Compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.
Coordinating conjunctions connecting simple sentences are found between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
By conjunctions and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.
1. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, yes(= i), nor- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- No no ; AND [ the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], and [sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And, and; [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down someone has unlived years] (M. Sholokhov)- , Yes ;
b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], And ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , And .
V) [Life is given once], and [ I want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) - , and ; [Tell you give her two words], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hurried home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence the reason for the action in the second is indicated) -, and; [Free seats did not have], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , And .
2. Complex sentences with separators unions: or (or), either, whether- or then- this, not that- neither this nor that- either. They indicate alternation phenomena, on possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [The dog will bark brownie], il [ the breeze will rustle in sheets of darkening will fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ Sun dim glitters], That [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)
This, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- either or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the meaning of conjecture or an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).
3. Complex sentences With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, only. In them, one phenomenon is contrasted with another or is somehow different from it. For example: [Ranks people are given], A [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , A ; [Beliefs are instilled theory], [ behavior same is being formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, highlighting this word) - , [same]; [They, Certainly, don't know me], yes \I them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)- , Yes ; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found it's wild at times stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], Just a bit eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was already spring month March], however [at night the trees were cracking from the cold, like in December] (A. Chekhov)- , however . (The adversative conjunction “however” always appears at the beginning of a simple sentence; it can be replaced by the conjunction “but”; a comma is not placed after it. The introductory word “however”, which is homonymous to the conjunction, does not appear at the beginning (i.e., in the middle or at the end) sentences and are separated by commas in writing. Compare: We were all waiting for him, however (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he didn’t come.)
4. Complex sentences With gradational-comparative conjunctions: not only... but also, not that... but (but), if not... then, not that... but (a), not so much... as. In such sentences there is a comparison or opposition of phenomena according to degree
significance: what is communicated in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing compared to what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has for the speaker to a greater extent significance). For example: [
Cmnot really cruel, but [he's too de yat splendid character] (L. Tolstoy)- not just that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand it this look], but also [old Countess and Natasha blushed, noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only but .
5. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her as a child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadenka has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (Ah, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips Same turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions Same And Also in meaning they are close to the union And, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but inside the second one).
6. Complex sentences with explanatory notes unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains and concretizes the thought expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in his native Lozishchi and to a certain Osip Lozinsky], that is [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , that is ; [Men's room the servants were brought we have to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .
Syntactic analysis of complex sentences
Parsing scheme compound sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2 Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the number of simple sentences in a complex sentence and find their boundaries, highlight the grammatical foundations of each simple sentence included in a complex sentence.
4.Indicate what kind of coordinating conjunction connects simple sentences into complex ones, and determine the semantic relationships between them.
5 Compose graphic diagram compound sentence.
6. Explain punctuation marks.
Sample analysis of a complex sentence
[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by the coordinating adversative conjunction “but”, a relation of opposition (with a hint of concession); simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).
This, that.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating disjunctive conjunction “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
[Women flash by in tents], and [ mongrels yapping sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).
And, and.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeated coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by commas.
Syntactic analysis of sentences (generalization).
In the Unified State Examination task in the Russian language, as a rule, a complex sentence is proposed for analysis, which, of course, does not exclude the possibility of analyzing a simple complicated sentence. Let's visualize brief information about the differences between simple and types of complex sentences, the knowledge of which you will need to successfully complete the task.
Rule.
| offer | quantitygrammatical basics | Construction Features | Main features (means of communication, if any) |
| 1. Simple sentence | one grammatical basis | It may be complicated or uncomplicated, but it will still be considered simple, For example: Subject + homogeneous predicates; Me or I’ll burst into tears, or scream, or faint. Homogeneous subjects + plural predicate; The gardens were blooming apple, pear, cherry and plum trees. Grammatical basis + participial phrase/adverbial phrase; Road, cobblestone, climbed the shaft. Having seen off my comrades , Anya stood silently for a long time. Introductory words, phrases and constructions; inserted constructions (incidental instructions, remarks that stand out from the syntactic structure). They may have a grammatical basis, but not included (!) included in the proposal. As the old-timers say , the winter will be snowy. I did not understand ( now I understand), what I did with the creatures close to me. |
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| 2. Complex composition. | minimum two grammar basics | The stems are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions. The bases are equal (that is, from the same base it is forbidden set question for another). [Windblew from the land], And[near the shore the water was calm]. |
Conjunctions: and, but, and, or, however, or, not only... but also |
| 3. Complex subordination. | minimum two grammar basics | The stems are related to each other by intonation and subordinating conjunctions. The bases are unequal (from one base Can set question for another). (When the wind was blowing from land) [ near the shore the water was calm]. When was the water calm? When the wind blew from land. |
Conjunctions and allied words: when, as, as if (as if), that, so that, because, since, if; which, which, whose, who, etc. |
| 4. Non-union proposal (BSP) | minimum two grammar basics | The basics are connected to each other only by intonation. Graphically non-union proposal can be recognized using punctuation marks between stems (, : – ;) WindIt was blowing from land, the water was calm near the shore. |
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| 5. Complex sentence with coordinating and subordinate. communication | minimum three grammar basics | There must be signs of points 2, 3, 4 |
Algorithm of actions.
1. Try to act by eliminating incorrect options! Most often, two version of the Unified State Exam obviously incorrect, and the rest are very similar.
2. Identify grammatical basics and determine their number. One basis is a simple sentence, if two or more are complex.
3. Pay attention to the ways in which grammatical basics are connected and the punctuation marks between them.
Remember! Coordinating conjunctions connect not only grammatical foundations, but also homogeneous members sentences, and subordinates - only grammatical basics!
4. If the sentence is complex (SPP), then determine the main and subordinate clauses (ask a question from one stem to another).
Analysis of the task.
1.
Apparently, we don’t think enough in private that we still don’t know this.
1) complex with coordinating and subordinating connections
1) complex
2) complex with non-conjunctive and subordinating connections
3) compound (CC)
We highlight grammatical basics and conjunctions:
Apparently we don't think much in private, What We still don’t know this.
Thus, there are 2 grammatical bases in the sentence ( it is seen is introductory words, therefore only complicates the first basis). Options 1 and 3 will be excluded, since they presuppose the presence of at least three basics Since the sentence contains a subordinating conjunction What, then this is a proposal complex (option 2).
1. Which characteristic corresponds to the sentence:
True, when the famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen checked into the hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell that could be diluted with water.
1. complex with coordinating and subordinating connections
2. complex with non-conjunctive and subordinating connections
3. complex
4. complex with non-union and conjunction (coordinating and subordinating) connections
We determine the number of grammatical bases and the connection between them:
Is it true, When famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen checked into a hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell, which could have been diluted with water.
Three basics ( Truth - introductory word) are connected only by a subordinating connection (conjunction When and a union word which).
Answer option – 3.
2. Which characteristic corresponds to the sentence:
It is interesting that a year before the experimental discovery of the positron, its existence was theoretically predicted by the English physicist Paul Dirac (the existence of just such a particle followed from the equation he derived).
Syntax. Difficult sentence. Compound preposition. Complex sentence
Nikolenkova N.V.
§ 1. Complex sentence as a unit of syntax.
A complex sentence (hereinafter SP) is a sentence in which several predicative stems (= parts) are combined, forming a single whole in semantic and intonation terms. Such, for example, would be the sentence Alice the Fox was supposedly lame1, the cat Basilio pretended to be blind2, although his vision was just like that of a cat3, but the inexperienced Pinocchio immediately believed the scammers and felt sorry for them4. The sentence consists of four parts, each of them has its own grammatical structure, its own group of subject and predicate.
It would be incorrect to characterize each of the parts of a complex sentence as a simple sentence. A sentence as a unit of syntax (both simple and complex) must have such features as relative semantic completeness and intonation unity. The parts of a complex sentence do not possess these properties, and therefore are characterized only as “parts” that are formally equal to a simple sentence, but are not one. Therefore, it would be incorrect to define *A complex sentence is several simple ones combined into a single whole. In addition, if a simple sentence is included in a complex one, becoming part of it, it can change its structure. Most often this is due to a change in the structure of the part, which becomes dependent: Buratino could not solve the problem proposed by Malvina. He has never been to school. – Buratino could not solve the problem proposed by Malvina, since he had never been to school (the dependent part became an incomplete sentence). Malvina decided to settle in a house lost in a deep forest. She no longer wanted to play in the Barabas Theater. - Malvina decided to settle in a house lost in a deep forest so as not to play in the Barabas Theater anymore (the dependent part became a one-part impersonal sentence). There are also types of complex sentences in which the order of the parts is strictly defined, and, entering such joint ventures, individual sentences obey this rule. Pinocchio couldn't eat. He didn't have a penny in his pocket. - Buratino didn’t have a penny in his pocket, so he couldn’t eat.
Complex sentences are divided into types. The first division is based on the nature of the formal connection between the parts. If the parts are connected only by intonation, then the sentence is called non-union (BSP). If conjunctions and allied words are used for communication, then the sentence refers to allied words. Allies, in turn, are divided into two categories according to the nature of the allied means used in them. If a coordinating conjunction is used to connect parts, then the sentence is classified as a compound sentence (CCS). If subordinating conjunctions or allied words are used to connect the parts, then the sentence is characterized as complex.
complex sentences
allied non-union
complex complex
At the same time, the meaning expressed different types complex sentence, maybe the same, compare: 1. Night fell, Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. 2. Night fell, and Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. 3. Night had barely fallen when Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. The first sentence is non-conjunctive, the second is complex with connecting relations between parts, the third is complex with subordinate tense.
Almost any complex sentence can be transformed into a sentence of a different type: If you put money in a hole, a tree with a bunch of chervonets will grow (SPP) - If you put money in a hole, a tree of chervonets (BSP) will grow.
§ 2. Compound sentence, its types.
A compound sentence (CSS) is a type of sentence in which the parts are connected using coordinating conjunctions.
When connecting parts using coordinating conjunctions, the parts remain relatively independent from each other, and equal relations are established between them. More specific semantic relationships are revealed from the meaning of the unions between the parts.
Structurally, coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of the parts, they stand between them, which is reflected in the diagrams: It’s not that Pinocchio didn’t want to go to school, but the theater attracted him more. The scheme is linear, proposed in school textbooks: Not that […], but […]. When building vertical diagram conjunctions are also located between the parts.
BSCs are divided into six types:
1. BSC with connecting relations (= using connecting conjunctions).
Conjunctions of this group include AND (single and repeated), YES (= and), NI (repeated), AS... SO AND.
The general meaning of these sentences will be an indication of the connection between phenomena that either occur simultaneously or follow one after another. For example: Papa Carlo was tired of living alone, and he decided to make himself a doll out of a log. And the birds helped Pinocchio in the battle with Karabas, and the insects tried to provide all possible assistance, and even the bear came out of the den and growled at the owner of the theater. Just as the fox Alice did not know how and did not like to work, so her companion Basilio was a typical quitter and slacker.
The conjunction AS...SO always indicates simultaneity, and most often the simultaneity of events is expressed by repeating conjunctions: Neither Karabas knew the secret of the golden key, nor Duremar could reveal it. Moreover, the use of I...I is associated with the affirmative meaning of the sentence, while NI...NI is used for negation.
The conjunction I is broad in meaning and indicates both simultaneity and sequence of events: Pinocchio was sitting at a smartly set table, and his long nose was immersed in a coffee pot. But: Pinocchio saw the inkwell for the first time in his life, and out of curiosity he immediately stuck his long nose into it.
After the conjunction AND there may be words that help narrow the broad meaning of the sentence. For example, the use of the adverb “then” additionally gives the meaning of temporal sequence, and the indication of simultaneity can be specified by using “at the same time”: Basilio the cat hated Alice the fox, and at the same time he could not live without her. The sentence with the adverb “in addition” takes on a connecting connotation: Papa Carlo was not attracted to a luxurious lifestyle, and in addition he did not have the means. The adverb “therefore” gives a connotation of consequence: Pinocchio looked very naive, and therefore the cat and the fox decided to deceive him. (ATTENTION!!! The last sentence does not become a complex sentence, it still remains a SSP. Combining “and therefore” into one causative conjunction is one of the most common mistakes in syntactic analysis of text. “Therefore” is a demonstrative pronominal adverb that does not refer to allied means).
2. BSC with dividing relations (= using dividing conjunctions).
Conjunctions of this group include OR and EITHER (single and repeating), THAT...THAT, NOT THAT...NOT THAT and THAT...OR (repeating).
The main meaning of such sentences is mutual exclusion and alternation. Both of these meanings can be expressed using the conjunctions OR and OR. For example, the meaning of alternation is expressed in the sentence Duremar either caught leeches in the swamp, or he was drawn to collect worms on the paths. And the meaning of mutual exclusion is expressed in the sentence “Either I’ve gone crazy, or this doll has come to life,” thought Papa Carlo. Note that the single use of the conjunctions in question also expresses these meanings.
Only the meaning of alternation is expressed by the union TO...TO: Either Pinocchio believed the words of the fox and the cat, then he considered them scammers. The remaining two conjunctions NOT THAT...NOT THAT and THAT...LI express the meaning of mutual exclusion: Either Karabas didn’t like children at all, or he didn’t know how to handle them.
For SPPs of the first two types, the following structural point is also important: sentences with connecting and adversative conjunctions belong to sentences open type, they can include an almost unlimited number of parts, joined using the same coordinating conjunction. For other types of BSC this is impossible; sentences can consist of only two predicative units (you can continue the sentences we have compiled yourself).
3. BSC with adversative relations (= using adversative conjunctions).
The conjunctions of this group include BUT, YES (=but), THEN, HOWEVER, THE SAME, A, WHILE, WHEREAS, BETWEEN, IF...THEN.
Sentences of this type may indicate opposition or comparison of two phenomena.
The opposition is expressed by the conjunctions BUT, YES, THEN, HOWEVER and SAME: Pinocchio did not want to sell the alphabet, but he could not cope with the desire to go to the theater. Duremar was unable to find out the secret of the golden key, but he managed to catch many thick and expensive leeches (the ZATO union has an additional connotation of compensation, compensation). Pinocchio wanted to sneak out of the tavern without paying, but the owner of the Three Minnows was closely watching the visitors (in this sentence, HOWEVER is similar to BUT, but it should be borne in mind that HOWEVER can also be an introductory word). Malvina really wanted to raise Pinocchio, but he only wanted to sit back (the conjunction ZHE combines the meaning of an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle, so it stands inside the second part, after the first word. This conjunction is often forgotten when drawing up a diagram, so the sentence according to the scheme turns out to be unionless).
The conjunction A more often expresses comparative relations, which are also expressed by the book analogues of the conjunction A - AT THE TIME AS, BETWEEN AS, THEN AS and IF...THEN. For example: Pierrot really wanted to find Malvina, but Pinocchio scoffed and did not want to give the address of his beautiful beloved. If Pinocchio looked like Papa Carlo, then Piero was the spitting image of Giuseppe (the second part of the conjunction is obligatory; if it is possible to remove THAT, the conjunction is considered as a subordinating one).
The listed book analogs of A very often cause confusion when syntactically analyzing a sentence; many consider the sentence as complex. To a certain extent, this error is due to the fact that in the punctuation rules these conjunctions are listed in the same row as subordinating ones. For practice, we would recommend making 10 sentences with these conjunctions yourself and thinking about the meaning.
January 10, 2015Traditionally (and in school grammar) a complex sentence was understood as a combination of simple sentences, achieved using certain syntactic means and characterized by semantic, constructive and intonational integrity. But its parts are not simple sentences, since: 1) they often cannot be independent communicative units, but exist only as part of a complex one; 2) do not have intonation completeness; 3) the entire proposal entirely answers one information question, i.e. represents one communicative unit. It is more correct to consider them not simple sentences, but predicative units.
Classification of complex sentences
We will analyze compound and complex sentences, examples and their classification. Let's start with the fact that both are complex. Complex sentences differ in the nature of the connection, the nature of the predicative units, and the order of the parts. They are union and non-union. Conjunctive sentences, which we will focus on in this article, are, in turn, divided into compound and complex sentences (see examples below).
Complex sentence (SSP)
SSPs are complex sentences, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and are grammatically independent of each other, i.e. are in a relationship of equality, equivalence.
The specificity of coordinating conjunctions lies primarily in the fact that they are in a fixed position - always between the predicative units being connected (except for repeating conjunctions). They are not included in any part of complex sentences. When changing the order of predicative units, the place of the conjunction does not change. Analysis of a complex sentence and examples of its various types are given in this article.
Video on the topic
Classification of compound conjunctions
The classification of SSPs in "Russian Grammar-80" is based on the division of conjunctions on the basis of unambiguity/ambiguity. Conjunctions of the non-differentiating type include: and, a, but, yes, same, or, or and their synonyms. They tend to express certain type relations, but their meaning is always determined to one degree or another by the context or specified by the specifier. Conjunctions of the differentiating type (mostly conjunctive analogues) unambiguously qualify certain relations: that is, namely, therefore, also, on the contrary, or rather, etc., which a complex sentence has.
Examples of BSC with non-differentiating type unions
- Her heart was beating strongly, and her thoughts could not stop at anything (actually connecting).
- I called and the door was immediately opened for me (inappropriately connecting with a positive qualification of communication).
- He never kept his word, and this is very bad (improper connecting, connecting-commenting).
- He joked, and I was angry (comparative).
- Life goes by quickly, and you haven’t had time to do anything yet (inconsistency, complex sentence).
Examples with the conjunction "but":
- There is no rain, but the air is quite humid (oppositional).
- He is not very diligent, but he plays music with pleasure (opposite-compensatory).
- It’s quite dark, but they haven’t turned on the lights yet (opposite-restrictive).
- It smells like hay, but the smell is thick and delicate (adjunctive compound sentence).
Examples with conjunctions “or”, “or”:
- Let him move here, to the outbuilding, or I will move from here (modally complicated).
- Either I'm wrong, or she's telling a lie (modally uncomplicated complex sentence).
Examples of BSC with differentiating type unions
- I don’t know how to recite poetry, that is, I don’t like to read them with any special expression (explanatory).
- There was already snow, but it was quite warm (there were no severe frosts yet) (opposite).
- I never teased her; on the contrary, I treated her very carefully (optional-commentary).
- He spoke for a long time and monotonously, so he tired everyone out (cause and effect).
- Not only my friends treated his weaknesses condescendingly, but also envious people did not dare to object to him (gradational).
Complex sentence (SPP)
SPP is a complex sentence in which there is a dependence of parts connected by subordinate means of communication: conjunctions and allied words.
The structural-semantic classification of SPP is based on an important formal feature - the nature of the syntactic, formal dependence of the subordinate part on the main one. This feature unites the scientific classifications of V.A. Beloshapkova and "Russian Grammar-80". All SPPs are divided into sentences of undivided and dissected types. Their differential features are as follows.
Undivided type
1. The subordinate part is in a clause position (refers to one word in the main one), a clause or correlative connection (refers to a demonstrative pronoun).
2. One of the parts is synsemantic, i.e. cannot be a semantically sufficient communicative unit outside of a complex sentence.
3. Means of communication - syntactic (multi-valued) conjunctions and allied words.
Exploded type
1. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main sentence: a determinative connection.
2. Both parts are autosemantic, i.e. potentially capable of existing independently.
3. Means of communication - semantic (unambiguous) conjunctions.
The most important sign is the first, structural sign.
Further classification of dissected type SPPs is carried out taking into account the content, semantic aspects (such as time, condition, concession, cause, purpose, consequence, comparative, comparative aspect that a complex sentence may have).
Examples from fiction and other suggestions: 
- Several hours have passed since I left the city (temporarily).
- If you can, come at two o'clock (condition).
- Although it was already late, the lights were on in the house (concession).
- I almost never have free time, because music requires full dedication (reason).
- To study well, you need to work hard (goal).
- His eyes shone as they shine on dark sky stars (comparative).
- If he masters thought, then he even more masters form (comparative).
The classification of NGN of an undifferentiated type is primarily based on a structural feature - the nature of the means of communication, and only at the second stage - on semantic differences.
Types of non-divided type IBS
1. C allied communications: explanatory, definitive (quantitative, qualitative, qualification) and comparative.
2. With pronominal connection: pronominal interrogative and pronominal relative complex sentence.
Examples from fiction and other sentences with conjunctions:
- It’s stupid that you won’t come (explanatory).
- The air is so clean, as if it were not there (definitive, quantitative).
- He spoke quickly, as if he was being urged on (definitive, qualitative).
- All this happened as if no one was in the room (determinative complex sentence).
Examples from literature and other sentences with pronominal connections:
- You had to hear how he spoke (pronominal interrogative).
- The house we live in is new (pronominal relative, oriented).
- No matter who applied, there was no refusal (pronominal relative, unoriented complex sentence).
Examples of sentences (grade 5, the Russian language textbook will help you continue this list), as you can see, can be given in a variety of ways.
A more detailed theoretical part can be found in many manuals (for example, V.A. Beloshapkova “Modern Russian Language”, “Russian Grammar-80”, etc.).
Every day the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a complex sentence can lead an adult into a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
Compound sentence
A complex sentence (CCS) is one in which the parts are connected coordinating connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. In this case, all elements are equal and independent.
Division by meaning of conjunctions of a complex sentence
- Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so and;
- Dividing: either, or..or, either, then..that, either..either, not that..not that;
- Adverse: a, but, yes (=but: handsome, but stupid), but, however.
When children at school are just introduced to the types of sentences, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above are distinguished. However, in high school Students identify three more groups:
- Gradational: not only, not so much..as much, not so much..ah, not so much..but also;
- Explanatory: namely, that is;
- Connective: moreover, moreover, yes and, too, also.
Thus, a complex sentence is distinguished with connecting conjunctions, disjunctive and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational conjunctions, explanatory and connecting.
Compound sentences: examples and diagrams
After the weekend he felt better and made a complete recovery.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction And shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do homework or help his mother with housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing Andwhether mutually exclusive events.
Now you shoot something, and I’ll make a fire.
Scheme: (), a (). Union A– adversative, which means there is opposition in the sentence.
Not only her relatives admired her intelligence, but also complete strangers.
Scheme: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure divides events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory conjunction that is.
We have to do this, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesprovides additional facts and information.
Punctuation in complex sentences
In BSC, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeated coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be fulfilled.
Scheme: (), a ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: or (), or ().
Semicolon used when BSC elements are very common and commas are already used:
The boy was happy about the new kite, ran after it and was the most happy man; and the elements were already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); A ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have this opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), a (); And ().
Dash is put when parts of a complex sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
The hall froze for a second – and immediately there was wild applause.
Scheme: () – and ().
When punctuation marks are not used
The parts of the BSC are:
- Interrogative: When will you be in town again and dare I ask for a meeting?
- Incentive: Do everything well and may you cope with everything.
- Exclamation: You are so great and I like everything so much!
- Named: Cold and wind. Stuffiness and heat.
- Impersonal offers: It's cold and windy. Stuffy and sultry.
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