Switching to winter time is carried out on the last Sunday of October
(in 2019 - 27th October- at 04:00 in Kyiv).
A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of daylight hours. This is where the idea of summer and winter time originates, according to which people now live in many countries of the world. Combining waking hours with daylight hours allows you to save electricity consumption: in spring, the hands of clocks running in standard time are set one hour ahead, and in the fall they are set back to standard time.
Divide the whole earth into sentries belts 15 degrees in each, and for the zero line to take the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero zone - was proposed by Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming. Inside the belt, time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border, the arrows are moved one hour forward or backward. In 1883, the US government accepted Fleming's idea. And in 1884, at an international conference in Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. Representatives of Russia were also at the conference. They did not like the new account of time for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pood: any change seemed to be a “shaking of the foundations” and an impetus to “national ferment”.
After the October Revolution, on February 8, 1918, zonal division was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars "in order to establish a time counting throughout the day that is uniform with the entire civilized world, causing the same clock readings in minutes and seconds throughout the globe and significantly which simplifies the registration of the relationships between peoples, social events and most natural phenomena in time.
By a government decree of June 16, 1930, the hands of all clocks on the territory of the Soviet Union were moved one hour ahead. formed maternity leave time, the introduction of which allowed to save electricity. The period of validity of maternity time was set "until abolition" (lasted until 1981).
By a resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the hands of the clock were moved forward another hour. Thus, summer time was already two hours ahead of standard time. For ten years, during the winter period, the clock hands were set back an hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place.
In March 1991, maternity time was abolished. The advance two hours ahead has been abolished. We switched to the summer-winter time reference system. Now the standard time is used in winter, and in summer the clock is moved forward 1 hour. This, in brief, is the history of the change in timing.
We measure time by the average solar day, divided into hours, minutes and seconds. Those. by the arithmetic mean of the duration of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).
Rice. one. Changes in daylight and darkness throughout the year
On fig. 1 shows the change in daylight and darkness during the year for a latitude of 50° (the latitude of Kyiv). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun sank 6 ° below the horizon. In the evenings, by this time, lighting should be turned on on the streets of the city. The chart shows sunny true time(true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminary passes through the meridian and stands as high as possible).
The average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm local time. On the graph, the time of wakefulness of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Beginning with Martha he gets up after dawn. By moving the clock forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up during daylight hours and consume less electricity for lighting.
Return to winter time in October does not result in energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time is not justified.
From the point of view of common sense, it is rational to return to standard time, abandon the annual clock change and live with the same countdown, which will be one hour ahead of standard time. Such a rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is the most favorable for a person.
Since October 26, 2014, the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics have switched to a new standard for calculating time and moved the hands in accordance with the third time zone of the international system.
On October 24, 2014, the DPR Supreme Council adopted a resolution “On the transition to Donetsk time”, now Donetsk will have the same time with Moscow and an hour difference with Kyiv. A corresponding resolution was also adopted by the leadership of the LPR.
Switching to daylight saving time allows you to make better use of daylight hours and save energy. Usually the clock hands are moved forward an hour on the last Sunday in March (and on the last Sunday in October they are moved back an hour). But this is not the case everywhere. A number of countries, including Russia, have refused to switch to daylight saving time, and the rest do not necessarily do it synchronously. The Village figured out the intricacies of daylight saving time.
Text: Anastasia Kotlyakova
In the northern hemisphere
(summer time is used almost universally)
Europe: Since 1996, European countries have adopted a system for moving the clock hand forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and one hour back on the last Sunday in October. The exceptions are Russia, Iceland and Belarus (these countries do not switch to daylight saving time).
In 2018, the transition is made on the night of March 24-25. The hands of the clock are translated at two in the morning - from 02:00 to 03:00. After that, the time difference with Moscow will be one hour.
USA, Canada (except Saskatchewan), Mexico:
USA: Transfer to the second Sunday of March at 02:00, back - at 02:00 on the first Sunday of November. Only Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands do not cross.
Arizona does not change clocks (but upstate Americans do).
Other countries: The transition is also carried out in Cuba, Morocco, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine.
In the southern hemisphere
Australia: In the states of South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, clocks are changed twice a year: to daylight saving time (October 1 at 02:00) and back (April 1 at 03:00) .
Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory do not have Daylight Savings Time.
Chile: The data is different! But RIA Novosti writes that there has been no transition since 2015.
Brazil: Almost nowhere there is a transition, except for the states of Campo Grande, Cuiaba, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro (there summer time starts on November 4 at midnight, ends at midnight on February 18).
Who gave up daylight saving time
Japan, China, India, Singapore, Turkey, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Donetsk People's Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lugansk People's Republic, Russia (since 2011), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia.
Incomprehensible countries
In the equatorial countries, the transition to summer and winter time was not introduced at all. Many agrarian countries have abandoned the transition to summer time, where the working day already determines daylight hours.
Illustrations: Anahit Ohanyan
For almost the entire time of the existence of the Russian Federation, namely, from October 23, 1991, the resolution of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated “On streamlining the calculation of time on the territory of the RSFSR” was in force on the territory of our country. This legal act established the annual introduction of summer time, the procedure and date of transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic UN.
Cancellation of the annual switchover
In 2011, the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed, which abolished the practice of moving the hands on the clock. However, this regulatory legal act was signed in June, that is, after the inhabitants of the country switched their clocks to summer time on March 27, 2011.Thus, Federal Law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 “On the Calculation of Time” actually fixed permanent summer time in Russia. The negative impact of the change of time on the human body, expressed in an increase in morbidity and the population of the country, was called as the main factor that caused the refusal of the double annual change of the clock hands.
Discussion about temporary regime in Russia
At the same time, the decision taken a few years ago cannot be called unequivocally popular: it found quite a few opponents. The main argument that is usually put forward to challenge the legitimacy of fixing summer time on the territory of the country is the continuing operation of the so-called daylight savings time.The fact is that back in 1930, by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a temporary regime was introduced on the territory of all republics, one hour ahead of standard time. And although in 1991 the effect of this decree was canceled, about a year later this temporary regime was restored on the territory of Russia.
The introduction of daylight saving time actually represents an increase of one more hour to the standard time: thus, the inhabitants of the Russian Federation are two hours ahead of standard time. In this regard, in recent years, there have been periodic proposals to return to winter time.
At the moment, the draft law, fixing the country's transition to constant winter time, has been adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the third reading. If it comes into effect, the actual time in Russia will be close to standard time.
When traveling around the world, people inevitably find themselves at different times of the day - this is due to the movement of the planet around its axis. Russia is a very large country occupying an impressive territory. For greater convenience, its area was divided into a certain number of zones corresponding to the number of time zones in Russia.
What determines time on Earth
Our planet, as you know, has a spherical shape. In 24 hours, it manages to make a complete revolution around its axis, that is, 360 °. Accordingly, in one hour the Earth rotates around its axis by 15 °.
In different parts of the world, people meet sunrise or sunset at different times. In places located on different meridians, at the same moment, the hands of the clock will show different times of the day. For example, in Yakutsk it will be 21 hours, while in Yekaterinburg - only 17.
But at the same time, on the same meridian, throughout its entire length from the North to the South Pole, the time of day will be the same. Such time is called local or solar.
However, using local time is extremely inconvenient: it makes the development of relations between countries very difficult. To eliminate this discomfort, astronomers have proposed to introduce a standard time system around the world.
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As a result, the entire planet was divided along the meridians into 24 belts, each of which includes 15 ° longitude. Thus, the time in each time zone differs from the time in neighboring zones by 1 hour.
The zero time zone is considered to be the center of which runs the Greenwich meridian. He is also the 24th in a row. Time zones are counted from zero from west to east.
Rice. 1. Reference point - Greenwich meridian.
Time zones of Russia
The length of Russia from west to east is very large, and covers 11 time zones. The capital of the Russian Federation - Moscow - is in the second time zone, and, say, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - in the twelfth.
Moscow time serves as a reference point for determining local time anywhere in Russia. The difference is calculated by the number of full hours: minutes and seconds are the same in all time zones.
In order to avoid confusion on the territory of Russia, all work of river, sea, air and rail transport, as well as various kinds of communications, are carried out only in Moscow time.
Rice. 2. Time zones of Russia on the map.
For greater convenience in Russia, the second and eleventh time zones were combined into one. For this reason, within the Russian Federation, they meet not eleven, but ten times.
It is not difficult to independently calculate the zone time of each individual settlement. It is enough to know the boundaries of its location and the number of the time zone in which it is located. For example, if in Moscow, located in the second zone, it is 8 am, then in Yekaterinburg, located in the fourth zone, it will be 10 am, since the difference with Moscow will be 2 hours.
Table by city (time difference)
Daylight Savings Time
In 1930, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars throughout Russia, the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of the relative standard time. The country lived in this regime for more than 50 years according to the so-called "maternity leave" time. It was believed that the change to a new time was installed in order to save electricity. The return to seasonal time only happened in 1981.
In the same year, summer time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. In the period from April 1 to October 1, clocks throughout the country were set one hour ahead. The official reason for this transition is the rational use of daylight hours and energy savings.
Rice. 3. Physiologists are against the transition to a new time.
However, physiologists are sure that such jumps in time have a very negative effect on people's well-being. For any organism, the transition to a new time is stressful, and it takes some time for the life cycles to adjust to the new conditions.
The transition to daylight saving time in the Russian Federation was canceled in 2011.
What have we learned?
When studying one of the topics in the 8th grade geography program, we learned how many time zones there are in Russia. We found that their number of time zones corresponds to the number of meridians, and the difference in time in each neighboring zone is exactly one hour. Moscow time is considered the main time in Russia, according to which all types of transport operate, communications are established throughout the country.
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March 27, 2011 in Russia was the last time the transition to summer time. There will be no more seasonal shifts of the officially accepted time, the Russians will begin to live with a constant shift of +2 hours in relation to standard time. The shift of 2 hours is due to the fact that the so-called "maternity leave" operates on the territory of Russia, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight Saving Time adds +1 hour to Daylight Saving Time, for a total of +2 hours to Standard Time.
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Daylight Savings Time always took place on the last Sunday of October (on the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2010, the last daylight saving time was October 31st. On this day, at three o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved back an hour, to two o'clock in the morning. Darkness and light began an hour earlier. |
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Daylight Saving Time always carried out on the last Sunday of March (on the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2011, the last daylight saving time was March 27. On this day, at two o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved forward an hour, at three o'clock in the morning. Darkness and light began an hour later. |
what is winter and summer time
Daylight saving time is time that is one hour ahead of normal time in that time zone. By analogy with summer time, standard time is also called winter time.
What is winter and summer time for?
Summer time is introduced in many countries during the summer period in order to save electricity for lighting. However, there is an opinion that the effectiveness of such a measure is insignificant, while the harm to human health caused by the forced displacement of natural biological cycles is great.
when winter and summer time was first introduced
Summer time was first introduced in the UK in 1908. In Russia, the transition to daylight saving time was first implemented in July 1917 and was valid until 1930, when the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of standard time. This time was called "maternity", as it was introduced by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on June 16, 1930. Since 1981, summer time has been regularly introduced in the USSR again.
which countries use winter and summer time
Currently, in the northern hemisphere, daylight saving time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, and throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile. The equatorial countries do not use summer time.
When does the changeover to winter and summer time take place?
In Russia and Europe, the transition to daylight saving time is carried out on the night of the last Sunday of March at 2:00 by moving the hour hands 1 hour forward, and the reverse transition is carried out on the night of the last Sunday of October at 3:00 by moving the hands 1 hour back.
In the US and Canada, since 2007, daylight saving time has been on the second Sunday in March at 2:00 am, and back on the last Sunday of October, also at 2:00 am.
offset of winter and summer time relative to standard time
Due to the use of summer time in Russia, Russians live with a shift of +2 hours in relation to standard time. The shift of 2 hours is due to the fact that the so-called "maternity leave" operates on the territory of Russia, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight Saving Time adds +1 hour to Daylight Saving Time, for a total of +2 hours to Standard Time.
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