(have, has) and past participle forms: I have done, he has played. Past Participle (participle) regular verbs formed by adding the ending to the infinitive –ed: to invite- invite ed. When added to a verb –ed sometimes there are changes in its spelling: to stop – stopp ed. Past Participle of irregular verbs must be remembered: to tell – told – told. More about .
Abbreviated forms:
‘ve= have
's=has
haven't= have not
hasn't= has not
Using the Present Perfect
1. An action that has taken place to date, the result of which is obvious. The speaker’s emphasis is to draw the interlocutor’s attention to the result of the action taking place (there is always a connection between the past and the present).
Examples: I have lost my luggage. - I lost my luggage. (I now have no baggage - the speaker reports a specific result of an action have lost; This idea can also be expressed with the following sentence: My luggage is lost. – My luggage is lost.)
I have read a new book. – I read a new book. (I have already read the book)
She has bought a new car. - She bought a new car. (she has a new car now)
2. With adverbial words denoting periods of time that have not yet expired ( today - today, this week/month/year - this week, this month/year, this afternoon - this afternoon)*
Examples: I haven't read your documents today. – I didn’t read your documents today.
3. Often with adverbs of indefinite tense ( ever - ever, never - never, already - already, yet - yet, often - often, so far - yet, until now, not yet - not yet, ever - ever)*
Examples: I 've never been there before. - I've never been here.
They haven't finished dinner yet. - They haven't finished lunch yet.
* Please note that the absence or presence of the above adverbs (3) or adverbial words (2) in a sentence is not a clear indicator of the use Present Perfect.
4. Always used with adverbs lately – (for/in) Lately and just – just now.
Examples: They have just finished. - They just finished.
Have you heard from her lately? – Have you heard about her lately?
5. Actions performed during a certain period of time up to the present moment with verbs that do not have the Continuous form. Often used with prepositions for ( for an hour - for an hour, for two weeks - for two weeks, for a long time - for a long time ) and since ( since twelve o’clock - from twelve o’clock, since 12 April - from April 12, since May - from May). More about .
Examples: I have known her mother for 10 years. – I’ve known her mother for 10 years.
He has been here since 3 o'clock. – He’s been here since 3 o’clock.
6. Never used to refer to past moments or periods of time ( yesterday - yesterday, last week - last week, an hour ago - an hour ago, on Sunday - on Sunday, in 2005 - in 2005), with questions starting with when – When. These marker words indicate the need to use.
Examples:When did he draw this portrait? – When did he paint this portrait?
I came here an hour ago. – I came here an hour ago.
7. In adverbial subordinate clauses, time and conditions ( after conjunctions when - when, while, after - after, as soon as - as soon as, if - if, until - not yet) instead to express an action that will end at a certain point in the future. Translated into Russian by the future tense.
Examples:After he has been repaired the washing machine, he'll be paid. - After he fixes it washing machine, he will be paid.
I'll come as soon as I have finished writing this letter. “I’ll come as soon as I finish writing this letter.”
From the school desk, students are intimidated by difficult to understand parts of English, which must be crammed, otherwise you will not communicate and understand the language even at a minimal level. In fact, the prim Englishmen have only three tenses, as in our great and mighty language: present, past and future. However, you should understand: each time has its own characteristics, in other words, types. In this article we will look at the present tense and its form Present Perfect Simple.
English present tense
The present tense in English has 4 types:
- Present Perfect.
- Present Simple.
- Present Perfect Continuous.
Exercises usually help to reinforce the complexities of using these forms. It should be understood that these are not isolated rules, they have a certain system. The main thing in studying is to understand the essence of each time when it needs to be applied in practice in writing, and when in a live conversation.
Time formula
Type nametemporary Present forms Perfect Simple translates as "present" perfect tense". The perfect form is one of the most used in communication by residents of England and America, although in the speech of the latter we hear it less often. It is formed this type present tense according to the following formula: auxiliary + main verb in 3rd form.
The third form for regular verbs is formed by adding and for irregular verbs there is its own form, which is usually given in dictionaries.
For example:
I have already cleaned my room. - “I have already cleaned my room” (the verb clean is correct).
He has already drunk his tea. - “He has already drunk his tea” (the verb drink is incorrect).
Thus, we can say that the present perfect tense is quite simple to form; the main thing is to know whether you are using the correct form of the verb or not.
The third part of the table in dictionary publications and textbooks contains the third form of the verb. For example: the verb be (translated as to be, to exist) has the following forms: be/was (were)/been.
Using the present perfect tense
Present Perfect Simple is used when it is necessary to express exactly the result of an action that has already been performed. With the help of this tense, attention is focused on the result and thus it is clear that the action has already been completed. We also use Simple when we talk about an action that happened in an unfinished period of time. Remember that the main thing for understanding the perfect is the connection with the present moment and the fact of completion of the action. For example: " I have already eaten watermelon." - I have already eaten melon. That is, we mean the result of the action itself, the actual result.
These two tense forms refer to the present tense, but have different meanings. Present Simple is used when talking about events that happen usually and every day. The main indicators for it are the following words: always (always), usually (usually), rarely (rarely), often (often). The Present Perfect expresses an action that has already been performed and has a certain result at the time of the speaker’s speech. Also, these two times have different formation formulas. The simple tense is used in live communication much more often than the perfect tense. He has many words - pointers, that is, words that directly say that it is necessary to use the perfect tense.
Difference between Present Perfect and Past Simple
When learning English, the question always arises of when to use the Present Perfect and when to use the Past Simple. It is necessary to understand the basic postulates of using these forms of time. The most important thing to remember is that “Past Simple” is the past tense, it talks about events that have already happened. “Present perfect” is the present tense, it talks about something that was started earlier and not yet finished, or finished, but has a relationship with today. Sometimes you can understand from the meaning of the text itself that it is the perfect that needs to be used. You should choose the time depending on what needs to be said to the speaker, based on the situation that has arisen.
Timing Rules
If the situation or time period in question has ended and has no connection with the present, then “Past Simple” should be used. When using the Past Simple tense, this may mean that the person in question can no longer carry out any action. If you do not say in more detail in a conversation about the reason for choosing this time, then you might think that the person is no longer alive.
She always loved watching TV. - “She always loved watching TV” (meaning that she doesn’t watch TV anymore because she died).
She has always loved watching TV. - “She always loved watching TV” (she loved it before and still loves it).
Etymology of the word
The word perfect comes from Latin language and is translated as “completion”, and the meaning of “perfection”, in the sense of the absence of shortcomings, acquired much later. In fact, the word perfect acquired the meaning of “flawless” by expanding its previous meaning, because something created is completed when it no longer has flaws. Perfect tenses are so called because they refer to actions that are complete relative to the present tense. For example: “I ate bread” is an action that is this moment completed. However, not every use of the present perfect tense is associated with the idea of completion. In fact, the perfect form exists in many European languages, including our Russian language.
English is not difficult. The rules are easy to remember and there are not many of them.
How do you like this phrase: “No one is perfect, that’s why pencils have erasers.” - “No one is perfect, that’s why there are erasers on pencils”? However, “Perfect” still exists, and it is “Present”. What is “Present Perfect”?
To begin with, it is worth noting that there is simply no equivalent to this tense or the Present Complete in the Russian language - this is where the whole difficulty of understanding lies. But hold on! We're here to sort it all out. Let's go!
Rules for the formation of the Present Perfect
Let's look at an example:
I have seen this film before.
We have first place subject(subjects or subject), then auxiliary verb(auxiliary) - have or has + Past Participle = seen.
Using the Present Perfect
- When we talk about experience and achievements ( experience & achievements):
I have jumped with a parachute!- I jumped with a parachute!
I’ve just graduated from University and got a diploma!- I just graduated from university and received a diploma!
She has started to walk!- She started walking!
- To show some changes:
You've lost weight!- You've lost weight!
- When an action happened in the past, but we do not know when exactly, or time does not matter. The main thing is not when the action occurred, but its result in the present:
Have you read this book?- Did you read this book? (Ever?)
Nick has traveled a lot. - Nick traveled a lot.
- In sentences with Stative/State verbs when an action began in the past, continues in the present and may continue in the future. Words that can be used in these sentences are: since(since) and for(during):
I’ve known him for ten years.- I have known him for 10 years (I knew him in the past, I know him now, and maybe I will know him in the future).
I haven’t felt well since Monday.- I haven't been feeling well since Monday.
- When the time of action is determined by words just(just now), already(already), yet(more). Accurate connection with the present:
I’ve just seen an interesting movie.- I just watched an interesting film.
She has already left.- She's already gone.
The show has not begun yet.- The show hasn't started yet.
- When an action took place during a period that has not yet ended. These periods include: today(Today), this morning(this morning), this week(this week), this month(this month), this year(this year), etc.:
She has called her best friend this morning.- She called her to the best friend in the morning (the morning is not over yet).
I have never been to China.— I have never been to China. (I have never been to China in my entire life.)
- Description of events of the recent past. Usually in such cases the words are used recently(recently), lately(lately, recently):
We have come back recently.- We just returned.
You've worked hard lately.- You've been working a lot lately.
- When the action occurs for the first (second, third, etc.) time:
It’s the first time I have done it.- I did this for the first time.
It’s the second time I have driven a car.- I drove the car for the second time.
It’s the third time she has called him this morning.“She called him this morning for the third time.”
Peculiarities of using been and gone in the Present Perfect: examples
« Been" And " gone» are past participles (the third form of the verb), gone is the past participle form of the verb go, and been is the past participle form of the verb be. Everything seems clear, but when translating into or from Russian, students have many problems. Let's look at examples:
Is Ann in the office? No, she has just been to Great Britain. And she is at home today relaxing. She'll be here tomorrow.
Is Ann in the office? No, she has just gone to China. She is spending there one month supervising the work of our subsidiary and is coming back on the 25th.
As you can see from the context in the first case, Anna was in the UK, but has already returned. Her journey has just ended.
In the second case, on the contrary, her journey has just begun, she has left and will stay in China for another month.
It follows that the Present Perfect with " been" means back and forth action, and the Present Perfect with " gone" means action only there.
Conclusion
After all of the above, the question arises: “Why then? Past Simple, if there is a Present Perfect?”
There is a huge difference between Past Simple and Present Perfect. Past simple happened in the past. We know when, and the time is over. This means that the present is not included in it. Yesterday, last year, two minutes ago. All this already finished time.
And if unfinished time? Today, this week, over these ten years (all these periods of time include the moment “now”), then we use Present Perfect. Let's compare:
I've fed a tiger today. I fed ten tigers yesterday.
She went to Europe last summer. I’ve never been to Europe in my life.
We've had many customers this week. We didn't have so many customers last week.
I lived here for ten years. I’ve lived here for ten years.
In what case am I still here? I live? Of course, I’ve lived here for ten years, because it means that the action started in the past and is still ongoing. I lived here for ten years means I lived a long time ago, but have already moved. So you walk past the house in which you once lived a long time ago, and say: I lived here for ten years a long time ago.
We hope that now you have no doubts! Have a great English and evolve!
We invite you to familiarize yourself with other tenses of the English language
Big and friendly EnglishDom family
Present Perfect Simple
1. Time name
Present Perfect Simple
2. Method of education
3. Changefinal letters
Tat (short vowel syllable) + ed = tatted
Silent e + ed = ed
Ty + ed = tied
4. Formation approval
Subject + have\has + V3 + minor members of the sentence
5. Formation of the question
Have\has + subject + V3 + minor members of the sentence?
6. Formation of denial
Subject + have\has + not + V3 + minor members of the sentence
7. Words are indicators of time
Ever, never, yet (the word yet in interrogative sentences comes last), already, just, since, for (non-continuous verbs) not only lately, recently, the first (second) time, superlative degree of comparison.
8. Time value
An action that just happened.
The action took place in the past, but we see the result now.
An action that began at a certain moment in the past and continues to this day or has just ended (non-continuous verbs) or state verbs.
An action that began at a certain moment in the past and is repeated to this day.
Something that never happened.
WITH superlative comparisons.
An action that happened 1, 2, 3... times.
9. Modal verbs and constructions
Modal verbs:
- Can - have\has\had to
No constructions are used.
Present Perfect - Present Complete
We have already gone through 2 present tenses, which we called “simple” and"long". Now we will look present complete - Present Perfect. It sounds paradoxical, but English language some types of completed actions may refer to the present rather than the past tense. Such actions are referred to in the context of a period of time that has not yet ended. For Russian-speaking students, this phenomenon may present some difficulties, because... we convey it using the past tense. However, the situation will become clearer after you understand the difference. Look at the following pair of sentences in Russian that used the past tense:
In English, these two sentences will be used in 2 different tenses.- I traveled to the USA last spring.-- refers to the Simple Past, which we have already gone through. the key phrase is " last spring ", i.e. a period of time that has already been completed. -I went to the USA last spring
- I have traveled to the USA three times in my life.-- refers to the Present Complete, because time interval " in all my life " has not yet been completed, despite the fact that the action has already been completed. - I have gone to the USA three times in my life
- For education Present Perfect You need to put after the subject the verb "Have" in the form corresponding to the subject (Have / Has), and after that the verb, to which the ending "ed" is added. It should be noted that the verb have in the Present Perfect is auxiliary and does not mean “to have”. It simply helps to form the Present Perfect Tense.
| Present | Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| be | was, were | been |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| burst | burst | burst |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cut | cut | cut |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| do | did | done |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| leave | left | left |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| quit | quit | quit |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shine | shone | shone |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spring | sprang | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke (waked) | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |
| Subject | have/has (not) | Past Participle | Abbreviations |
| I | have (not) | written | I"ve (not) (I haven"t) |
| you | have (not) | worked | you"ve (not) (you haven"t) |
| he | has (not) | understood | he"s (not) (he hasn't) |
| she | has (not) | played | she"s (not) (she hasn't) |
| it | has (not) | broken | it"s (not) (it hasn't) |
| we | have (not) | cooked | we"ve (not) (we haven"t) |
| they | have (not) | met | they"ve (not) (they haven"t) |
Questions:
| Where | have
|
I/you/we/they
|
been? |
| Have | you | been | to Ukraine? | Yes, I have |
| Has | she | written | a letter? | No, she hasn't |
| Have | they | visited | their parents? | Yes, they have. |
The present completed tense in English is called the Present Perfect. This form of the verb denotes an action that happened in the past, but is related to the present. This is one of the most complex shapes verb, since on the one hand the action has already completed and is translated into Russian in the past tense. But, on the other hand, it is connected with the present and in English it refers to the present tense. A certain duality arises. Let's first look at how this verb form is formed.
FormationPresentPerfect
The formation of the Present Perfect involves the auxiliary verb to have in the present tense and the third form of the main verb (infinitive + ending - ed - for regular verbs). Let's look at examples of education from this time.
Affirmative sentences.
In an interrogative sentence, the auxiliary verb have comes before the subject.
Interrogative sentences.
IN negative sentences The particle not is placed after the verb have.
Negative sentences.
The verbs have and has are usually shortened:
| I have = I've | We have = we've |
| You have = you've | You have = you've |
| He has = he's She has = she's It has = it's |
They have = they've |
The negative form is also abbreviated:
have not = haven’t
has not = hasn’t
ApplicationPresentPerfect
1. To express an action that has already ended at the time of speech. At the same time, adverbs of indefinite time are often used in the sentence: just - just, ever - ever, already - already, yet - yet, never – never, lately – recently, etc.
He hasn’t listened to the latest news yet.
He hasn't listened to the latest news yet.
He's already finished his work.
He has already finished his work.
2. If the action has already ended, but the period of time to which it relates is still ongoing, for example: today - today, this month - this month, this summer - this summer (if it is still summer).
She's written two letters today.
She wrote two letters today.
I've seen him this week.
I saw him this week.
3. If the action took place in the past, but its result is felt at the time of speech in the form of acquired experience or knowledge:
He's read this book.
He read this book. (He knows its contents).
My sister has translated four English books into Russian.
My sister translated four English books into Russian. (Now they can be read in Russian).
4. If an action that started in the past is still ongoing. At the same time, the preposition for – during, denoting an unfinished period of time – is often found in the sentence. Or the preposition since - since.
I’ve known this man for years.
I have known this man for many years. (I knew it before the conversation and I know it now).
I haven’t met him since 2000.
I haven't met him since 2000. (I haven’t met since 2000, and I haven’t met now either).
5. The present perfect is often used to start a conversation. Or at the beginning of a news review. If the conversation continues on the already mentioned topic, then it goes on using the Past Simple.
“You look brown, have you been away?”-You're tanned. Have you traveled anywhere?
"Yes, I've been to the South."- Yes, I was in the south.
“Did you have a good time?”
– Did you have a good time there?"Yes, I had a very good time."
- Yes, I had a wonderful time.
It should be emphasized that the Present Perfect is not used if there is an exact indication of a time in the past, or this is clear from the context, and this period of time has already ended. Because the connection with the present moment is broken. In this case, the Past Simple tense is used.
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