Despite the abundance of various wall and floor light sources for rooms that have appeared in recent decades, the use of ceiling lamps and chandeliers in an apartment remains justified and necessary. After all, only the light falling from above can provide the necessary illumination of the entire room. Very often, various electrical appliances are placed under the ceiling - air conditioners and fans.
For the operation of these devices, it is necessary to ensure uninterrupted power supply to them with electricity and at the same time without prejudice to the interior of the premises.
Types and methods of execution
According to the material used for the conductor, the wiring is divided into manufactured:
- from copper;
- from aluminium. Regulatory documents currently allow the use of aluminum only for products with a conductor cross section of at least 16mm 2, therefore, such wiring is almost never used inside buildings.
According to the method of execution, electrical wiring is divided into:
- open, located on the surfaces of ceilings, walls, along beams, trusses;
- hidden, located inside parts, structures of buildings. Hidden is also considered wiring made in the voids of partitions and behind ceilings.
When laying on the ceiling, the floor material is also taken into account.
On reinforced concrete floors
In buildings with monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete floors, open wiring is used very rarely. In this case, the installation is carried out directly on the surface of the ceilings, on insulators, in boxes, electrical corrugated tubes (corrugations), pipes, metal hoses, cable channels. Temporary wiring is allowed to be freely suspended.
When attaching the wiring to the surface of the ceilings, nail clips are used (in this case, the nails are driven into pre-mounted dowels), dowel clamps, dowel ties. Before installation, the location on the ceiling of electrical appliances, lamps, cables is marked.
For wiring in pipes, corrugations, metal hoses, special clips or dowel-clamps are used. At the beginning of work on the ceiling, the places for attaching lamps and cables are marked. Then the installation of pipes, corrugations or metal hoses is carried out, in which cables are pulled with the help of wire. More often in buildings with reinforced concrete floors, hidden wiring is carried out along the ceiling.
If the overlap is monolithic, wiring must be provided at the stage of construction, for this, the cables are placed in plastic or metal pipes, which are attached to the reinforced frame even before the concrete mixture is laid.
They should be fastened to structural reinforcement using plastic ties or wire.
Fastening the wiring to the bearing rods is not allowed. To replace the wires, they are simply pulled through embedded pipes using steel wire, or the old wire being replaced is used as a conductor.
The device of non-replaceable wiring embedded in panels and monolithic floor structures is not allowed.
In precast concrete floors for wiring, voids in slabs are used. Marking the location on the ceiling of fixtures and appliances. After that, the plate is drilled in the required places, and a cable is pulled with the help of a wire. Please note that this installation method is applicable if the direction of the wiring coincides with the direction of the voids in the slab.
If there is no possibility of laying inside the structure, it is allowed to install non-replaceable wiring under a layer of plaster. For this, flat cables are used, which are fastened to the ceiling with wire, steel tape, nail clips before plastering. The second way is to plaster the ceiling and lay the wiring in the grooved channels. There must be no crossing of flat cables when laying under plaster. If this is not feasible, the insulation at the intersections is reinforced with three to four layers of insulating tape.
Chasing floor slabs or monolithic structures is strictly prohibited.
It is also unacceptable to lay cables in the seams between the floor panels.
On wooden floors, beams, trusses
According to wood structures, wiring can be both open and hidden. Open wiring on the ceiling is carried out in the same way as for concrete structures. All mounting products must be made of metal or non-combustible material.
Fastening wiring to the ceiling along insulators in modern construction is used extremely rarely, mainly to imitate the old interior in an apartment. More often, wiring is installed in corrugations or metal hoses, which are mounted to the ceiling with clips. Often, pipes are also used, which are fastened with clamps. Cables are pulled into pipes or sleeves fixed on the surface using steel wire.
Increasingly, plastic cable channels are used for electrical wiring on wooden surfaces. This material does not support combustion, and the plastic is painted during production and imitates the texture of wood. Cable channels of suitable section are fixed on the ceiling surface with screws or self-tapping screws..
In places of bending, cable channels are cut at an angle. It is convenient to do this using a carpenter's miter box. Special products for bends and branchings are also produced. They greatly simplify the installation of electrical wiring on the ceiling. Further, cables are placed inside and closed with snap-on covers.
Concealed wiring is carried out on wooden ceilings in a layer of plaster, under plasterboard, or inside ceiling structures.
When installing in plaster, the cables must be fastened along the asbestos strip or steel tape. Clamps or nail clips are used to secure the cables.
It is strictly forbidden to fasten the cable by nailing it between the conductors. If the wiring is installed in channels punched in the plaster, it is possible to attach the cables with a quick-drying mortar with the addition of alabaster.
When performing, it is not necessary to ditch the channels, since the sheets are attached to a frame made of metal profiles. It is imperative, when laying behind suspended ceilings, to place cables inside metal pipes, which allow localizing the ignition of the wiring when a short circuit occurs. Pipes are allowed to use steel water and gas, or copper.
The diameter of the pipes must ensure that the required number of cables of the required size are laid. Before use, the pipes are inspected, crumpled are rejected. Then they are cut into pieces of the required length and threaded at the ends of the steel pipes. It is imperative to remove notches and burrs that can damage the cable insulation.
Sections of pipes are interconnected with corners or couplings. Copper pipes are bent with special pipe benders.
It should be noted that when wiring any type of wiring in an apartment, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of replacing it due to physical wear and tear or an emergency. Properly executed, they will ensure long-term and safe operation of the entire building or structure.
The cable is fastened to the wall in different ways: with clamps, brackets, etc. The choice of the appropriate option is made taking into account the purpose of the room, operating conditions. Take into account the type of material from which the wall is built. Different fasteners are designed to fix a cable that differs in characteristics (with insulation, without a box, stranded, etc.).
It is a mistake to believe that the wiring can be fixed on any flat surface. Bearing structures and partitions are built from materials that differ in properties:
- thin, soft;
- dense;
- solid.
Wall surfaces made of porous materials (foam, aerated concrete) are considered soft. This group also includes drywall, plastic, fiberboard. These materials are able to withstand a moderate load, deform under the influence of strong pressure. To prevent the destruction of the entire structure, you should choose methods for attaching the cable to the wall, based on the use of fasteners that have an extended middle / end part. These can be dowels of different types.
The group of dense materials includes chipboard, wood, gypsum. Surfaces covered with plaster are also durable. The top layer of the material has a dense structure. If the question is how to fix the cable on such a wall, consider 2 options: nails, self-tapping screws.
The first one is less reliable. Such fasteners can be dispensed with if it is used as a temporary measure or if the area will not be used in the future. Due to mobility, the strength of fixing the nail in the wall decreases. To fix the screws, pre-make holes of a smaller diameter. However, this measure is used only if fasteners are difficult to install.
Hard materials: concrete, brick. Dowels are attached to such walls, and then screw holders (brackets, clamps, ties, etc.). When you need to install the cable on a brick, concrete wall, the diameter of the hole must match the size of the dowel. In other cases, the difference should be 1 mm.
Corrugated cable, pipe or cable channel
If open wiring is performed, this method is preferred. This is due to the fact that the wires are hidden in a corrugation or pipe, a special channel made in the form of a box. Due to the use of a closed design, the safety of cable operation is increased. However, this method is much less commonly used for laying large bundles of wire.
Cable channels
Existing varieties are made from:
- galvanized steel;
- plastic;
- aluminum.
The cable channel can be made in the form of a rectangular box, the outer surface of some products has a radius. Such varieties are often installed along the wall: on the floor or instead of a baseboard. Other types of cable channel:
- trunk;
- parapet.
The first of the options is designed for laying wire over significant distances. These boxes are larger. Parapet analogues are installed in offices in order to protect against damage. They have a flattened shape, due to which such boxes are less likely to touch when moving. To install the cable channel, dowels and screws are used, as well as liquid nails.
Fastening with clips
This method is often used in open wiring. It is designed for fast cable attachment. The wires are fixed with clips with a small step. Such fasteners are installed more often on the wall than on the ceiling, since some varieties are characterized by an open design. The wires won't stay in them. Fasteners of this type have the form of arches, a closed or open circuit, installed using nails, self-tapping screws.
Clips are selected according to the type of material: metal, plastic. There are holes on the arms, thanks to which the fasteners are fixed on the wall. In this case, dowel clips or a variant with a hole for a nail are used. Such elements are most suitable for mounting bundles of wires.
There is another option for fixing this product with an adhesive single-sided tape. Fastening the wire to the wall in this case does not require drilling the surface. The type of clips is selected taking into account the type of base material.
exposed wires
Cable fastening is carried out with a certain step. The wiring remains open. For comparison, if the cable is laid in a strobe, you can completely hide it. However, open wire is much easier to maintain. In this case, detachable and one-piece fasteners are used. If you plan to increase the number of cores, use the first of the types.
Metal bracket
Such cable fasteners can have 1 or 2 lugs. It is fixed on the wall with nails, self-tapping screws. This type of product is used when laying the cable in a metal sleeve. Supports heavy wires. The bracket is selected taking into account the diameter of the metal sleeve.
Dowel-screed
If you are interested in the question of how to fix the cable using such products, you should know that a dowel is first inserted into the wall. It is equipped with a special lock on a flexible plastic band. For fastening, detachable and one-piece fasteners can be used. The disadvantage of this method is the lack of a rigid fixation of the structure, since the dowel is simply connected to a flexible tape.
Ties with a platform
This option is outwardly similar to the previously considered counterpart. However, in this case, the dowel has a platform, due to which such an element is firmly fixed in the wall. If a flexible cable tie with a hole for a self-tapping screw is used for fastening, it is not necessary to use a separate dowel. This method involves the need to install self-tapping screws with a certain step.
Dowel clamp
Outwardly, it simultaneously resembles a dowel and a collar. For fixing in the wall, notches are provided located at the ends of the fastener. First, the cable is tied, and you can attach the wire to the wall by laying a kind of dowel in a pre-made hole. The product is held thanks to the notches - they do not allow the clamp to slip out.
Dowel type bases
Outwardly, they resemble a dowel and a self-tapping screw, they have a hole for installing a plastic tie. Flexible elements are purchased separately. First, a hole is made in the wall. Then a fastener is installed, and the head with the hole should be located on the wall surface. At the last stage, using a removable tie, the cable is fastened.
insulators
This mounting option is used when laying a cable in a wooden house. It is also sometimes used as decoration. First, an insulator is installed on the wall surface (a ceramic barrel with a hole for a nail or screw in the center). Then a twisted wire is pulled between such elements.
Homemade fasteners
If the cable is laid in hidden areas, you can use self-made elements: they are created using self-tapping screws and dowels, and old wiring or metal flexible plates are used as a platform for fixing the wires. After installing the fasteners, strapping is performed. In this case, the free ends of the flexible platform or the old wire are connected to each other after laying the cable in the loop.
The growth in the number of consumers in residential buildings, as well as in public buildings, dictates the need to replace wires with an increase in energy consumption and lay new internal electrical networks.
Until recently, it was believed that the maximum electricity consumption for one family could be limited by a 6 A or 10 A automatic machine. Very little time passed, and a whole line of new household appliances appeared, which required setting current limits of 16 A or 25 A. Today, in many in residential buildings they install external electric meters, they put automatic machines for 40 and 63 A.
An increase in the number of consumers also requires updating the wiring, as well as laying new wires indoors. Electrical appliances are located in different rooms, and you need to conduct energy to them by organizing the fastening of the wire to the wall.
It is customary to separate two types of electrical wiring inside the building:
- hidden wiring is created inside the wall or under a layer of plaster;
- open wiring provides for the presence of a wire on the wall, fixed in various ways.
Creating hidden electrical wiring
The term itself implies the placement of electrical wires inside the wall. They are hidden in different ways. In this case, much depends on the type of wall, and how it is created. The walls of a residential building are:
- brick, there are different options here: solid masonry, hollow masonry, combined or multilayer;
- from reinforced concrete panels;
- wooden from a log or a bar;
- sip panels;
- monolithic concrete;
- frame and panel structures.
In each case, it is necessary to solve the issues of fasteners for wiring, taking into account the features of the wall.
Hidden wiring in a brick wall
When attaching a wire to a brick wall, you need to solve the following tasks:
- drill a groove where the electrical cable will be laid
- attach the cable inside, distributing it according to the project;
- hide the groove using quick-setting mortars.
In the presence of a perforator with an appropriate working body, the issue of gating is solved simply.
- Lines are drawn on the wall along which it is necessary to form a strobe (channel or groove in the wall).
- The vibration effect of the perforator blade destroys the bricks in the right places.
- An angle grinder (grinder) with a disk for sawing a stone refines the section of the strobe to the desired size.
Tip # 1. When strobing, you need to use personal protective equipment: a respirator and goggles (protective transparent mask).
Tip # 2. Periodic humidification of the air in the work area causes dust to settle faster.
An important issue is the fastening of cables. Here are the possible options:
- non-replaceable cables - they are fixed with terminals or special metal brackets. Some specialists do it even easier, small carnations are hammered inside the channel, and wires are attached to them to the wall using a cable tie. You can simply fix the position of the cable with a wire;
- replaceable cables are laid inside the cable channels. Smooth plastic pipes or corrugated pipelines are used here. Pipes are fixed in strobes with clips or staples.
Important! It is preferable to fix replaceable cables to the wall, they can be replaced without damaging the walls.
If a new house is being built, then it is possible to provide for the laying of plastic pipes for hidden electrical wiring at the construction stage. It is especially convenient to lay cable channels between layers of masonry or in voids in well masonry filled with insulation. In order to easily pull the cable through in the future, a soft steel wire with a diameter of 2 ... 3 mm is pulled inside the plastic pipes. Later, at the stage of attaching the wires to the walls, they are attached to the wire and stretched to distributors, sockets, lighting fixtures and switches.
Tip # 3. If it is necessary to lay the cable through the wall, it is advisable to use an auxiliary metal or plastic pipe of a suitable diameter. This guarantees the protection of wires from mechanical damage during finishing work.
An example of wiring in a brick house is shown in this video:
Concealed wiring in reinforced concrete panels
At enterprises producing reinforced concrete wall panels, the production of panels with cable channels laid inside in the form of corrugated pipes is necessarily organized. They are more expensive than conventional panels, but some rise in price at the construction stage is offset by the convenience of hidden wiring in the wall. To attach the wires, you do not need to ditch the walls, it remains only to attach to the wires, and then stretch the wires in the required direction.
Tip # 4. Sometimes it becomes necessary to push a soft wire through the cable channel if it is not there or the wires have burned out. In this case, a cable with a diameter of 3 mm is used. Its end is soldered so that it does not “furry”. Then they are pushed into a tube with a diameter of 6 ... 10 mm and sent to the cable channel. Then push through with simultaneous scrolling. So you can drag up to 3-4 m of the cable, and then attach wires to it and lay the power grid.
Hidden wiring in a monolithic wall
Monolithic walls made of lightweight concrete are one of the ways to quickly erect buildings. A feature of monolithic structures is the use of fixed formwork and regular reinforcement of the future wall. At the construction stage, competent developers use plastic pipes that are installed before pouring. It is convenient to use special fittings here: elbows and tees - for the output of cables in the right places on the wall. Lay the wire, and wrap the ends on both sides with electrical tape of different colors. Focusing on color, it is easy to lay certain wires to the desired consumer.
If the cable channels are not laid, then the channels are sawn in a fixed formwork. The cable is laid in the formed groove, fixed with a cable tie or a metal bracket, and the groove is sealed with alabaster mortar. This somewhat breaks the structure of the wall.
Tip # 5. To restore the structure of the wall surface, therefore, reinforcing meshes are glued to the grooves before final finishing.
In wooden, frame-panel and sip-panel houses, hidden wiring is usually not done. It is better to organize open cable laying here in order to safely operate the building in the future.
Creating exposed wiring
Open wiring is carried out with wires twisted into a bundle. To fix the wire on the wall, ceramic insulators are installed, and then the twist is attached, putting them on top of the insulator. Currently, the vintage style has become one of the fashion trends, so the method implemented at the dawn of the appearance of the Ilyich light bulb is again being used in construction practice.
The real exposed wiring is hidden in the cable ducts. The industry has mastered several sizes of plastic channels, which are a long box. One or more cables can be laid inside. From above the cable channel is closed by a snap-on cover.
To lay the cable channel, several steps are sequentially performed.
- According to the project, the direction of laying the channel is drawn on the wall.
- Remove the cover from the channel.
- Using self-tapping screws, the cable channel is fixed to the wall. The distance between the screws is recommended no more than 60 cm horizontally and up to 90 cm vertically.
- Connect channels to each other. If necessary, cut holes in the walls with a construction knife. The necessary channels are joined to them.
- The wire is laid inside, it is fastened with a cable tie so that it is compact and does not go beyond.
- Close the lids. They try to fit the joint so as to make it less noticeable.
- At the ends of the channels, junction boxes or fittings are installed (turned off or sockets).
Tip # 6. To make the cable channel seem monolithic, shift the junction points of the covers and the channels themselves.
The features of wiring in cable channels are described in this video:
Open wiring in office premises can be performed without cable channels. The wires are laid along the brackets, which, after being fixed on the wall or ceiling, are attracted to the surface. Of course, such a mount is unaesthetic, but it securely fixes the cable in the right place.
Tip # 7. In the absence of purchased products, staples are sometimes cut from plastic bottles or metal cans from drinks. The strength of such brackets is sufficient to hold the wires in the right place.
You can hide the wiring in the house using plastic skirting boards. They have a cavity closed by a lid. The main purpose is to fix the baseboard to the wall. An additional purpose is to attach the wire and lay it to the right place.
In the construction markets, you can find skirting boards with large cross-section channels. Wire harnesses are laid in them, distributing them indoors. This method of laying the electrical network is convenient for placing TV or home Internet wires.
Tip # 8. If you need protection from interference, use shielded wires, then they will not interfere with each other.
In any house, you can conveniently perform a competent fastening of the wire to the wall in order to safely operate household and other electrical appliances in the future.
When installing open wiring, fastening a wire or cable to a ceiling or wall can be done in various ways. One of the frequently used mounting options is based on the use of special fasteners - clips. Depending on which conductor needs to be laid, it is mounted in a pipe, corrugated sleeve, or openly, whether there are requirements for the appearance of the wiring, clips for wires and cables are used, having various designs and sizes. Below is an overview of these mounting products.
Clip-on earrings with a carnation
Are intended for fixing of a wire or a cable with a diameter from 6 mm to 14 mm. They are used for mounting power and lighting circuits, as well as telephone and network computer lines. Made of heat-resistant and wear-resistant polypropylene, capable of operating at temperatures from -5°C to +140°C. Fastening to a wall or ceiling is carried out using the nail included in the kit. The nail is made of hardened steel, its length varies from 8.1 mm to 14.9 mm. Clip sizes can vary from 4 to 12 mm (diameter for attaching a round cable). For a flat conductor, two sizes are indicated in the marking, for example, 5.7 * 10 mm. Manufacturers declared the possibility of installing such products on any surface, except for metal. In practice, it is still more convenient to hammer nails into softer materials, for example, wood, drywall, foam concrete, raw brick.
The size of the clamp is selected so that the wire or cable fits snugly into it, allowing slippage only when a noticeable force is applied. Before starting installation, it is necessary. Clamps must be placed at regular intervals. In places where the track bends, the clips are located in the immediate vicinity of the bend on both sides of it. After installing the next fastener, the wire or cable should be well stretched along the marked route, install the next fastener and hammer in the nail, keeping the conductor taut.
There is also a special stapler for attaching staples. The video below shows how to use this device:
Clips for mounting corrugations or PVC pipes
In the case when a cable or wire is laid in a PVC corrugation or pipe, it is convenient to use elastic plastic clips - latches shown in the photo:
They are made by injection molding of plastic, equipped with stiffeners that ensure the strength of the grip of the pipe or corrugation. The use of high-quality plastic allows the product to maintain mechanical characteristics in a wide range of operating temperatures. Fastening is done with a self-tapping screw. The size range is represented by clips with mounting diameters from 12 mm to 50 mm. A feature of this product are special grooves on the side surfaces of the clip, thanks to which clips of different sizes can be combined into blocks when parallel laying of several cable lines is required.
Work should begin with a careful marking of the wiring route. Clips or blocks of them must be fixed at equal distances. If several lines are laid in parallel and the clamps are combined into blocks, it is not necessary to attach each of them to the wall, it is enough to secure one of the three or four connected clamps. Depending on the material of the wall or ceiling, the clamp can be fixed either by screwing directly (for wood or drywall) or into a pre-drilled hole (for metal or plastic). For installation during installation of the cable clamp on brick or concrete, it is better to use a dowel-nail of the desired size. The installation ends with the installation of the pipe in the latch and a slight pressure until it enters the groove, accompanied by a click. In more detail about that, we told in a separate article.
The photo below shows a variant of a clamp that fixes sealed pipes or corrugations. It is equipped with a clasp for a tighter fit. The installation of this clamp, like the previous one, is made under the screw.
Decorative clips
Structurally, these products are similar to mounting clips with studs. Thanks to the decorative form, such clips allow not only to produce, but also to give the room the desired style, as well as beautifully. An example of the use of such clamps is shown in the photo below.
Another example of decorative cable clips is shown in the following photo. Such self-adhesive universal clips are mounted on double-sided tape and are designed to fix the cables of phone chargers and computer peripherals. Velcro clips are easy to place on any smooth surface.
An overview of this type of product is provided on the video:
Cable clip KL
One of the simplest types of wire fastening in the form of a clamp. Made from plastic or metal. The dimensions of the products allow the fastening of cables and wires of different sections. The clip diameter varies from 5 to 20 mm, the marking is appropriate: KL-5, KL-12, etc.
The simplicity of design, low cost and not very high decorative qualities of such a fastener allow us to talk about its preferred use for pre-fixing the conductor in the strobe.
Dowel clamps
These fasteners are designed for mounting a round or flat conductor. With open wiring, they are the least visible of all types of fasteners. Transparent clamps of this design are suitable for wiring of any color. Can be used for hidden wiring, in a strobe. Very easy to install. A hole of the required diameter is drilled in the wall, the conductor is tucked into the clamp, then the clip is inserted into the hole and pushed in until it stops. The disadvantages include relatively low fastening strength, and therefore, such clips are used when installing relatively light wires and cables.
A modern residential building is saturated with a large number of electrical equipment, the operation of which requires connection to a 220 or 380 V network, i.e. the presence of a large number of electrical wires. At the same time, the volumes of application of computer equipment for various purposes in the residential sector are growing rapidly. All this leads to the need for laying and fastening numerous wires.
Power and information wiring wires are designed for stationary operation. This means that after the installation is completed, they must be securely fixed. Further in the article, we will consider popular options for fastening wires and cables to the wall and ceiling, depending on the type of gasket.
open laying
The open laying of reins differs in simplicity and high speed of implementation. Its drawback as a method of fixing wiring is the deterioration of the aesthetics of the premises. Therefore, open cable laying is referred to:
- in auxiliary premises such as garages, basements, cellars;
- in cases where there are no cable channels in the premises;
- when decorating residential premises in a fairly popular one.
Regardless of the field of application of open fastening, the author of the project can apply a number of tools.
For cable bundles, which are often also referred to as (decorative) cable ducts, are extruded from a flame retardant polymer. As a means of forming cable routes, they are very common in the installation of electrical wiring in offices. They are not common in city apartments, but when laying wiring in summer cottages they are very popular because of the ease of installation.
They are closed products with a base and a removable or hinged lid for aesthetics and harness attachment. The removable cover is attached to the base with side latches as shown in Fig. 1. Channels can have a rectangular or triangular section. Rectangular channels are installed horizontally at a height of about 80 cm along the perimeter of the room; with their help, descents to switches are often performed.
Rice. 1. Examples of single-section cable ducts of various cross sections
Triangular hollow plastic baseboards are convenient because they provide fastening of the edges of the carpet.
Segment-type channels are also available, which withstand high compressive forces and are designed for unprotected floor mounting.
Removable or integral baffles can be provided within any type of duct to form separate sections for wiring harnesses and to meet fire safety regulations.
Channels are completed with a number of accessories:
- various angles (flat, internal, external);
- end caps;
- transitions;
- butt pads;
- bases for installation of sockets, switches, sensors.
An example of a channel with accessories is shown in fig. 2.
Figure 2. Decorative cable duct with accessories Due to the fact that decorative boxes combine the best properties of open and closed laying, they are unique in a set of such advantages as:
- good aesthetic parameters;
- ease of installation and subsequent laying of wires, installation of switches, sockets, regulators;
- fixation reliability;
- high level of protection of wires from external influences throughout the entire service life.
The main means of fastening the cable channel is a screw screwed into a pre-installed plastic plug. The distance between the attachment points is approximately 50 cm.
Plastic and metal staples
Plastic and metal clips are the most common wire holders for exposed wiring. They are a small part with a recess for round cables and a hole for a fastener. With plastic brackets, the fastening screw or nail is often already installed in the housing during production, which facilitates installation, fig. 3.
Figure 3. Plastic bracket with screw The recesses and, accordingly, the brackets have different sizes. Due to the best aesthetic parameters, it is advisable to fasten with plastic brackets in residential areas.
Metal staples can work for clamping and clamping. The latter are divided into one-blade and two-blade. Their design is clear from Fig. 4.
 a) |
 b) |
Rice. 4. Variants of execution of single-bladed metal staples: a) clamping type; b) clamp type
The bracket is functionally similar to the dowel-clamp, which is shown in fig. 5. It differs only in the method of fastening. For installation, a hole is drilled in the wall, and the clamp pre-dressed on the cable is inserted into the hole, if necessary, sending it there with a hammer.
Rice. 5. Dowel clamp When installed on the ceiling, this component takes on the functions of a plastic suspension.
Clips
The plastic clip or cable clamp can be considered the second most popular simple fastener. Holds the cable in working position due to the compressive action of the springy jaws. Not recommended for use as a mounting hanger. The design is clear from Fig. 6.
Rice. 6. Clip for cables of different diameters In the majority of cases, the main fastening element of the clip is a screw, which ensures reliable fixation. Clips for adhesive installation are also available.
Clip sizes are for single wire. If it is necessary to lay several wires, the clips are installed next to each other, for which the contacting side surfaces are provided with a system of protrusions.
A feature of the use of this type of clip is strict control of the fit of the mounting hole to the diameter of the wire.
Large clips are also used for fastening thin-walled metal pipes, flexible cable ducts with a corrugation diameter of up to 50 mm.
insulators
The insulator is a small barrel with an additional circular groove, offset from the transverse axis of symmetry, and a central hole for the mounting screw. Due to the groove, a characteristic cap appears on the insulator, which is clearly seen in Fig. 7. The edges of the case are smoothed, which protects the wire insulation from damage and improves aesthetics.
Rice. 7. Colored ceramic insulator Previously made of exclusively white ceramics. Now, due to the growing popularity of retro style in the design of apartments, colored ceramic insulators are widely available.
The insulator is used to fasten the twisted wire, and when fixing the wire, the pairs are slightly moved apart and put under the cap on the fixing groove. When changing the direction of the gasket, the insulator is installed directly at the top of the corner, and the wire, due to the relatively low strength of the turns, must be additionally fixed on it with a wire.
The known effect of sagging wires is eliminated by choosing the distance between the insulators. The recommended value of this parameter is 0.5 m, if necessary, it can be increased to 80 cm.
Clamp-tie
Clamp-screed - a universal fastener that is designed to fix conductors. Most often used as part of other fasteners. Some types of clamps do not require additional components when forming cable routes.
The tie-tie is a plastic belt with an integral lock, which is made as its continuation, fig. 8. The belt is provided with corrugation, which does not allow it to leave the castle. The lock can be supplemented with a ring that allows you to fix the clamp with a screw on any flat surface.
Ties as fasteners are also used when laying wires and pipes on cable trays.
Rice. 8. Clamp coupler with additional mounting platform A remarkable feature of plastic ties is their ease of use. For fastening, the belt is threaded into the hole of any latch, wrapped around a single cable, bundle of wires or, after which the screed is fixed by tightening the belt.
An incompletely tightened tie acts as a hanger, replacing the metal band.
Telephone cable attachment
Despite the widespread use of twisted pair, when connecting to the fixed telephone network, the subscriber telephone cable TRP continues to be used. Because of its distinctive appearance, this wire is often referred to as "telephone noodles".
To fasten the TRP, ordinary shoe or other nails of suitable size are used, which are driven into the wall through a polymer constriction specially provided for this purpose between two insulated copper conductors, fig. nine.
Rice. Fig. 9. Cross-section of the TRP cable (“telephone noodles”) and the orientation of the nail during fastening Hidden gasket
Hidden gasket is used if there is a stretch, suspended or false ceiling in the room. The nature of the area of operation allows you to reduce to a minimum the requirements for the aesthetics of elements of hidden fixation.
Platform with mounting hole
This simple mounting component is a plastic square piece with one or two lugs on the front. After installing the pads, the cable can be secured with ties.
Rice. 10. Platform with two pairs of eyelets for ties Less common are platforms with a plastic clamp integrated into it.
The platform can be fastened with glue or with a screw (less often with two, an example is in Fig. 10). When fastening with a screw, the central part of the platform is provided with a mounting hole.
Dowel-clamp or dowel necklace as a fastening element - a combination of dowel with mounting platform. Assumes the use of a separate screed. Sometimes the screed is an integral component of the dowel, such a design is shown in Fig. eleven.
Rice. 11. Dowel clamp with integral tie To increase the strength of the fastening, the usual notch is replaced by a developed ribbing of the plastic dowel rod with round areas of small thickness. During installation, the dowel is driven into a hole, the diameter of which is somewhat smaller than the diameter of the fins. The holding force is increased by bending the plates back.
Quick-drying mortar (alabaster, gypsum)
Quick-drying compounds, the functions of which are most often assigned to alabaster or gypsum, are used to fasten a cable or tube in a strobe. When referring to this method, a strobe with a cable or tube laid in it is coated approximately every 50 cm with a small amount of mounting compound. This and the rest of the cover is covered with mounting tapes.
The strengths of this fastening method are low cost, high laying speed, complemented by the possibility of laying without special fasteners. The main disadvantage is the low capacity of the channel (no more than two wires), as well as the difficulty of laying a corrugated tube in the strobe.
We must also not forget that the laid wire is difficult to replace when it fails.
clamps
Clips are structurally similar to clips and are often combined with them in one group. The main difference is a different principle of fastening the wire: with a rigid integral clamp. The design of this element is shown in Fig. 12.
Figure 12. Snap Clip Cable clips can also be grouped, as shown in fig. 13. The group mounting component is distinguished by the presence of several landing slots for wires or plastic pipes, closed by a common fixing bracket.
Rice. 13. Three-post group clip-clip Clips as fastening elements due to the increased structural complexity have a higher cost compared to classic clips. They are attractive because they allow you to fix cables of different diameters. At the same time, in addition to rigid fixation, they can perform the functions of a free wire support component.
Features of the use of point fixation elements
When constructing outdoor wiring, only black plastic components should be used. The black color of the plastic is given by carbon black, which is introduced into the feedstock. This additive is an excellent stabilizer and prevents the decomposition of plastics under the action of the UV component of sunlight.
The frequent fastening of a cable to an already laid one is a gross mistake. This method is expressly prohibited by the current rules for professional laying and it is useful to extend it to the domestic area. The reason for the ban is that the design of the fastener is designed for those masses and mechanical loads of any kind that are typical for a single cable or a group of cables of a certain size. If the load is exceeded, the element may collapse.
When installing clamps such as a single-legged metal bracket or its plastic counterparts at the points of flat turns of the cable line, the fastening elements should always be located on one side as shown on the left side of Fig. fourteen.
Figure 14. Scheme of the arrangement of fastening elements of single-leg brackets when turning the cable: on the left - correct, on the right - incorrect The frequency of installation of point fixation elements depends on the rigidity of the cable. Based on the provisions of the “Guidelines for the construction of linear structures of local communication networks”, it is advisable to adhere to the values \u200b\u200bgiven in the table here.
Conclusion.
In the process, a large number of cable fastening elements, their bundles and pipes of cable routes can be used. The choice of a specific method of fastening is carried out taking into account the ease of installation, local features of the room, aesthetic parameters of the solution, and fire safety requirements. Both single and group laying is possible. Reliable fastening is achieved by observing the standards in terms of the selection of components and control of the distance between the fixation points.
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