Lesson topic: "SPRING WORK"
The goals of the teacher: create conditions for familiarization with spring work in the fields, gardens, orchards, flower beds, promote the development of related speech.
Planned learning outcomes:
Subject: learn to observe spring work in the fields, vegetable gardens, orchards, flower beds; will have the opportunity to learn how to participate in the care of plants in a corner of nature.
Metasubject:
Regulatory: planning-take into account the guidelines for action identified by the teacher in the teaching material in cooperation with the teacher.
Cognitive: general educational- consciously build oral messages; subject - gets acquainted with spring work in the fields, gardens, gardens, flower beds: cleaning last year's foliage, whitewashing trees, planting vegetables, laying out flower beds and preparing seedlings for planting.
Communicative:interaction - to conduct an oral dialogue in accordance with the grammatical and syntactic norms of the native language, listen to the interlocutor.
Personal: moral and ethical orientation - they show the skills of cooperation in practical activities, the ability not to create conflicts and find a way out of controversial situations when working in groups.
Equipment:
laptop, screen, projector, information and educational environment: slides about spring work.
Material for practical work: seeds, soil.
During the classes
l . Organizational moment, the message of the topic of the lesson.
Teacher (U):
Spring has come. The hot time has come, the time of great worries.
How do you understand the saying: "Spring feeds the year"? slide number 1
Children(D):
- What do you think, what will be discussed in today's lesson, what is the topic of the lesson?
D :
About spring work.
ll . Learning new material.
Please open the textbook on p. 72, look at the illustrations. Try to tell me what kind of work will be discussed in the lesson?
(Remember that when working in a group, you must work together)
D: children's stories
People understand that spring feeds the year. They try not to miss more than one day: they germinate the seeds, prepare the soil for sowing, sow the seeds in the ground. In the fields, where rye and wheat have been sown since autumn, winter crops rise and turn green, like green velvet. . slide number 2
Why do you think they are called winter crops?
- Winter plants are sown in the fall, they germinate before the onset of winter, and in the spring they continue their life cycle and ripen somewhat earlier, while spring plants are annual crops sown in spring.
Tractor drivers leave the field and plow the land, what do you think for what? slide number 3
So that the soil is soft, loose for better seed germination.
W: But after the field has been plowed, it needs to be made even softer, for this it is harrowed slide number 4
Guys, how do you think, how is the sowing of rye or wheat seeds?
Since the fields are very large, a person cannot cope without the help of a seeder machine, it goes into the fields and scatters grains. slide number 5
After conducting the experiment, we can say what is needed for the seeds to germinate?
Light, air and water
There is always light and air, but what if it rains infrequently and the plants lack moisture?
Watering
People come to the aid of plants. They install watering machines on the fields, irrigate the land. slide number 6
Irrigate means water, let's repeat this word to remember IRRIGATE.
With proper care from small seeds in the fall, people get a rich harvest.
Guys, what do you think, in addition to fields and gardens, what other spring work is there?
Remove last year's foliage, whiten trees slide number 7
And who knows why people whitewash tree trunks?
Rid them of pests, for beauty.
Well done, guys, today we will also do spring work, who guessed what?
lll . Practical work.
Group work.
For practical work, a box, soil and seeds have been prepared for each group.
Tractors and machines will work in the fields all spring. But not only in the fields, work is in full swing. All rural residents are waiting for work in the gardens. Vegetable seeds ask for warm soil: carrots, beets, cucumbers, radishes, peas, beans. It is very important to properly prepare the seeds for sowing.
While the seed is at rest, the processes of vital activity proceed in it sluggishly and it is very difficult to notice them, but as soon as the seed gets into favorable conditions, they are activated, and the seed germinates and gives life to a new plant.
Let's think about how we will act, what to do.
What needs to be done first?
1. Pour earth into the box;
2. Align it;
3. Water;
4. Make a groove;
5. We put the seeds at a distance of 3 cm from each other;
6. We cover the seeds with a layer of earth.
There are signs on the table, what do you think they are for?
On the plates we will write down the name of the plant, the date of sowing, and also on the back we will write down the names of the members of the group.
And why do you need to write down the names of children?
To know who should take care of the plants.
That's right, guys, as soon as the plants gain strength and it gets warmer outside, we will transfer our seedlings to the club, something will remain on the windowsills.
lV Summary of the lesson.
What kind of work do people do in the spring?
How is the soil prepared for sowing?
What conditions are necessary for seed germination?
V. Reflection.
Options are written on the board:
· fast, right
· Right but slow
· Correct, but with the help of others
· Fast but wrong
- Guys, you have flowers on the table, evaluate your work, glue the flower next to the line that says how you worked in the lesson.
Ekaterina Fedyakina
Spring work in the field, in the garden and garden
Lesson on the topic " Spring work in the field, in garden and vegetable garden»
Target: Activate dictionary by topic: « Spring work in the field, in garden and vegetable garden»
Tasks: consolidate knowledge about spring work in the field, in garden and vegetable garden; teaching retelling on the topic.
1. Organizing moment
Guys, let's remember what you can do in field, garden and vegetable garden.
Guys, how can you call a person who rides a tractor? (tractor driver)
And the person who working in the garden? in kitchen garden? (gardener, gardener) .
And the people who work in the field and plow the land(plowmen).
Guys, what is the name of the people who grow and harvest bread? (grain growers).
2. Articulation gymnastics:
"Smile - tube"
If our lips smile
Look, the fence appears.
Well, if the sponges are a narrow tube,
So we can play the pipe!
"Brushing teeth"
Soft brush in the morning
Cleans children's teeth.
There will be strong teeth
White, beautiful.
"Fungus"
Under a tall pine
We found a fungus with you.
For the boletus to grow
Lift up the tongue.
3. Retelling the text about spring work.
« Work in the garden»
Vitya lives in the countryside with his family. Viti's mother is a gardener. Dad is a tractor driver. Was warm spring day. The boy Vitya went out to help his grandmother in kitchen garden. Grandmother asked to bring a shovel and a rake to her grandson. Vitya brought tools and they set about work. Grandmother dug the earth, and Vitya loosened it with a rake. They prepared the land for planting, fertilized it and began to plant vegetables. By the evening work has been completed!
Text questions: where Vitya lives with his family, by whom Viti's mother works, by whom Viti's dad works, where Vitya helped his grandmother, what his grandmother asked to bring Vitya, what did his grandmother do, what did Vitya do when they began to plant vegetables, when it was finished Work?
4. Physical Minute "Flowers grew in field» .
Flowers have grown in field.
It's good to grow free! (Sipping - arms to the sides.)
Everyone is trying
Reaching for the sky, for the sun. (Sipping - hands up.)
Here is a cheerful wind
The stems swayed (Children wave their hands.)
Leaned down to the ground. (Leaning forward.)
Right-left, back-forward -
So the wind bends the flowers. (Tilts right-left, forward-backward.)
He turns them, he turns them.
But when will the rest be? (Body rotation.)
5. Clap your hands when you hear the sound R in words: (R sound hard or soft)
Combiner, Gardener, Farmer, Gardener, Poultry breeder, Rabbit breeder.
Clap your hands when you hear the sound R words: (Rh sound hard or soft)
Plowman, Shepherd, Tractor driver, Miller.
6. Organizing moment
What did we talk about today? (about work in the garden, in field, in garden)
What can be done in field, garden and vegetable garden(plant, dig, sow, plow, water, harvest, furrow).
What professions did you hear today (gardener, tractor driver, plowman. Farmer, gardener, combiner, etc.)
Who are you listening to today? (about Vita)
Related publications:
Every year, in early spring, the children and I organize a "garden" on the windowsill. We arrange the window in advance, prepare the seeds, containers and soil.
Synopsis of a developmental lesson for children 3-5 years old "Spring work in the field" 1. Greeting 2. The world around The snow will melt in a clean field, Melt water will subside Will run after the tractor driver To the blue river furrow. The seeders will come out.
Lapbook "Whether in the garden, in the garden" Purpose: development of attention, thinking, imagination, perception, speech; familiarization with the natural world. What you will need:.
Project "In the garden or in the garden." It all started with the fact that in the hypermarket "Lenta" for a certain amount of purchase they gave a set "Action - Plantation".
Summer is the time for the embrace of gentle sun rays, warm light breeze, cheerful blue sky, fluffy and playful clouds, light, fresh.
A goal: To clarify and expand ideas about the work of people in the spring. Activate Dictionary
Work in the field and in the garden requires serious knowledge. The future harvest depends on the quality and timeliness of their implementation. Therefore, farmers carry out a series of actions at a certain time. It is spring that is the period of intensive preparation for the cultivation of most crops. During this period, a number of actions are planned, which are mandatory carried out by farms and agricultural enterprises.
What are spring work in the field and garden, should be considered in detail. This will make it possible to perform the required manipulations in the summer cottage, vast agricultural areas.
Features of work in the field and garden
Spring work in the field (photo below) is the most important period in the process of growing various crops. Winter crops require special attention from farmers.
Works in the field and in the garden differ significantly in the scale and features of the planning of events. This is due to the methods that farmers apply to these areas of agriculture. In the field, work does not stop almost all year round. However, in winter, the main activity in such conditions freezes.
The garden is a place for growing various vegetables, special varieties of crops. In accordance with what will grow in these conditions, the preparation of sown areas is also carried out. This is a special process that requires the farmer to have special theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
School program
The school curriculum focuses on spring work in the field. The world around (Grade 4) studies this process in an overview. Students are invited to write a story about how the soil is prepared in the spring. Schoolchildren supplement their stories with photographs and drawings on this topic.
In the essay, students can describe how the preparation of sown areas is carried out. Stones are removed from them, which are pushed out of the ground by soil under pressure during severe frosts. Next, the earth is loosened to provide the root system of plants with air flow. This is necessary for their full development.
If water has stagnated on the field, it must be diverted using drainage channels. Otherwise, the plants will rot. This will negatively affect the yield. Weeds, shrubs, moss, sand are removed from the soil surface. Fertilize the soil before sowing. Knowing in general terms how the field is prepared in the spring, students can write an interesting essay.
Essay example
Students write an essay about spring work in the field (Grade 4) with great pleasure. Many of them could watch how parents, grandparents are preparing for sowing vegetables, fruits, planting trees and flowers in the country house, in the garden or garden. They describe their experiences in writing. An example of a short essay is presented below.
“My parents and I are going to the country in the spring. I help them prepare the garden and vegetable garden for the summer. This is an interesting activity. I saw on TV how the fields are prepared in the spring. In the garden, our family does similar work. We are digging up the soil. Dad says it helps the seeds germinate. They get air.
Then we make a greenhouse, which is covered with a film. So the plants will not freeze if the temperature drops sharply at night. When the greenhouse warms up, my parents and I plant carrots, herbs, onions, zucchini, and beans. Dad digs holes and I put seeds in them. Mom digs seedlings and waters them with water. I really like to be with my parents in the country.
Why do we need knowledge about land preparation in spring?
The description of spring work in the field (grade 4) allows students to realize how much work employees of agricultural enterprises put into the process of preparing for the sowing campaign. The schoolchildren's own experience in the country, in the garden or garden also has a positive effect on the formation of their understanding of the importance of such events.
Stories about the spring preparation of fields, vegetable gardens and orchards, the personal experience of comrades - all this arouses interest in farming, respect for nature. Students begin to appreciate the gifts of nature, understand how hard they are given to people.
Parents should pay attention to attracting their children to the process of preparing a garden in the spring. This will be a real adventure for students. In the process of carrying out the work, children need to explain why this or that action is being carried out.
List of field work
A story about spring work in the field will be easier to write, knowing more about this process. For each type of climate, the presented actions begin to be carried out at different times. Most often in Russia, soil preparation is carried out in the second decade of April. If the spring is warm, work is carried out earlier.
After all the stones, sand are removed, the soil is dug up, it is necessary to apply fertilizer. They must include nitrogen. Both mineral and organic compositions are important. Next, the seeds are sorted and cleaned. They sow the prepared soil.
A survey is carried out on areas that were not sown last year (they were fallow). The brought manure is plowed into the ground. After that, comprehensive measures are taken to prevent or eliminate pests. They depend on the climatic zone, natural conditions on the field.
Features of field work in spring
Simultaneously with the above activities, a number of other spring field works are carried out. In the field, trapping heaps are arranged for the larvae of the May beetles. Agricultural enterprises are working on the development of fertile soils. They are dug up and fertilized.
Seedlings are planted in greenhouses. In warm climates, this procedure is performed outdoors. At the same time, seeds and tubers are planted. Enterprises before starting the process of tillage and before the sowing campaign check the readiness of the equipment. Maintenance and repairs are being carried out. The speed of each subsequent operation depends on this. Repairing equipment in the field is problematic and highly undesirable.
Also in the spring, fields can be sown with special crops called green manure. They will enrich the soil with useful substances, improve its structure, and have a sanitary effect on the soil. Such plants include representatives of the legume family, cereals, cruciferous crops. The scope of work in the spring period in the fields is extensive. During this period, agrarians make a lot of efforts to ensure a high level of harvest in the future.
Spring work in the garden
Spring work in the field, garden, orchard requires a lot of time and effort from farmers, agricultural workers and ordinary summer residents. In order to use the available resources rationally, you need to understand what issues need to be addressed in the first place.
Some inexperienced summer residents spend a huge amount of time on their site to get high yields. If you understand the technology of spring work, you can significantly reduce the time and amount of effort spent in the garden or vegetable garden.
The garden needs to be explored first. Shrubs, trees should be protected from the spring sun. If there is no shelter, damage to the bark may appear over time. This will negatively affect the well-being of the plant. For mature, strong trees, most often shelter is not required. It is necessary for young seedlings. Day and night temperatures are very different. Therefore, the trunks of young trees are covered with non-woven materials. In the middle of spring they can be removed.
They argue that on the south side of the trees, a peg should be installed at the trunk. It will somewhat shade the trunk during the warm season. It should be noted that bleaching seedlings is highly undesirable. This reduces their rate of development. The bark may thicken. The tree will spend energy on strengthening its defenses. At the same time, growth will be slowed down. Whitewash clogs the pores of the plant.
In the garden, you will need to trim bushes, pruning fruit trees. This must be done before the sap flow period. If the buds are already starting to swell, do not cut. It is also required to hide evergreen shrubs from the sun. Their color will be richer. When the frosts end, the temperature drops will not be so strong. During this period, shelters can be removed.
Sequence of work in the garden
Spring work in the field, in the garden or garden must be carried out in the correct sequence. You need to choose the right plants and seeds for planting. They must be healthy, not damaged or defective.
Digging holes for planting. A plant is installed in them and the roots are sprinkled with earth. On adult fruit plants, excess shoots are cut off. When the flowering period has passed, dry inflorescences must be removed. To reduce the time for tillage, ground cover plants can be sown between the beds. Mulching is also carried out using special equipment. The amount of tedious manual labor can be significantly reduced.
It is necessary to take into account the requirements for growing each type of crop. Some plants like shade, while others like light. Watering also needs to be carried out in a timely manner. Stagnation of water in the area can lead to a decrease in yield. It is necessary to think over and equip the correct drainage system if water stagnates in the soil.
Works in the garden
Spring work in the field, in the garden requires certain knowledge and skills. It will take a lot of time to bring the soil into the desired state. In the garden, you need to remove various garbage from the beds, stones. It is important to remove insects, their larvae, weeds and other pests.
Organic fertilizers are applied to the soil. For this, compost, rotted manure or peat is suitable. This will fill the soil with the substances necessary for the growth of crops. The soil should not be too dense. If necessary, it can be made easier by adding sand to the soil. If water stagnates on the site, you need to add fine gravel to the soil. If the soil, on the contrary, is too crumbly, you need to add clay to it. It will retain moisture.
The soil needs to be loosened. At the same time, you need to dig it up. It breaks the structure. Nutrients sink deeper. This negatively affects the growth of garden crops. Therefore, loosening is used for beds. The depth of processing should not exceed 10 cm.
Completion of the preparation of the garden
Spring work in the field and garden is carried out taking into account climatic conditions. If there are frosts, large temperature drops, crops need to be covered or grown in a greenhouse.
Lawns need to be raked. If there are potholes in the soil, they need to be filled with soil. The surface of the lawn is sprinkled with fine sand and leveled. In places where the grass does not grow, it is sown again.
You need to remove shelters from plants gradually. This is done at a time when the temperature at night will be quite high. First, the plants are allowed to get used to the temperature outside. Then they are opened.
Having considered the features of spring work in the field, garden and vegetable garden, you can understand the features of this process.
1. Complete tasks for group work.
1) Field farming.
a) Write down the definition. Crop farming is the cultivation of field crops.
b) Give examples of field crops grown in your area.
wheat, rye, oats, corn, buckwheat, potatoes, flax, sunflower
2) Vegetable growing.
a) Write down the definition. Vegetable farming is the cultivation of vegetable crops.
b) Give examples of vegetable crops grown in your area.
cabbage, carrots, onions, garlic, tomatoes, cucumbers
3) Fruit growing.
a) Write down the definition. fruit growing - is the cultivation of fruit crops.
b) Give examples of fruit crops grown in your area.
apple trees, pears, strawberries, cherries, plums
4) Floriculture.
a) Write down the definition. Floriculture - is the cultivation of flower crops.
b) Give examples of flower crops grown in your area.
chrysanthemums, asters, peonies, roses, hyacinths, gladioli
2. The wise turtle wants to know if you can classify cultivated plants. Show with arrows which groups the plants shown in the figure belong to. Ask a classmate or teacher to check your work.
3. Cross out the extra word in each row.
a) wheat, rye, carrot, barley - Carrot is a vegetable, and everything else is a field crop.
b) Tomato, cabbage, onion, plum - Plum is a fruit crop, and everything else is a vegetable.
c) apple tree corn, cherry, apricot - corn is a field crop, and everything else refers to fruit crops.
G) Cucumber, peony, lily, narcissus - Cucumber is a vegetable, and everything else is a flower.
Explain your decisions (orally). Think of a similar task for classmates with other examples. Write it down.
- strawberry, currant, radish, cherry
- onions, carrots, tomatoes, rye
- tulip, barley, wheat, oats
Listen and evaluate the answers of your classmates.
4. As instructed by the textbook (p. 193), observe the spring work in the field, in the garden, in the garden. Do the necessary work yourself. Write a short report about what you saw and did. You can draw or paste a photo.
This spring, I helped my grandmother plant onions in her garden. It was very interesting.
First we took a shovel and dug up the ground under the bed. Then we leveled the ground with a rake and formed a rectangular bed.
Then the grandmother took a stick and drew straight longitudinal grooves on the bed. It was in these grooves that we began to plant small bulbs, which my grandmother called “onion sets”.
Grandmother said that all the bulbs should be at an equal distance from each other. We deepened them a little into the ground and made sure that the root was always at the bottom, and the tail with a green seedling at the top.
Then we sprinkled the planted bulbs with earth and watered them well from a watering can. I hope our bulbs will germinate quickly and we will use them for cooking all winter.
An urgent problem in the agricultural sector during the spring field work is to ensure the timely and high-quality implementation of technological operations for feeding winter crops, preparing the soil and sowing spring crops.
Spring dressing: crops and norms
Of great importance for achieving significant winter crops are spring feeding, especially those that are located on not the best predecessors (legumes, grasses, etc.).
This operation should be carried out on thinned up to 45-50% crops, it is more expedient to sow the rest. Early spring fertilizing of plants in the awl phase should be carried out with ammonium nitrate, and on well-moistened soils and developed crops - in two terms - also in the tillering phase. Weakened crops can be fed with increased rates of nitrogen (60-70 kg/ha). Caution should be exercised against the use of UAN for this purpose due to possible necrosis.
It is better not to feed crops located on fallow and leguminous crops and under conditions of early resumption of vegetation on frozen soil, but to transfer this operation to the end of the tillering phase.
It should be noted that the fertilization of winter crops with nitrogen fertilizers on frozen soil was once prohibited by the environmental standard due to the risk of their being washed into water bodies, therefore this operation should be used as an exception in fields with a flat terrain.
As for perennial grasses, the first step in the early spring period is to assess the condition of the sown areas. To obtain full productivity of clover of the 1st year of use, it is necessary to have 150-180 plants / m 2, alfalfa of 1 year - 180-200, 2nd - 120, 3rd - 80.
If only 30-50% is preserved, one-year chaff (25 kg/ha), vetch-oat mixture (80-100 kg), white mustard (10-12 kg), Sudanese grass (10-15 kg) can be sown in clover. alfalfa of the 1st year - alfalfa (10-12 kg) or a mixture of alfalfa with cereals (awnless bonfire, meadow fescue or meadow timothy grass) with any number of living holes of mice, grain baits treated with preparations such as Storm 0.0005% should be decomposed.
Grass crops of the 2nd and 3rd years should be harrowed or discused shallowly. Legumes should be fed with a norm of 45-60 kg / ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, legumes of the 2nd and 3rd - 45-60 kg / ha of phosphorus and potassium.
It is better to grow corn for silage as well as grain, 30-40% of early-ripening varieties, 40-45% - mid-early, 20-30% - mid-ripening.
It is advisable to place spring cereal crops (wheat and barley) after legumes and those grown on sufficiently fertilized backgrounds. After good predecessors (winter wheat, corn, sunflower), oats can be sown. It is not recommended to sow oats after sugar beet, which has pests in common with it.
For spring crops, phosphorus and potash fertilizers should be applied in the fall, and nitrogen fertilizers in the spring. In this case, half of the total dose of nitrogen must be applied before sowing.
On fertile soils for spring crops, it is necessary to apply nitrogen in a dose of 45-60 kg of the active substance, on poor soils - 60-70 kg. When placing oats after properly fertilized row crops, fertilizer can be limited to seedbed application.
With sufficient moisture for fodder barley, in addition to the pre-sowing application (30-40 kg/ha) of nitrogen, it is advisable to double-feed: the first (30-40 kg/ha) - in the tillering phase, the second (30 kg/ha) - in the heading phase. The total dose of nitrogen can be increased to 100-120 kg/ha.
For malting barley, the dose of nitrogen fertilizers should be reduced by 25-30%.
It should be taken into account that spring wheat has a less intense tillering, so it is advisable to apply part of the nitrogen (30-40 kg/ha) for pre-sowing cultivation. In the area of sufficient moisture, wheat fertilizing with nitrogen should be carried out in two stages - in the booting phase - a third of the total dose, and in the heading phase - the remaining 20% of the dose.
Under oats, depending on the conditions, from 30 to 60 kg / ha of nitrogen should be applied. Smaller calculated doses should be applied for pre-sowing cultivation. At doses of 60 kg/ha, part of the fertilizer must be transferred to the booting phase.
Spring tillage
Moisture closure should be carried out in the fields where autumn processing has been carried out for sowing spring crops. To do this, high-performance wide-cut tools ZPG-24, BZP-24, BZP-15 (ZAO Lozovsky Forging and Mechanical Plant) and similar tools with toothed or spring working parts should be used.
When carrying out pre-sowing soil preparation, preference should be given to high-performance wide-cut and combined units of both foreign and domestic production. To do this, it is better to use machines and implements with toothed and clawed working parts in combination with levelers, rollers or harrows, which makes it possible to form a seedbed in one pass when reseeding winter crops, carrying out autumn and spring plowing, as well as when bringing the soil to a sowing state after the complex processing measures taken in autumn.
The main brands of implements of this type of domestic production are cultivators KPSP-4, KPS-8, Sirius-10 (JSC Krasnaya Zvezda), KPP-8 (JSC Umanfermmash), KPSP-4, KPSP-8 (JSC " Kalinovskoe RP "Agromash"), KPS-4 PN, KPS-4 PP, KPS-8 P, KPS-12 PM (TM Voskhod), KP-5.6, KP-8.5, KP-12 (NPP BelotserkovMAZ) APP-6.02-01 (JSC Fregat Plant), KPI-6.6, KPI-8.0 (Prommash Plant), KPN-8.2 (Galeshchina Mashzavod OJSC) , combined guns and units AKPN-6, AKPN-8 (Krasilovmashzavod OJSC), AK-4, AK-6 (Kalinovskoye RP Agromash OJSC), KA-4.4, AK-6 (Krasnyannskoye SP LLC "Agromash"), AP-6 (JSC "Umanfermmash"), etc.
Fields with a large amount of plant residues are best cultivated with combined universal disc implements UDA-2.4, UDA-3.8, UDA-4.5, UDA-5.6 (LLC NPP BelotserkovMAZ) and disc harrows BDLP-8 ( OOO Krasnyanskoe SP Agromash, BP-4, BP-6 (TM Voskhod), BDT-7, BDSh-8.2 (OAO Umanfermmash), BDT-6, BDT-4.2 (OAO Vishnevichi Agrotechnika) and others.
However, you should pay attention to the fact that the cultivation of fields with disc implements can lead to drying out of the soil. Therefore, under such circumstances, in order to avoid excessive evaporation of moisture, cultivation should be carried out with tine cultivators or combination tools to form a seed bed. In many cases, before sowing, it is advisable to use additional rollers KZK-6, KZK-9.2, KZK-12.5 (JSC Umanfermmash), K-6 M, K-10 (TM Voskhod). For moldboard processing, Ukrainian enterprises LLC PKF Veles-Agro, CJSC TPFG Interagrotek produce general-purpose plows, which are aggregated by tractors of various traction classes.
Sowing of spring crops
One of the main and obligatory elements of the integrated protection of crops from external and internal infections and pests is seed dressing. When choosing a drug, it is necessary to take into account the spectrum of its action, the expected damage by diseases, varietal characteristics, weather conditions, the reaction of plants to this drug, price, etc., using drugs for this according to the "List of pesticides and agrochemicals permitted for use in Ukraine" in the current year.
In the farms of our state, the most common grain-fertilizer and grain-fertilizer grass seeders are SZ-3.6A, SZP-3.6 B, SZT-3.6 A, SZ-5.4, SZT-5.4 (OJSC Krasnaya Zvezda) . In recent years, increased demand has been observed for pneumatic grain seeders "Mistral-6" (JV "Agro"), "Klen-4.5", "Klen-6" (MSNVP "Klen"), pneumatic wide-cut grain-fertilizer seeders-cultivators firms "Khorsh-Agrosoyuz", sowing complexes ALCOR-7.5. ALCOR-10 ORION-9.6 (JSC Krasnaya Zvezda). At the request of farms, grain-fertilizer seeders of the SZ brand of components with various types of coulters: two-disk for single-tape (SZ-3.6 A) or two-row sowing (SZ-3.6 A-04), single-disk (SZ-3.6 A-01) or naralnikovy (SZ-3.6 A-03). For sowing flax, the SZ-3.6 A-02 seeders are equipped with two-row coulters.
In the case of growing spring grain crops using intensive technology, it is necessary to form technological tracks during their sowing, along which technological complexes of machines will move in the process of caring for crops. It should be noted that the track for almost all domestic sprayers is 1400 mm. That is why, in order to ensure conditions for the formation of tramlines during sowing on a seeder with a working width of 3.6 m, it is necessary to block (block) the 8th and 17th sowing units. The number of passes of the seeder with closed and open coulters is determined by the width of the sprayers that are on the farm. The distance between the centers of the established tramlines (16.2 or 21.6 m) corresponds to the working width of modern sprayers.
The distance of 16.2 m between the centers of the tracks is used if sowing is carried out by seeders SZ-5.4 and SZ-10.8, following one after the other, or by units of two or three seeders S3-3.6 A, while the three-seeder unit operates with hitch SP-11 A, SP 10.8 or SGP-10.8, and two-seeder - with the middle section of the hitch.
Standard double-disk coulters for single-tape sowing with row spacing of 15 cm should be used in all zones of Ukraine. Double-disk coulters for double-row sowing with an average row spacing of 7.5 cm are more suitable for the Forest-Steppe and Polissya. Single-disk coulters can be used when sowing grain, overseeding grasses on areas of sparse winter crops and for feeding them with nitrogen fertilizers. Single disc openers cause less damage to plants than double disc openers.
Tear coulters create a compacted seed bed better than disc coulters. These openers should be used in well-cultivated soils and not infested with weeds. All coulters, except for double-disk double-row coulters, are designed for sowing grain with row spacing of 15 cm. According to agrotechnical requirements, at least 80% of the seeds must be placed at a given depth with a deviation of ± 1 cm, that is, in a three-centimeter layer. Seeders of the SZ-3.6 A type operate satisfactorily at a speed of 5-7 km/h at a soil moisture content of 15-25% and provide a sowing depth of 2-5 cm.
To avoid sifting during the sowing of spring grain and fodder crops due to clogging of the coulter with soil or plant residues that have fallen into the seed material, the lower metal tip of each seed tube should be replaced with a tip through which, if the coulter is clogged, seeds are poured out. The tip hole must be placed behind the coulter.
Seeds are planted into the soil with harrows, sowing harrows or a chain device. The sower on the seeder can clearly see how the seeds are poured out through the hole in the tip of the seed tubes, and the clogging of the coulter can be quickly eliminated. The tip of the seed tubes can be ordered at the NSC "IMESH".
The factory-made disc coulters for single-band sowing do not form the seed bed satisfactorily. For its stable compaction, each such coulter should be equipped with triangular tips, on which the coulter designed by NSC "IMESKh" is placed. During operation of such a tip, the coulter discs do not rotate. If necessary, you can exclude it from work by attaching the coulter to the leash.
Yu.Vozhik, Dr. tech. Sciences
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