Tank equipment. Schemes of flame arresters Iv. general technical requirements

GOST R 53323-2009

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FLAME ARRESTORS AND SPARK EXTINGUISHERS

General technical requirements. Test Methods

Flame arrestors and spark arrestors. general technical requirements. Test methods

OKS 13.220.20

Introduction date 2010-01-01
with the right of early application*
______________________
* See label "Notes"

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Budgetary Institution "All-Russian Order of the Badge of Honor" Research Institute of Fire Defense" of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia)

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 274 "Fire Safety"

3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated February 18, 2009 N 99-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

5 REVISION. July 2019

The rules for the application of this standard are set out in Article 26 of the Federal Law of June 29, 2015 N 162-FZ "On standardization in the Russian Federation" . Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)

1 area of use

1.1 This standard applies to dry-type flame arresters and spark arresters and establishes general technical requirements for these devices, as well as test methods.

1.2 This standard does not apply to:

- on liquid safety locks;

- flame arresters installed on process equipment, which is associated with the circulation of combustible substances prone to explosive decomposition without an oxidizing agent.

1.3 This standard should be used in the design and manufacture of flame arresters and spark arresters, as well as in carrying out certification tests in the field of fire safety and other types of tests established by the current standards and regulatory and technical documentation.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following standards:

GOST 2.114 Unified system for design documentation. Specifications

GOST 12.2.047 System of labor safety standards. Fire engineering. Terms and Definitions

GOST 15.001 * System for the development and production of products. Products for industrial purposes
________________
* Lost power. GOST R 15.301-2000 is valid.

Probably a mistake in the original. Should read: GOST R 15.201-2000. - Database manufacturer's note.

GOST 2991 Non-separable plank boxes for loads weighing up to 500 kg. General specifications

GOST 8273 Wrapping paper. Specifications

GOST 14192 Cargo marking

GOST 14249 Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods for calculating strength

GOST 15150 Machinery, instruments and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, conditions of climatic environmental factors

GOST 18321 Statistical quality control. Method of random selection of samples of piece products

GOST 19729 Ground talc for the production of rubber products and plastics. Specifications

GOST 23170 Packaging for engineering products. General requirements

GOST R 8.585 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Thermocouples. Rated static conversion characteristics

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If an undated referenced reference standard has been replaced, it is recommended that the current version of that standard be used, taking into account any changes made to that version. If the reference standard to which the dated reference is given is replaced, then it is recommended to use the version of this standard with the year of approval (acceptance) indicated above. If, after the adoption of this standard, a change is made to the referenced standard to which a dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is given, then this provision is recommended to be applied without taking into account this change. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given is recommended to be applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 dry type flame arrester: A device installed on a fire-hazardous process apparatus or pipeline that freely passes the flow of a gas-vapor-air mixture or liquid through a flame-extinguishing element and contributes to the localization of the flame.

3.2 dry type spark arrestor: A device installed on the exhaust manifolds of various vehicles, power units and providing the capture and extinguishing of sparks in combustion products generated during the operation of furnaces and internal combustion engines.

3.3 operability retention time when exposed to flame: The time during which the flame arrester (spark arrester) is able to remain operational when heated by a stabilized flame on the flame arrester during combustion of the gas-vapor-air mixture passing through the flame arrester (spark arrester).

3.4 flame arrester element: A design element of a fire arrester, the direct purpose of which is to prevent the spread of flame.

3.5 fire arrester body: A design element of a flame arrester that provides placement of a flame arrester and mechanical interface with external devices.

3.6 critical diameter of the flame arrester: The minimum diameter of the flame-extinguishing element channel through which the flame of a stationary vapor-gas mixture can propagate.

3.7 safe diameter of the flame-extinguishing element channel: Structural diameter of the flame-extinguishing element channel, selected taking into account the safety factor.

4 Classification of flame arresters and spark arresters

Flame arresters are classified according to the following criteria: type of flame arresting element, installation location, time to maintain performance when exposed to flame.

4.1 According to the type of flame arrester, flame arresters are divided into:

- mesh;

- cassette;

- with a flame-extinguishing element made of granular material;

- with flame-extinguishing element made of porous material.

4.2 At the place of installation, flame arresters are divided into:

- reservoir or terminal (the length of the pipeline intended for communication with the atmosphere does not exceed three of its internal diameters);

- communication (built-in).

4.3 According to the time of maintaining performance when exposed to flame, flame arresters are divided into two classes:

- I class - time not less than 1 hour;

- II class - time less than 1 hour.

4.4 Spark arresters are classified according to the method of extinguishing sparks and are divided into:

- dynamic (exhaust gases are cleared of sparks under the action of gravity and inertia);

- filtration (exhaust gases are cleaned by filtration through porous partitions).

5 Technical requirements

5.1 Flame arresters and spark arresters must comply with the requirements of this standard, GOST 12.2.047, GOST 14249, GOST 15150, as well as other regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner.

5.2 The body of the flame arrester (spark arrester) and the flame arrester must be free of dents, scratches and defects in the anti-corrosion coating.

5.3 Weight and size characteristics of the flame arrester (spark arrester) must correspond to the values specified in the technical documentation.

5.4 The technical documentation for the flame arrester (spark arrester) must indicate the types of combustible mixture to protect which the product is intended, and the conditions of use (pressure, temperature).

The structural elements of the flame arrester (spark arrester) must withstand the force loads arising from the spread of flame, with the pressure for which the product is designed.

5.5 The flame arrester (spark arrester) must be operational during the entire period of operation in the temperature range given in the technical documentation.

5.6 The design of a flame arrester (spark arrester) intended for operation at negative ambient temperatures must exclude the possibility of freezing of water (moisture) in the channels of the flame arrester.

5.7 The design of the flame arrester should ensure the possibility of its periodic cleaning if the device is intended for operation in the presence of mechanical impurities or vapors of liquids in the gas stream or liquid that are prone to crystallization or polymerization.

5.8 The housing of the flame arrester (spark arrester), as well as detachable and non-detachable connections, must ensure tightness (should not let flame, sparks and combustion products through) not lower than the tightness of the protected device.

5.9 The size of the slotted gaps between the wall of the flame arrester (spark arrester) body and the flame arrester must not exceed the safe diameter of the channel.

5.10 Flame arresters (spark arresters) must be resistant to external and internal corrosive effects of the environments for which they are intended.

5.11 The design of the flame arrester (spark arrester) should provide for the possibility of internal inspection, replacement of the flame arrester, ease of installation.

5.12 Structural elements of the flame arrester (spark arrester) should not be deformed during the localization of fiery combustion for a time equal to the time of maintaining operability when exposed to flame.

5.13 When used in flame arresters (spark arresters) as a flame arresting element of granular material, the granules must have a spherical shape or a shape close to it.

The granules must be made of heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials.

5.14 The diameter of the flame arrester element of the flame arrester (spark arrester) should not exceed 50% of its critical diameter.

5.15 The design of the flame arrester (spark arrester) must ensure its reliable fixed fastening on the process equipment or the exhaust manifold, taking into account vibration loads acting during the entire period of operation.

5.16 The following technical documentation must be attached to the produced flame arrester (spark arrester):

- technical passport for the product;

- manual.

5.17 The maximum surface temperature of the spark arrester housing placed in a combustible environment (combustible gases, vapors, aerosols, dust) must be at least 20% lower than the autoignition temperature of the specified combustible substances.

5.18 The operating time of the communication flame arrester when exposed to flame must comply with the requirements specified in the technical documentation for the product, but not less than 10 minutes.

5.19 The design of the flame arrester (spark arrester) should provide for the possibility of sealing detachable connections (except for fasteners) in order to control its integrity.

5.20 The flame arrester (spark arrester) must remain operational:

- under vibration impacts arising during operation. The limits of their change must be established by the manufacturer and indicated in the technical documentation for the product;

- within the operating and storage temperature ranges, which must be set by the manufacturer and specified in the technical documentation for the product.

5.21 The flame arrester (spark arrester) must be replaced if the flame arrester element is damaged, as well as if cracks or dents appear on the body.

5.22 The operability of the flame arrester (flame-extinguishing element) every 2 years of operation must be confirmed by tests on the ability of the flame arrester to localize the flame.

6 Labeling of flame arresters and spark arresters

Flame arresters and spark arresters must be marked in Russian and contain the following data:

- functional purpose (type of flame arrester, recommended installation location and product class);

- types of combustible mixtures for the protection of which the product is intended;

- diameter of the conditional passage of the outlet;

- temperature mode of operation;

- operating pressure;

- the time of preservation of health when exposed to flame;

- weight;

- date of manufacture;

- trademark or name of the manufacturer;

- TU number.

7 Acceptance rules

7.1 To control the compliance of the flame arrester (spark arrester) with the requirements of this standard, tests are carried out: acceptance, periodic, certification and type tests.

All tests, unless otherwise specified in this standard, must be carried out under normal climatic conditions established by GOST 15150.

7.2 Acceptance tests of flame arresters (spark arresters) are carried out in accordance with GOST 15.001 on samples of a pilot batch according to a program developed by the manufacturer and developer.

A lot is the number of products accompanied by one document.

7.3 Periodic tests are carried out in order to control product quality indicators and the possibility of continuing to release the product. Sampling for testing is carried out according to GOST 18321. 2% of the number of produced flame arresters (spark arresters) are subjected to periodic tests every month, but not less than four samples of each standard size.

7.4 Type tests are carried out when making structural or other changes (manufacturing technology, material, etc.) that can affect the main parameters that ensure the performance of the flame arrester (spark arrester). The test program is planned depending on the nature of the changes and is agreed with the developer.

For type tests, at least five samples of flame arresters (spark arresters) of each type are selected.

7.5 Certification tests are carried out in order to establish the compliance of the characteristics of the flame arrester (spark arrester) with this standard, as well as to issue a fire safety certificate. For certification tests, three samples of flame arresters (spark arresters) of each type are selected.

7.6 The volume of acceptance, periodic and certification tests is given in Table 1.

Table 1 - Scope of tests for flame arresters and spark arresters


Indicators	Clauses of this standard containing		Test types
	technical requirements	test methods	receiving- delivery	period wild	certificate- rational
The ability of a flame arrester to contain a flame and the ability of a spark arrestor to prevent ignition
The tightness of the body of the flame arrester (spark arrester)
Maximum surface temperature of the spark arrestor housing
Operability of a flame arrester (spark arrester) under vibration loads
The time of maintaining the efficiency of the flame arrester when exposed to flame
Complete set, appearance of the flame arrester (spark arrester), compliance of the product with design documentation
Weight and size characteristics of the product

7.7 If negative results are obtained for any type of test, the number of test specimens is doubled and the tests are repeated in full. Upon receipt of repeated negative results, further testing should be terminated until the causes are identified and the defects found are eliminated.

8 Test methods

8.1 All tests (unless otherwise specified) are carried out at an ambient temperature corresponding to the operating temperature range of the flame arrester.

8.2 Test equipment, benches and measuring instruments used when testing fire arresters (spark arresters) must have a passport and pass metrological control in the prescribed manner. The technical characteristics of the equipment and stands specified in the passport must provide the test modes established by this standard.

8.3 Compliance of the parameters of the flame arrester (spark arrester) with the requirements of 5.2, 5.3 is checked by technical inspection and / or analysis of the technical documentation according to table 1 using an appropriate measuring tool. The accuracy class of the measuring tool is determined according to the technical documentation.

8.4 The mass of the flame arrester (spark arrester) and the mass of the flame arrester are determined on a scale with an error not exceeding 2%. To do this, first, a fully equipped flame arrester (spark arrester) is weighed, after which it is disassembled and the flame arrester element is weighed. If the product, in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation, is not subject to disassembly, then only the mass of the flame arrester (spark arrester) with a flame arrester is determined.

8.5 Tests to determine the ability of the flame arrester to localize the flame and the ability of the spark arrester to prevent ignition are carried out on an experimental stand. The schematic diagram of the experimental stand is shown in Figure 1.

For testing use:

a) a test stand consisting of two chambers (combustion and control). The stand equipment must withstand the pressure that occurs during the testing process.

The combustion chamber must also be provided with fittings to accommodate the pressure sensor and the ignition source.

The control chamber must also be provided with fittings for accommodating a pressure sensor and an ignition source. The capacity of the control chamber must exceed the capacity of the combustion chamber by at least 5 times;

b) a system of technical devices that ensures the production of a gas-vapor-air mixture according to the partial pressures of the components with an error of not more than 0.5% (vol.). The system should include the following equipment:

- mixing chamber;

- evaporator;

- container with flammable, combustible liquid or combustible gas;

- air compressor;

- pipelines with valves.

The partial pressure of the gas component is determined by the formula

where is the volume concentration of the th gas component, % (vol.);

- total pressure in the mixing chamber, kPa.

The mixing chamber must ensure that the combustion chamber and the control chamber are filled with the required gas-vapor-air mixture at the pressure and temperature values specified for testing;

1 - cylinder with combustible gas; 2 - compressor; 3 - gas console; 4 - mixer; 5 - spark plugs; 6 - reaction pipe; 7 - ignition unit; 8 - flame-extinguishing element of the flame arrester; 9 - control capacity; 10 - pressure sensor; 11 - vacuum pump

Figure 1 - Schematic diagram of the experimental stand

c) an ignition source that provides ignition of the gas-vapor-air mixture;

d) a system for registering the ignition of a gas-vapor-air mixture.

The ability of a flame arrester to contain a flame and the ability of a spark arrester to prevent ignition are determined using the types of combustible mixture for which they are intended to protect. It is allowed to carry out tests on model combustible mixtures, which, in terms of normal burning rate, are close to the indicated mixtures for which the product is intended.

The flame arrester (spark arrester) is installed and fixed on the stand in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation in such a way as to ensure the tightness of the tested product and fire chambers.

The control chamber and the combustion chamber of the test bench are filled with a gas-vapor-air mixture of a given concentration.

The devices for registering the ignition of the gas-vapor-air mixture are started and the ignition source in the combustion chamber is turned on.

The criterion for the ignition of the gas-vapor-air mixture in the control chamber is the increase in excess pressure in it by at least 2 times compared to the initial pressure.

In the absence of ignition of the gas-vapor-air mixture in the control chamber, it is considered that the flame arrester (spark arrester) passed the test.

The test results are considered positive if in three consecutive tests no flashover of the flame (spark) through the flame arrester element of the flame arrester or sparks through the filter element of the spark arrester was recorded.

8.6 If the flame arrester is designed to operate at atmospheric pressure, tests to determine the ability of the flame arrester to localize the flame and the spark arrester to prevent ignition are allowed to be carried out without a control combustion chamber. The process of flame (spark) breakthrough through the flame arrester element of the flame arrester is fixed visually, using as an indicator the ignition of gasoline poured into a pan, which is located directly at the outlet of the flame arrester (spark arrester) near the flame arrester.

8.7 Testing of the flame arrester (spark arrester) for tightness is carried out in accordance with the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Pressure Vessels.

8.8. The maximum surface temperature of the spark arrester body is determined during tests on the exhaust manifolds of vehicles and power units on which spark arresters are installed, or equipment that simulates the operating conditions of furnaces and internal combustion engines, at the rated power of the power unit.

For testing use:

- thermoelectric converters of ТХА type according to GOST R 8.585 with a diameter not less than 0.5 mm and not more than 1.5 mm. Three electrical thermal converters are installed on each spark arrester: two at the inlet and outlet of the spark arrester; the third - in the central part of the spark arrester housing;

Test procedure:

- the spark arrester is placed on the exhaust manifold of the power unit;

- turn on the power unit and bring it to the operating mode corresponding to the rated power;

- fix the temperature readings of each thermoelectric converter for 1 hour with continuous operation of the power unit in the mode corresponding to the rated power.

Based on the measurement results, the maximum temperature value is determined from the readings of three thermoelectric transducers, which is taken as the maximum surface temperature of the spark arrester housing.

8.9 Tests for vibration strength of the flame arrester (spark arrester) are carried out on a vibration stand of the VEDS-200 (400) type or another type with similar characteristics.

Flame arresters (spark arresters) are attached to the movable platform of the vibration stand. The tests are carried out along each of the three coordinate axes with a frequency of at least 40 Hz and an amplitude of at least 1 mm, the duration of the test in each of the directions is at least 40 minutes.

After vibration impacts in all three axes, the ability of flame arresters to localize the flame and spark arresters to prevent ignition is determined in accordance with 8.5.

8.10 The time of maintaining the efficiency of the flame arrester when exposed to a flame is determined by the time interval during which the flame arrester retains the ability to localize the flame. The time to maintain performance when exposed to a flame is determined for flame arresters that have passed tests for the ability to localize the flame.

For testing use:

- test stand, described in 8.5. Two flame arresters are attached to the ends of the combustion chamber: one at the inlet, the other - test - at the outlet. A flame arrester located at the inlet prevents the flame from spreading from the combustion chamber to the mixer. A combustible mixture is supplied from the mixing chamber to the flame arrester located at the entrance to the control chamber. The mixing chamber must be of a flow type and ensure the combustion of the combustible mixture on the surface of the flame arrester element of the flame arrester attached at the outlet of the combustion chamber. The supply of a combustible mixture must be continuous and be 10, 40, 70 and 100% of the nominal throughput of the product. The number of tests carried out at each of the specified feed rates is taken equal to 2;

- electrical thermal converters ТХА according to GOST R 8.585 with a diameter of at least 0.5 mm and not more than 1.5 mm. Two electric thermal converters are placed on the tested flame arrester installed at the outlet of the combustion chamber: at the inlet and outlet, directly in the central part near the flame arrester;

- secondary instruments for measuring temperature in the range from 0°С to 1300°С, having an accuracy class of 0.5.

Testing:

- a combustible mixture is supplied from the mixing chamber to the tested flame arrester (supply corresponds to 10% of the nominal throughput of the product) and it is ignited at the outlet section of the flame arrester;

- record the temperature readings of each electric thermal converter.

According to the results of measuring the readings of electrical thermal converters, a time interval is determined during which no flame propagation over the product is noted.

The criteria for the spread of flame through the flame arrester are:

The appearance of a flame at the outer surface of the flame arrester housing, as well as the formation of cracks, burnouts and other through holes not specified by the design documentation;

- the disappearance of the flame near the surface of the flame arrester, fixed visually and with the help of a signal from an electric thermal converter located at the outlet of the flame arrester;

- the occurrence of a flame at the entrance to the tested flame arrester, fixed by means of a signal from an electric thermal converter located at the entrance to the flame arrester.

The tests are repeated with a continuous supply of a combustible mixture at a flow rate of 10, 40, 70 and 100% of the nominal throughput of the flame arrester, while determining the minimum time for the entire test cycle during which no flame propagation over the product is noted.

The maximum duration of the test shall not exceed 70 min.

9 Completeness

The package should include:

- flame arrester (spark arrester);

- operation manual, combined with the passport.

At the request of organizations involved in the maintenance of the flame arrester (spark arrester), the manufacturer must send a maintenance manual, a list of spare parts, tools and accessories that can be ordered from this company.

Note - Upon agreement with the customer, it is allowed to change the completeness of the flame arresters supplied to protect a particular object.

11.1 The design documentation for the flame arrester (spark arrester) must be drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory documents and corrected based on the test results with the assignment of the letter A in the prescribed manner.

11.2 Specifications for a flame arrester (spark arrester) must be developed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.114.

11.3 Each flame arrester must be provided with an instruction manual. The operating manual, combined with the passport, must contain information that allows the consumer to correctly install and use the flame arrester (spark arrester).

The operating manual should include the following sections:

- title page;

- purpose and main technical characteristics of the flame arrester;

- contents of delivery;

- device and principle of operation of the flame arrester (with the necessary graphic materials);

- instructions on safety measures when working with a flame arrester (spark arrester). Warning about possible harmful effects of the protected technological environment on the human body when using this flame arrester (spark arrester);

- the procedure for the operation of the flame arrester (spark arrester), which should specify the rules for installing the flame arrester (spark arrester) on the protected object, the frequency and scope of inspections, tests of the flame arrester (spark arrester), values and tolerances for changing parameters that are controlled during inspections;

- the procedure for transporting and storing a flame arrester (spark arrester);

- available certificates (numbers, issued by whom and for how long they are valid);

- certificate of acceptance and certificate of sale of the flame arrester (spark arrester);

- manufacturer's warranty obligations;

- forms of tables filled in during the maintenance of the flame arrester (spark arrester).


UDC 614.845.92:006.354		OKS 13.220.20

Keywords: flame arresters and spark arresters, technical requirements, test methods

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Moscow: Standartinform, 2019

To prevent the spread of fire along industrial communications, various types of fire arresters are used:
- dry flame arresters;
- hydraulic locks (fire arresters);
- shutters made of crushed solid materials;
- automatic gate valves, valves, shutters;
- water and steam curtains;
- jumpers;
- embankment, backfill, etc.
Let us consider in detail some of the selected types of flame arresters.
Dry flame arresters.
1. Classification of flame arresters:
a) according to the device - tape, plastic, mesh, with a nozzle from a granular material, with a nozzle from a porous material;
b) according to the conditions of flame localization - explosion-resistant, fire-resistant, resistant to unloading of pressure, temperature, detonation-resistant.
Dry flame arresters are protective devices that freely allow the flow of liquid or gases through a solid flame retardant nozzle, but trap and extinguish the flame.
The principle of operation of all flame arresters, despite the variety of design solutions, is the same. Their protective effect is based on the phenomenon of flame extinction in narrow channels. Dry flame arresters most often protect gas and steam lines, in which, under the conditions of technology or in case of violation of the normal operating mode, combustible concentrations can form, as well as lines with the presence of substances that can decompose under the influence of pressure, temperature or other factors.
Flame arresters can be in the form of nets or packings of granular bodies or fibers.
The diameter of the nozzle channel or the opening of the flame arrester mesh, at which the heat release from the burning mixture will be equal to the heat loss, is called the critical diameter dcr.
Dry flame arresters protect gas and steam-air technologies:
 breathing lines of reservoirs;
 drainage (bleeding) lines on devices with gases and flammable liquids;
 steam-air lines of recuperation units;
 lines going from the devices to the torch;
 gas piping lines for tanks with flammable liquids;
 lines with the presence of substances capable of decomposing under the influence of pressure, temperature and other factors, etc.
The stability of the fire extinguishing nozzle against explosion is ensured by the protection of explosive membranes by safety devices.
According to their design, fire barriers are:
gravel, mesh, cassette, from glass or porcelain balls, from cermet plates or tubes, from foil, spirally rolled tapes of various cross-sectional shapes, from metal fiber, etc.
Liquid flame arresters. Liquid flame arresters (hydraulic locks) are used to protect gas and liquid pipeline lines, trays, sewers, in which, according to operating conditions, there may be a danger of flame propagation in kinetic (with an explosion) and diffusion (spread over the liquid surface) combustion modes.
Extinguishing the flame in hydraulic seals occurs at the moment of passage (bubbling) of the burning gas or vapor-air mixture through the barrier layer of the liquid as a result of crushing it into thin streams and individual bubbles, in which the flame front is dissected. In this case, the heat-reflecting surface of the flame increases, and conditions are created for intensive heat removal during combustion heat release.
Water seals are used to protect:
- pressure pipelines;
- loading and unloading racks;
- industrial sewerage at enterprises with flammable and combustible liquids;
- trays of pumping stations;
- gas lines (using a non-return valve and safety diaphragm), etc.
It should be noted that depressurization of technological systems often occurs through hydraulic seals. The barrier fluid is ejected when the pressure or vacuum in the apparatus is excessive.
The reliability of extinguishing the flame in the hydraulic seal is ensured by the height of the liquid layer through which the burning mixture passes.
Closures made of solid crushed materials. To prevent the spread of fire through pipelines during the transportation of solid crushed materials, dry locks are mounted on them, with the help of which the possibility of formation of air space in the pipeline is excluded.
As a dry shutter, screw dozer-feeders, sector dozers, bunkers between cyclones and furnaces, sluice gates, etc. are used.
Technical requirements for flame arresters are determined by the functions they perform. All elements of the flame arrester must have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand the pressure that occurs during detonation; have a minimum hydraulic resistance for the passage of gas through the flame arresting element.
Fire-retardant fittings (damper, flame arresters). A characteristic feature in extinguishing a flame with the help of fire-retarding dampers is the fact that even before the flame approaches, they completely block the free section of the pipeline, creating an obstacle in the path of the flame. At the same time, the movement of the traffic flow is stopped.
An important requirement that determines the effectiveness of flame arresters is their speed: they must have time to reliably shut off the pipeline before the flame approaches, i.e. for this purpose, they are equipped with a low-inertia automatic drive, consisting of a sensor (photoresistors, thermistors, fusible locks, synthetic threads) and an actuator (electric, pneumatic, hydraulic).
Fast-acting flame arresters can be of various designs:
 cork cutter with pyrodrive;
 flame arrester with shut-off body in the form of loose material;
 automatic valves with explosion-sensitive elements;
 instantaneous cut-off devices with an actuating piston mechanism;
 shut-off device with ball valves;
 cut-off sprinkler with slide gate;
 nozzle barriers, etc.
The timely operation of dampers and valves is estimated by the duration of their operation, while its operation time t1 must be less than the duration of the flame movement t2 to the location of the valve, i.e. t1< t2.
The response time of the sensitive element depends on its type and can vary from fractions of a second (photorelay) to several minutes (fusible alloys). Actuation time of the drive does not exceed one second.

Literature
Fire arresters and spark arresters. General technical requirements. Test methods. GOST R - 53323. - M .: Standartinform, 2009.
Flame arresters. // Electronic resource: [ access mode ] : goz.ru

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Flame arresters

flame arrester flare stack water trap

Flame arresters - are called protective devices that allow vapor-gas-air mixtures to pass through, preventing the passage of a flame. There are reservoir and communication fire arresters. Tank flame arresters are installed on the breathing lines of tanks, measuring tanks, capacitive devices with flammable liquids and combustible gases. Pipelines are equipped with communication barriers, through which vapor-gas-air mixtures are transported.

Flame arresters consist of a metal body and a nozzle. Raschig rings, cermets, gravel, metal meshes, corrugated tapes and plates, mineral wool, etc. are used as nozzles.

The principle of operation of flame arresters is to extinguish the flame in narrow channels formed by the nozzle. When the jets pass the burning mixture through the nozzle channels, the heat loss becomes equal and even exceeds the heat release. This slows down the reaction rate and stops burning.

High-speed cut-offs are used on pipelines, mainly designed for transporting dusty air mixtures. Cut-off valves are made in the form of dampers or quick-acting gate valves, automatically actuated by thermal relays or pressure sensors.

Water seals are used to prevent the spread of fire along industrial sewerage lines, as well as liquid and partly gas pipelines. They are installed on all lines of industrial sewers coming from apparatuses, tanks, buildings, structures, as well as at the points of connection to the main highway. On the main line, hydraulic valves are placed in a certain sequence in front of the trap and after it at a distance of at least 10 m. The height of the barrier liquid layer should be 0.25 m for laminar flow and 0.45 m for turbulent flow.

Emergency tanks - they are, as a rule, placed in a specially designated area that is not occupied by production workshops and installations. If the production conditions do not allow to take emergency tanks out of the workshop (installation), they are installed at least 40-50m from the main process equipment. Emergency tanks are buried in the ground in such a way as to ensure the gravity flow of the drained liquid. Usually one emergency tank is connected to several devices or tanks. In this case, its volume must be at least 30% of the total volume of the devices and tanks connected to it, but not less than the volume of the largest of them.

Combustible liquid is poured into an emergency container through a pipeline specially designed for this and not used for other purposes. The drain piping should have the required slope, a minimum number of bends and bends, and usually a single gate valve located in a safe or easily accessible location. The cross section of the pipeline is determined based on the given rate of draining the liquid from the emergency apparatus.

Flare installations are combustible gases (vapors) discharged from process equipment and communications under normal conditions, as well as in emergency cases, during the start-up and shutdown of equipment, they are burned in special flare installations. Flare installations can be provided as part of a separate production, workshop, process unit, as well as as part of a plant or plant. Flare installations usually consist of a main pipeline into which waste gases from individual technological apparatuses and tanks enter, a flare stack for gas combustion, a pipeline for supplying heating and inert gas, and automatic means of control and regulation. Flare installations, as a rule, are equipped with drainage devices, as well as a flame arrester and water seals.

The flare stack is designed for open combustion of waste gases, equipped with continuous and intermittent burners and an ignition device. Flare installations are located taking into account the "wind rose" at a sufficient distance from the main technological installations and industrial buildings, commodity and intermediate storages of flammable liquids, compressed and liquefied gases.

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