in an inclined slab (monolithic-concrete version); b - embedding in the stringer (monolithic-concrete version); in - leaning on the kosour; g - embedding in a bowstring (monolithic-concrete version); d - leaning on a bowstring; e - leaning on the wall from above; g - leaning on the wall from the side; h - leaning on the rack; and - embedding into the wall; k - suspension (to handrails, ceilings, walls); l - one side is free from support.

At the same time, each step can be supported along its entire length (for example, on a slab with a monolithic concrete version), only on one side (with a cantilever solution embedded in a wall or pole, supported on a rack); in most cases, the steps are supported on two sides or, with a large width, on three supports (on walls, on stringers).

A continuous series of stairs is called flight of stairs. Depending on the configuration in the plan, straight and curvilinear (oblique) marches are distinguished. Multi-flight stairs, in accordance with the semantic meaning of their names, have starting(initial), intermediate and weekend(end) marches.

The size of the width of the treads of the stairs is determined (measured) by travel lines- the line along which they ascend or descend the stairs. The flight line of the flight of stairs is imaginary and runs in the middle of the flight for straight stairs. In the case of marches with a curved or broken guide, in which the edges of the steps are not parallel, it runs at a distance of 25-35 cm (on average 30 cm) from the outer edge of the usable (working) width of the flight of stairs. The size of 25-35 cm is taken from practice - this distance is involuntarily observed by the user of the stairs. It follows from this that in order for the movement on the stairs to be convenient and safe, the overall width of any staircase must be at least 60 cm.

The width of the tread as a supporting surface for the foot is constant for stairs with straight flights; for stairs with curved flights (spiral) it is minimal near the central axis and maximal at the outer perimeter. For spiral staircases, the width of the tread must be at least 100 mm at a distance of 150 mm from the edge of the step (or from the post).

A horizontal connecting section included between flights of stairs is called landing. Distinguish starting and weekend(terminal) landings - their levels coincide with the levels of the floors (floor landings), as well as intermediate(interfloor) landings. Intermediate landings are arranged for the convenience of walking up stairs with a large number of steps (more than 15-18), as well as in places where the stairs turn.

cage stairs (staircase) is the room where the stairs are located.

Cheeks stairs are called imaginary or real surfaces that limit it on both sides (outer and inner cheeks). A staircase whose outer cheeks are not limited to walls is called open.

Kosour- an inclined beam between the landings of the stairs, designed to support the steps from above. Repeating the geometry of the stairs, the stringer can be straight or curvilinear.

bowstring- an inclined beam between the platforms, located in the plane of the cheeks of the stairs and serving to support the ends of the steps.

Along the edges of marches and landings, in order to ensure the safety of movement and being on them, railings (railings) or parapets 90-120 cm high. On the railing on a solid or through parapet, on the walls that limit the stairs, it is necessary to install handrails for moving hands.

The considered components on the example of a two-flight ladder are shown in fig. 12.6.

Geometric calculation of the stairs. The most comfortable is a mid-flight staircase with an angle of inclination of 25-35 and a width of about 1 m. The steeper the staircase, the less space it takes, but the less convenient it is to use.

Stairs should be comfortable to climb them without much effort. The width of the tread and the height of the riser must correspond to the width of a human step There is a rule: twice the height of the riser 2h and tread width b in total they should equal 60-65 cm - the average width of a person's step. For example, if the height of the riser is 16 cm, then the width of the tread should be 28-33 cm.

steps (risers). It should be borne in mind that this division must occur without a trace so that all steps have the same height (Fig. 19.9).

materials. For the manufacture of stairs, various materials are used: different types of wood, metals, concrete, natural stones (granite, marble, etc.), different types of glass, plastics, ceramics, as well as combinations of these materials.

Wood- the most traditional and common material for the manufacture of stairs of any design and design. In many cases, this is the only possible and available material. The disadvantage of a wooden staircase is insecurity in case of fire, unsuitability for use in stairwells of multi-storey buildings.

Wood is used both for the manufacture of load-bearing structures of stairs, and for decoration. Soft woods (pine, larch), semi-hard (birch) and hard (oak, beech, maple, cedar, ash, etc.) are used. Finishing can be made from exotic woods - walnut, teak, cherry, cypress, mahogany, mahogany, etc.

Rice. 12.6 Two-flight staircase (section and plan) and its components: 1 - the length of the staircase; 2 - the width of the stairs (staircase); 3 - the internal height of the staircase; 4 - the smallest internal height; 5 - overall height of the stairs; 6 - height of the level (floor); 7 - internal height; 8 - the width of the initial (starting) level; 9 - the width of the oncoming (receiving) level (landing); 10 - useful (working) width of the landing; 11 - the length of the flight of stairs; 12 - direction of ascent (stairs); 13 - clearance between marches; 14 - useful (working) width of the flight of stairs; 15 - step width (stair step); 16 - tread width; 17 - riser; 18 - initial (starting) level; 19 - intermediate level; 20 - counter (receiving) level; 21 - intermediate (interfloor) landing; 22 - flight of stairs; 23 - starting stair step; 24 - output (final) stair step; 25 - intermediate ladder step; 26 - handrail (railing).

In modern staircase solutions, not only solid (solid) wood is widely used, but also glued from boards or thick veneer with different fiber arrangements to compensate for possible deformations when the temperature and humidity conditions change in the room. Glued wood is used for the manufacture of stringers, bowstrings, steps, railings - both straight and curved. Many architectural and structural solutions are implemented on the basis of a combination of wood with other materials, primarily with metals and glass.

Metal stairs, thanks to the latest technologies, can be not only durable and functionally convenient structures, but also aesthetically perfect, worthy of use in any modern interior - straight, curved, spiral, etc.

Rice. 12.7 Scheme of geometric construction and calculation of a two-flight staircase: 1 - generatrix of the march; 2 - march profile; 3 - levels of floor areas; b - tread width; h is the height of the riser; n is the number of lifts (steps); H - floor height; L is the length of the stairs; B - the width of the stairs (the length of the landing); E - march width; C - the width of the gap between marches; D - the width of the landing; A - the length of the flight of stairs in the plan (laying the march).

Metal parts can be pickled or galvanized, stamped or forged, glossy or matte, chrome or gold plated. Modern technologies are applied: stainless steel polishing; powder spraying; artificial aging - for example, patina is applied to brass products. All-welded handrails can significantly strengthen the structure of the stairs, creating the impression of lightness due to openwork.

The use of steel for the manufacture of stringers and bowstrings is widespread, to which steps from any other materials can be attached.

A variety of modular spiral staircases have been developed that can be adapted to rooms with different stair openings. Versatility is achieved through the use of a special mechanism - distance rings, which allow you to change the height of steps and stairs.

Stair railings in many cases are designed from metal, even if the stairs themselves are wooden, concrete or with glass or ceramic (lined) steps.

Stairs from concrete and reinforced concrete are widely used in mass housing and industrial construction. Elements of such stairs are manufactured in the factory in compliance with the conditions of reinforcement, preparation, laying and steaming of concrete.

Concrete stairs, manufactured in the conditions of a construction site, are used as outdoor stairs, using the natural terrain, or on bulk compacted soil.

To improve their aesthetic appearance, reinforced concrete stairs can be faced with various products - marble slabs, polished granite, mosaic glass tiles, ceramics, etc.

A rock for steps, only mined in a quarry is used, not in an explosive way, but by drilling blocks and then sawn. Marble is used only indoors, and granite is also used for outdoor stairs. To increase the bearing capacity of stone steps, they are reinforced using a special technology with the insertion of reinforcing bars (pasting). Since natural stone is a rather slippery material, the steps are equipped with special anti-slip elements.

Ceramic tile- an excellent material for facing stairs. Ceramic products are produced in various types: tiles-steps, cornices (ceramic corners), risers, skirting boards. Tiles for stairs are necessarily made with special anti-slip elements (thresholds), thanks to which the ascent and descent of the stairs become safe. Steps can also be with strips of abrasive material, which is applied to the tile by spraying.

For facing outdoor stairs and stairs for the mass movement of people, durable and diverse in color tiles are used. ceramic granite.

Stairs with steps glass and transparent plastic can be used in both residential and public buildings. Various types of glass are used: laminated, satin, screen-printed, transparent plastic - hexane.

Combined stairs - the achievement of modern technology. Their design combines different materials and design principles to give the staircase an unusual quality. The combination of materials from which the staircase is designed can be different. Stringers are made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood; steps - stone, glass, in concrete shells; fencing - metal, wood, glass, plastic. Various details of the stairs can be polished, painted, subjected to special types of processing.

The combination of designs, materials and finishes provides maximum freedom of creative expression, making it possible to obtain a unique staircase. Combined stairs fit into any architectural and artistic environment, with their help complex architectural problems are solved.

Main factors affecting design choice stairs and its materials are:

Floors of the building;

Planning structure of the building;

Type of supporting structures of the building;

The value of the level difference;

The size of the area to accommodate the structure;

Type and intensity of traffic;

aesthetic requirements;

Fire regulations.

Safety and reliability, durability and convenience of stairs is achieved through compliance with established rules and design standards. In the process of design development, all calculations are carried out taking into account SNiP, which allows for comfortable operation of structures in public buildings or other facilities. This process takes into account all the necessary factors that affect the functionality and characteristics of the structure. An essential point is the design, and the design of the appearance of the ladder should be optimally combined with the established standards and requirements for such structures. As a result of an integrated and correct approach, the design of the flight of stairs, the platform and the fences are safe and reliable.

Basic design standards

Established standards and foundations allow you to take into account all the features to achieve the safety and convenience of stairs. Both in public buildings and in a residential building, it is important to comply with the requirements regarding the dimensions of the structure. In the first case, there are also other features aimed at additional equipment of stairs. The main points of SNiP must be taken into account when designing flights of stairs, fences and platforms of any type. This approach is universal and ensures the creation of a durable, practical and convenient design that has an optimal design.

Before developing the project, it is necessary to determine the location of the structure. After that, calculations of parameters, design development, design of fences and marches, platforms and additional elements are carried out. This process requires a high level of professionalism, because the design must be reliable and durable. At the design stage, the main and additional standards, GOST and SNiP are taken into account. Such standards impose requirements on stairs and all constituent structural elements. For example, building codes control the following components:

  • Height and number of steps and dimensions of ledges;
  • The angle of the slope of the stairs;
  • Construction march width;
  • Parameters and height of fences, the presence of additional handrails;
  • The height of the space above the marching structure;
  • Dimensions of stairs.

There are basic design standards that are applied in the development of stairs located in public buildings or residential buildings.

Such rules are general in nature, but are mandatory.
Planning in this case is carried out at the stage of development of the building project, but first it is necessary to determine the type of stairs, location and main characteristics. This approach will ensure the creation of an optimal design that meets the norms of SNiP and established standards.

The basic requirements for stairs involve taking into account the main parameters of the future design.

The design process takes into account the area occupied by the stairs, as well as the height of the ceiling in residential buildings or other objects.
Significant attention is also paid to the expected load on the structure, the width of the march and the material from which the stairs and railings will be made. The established rules and requirements allow you to create a reliable, safe and high-quality design.

General requirements for stairs located in public buildings or residential buildings are as follows:

  • The height of the opening above the staircase area, platforms and marches must be at least 1.9 meters;
  • One march can include up to 18 steps, and with a larger number, an optimally sized landing is required;
  • The height of railings and fences must be at least 90 cm, and if there are children in the building, then it is mandatory to install additional handrails and the height of the main fence is 1.5 meters;
  • The width of the steps is no more than 25 cm, and the height is 22 cm, while the size of the protrusion of each step can be up to 3 cm;
  • In buildings that have more than one floor, the slope of the staircase structure should be 1: 1.75, and in a one-story building - 1: 1.5;
  • For institutions, it is important to equip an external staircase with a ramp for people with limited mobility of the limbs. The width of such an element must be at least 135 cm, and with a double size, a dividing fence, a handrail is required.

Each staircase structure at public facilities should be as convenient as possible, thought out and in accordance with the established norms of snip 21-01.

This takes into account all the parameters, for example, the width and size of the flight of stairs, which must be at least 90 cm for the free movement of one person.
Also an important factor is the width of the landings of the structure, which must be at least 1.3 meters. Established building codes and rules allow you to create a reliable, high-quality and safe lifting surface.

Trape-like structures for residential multi-storey buildings must also comply with norms and standards. All steps must certainly have the same dimensions, and fences can be standard, having a height of 90 cm. In this case, the maximum side load parameter can be at least 100 kg. The number of steps in one march cannot exceed 18, but an odd number is optimal, which makes it easier to move around the structure. The optimal slope of the march is in the range from 26 to 45 degrees. In this case, the distance from the door to the first step is from 1 meter.

Transforming structures and ladders cannot be used as interfloor stairs. Such devices are used for lifting to the attic or in the basement of residential buildings. In any case, compliance with the rules, established norms and other requirements is important.

In the process of developing a plan and design, it is important to consider every detail. For example, the load on the future structure is of primary importance, and attention is also focused on the type of stairs. Industrial, public or private constructions require compliance with the relevant requirements. At the same time, general rules and regulations that apply to each type of structure are important.

In public institutions, it is necessary to install a handrail on both sides. This requirement is relevant both in children's institutions and other social facilities.

The parameters of the flight of stairs in this case are calculated taking into account the availability of free passage for two or more people.
The minimum value is 1.3 meters. Established building codes and rules allow you to make an accurate calculation using special formulas. Such a process is carried out at the design stage.

When developing a project, it is important to consider safety requirements. Considerable attention is paid to the material of ladder structures. The surface of steps in public facilities should not be slippery, ideally smooth. The best option is a slightly rough coating that will ensure safe movement. Each structural element must have optimal dimensions, characteristics and dimensions. This approach will ensure comfortable operation, safety and ease of movement.

The topic of our article is the regulatory documents governing the size, location and other characteristics of stairs. We will analyze several GOST and SNiP for types of stairs for various purposes and from different materials. So let's get started.

Regulatory document

The study of regulatory documents will lead us to an interesting conclusion: there are no SNiPs for fire escapes that regulate their placement, dimensions and other characteristics. But there is GOST R 53254-2009, which describes stationary outdoor fire escapes and roof railings.

It is worth clarifying: a significant part of the SNiP clauses is advisory in nature. GOST in the field of production and placement of fire escapes must be strictly observed.

Key points

Let's quickly study the text of the standard and highlight the main points.

  • Fire ladders can be vertical and marching. For marching, the presence of a fence is mandatory; for vertical, it is necessary at a height of more than 6 meters. It is worth mentioning that in old houses the vertical stairs leading to the roof were mounted without a fence at any height.
  • If the height of the building or the difference between the roof sections is more than 20 meters (which corresponds to six floors), only mid-flight stairs are used.

  • Material - metal. No options. Wooden portable ladders were once used in case of a fire, but are now replaced by lightweight, durable and non-flammable aluminum ones. Stationary structures are made only of steel.
  • Steps must withstand a vertical load of at least 180 kgf. Fencing - horizontal load of at least 54 kgf.
  • Scale, rust, cracks and burrs are unacceptable.
  • Strength tests are carried out at least once every five years. Inspection (visual inspection) - at least once a year. The instruction is quite understandable: corrosion and other adverse effects should not make evacuation in case of fire dangerous.
  • The width of a vertical staircase with a railing should not be less than 80 cm, without a railing - 60, march - the same 60 cm.
  • The height of the fire escape railing is 100 cm, the roof is 60 cm.

steel stairs

Regulatory document

SNiP for metal stairs was approved back in 1981 and bears the number II-23-81. To be precise, this is not only SNiP for stairs: the document is called “Steel Structures”; however, a significant part of its points is applicable in our case.

Its general provisions indicate the need for savings through the use of effective profiles of metal structures (a typical example is the use of an I-beam instead of a square beam), unification and standardization of structures through the use of typical structural elements.


Key points

  • The regulatory document regulates the methods of connecting structural elements: manual arc welding and bolts. Actually, there are no other options.
  • The supporting elements of the structures are made of carbon steels or gray cast iron.

Nuance: the use of cast iron is permissible only where there are no shock loads. However, in the construction of stairs, it is practically not used.

  • All steel elements must be protected against corrosion by zinc or paint coating.

In addition, SNiP describes methods for calculating the strength of structures; there you can also find recommendations on the use of steel and cast iron grades in various climatic conditions.

Marches and cages

Regulations

Are there any SNiP for flights of stairs?

  1. We will find some of the requirements in SNiP 21-01-97, which regulates the fire safety of buildings for various purposes. The document extends part of the points of the same SNiP to stairwells.
  2. In more detail, the production, installation and dismantling of reinforced concrete is described by GOST 9818.

Key points

SNIP 21-01-97

  • The width of the march in public buildings is at least 1.35 meters, in buildings with the number of people on the floor (except, of course, the first) 200 and above - 1.2 m, in the case of stairs leading to a separate workplace - 0.7 m . In all other cases, the minimum march width is 90 centimeters.
  • The maximum slope of the march is 1:1 (45 degrees). The march leading to a single workplace can have a slope of up to 1:2 (60 degrees).
  • The width of the tread should not be less than 25 cm, the height of the step - no more than 22 centimeters.

However: if the staircase leads to a room with no more than 15 workplaces, in case of urgent need, the width of the tread can be reduced to 12 centimeters.

  • Venues should not be already marches. At the same time, the minimum length of the intermediate platform that breaks the straight march is 1 meter.
  • Doors leading to the landing in the open position should not reduce the width of the escape route. Hence the practical consequence: it is illegal and dangerous to fence off a staircase with a wooden or metal partition.
  • Pipelines with combustible gases and liquids on staircases should not be.

Author's Note: This requirement is violated all the time. In many houses (including relatively new buildings), the gas pipeline is connected to apartments through an internal staircase. At the height of the theft of non-ferrous metals in the 90s, the author happened to observe a partially disassembled plug valve on the gas pipeline in the entrance (fortunately, without fatal consequences for the residents).


  • Only communication cabinets and fire hydrants are allowed on stairwells. There should not be any drawers and cabinets for household purposes.
  • Open laying of electrical cables is prohibited. The exception is low-current devices (lighting is not included in their number).
  • Heating of staircases according to SNiP is allowed if the layout of the staircase prevents it from being smoked. However, there is a contradiction here: at a height of up to 2.2 meters from the floor level, no equipment should protrude beyond the walls. A compromise will be the placement of a radiator or register in a wall niche.

GOST 9818

Most of the text of the standard is devoted to technology, sizes and tolerances in the production of reinforced concrete marches, landings and overhead treads.

Let's highlight the most important.

  • The length of the march is limited to 18 steps.
  • The standard tread width is 30 cm. It varies from 13 to 15 cm.
  • The width of typical marches and platforms is from 1050 to 1500 mm.

It is worth clarifying: when building a house with your own hands, according to fire safety rules, at least one interfloor staircase must have a width of at least 900 mm. It is clear that the price of increasing the dimensions of the stairs is a decrease in the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room; however, safety should still come first.

  • The minimum design load for marches and platforms used in public buildings and industrial facilities is 480 kgf / m2, in residential buildings - 360 kgf / m2.

There is no separate SNiP for the installation of flights of stairs and landings, although the procedure for working with precast concrete structures is covered in SNiP 3.03.01-87. The maximum allowable deviations from the horizon, vertical and specified dimensions are also indicated there.


fences

Regulations

Are there any SNiP for stair and roof railings?

  1. Requirements for fencing in residential multi-apartment buildings are set out in SNiP 31-01-2003.
  2. Private houses are subject to SNiP 31-02-2001.
  3. For industrial buildings, SNiP 31-03-2001 is relevant.
  4. The norms for the construction of public buildings are described by SNiP 31-05-2003.

Key points

  • In apartment buildings, the height of railings in dangerous places must be equal to or greater than 1200 mm. Both marches and platforms are fenced with railings with handrails. The design of the fences is continuous, designed for a horizontal load of at least 30 kgf/linear meter.
  • In single-apartment residential buildings, the requirements for the strength and design of the railing are the same, but the height may be somewhat less - 0.9 meters.

However: with a ladder height of more than 6 meters, the minimum height of the fence is taken equal to 1000 mm.

  • For industrial buildings, the regulatory document indicates only the minimum height of the roof railings - 0.6 meters. If the roof is surrounded by a parapet, 60 cm is the minimum total height of the parapet and the fence installed on it.
  • The requirements for fencing in public buildings are the same as in single-apartment buildings - 0.9 meters with a design horizontal load of at least 0.3 kN / linear meter. At the same time, on the issue of requirements for the design of fences, the document refers us to GOST 25772, which contains a description of steel enclosing structures for stairs, balconies and roofs.

wooden stairs

Regulations

There are two SNiPs on. More precisely, two regulatory documents that regulate their construction: the phrase “wooden staircase” does not appear in the names.

  1. SNiP II-25-80 regulates the construction of wooden structures.
  2. Sanitary norms and rules number 2.08.01-89 cover many aspects of the construction of residential buildings in general.

Key points

We offer the reader a compilation of the key points of both documents.

Since the priority area for the construction of wooden stairs is private houses, we will limit ourselves to them.

  • Landings should have natural light.
  • The number of steps in the march is from 3 to 18.
  • Handrails are required. We have already touched on the requirements for fences.
  • For two- and three-story houses, the minimum width of the stairs is 1.05 meters; however, for intra-apartment stairs it is 0.9 m.
  • The slope of the internal staircase should not exceed 1:1.25 (which corresponds to an angle of 40 degrees to the horizon).
  • For any wooden structures, the use of coniferous wood is recommended; however, hard hardwoods should be used for dowels, steps and other items subjected to severe stress.

  • Wood should not have knots and slant. Humidity - no more than 12 percent. For rocks that are not resistant to decay, treatment with an antiseptic is mandatory.

Useful: a relatively inexpensive larch does not rot even in a humid environment in the absence of antiseptic or paint protection. However, its wood is very resinous (in fact, therefore it does not rot) and gives very painful splinters.

Requirements for people with reduced mobility

Regulatory document

SNiP 35-01-2001 for stairs and ramps sets out the requirements for their design in terms of accessibility for the disabled and the elderly.

The goals pursued by the norms introduced in it are:

  1. Make buildings accessible to people with reduced mobility.
  2. Make travel and evacuation safe.

Key points

  • The width of stairs and ramps for sedentary people should not be less than 1.35 meters. With a width of 2.5 meters or more, additional separation rails are required.
  • All steps within the same march are made of the same geometry and dimensions.
  • The maximum step height is 15 centimeters. The minimum width of the tread is 30 cm.
  • Step edges should be rounded. The side of the tread farthest from the wall is supplied with a two-centimeter rim.
  • The maximum height of the ramp is 0.8 meters, the maximum slope is 8 degrees.

Clarification: at a height of less than 0.2 meters, a slope of up to 10 degrees is acceptable.

  • The minimum width of the ramp for one-way traffic is 1 meter.
  • Handrails are required on both sides of the stairs or ramp. For the ramp, they are made double, at a height of 0.7 and 0.9 meters (for wheelchair users and for pedestrians).

 In the photo - a ramp with a double handrail.
  • Along the edge of the ramp, a side is made with a height of at least 5 centimeters.

Conclusion

Within the framework of the article, we have outlined only the main points of the listed regulatory documents. In the presented video in this article you will find additional information on this topic.

Successes in construction!

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