It would seem that everyone already knows what animation is. But if you dig deep into this topic, you can find a lot interesting facts. For example, in the USSR animation was called animation. There are many types and the first animation appeared before cinematography. Let's talk about all this further.
Definition
So, it is worth understanding that the term “animation” has several interpretations. First of all, this is what animation is called in the West. Animation, in turn, is special kind cinematic arts. Simply put, this is all just a regular cartoon. WITH Latin language animation is translated as “multiplication.” That is, the name itself reveals the technique by which a moving picture is formed.
Short story
Interestingly, long before people knew, back in the first half of the 19th century, the first attempts were made to “activate” an image. But the first full-fledged animated character was the dinosaur Gertie, who was created by Winsor McCay in 1914.
After that, animation developed rapidly. Already in 1928, Walt Disney introduced the world to Mickey Mouse. In the USSR, animation has been actively developing since 1936, when the Soyuzmultfilm film studio was founded. The animation later spreads throughout the world. Already in 1958, the now popular anime appeared in Japan. This is how animation developed into computer animation.
Animation techniques
When the whole world understood what animation was, different types began to appear. Over time, technologies began to develop to create new cartoons. Now we can talk about five common techniques for creating a moving picture.
Rotoscoping is a special technique that forms a segment by sequentially depicting individual frames. Each frame is on real film. The filming involves actors and scenery. Now this technique is also used. But before, they hired an artist who would manually draw everything that was needed, but now the whole process is computerized. If special effects are needed, a “wandering mask” is added. It covers parts of the real image.
Another technique is plasticine. This animation is familiar to many from the cartoon “Last Year’s Snow Was Falling.” The technique involves shooting plasticine elements frame by frame. In this case, the position of the figures changes for the effect of movement.
Sand animation is less popular. It involves working with purified fine sand, salt or coffee. The powder is poured into a thin layer onto the glass and formed into a picture using hand movements.
Hand-drawn animation was previously very popular. Before the advent of computers, it was the most used. This technique involves taking time-lapse shots of hand-drawn two-dimensional objects.
Computer method
This latest technology performing animation, and it’s worth talking about it in more detail. What is computer animation? It is logical to assume that it is created using a PC. Despite the fact that it is most often found in art, this method is also used in production, science, and business.
Those familiar with computer graphics know that animation is derivative. It can also be formed in vector, raster, fractal or three-dimensional ways.
Types
Computer animation can be done in several ways. One of the first is considered to be the method of arranging key frames. The computer itself fills in the intermediate frames. There is a motion recording technique. On special sensors, thanks to which computers recognize their movements and transfer them into simulation.
Procedural animation is a complex software process in which the PC itself generates movements limited by rules and laws. Objects can also be animated using programming languages. So, JavaScript and ActionScript are known.
If you don't know how to make animation, you can turn to special programs. Among them there are both paid and free options. Online services are also available.
Programs
If you want to create your own animation, know that it is real. Of course, you need to have drawing skills, at least basic ones. But in general, the animation program itself will help you. Naturally, Adobe Photoshop tops the entire list of similar software. It's no secret that this is a paid option, although this is not a barrier for fans of pirated versions.
“Photoshop” is a universal program that allows you to do whatever comes into your head. There's something here for that necessary tools and additions. If you need a professional version of this program, then buy Adobe Flash Professional. This multimedia platform is specifically designed to work with web applications and multimedia presentations. It has development tools such as Adobe Animate in its arsenal. The add-on is designed to work with computer animation.
If you need animation on a transparent background, then you can add free GIMP or Blender to the above applications. The first option is a copy of Photoshop. Great for working with raster graphics. The second option is a whole package for professionals that works with 3D graphics, modeling, animation, rendering, etc.
Online services
Among the online services, Moovly is considered popular. Here it is unlikely that you will be able to work with animation on a transparent background, but simple hand-drawn videos or advertising presentations are easy to make here. There is a whole library with templates and objects. You can add text and music and immediately send the finished product to YouTube. The service is shareware. You can make a video for 10 minutes in 480p resolution. It will be quite enough for animation.
PowerPoint
Many people are wondering if this program can be used to create cartoons? Unfortunately, you won't need it, since you won't be able to create animation in it. This service is designed for creating presentations. Of course, if you get used to it, you can try to create a series of moving pictures so that it looks like a cartoon, but this program is not for that at all.
The main tools in PowerPoint are, first of all, special effects. For example, each frame can appear in a special way: with darkening, lightening, rotation, patterns, etc. The same can be done with presentation objects. You can add a visual effect to text or picture. Blocks can fly out, appear, fade, etc.
MBOU "Secondary school No. 2 of the city of Yurga"
"What is animation?"
Completed by: Popkov Matvey,
student of 1st grade
Head: teacher classes Kanarskaya Alexandra Vladimirovna
G. Yurga
2017
Introduction
Everyone loves to watch cartoons - both children and adults. I also love watching cartoons. For example, an old cartoon about Winnie the Pooh.
A cartoon is a cartoon or animated film, i.e. a film created using animation.
I wanted to know more about how cartoons are created. In the process of collecting information, I realized that making cartoons is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance.
What is animation (cartoon)
Animationis the artificial representation of motion in film, television, or computer graphics by displaying a sequence of drawings or frames at a frequency that ensures a holistic visual perception of the images.
Animation, unlike video film which uses continuous motion, uses many independent drawings.
Synonym for the word "animation" -« animation» - very widespread in our country. Animation and animation are just different definitions of the same art form.
The term animation, which is more familiar to us, comes from the Latin word “multi” - a lot and corresponds traditional technology reproduction of the drawing, because in order for the hero to “come to life”, you need to repeat his movement many times: from 10 to 30 drawn frames per second.
Internationally accepted professional definition« animation» (translated from Latin “anima” - soul, “animation” - revival, animation) more accurately reflects all the modern technical and artistic capabilities of animated cinema.
Historical reference
Throughout his existence, man has tried to capture movement in his art. One of the first examples is the rock art from the Chauvet Cave (France)
Drawings of a prehistoric horse in motion
IN ancient Egypt As early as 2000 BC, people also tried to capture movement using drawings.
Ancient Egyptian painting depicting wrestlers
In the 70s BC. The Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius, in his treatise “On the Nature of Things,” described a device for displaying moving pictures on a screen. The first mentions of Chinese shadow theater - a type of spectacle visually close to the future animated film - date back to the 10th-11th centuries. In the 15th century, books appeared with drawings that reproduced the various phases of the movement of the human figure. Rolled up and then instantly unfolded, these books created the illusion of “living” drawings.
A book with drawings that creates the illusion of “come to life” drawings
In the Middle Ages, there were also craftsmen who entertained the public with sessions of moving pictures using optical devices like filmoscopes, into which transparent plates with drawings were inserted. Such devices were called a magic lantern or in Latin “laterna magica”. In 1646, the Jesuit monk Athanasius Kirscher gave the first description of the “magic lantern” he designed - a device that illuminated an image on transparent glass. Since the 17th century, such performances have been held in traveling theaters throughout Europe.
"Magic Lantern"
The history of animation in the generally accepted sense begins in late XIX century. On July 20, 1877, in the city of Anesse, the self-taught French engineer Emile Reynaud created a unique apparatus called the praxinoscope. Using this device, Emil Reynaud created and showed short cartoons lasting from 5 to 15 minutes. Therefore, the French city of Annecy is considered to be the birthplace of hand-drawn animation. It hosts festivals of the best animated films twice a year for several decades. By the way, in 1977, a large-scale celebration of the 100th anniversary of animation took place in Annecy.
Reynaud constantly worked and improved his praxinoscope, which was a mechanical device with a rotating mirror drum and a tape with drawn pictures. The improvement primarily concerned a device that ensures synchronization of image and sound.
Praxinoscope
Reynaud's services to animation can hardly be overestimated, but he cannot be called the creator of the first cartoon in history, since film was not used as an image carrier in the production of his films.
In honor of Renaud's first show of "luminous pantomimes" in Paris to the general public in 1892, October 28 has been celebrated as International Animation Day since 2002.
Hollywood actor Walt Disney made a great contribution to the development of world animation. Disney made his first cartoon in 1921. In 1926, the popular character Mickey Mouse was created, and in 1928, the first sound animated film, “Steamboat Willie,” was shot. In 1932, Walt Disney made his first color animated film, Flowers and Trees.
Animation also has a long history in our country. In 1910, Vladislav Aleksandrovich Starevich shot the world’s first three-dimensional animated film, “Beautiful Lyukanida, or the war of the stags with the barbels.” The film lasted 10.5 minutes and the “actors” in this animated film were various insects.
Still from the film “Beautiful Lyukanida, or the war of stags with barbels”
In 1935, the Soyuzmultfilm film studio was founded, which was originally called Soyuzdetmultfilm. Characteristic for cartoons of 1945-1959 high level realism of backgrounds and characters. In 1952, a complete analogue of the Disney multi-plane camera was created. All methods of classical animation were mastered and new ones were invented. In 1959, the cartoon “Cloud in Love” was filmed. The cartoon received wide recognition in the USSR and abroad. Awarded with prizes at foreign film festivals. The “Golden Age” of Soviet animation is considered to be the 60-70s of the 20th century, when many wonderful cartoons were shot - “Mowgli”, “Winnie the Pooh”, “Well, wait a minute!”, “Mitten” and others. The first computer cartoon called “Kitty” was created by students and teachers of Moscow State University on BESM-4 in 1968.
Animation technologies
Currently exists various technologies creating animation:
Classical (traditional) animation is a succession of drawings, each of which is drawn separately. This is a very labor-intensive process, as animators have to create each frame separately.
Stop-frame (puppet) animation. Objects placed in space are fixed by the frame, after which their position changes and is fixed again.
Sprite animation is implemented using a programming language.
Morphing is the transformation of one object into another by generating a specified number of intermediate frames.
Color animation - with it, only the color, and not the position of the object, changes.
3D animation is created using special programs (for example, 3D MAX). Pictures are obtained by visualizing a scene, and each scene is a set of objects, light sources, textures.
Motion Capture is the first branch of animation that makes it possible to convey natural, realistic movements in real time. Sensors are attached to the live actor in places that will be aligned with control points in the computer model to input and digitize movement. The actor's coordinates and orientation in space are transmitted to the graphics station, and the animation models come to life.
Currently, computers are widely used to produce animated films.
Practical part (questionnaire)
The children in the class were asked to answer 4 questions. In total, there were 27 people surveyed, all 27 of them like to watch cartoons, 8 people answered that they prefer to watch Russian cartoons, 4 people are foreign and 15 guys like to watch both.
(creating an animation wheel)
To do this, I needed these tools: a square sheet of thin cardboard, glue, scissors, two small coins, a black felt-tip pen, a nail, a mirror.
Conclusion
Thus, I was able to achieve the goal of my research. The knowledge gained during the study allowed us to increase the interest of others in the art of animation.
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Some citizens are quite annoyed by unfamiliar words, which, like pieces of inedible cartilage, are crammed into a variety of texts, TV and the Internet. Since many of them occur constantly, we decided to collect their transcripts on one site, which you are reading now. Therefore, do not forget to add our resource site to your bookmarks so as not to miss important and educational information. Today we’ll talk about a word that appears in absolutely different areas human activity is Animation, which means you can read a little lower.
However, before I continue, I would like to show you a few of our popular publications on random topics. For example, what does Rendezvous mean, how to understand the word Happiness, what is Trigger, what does Lanita mean, etc.
So let's continue what is Animation? This term was borrowed from the Latin language" animation", further passes from " animare", which can be translated as " animate", "blow", "inhale", "revitalize"". This term has several meanings, but we will talk only about the most common of them.
Animation is an alternative name for animation, used primarily in Western countries, which is a separate species cinematic arts.
Animation- this is a special type of art when a short film or even a full-length film is created by frame-by-frame filming of puppet scenes, plasticine characters, and hand-drawn frames.
Synonym of Animation: animation, storyboard.
Animation on smartphones- this is the movement of windows, icons, curtains, that is, a computer simulation of movement by redrawing / changing the shape of objects
Animation is a dynamic medium in which drawings or objects are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn by hand onto transparent celluloid sheets, which must be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are created using computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be highly detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low-bandwidth, or real-time.
Other common animation techniques apply stop motion to two and three dimensional objects such as dolls or clay/plasticine figures. A stop-motion technique that uses live actors as the phasing subject is known as pixilation.
Typically, the animation effect is achieved by quickly changing successive images that differ minimally from each other. It is assumed that the illusion, as in moving pictures in general, relies on the phenomenon of phi ( is an optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images when viewed quickly as continuous movement) and beta movements ( a series of static images on the screen creates the illusion of a smoothly flowing scene), but the exact reasons are still unclear. Analogue mechanical animation media based on the rapid display of sequential images include "phanakisticope", "zoetrope", "flip book", "praxinoscope" and "film". Television and video are popular electronic media that were originally analog but are now digital. Techniques such as GIF and Flash animation have been developed for computer display.
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In addition to short films, feature films, animated gifs and other media mass media, designed to display moving images, animation is also widely used for video games, motion graphics, and special effects.
The physical movement of parts of an image using simple mechanics, such as the moving images in Magic Lanterns, can also be considered animation. Mechanical animation of real robotic devices is known as animatronics.
Animators are artists who specialize in creating animation.
Traditional animation(also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) is the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of the drawings first depicted on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing is slightly different from the one before it. Animators' drawings are traced or copied onto clear acetate sheets called cels, which are filled with paints in designated colors or tones. The completed characters are photographed one by one with a painted background using the rostrum camera.
Full animation refers to the process of creating high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and believable movement, with smooth animation.
Limited animation involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and movement techniques, typically choppy or "jumping" motion animation. Limited animation uses less drawings per second, thereby limiting the fluidity of the animation. This is a more economical technique.
Rotoscoping is a technology patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators track movement in real time, frame by frame.
Live action/ animation is a technique that combines drawn characters with live actors.
Animation
Animation
Animation - multimedia technology; reproduction of a sequence of pictures giving the impression of a moving image. The moving image effect occurs when the video frame rate is more than 16 frames per second.
In English: Animation
Synonyms: Animation
Finam Financial Dictionary.
Synonyms:
See what “Animation” is in other dictionaries:
Animation: Wiktionary has an article “animation” Animation (from the French animation ... Wikipedia
- (lat.). Inspiration, revitalization; in forensic medicine, the moment from which the fetus is considered animate. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. animation and, female. (French animation... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Animation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. animation noun, number of synonyms: 5 anime (7) inspired ... Synonym dictionary
animation- and, f. animation f. movie. Animation. Well, think about it, in what other movie is such a capacious artistic depiction of life, rich in laconic information, possible? Of course, only in animation, or, as they say all over the world, in... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
animation - … Technical Translator's Guide
ANIMATION- creating an image of a moving object, animation... Legal encyclopedia
A technology that allows using inanimate stationary objects to create the illusion of movement. The most popular form is animation, which is a series of hand-drawn images. In each of the following figures, the figure is presented in... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
animation- 3.1 animation: Simulation of work software(or a separate part thereof), designed to display significant aspects of the behavior of a programmable electronic system related to the safety of buildings and structures.... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Creating moving images of stationary objects (imaginary or real) on a movie screen or display screen (or television). Animation in cinematography, otherwise animation, is achieved by frame-by-frame filming of individual phases of the movement of drawn... Encyclopedia of technology
AND; and. [from lat. anima soul]. Animation. ◁ Animated, oh, oh. A. film. * * * ANIMATION ANIMATION (English animation, from Latin anima soul, life), displaying a sequence of slightly different images created by means of... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Animation from Alex to Z, or All Inclusive, Alexander Novgorodtsev. This is an exciting story about the adventures of a brave Russian animator on the coast of Kemer, armed with a touch of arrogance, a set of swimming trunks and a magic mantra. The depth of the events described... eBook
- Animation and multimedia between tradition and innovation. Materials of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference “Animation as a Cultural Phenomenon”. October 7-8, 2009, Moscow, Team of authors. The collection presents reports from participants of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference “Animation as a Cultural Phenomenon”, covering current issues development of domestic and global...
Animation(from the English animation) - an artificial representation of movement in cinema, television or computer graphics by displaying a sequence of drawings or frames with a frequency that ensures a holistic visual perception of images. The concept of animation comes from animate. Animate literally means “to give life”; animation - the movement of something (or the appearance of something moving) that cannot move on its own.
Animation, unlike video which uses continuous motion, uses many independent drawings. The synonym for "animation" - "cartoon" - is very widespread in our country. Animation and animation are just different definitions of the same art form. The term that is more familiar to us comes from the Latin word “multi” - a lot and corresponds to the traditional technology of drawing reproduction, because in order for the hero to “come to life”, you need to repeat his movement many times: from 10 to 30 drawn frames per second.
But still, the professional definition of “animation” accepted in the world (translated from Latin “anima” - soul, “animation” - revival, animation) most accurately reflects all the modern technical and artistic capabilities of animated cinema, because animation masters are not just They bring their heroes to life, and put a piece of their soul into their creation.
History of Animation
The first attempts to capture movement in drawings date back to Paleolithic cave paintings, where animals were depicted with many legs overlapping each other. A clay vessel estimated to be 5,000 years old was found in Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran). There are 5 images of a goat in motion on the walls of the vessel. Drawings have also been found in Egypt (dating back to 2000 BC). There have been statements that these drawings should be called the first examples of animation, however, this is not entirely correct, since there was no equipment capable of showing these drawings in motion.
The first mention of such devices dates back to the second century AD - they were invented in China (about 180 AD, inventor - Ding Huan). In the 18th century were invented and became the first popular devices for playing animation, and. The phenakistoscope uses a series of rotating slits to show the observer a sequence of images by placing two disks rotating together on the same axis; One disk has slots, the other has images. The observer looks along the axis of rotation, so that the slits pass in front of his eyes, and can see a sequence of images from another disk. The praxinoscope uses a set of rotating mirrors inside a large cylinder with images facing towards the mirrors. The mirrors are positioned in such a way that they show images to the observer.
Animation, like any other art form, has its own history. The principle of inertia of visual perception, which underlies animation, was first demonstrated in 1828 by the Frenchman Paul Roget. The object of the demonstration was a disk with an image of a bird on one side and a cage on the other. While the disc was spinning, viewers were given the illusion of a bird in a cage.
The first real one practical way animation was created as a result of the creation of a camera and projector by Thomas A. Edison.
Already in 1906, the short film “Humorous Phases of Funny Faces” was created. The author drew on the board, photographed, erased, and then drew again, photographed and erased...
A real revolution in the world of animation was made by (1901-1966), an American director, artist and producer.
In 1923 he released the series "Alice in Animation Land". In 1928 - the sound cartoon "Steamboat Willie" with the hero Mickey Mouse. Later, the duckling Donald Duck appeared, winning the love of all the children of the world. The Disney studio has received 12 Oscars for its work.
In Japan, the first experiments with animation began in 1913, and already in 1917 animated films with a length of 1 to 5 minutes appeared. These films were made by single artists who tried to generalize and reinterpret the experience of American and European animators. Thus, arose Japanese style animation, called "anime". In the 20s The anime was an adaptation of classic Chinese and Japanese fairy tales, drawn in the style of traditional Japanese graphics. The most famous animators of this time are Shimokawa Dekoten, Kochi Junichi, Kitano Seitaro, Yamamoto Sanae, Murata Yasuji and Ofuji Noboru, who cut out his characters from paper (silhouette animation).
In 1932, the first Japanese animation studio was created, and in 1933, the first sound animated film was produced.
In 1943, by government decision, the first Japanese full-length animated film, Momotaro, the Sea Eagle, was produced.
Japanese animation of the 60-70s. is associated with a name that had a significant influence on the formation of the principles of constructing Japanese animation and greatly expanded the boundaries of acceptable topics and the composition of the viewing audience. Thus, anime entered the 70s as an already established commercial art, much more popular in Japan than any other national animation in its homeland. At the same time, almost all of the major major anime projects were television series.
In Russia, Japanese films “Sally the Witch”, “Puss in Boots”, “Ghost Ship”, “The Adventures of Maya the Bee”, “Conan - the Boy from the Future”, etc. were shown on TV at various times.
Since 1969, at Soyuzmultfilm, Kotenochkin has been creating the multi-part film “Well, Wait a minute!”
Animation technologies
Currently, there are various technologies for creating animation:
(traditional) animation represents an alternating change of drawings, each of which is drawn separately. This is a very labor-intensive process, as animators have to create each frame separately.
(puppet) animation. Objects placed in space are fixed by the frame, after which their position changes and is fixed again.
Sprite animation implemented using a programming language.
Transforming one object into another by generating a specified number of intermediate frames.
Color animation- with it, only the color, and not the position of the object, changes.
3 D-animation created using special programs (for example, 3D MAX). Pictures are obtained by visualizing a scene, and each scene is a set of objects, light sources, textures.
(Motion Capture) - the first direction of animation, which makes it possible to convey natural, realistic movements in real time. Sensors are attached to the live actor in places that will be aligned with control points in the computer model to input and digitize movement. The actor's coordinates and orientation in space are transmitted to the graphics station, and the animation models come to life.
There are two main approaches to measurement: electromagnetic sensors and optical tags. Motion capture is used to animate virtual models of people (or aliens, as in the movie Avatar) in the modern film industry.
Sources used
1. cgm.computergraphics.ru.
2. ru.wikipedia.org.
3. 24ikt.ru.
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