But first a little history. Once upon a time in these places there was a small village called Jebus. It was located at the foot of Mount Moriah - the same mountain on which the forefather Abraham was supposed to sacrifice his only son Isaac to God. Then the Lord, having tested the faith and love of the righteous man, did not allow this sacrifice to take place. Centuries will pass, and very close to this very place the Son of God will offer himself as a Sacrifice for the sins of the world.
It was here in the 10th century BC. King and Prophet David moved the capital of the Kingdom of Israel, which had been located until that time in Hebron. Ancient Jerusalem was built on a hillside south of Mount Moriah. Under the son of the prophet David, King Solomon, Jerusalem was expanded, and the first Jerusalem Temple was built on Mount Moriah. Now this place is called the Temple Mount. The temple, built under King Solomon (in 950 BC), is called The First Temple. It was destroyed by the Babylonians in 576 BC, when the Jewish people were taken captive by King Nebuchadnezzar. The famous Babylonian captivity lasted 70 years. Returning to their homeland, the Jews built a new temple on the site of the destroyed one. The construction was led by the prophets Zerubbabel and Ezra. And from 515 BC. the so-called period begins Second Temple. Nehemiah in the 5th century BC. restored the gates and walls of Jerusalem. Then Judea became part of the empire of Alexander the Great (the so-called Hellenistic period); in the 2nd century, Antiochus Epiphanes tried to turn the Temple of Jerusalem into the temple of Zeus, but this was prevented by the Maccabean uprising. In 63 BC. Judea was captured by the Romans and became part of the Roman Empire.
During the times of the Gospel, King Herod the Great ruled in Judea. This was the first King of the Jews, descended from foreigners. He was installed by the Romans, and achieved power through cunning, deceit and bribery. Let us remember the prophecy of Patriarch Jacob that the Messiah will come when royal throne It is not the Jew who will rise in Judea. While outwardly adhering to Jewish customs, Herod remained a pagan at heart. He built theaters and amphitheaters in cities and even in the suburbs of Jerusalem, and organized pagan shows and games. Distinguished by his cruel and ferocious disposition, being extremely ambitious and suspicious, he was very afraid of losing power and put to death anyone who seemed dangerous to him. To win the favor of the Jews, King Herod reconstructed the Temple of Jerusalem, seeking to give it greater splendor. Herod also built the fortress of Antonia, which became the center of the Roman presence in Jerusalem. There was the residence of the Roman procurator (or, in Greek, “hegemon”), and the Roman military garrison was located there. Herod the Great died a year after the birth of the Savior into the world.
The Gospel also mentions Herod Antipas, one of the sons of Herod the Great, ruler of Galilee and Perea. He was brought up in Rome, and with his rule he tried in every possible way to please the Roman emperors: Augustus, and then Tiberius, in whose honor he named his new capital, which he built on the shores of Lake Galilee. This Herod beheaded Saint John the Baptist. Pilate, who was in the bonds of Christ, sent Antipas to Herod, trying to get away from a difficult situation for himself and shift responsibility to Herod.
Jerusalem was razed to the ground in 70 AD, literally “not one stone was left upon another,” according to the word of the Lord. Thus the Romans suppressed the Jewish revolt against their rule. All that remains of the Second Temple is the western wall of the outer enclosure built by Herod (or the Western Wall, as it became known in the 16th century, when Jews began to gather here to pray). The Christian community of Jerusalem then fled to the city of Pella, located beyond the Jordan.
Later, under the Roman Emperor Hadrian, a new city, which was named Aelia Capitolina. It had a structure similar to a Roman military camp and was clearly divided into four squares. At the same time, the city boundaries were changed, and Golgotha found itself inside the new city walls.
When the Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern, Jerusalem came under the rule of the Byzantine emperors. However, in 614 it was conquered Persian king Muslims became the rulers and masters here. Many martyrs, venerable martyrs, suffered at their hands: the Persian conquerors desecrated shrines, broke into monasteries, killing all the monks. During the Crusades, Jerusalem belonged alternately European knights, then Muslims. And from 1517 to 1917, the Holy Land was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. First world war Türkiye was forced to cede Palestine to the British.
In 1948, the State of Israel was established. However, Jerusalem finally went to Israel only in 1967 after the “six-day war”.
Let's take a look at panorama of the city.
In 691, the famous Dome of the Rock mosque was built on the site of the Jerusalem Temple. This huge golden dome stands out brightly in the skyline of Jerusalem. It covers the rock on which the patriarch Abraham was supposed to sacrifice his son Isaac. This place is very revered by Muslims, since, according to their beliefs, from this place the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven.
The walls of the old city that we see now were built by the Turks in the 16th century, however, the stones from which they are made are much older. There are stones from the time of King Herod, stones with Lanin inscriptions, stones with signs of the Crusaders. Jerusalem is located on mountains, of which the most famous are the Temple Mount, Mount Zion and Mount Olivet.
The Golden Gate also attracts attention. They stand on the site of the oldest gates of the city (they were previously open). This was the only gate that led directly to the Temple Mount. It was through these gates that the Lord passed through, making His entry into Jerusalem before His suffering. According to Jewish beliefs, the Messiah was supposed to come from the east and enter the city through the Golden Gate. Which, in fact, came true. But the Jews are still waiting for the Messiah, and the Muslims have walled up the gates to block his path. And they even specially built a Muslim cemetery in front of them, so that the Jews would disdain to pass through it. There are many legends associated with this gate. There is a legend that these gates will open only before the Savior during the Second Coming, but they will not open before the Antichrist.
The border of the city from the east was the Kidron Valley (separating the Temple Mount from the Mount of Olives), along which flowed the Kidron Stream, now dry, and the Jehoshaphat Valley, an ancient Jewish cemetery. According to legend, the Last Judgment will take place at this place. The western border of the city passed in front of the current Church of the Resurrection of Christ. The gray domes of this temple are also visible in the panorama. They are located further behind the golden dome of the mosque. At the time of Christ, this place was already outside the city walls.
And another necessary note: historical Jerusalem went underground by about 5 m, i.e. the former streets are now in basements.
Church of the Resurrection of Christ (Church of the Holy Sepulcher)
The first thing every pilgrim who arrives in the Holy Land strives to do is bow main shrine of the Christian world - to fall at the Holy Sepulcher. Following the myrrh-bearing women, who were drawn to the Tomb of Christ by their great love for the Teacher, Christians now come to this Life-Giving Tomb, drawn by the same love for their Savior and Lord. They see empty coffin, in which the body of Christ rested for three days and they become witnesses of the Resurrection. How not to remember the Easter stichera at this moment:“The myrrh-bearing woman, deep in the morning, presented herself to the Tomb of the Life-Giver, found an Angel, sat on a stone, and having preached to them, said this: Why are you seeking the living with the dead? Why are you weeping for the Imperishable in ashes; as you go, preach to His disciples.”
At the time of Christ, this place was located outside the city. After the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, pagan temples were built here. And only in the 4th century, during the reign of the holy Emperor Constantine, when the persecution of Christians ceased, the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Queen Helen, having destroyed the temples of idolaters, found the Holy Sepulcher, the place of the crucifixion of the Savior, and found the tree of the Life-giving Cross. Then, at her command, the construction of a temple in honor of the Resurrection of Christ began on this holy place. Construction lasted ten years, from 326 to 335. Church historians talk about the extraordinary beauty and majesty of the temple. On September 13, 335, it was solemnly consecrated.
In 614, the temple was very badly damaged by the Persians; soon they tried to restore it, but in 1009 it was again completely destroyed by Muslims. In 1042, with the support of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh, the temple was again restored, however, no longer in its former splendor. In 1130 it was rebuilt and significantly expanded by the Crusaders. They united all the sacred places under one roof: the Holy Sepulcher, Golgotha. Since then, the temple has repeatedly suffered from fires and earthquakes. Most of the temple now belongs to the Jerusalem Orthodox Church; separate chapels belong to the Armenian, Coptic, Catholic, Syro-Jacobite and Ethiopian Churches.
When we enter the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, right in front of us is the Stone of Anointing. This is the stone on which the Savior’s body was laid after being removed from the Cross in preparation for burial. Remembering this, the stone is constantly watered and rubbed with incense.
According to Jewish customs, the dead were buried in caves, inside of which there were two rooms. The first is more spacious, in which they mourned the deceased and psalms and prayers were read over the body of the deceased. And the second room is the burial room, where the body of the deceased was placed on a stone bed carved into the rock. The family crypt could have several burial niches. At the entrance to the cave, a stone (one or two) was installed, on which the body of the deceased was prepared for burial - washed, anointed with aromas, oils and clothed in a shroud. These were the stones of anointing, similar to what we see in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The entrance to the burial cave was blocked with a huge stone. There was also a custom after about a year to open the cave and wash the bones of the buried person in incense and put them in a special box for subsequent reburial. As a rule, this box was placed in a special niche in the same cave. If a family or entire clan changed their place of residence, they could easily take with them the bones of their deceased relatives. And someone else could have been buried in the cave after that. That is why the Gospel says about the Holy Sepulcher that it was "a new coffin in which no one has ever been laid"(John 19:21).
But let's return to the Church of the Resurrection. To the left of the Stone of Anointing is the passage to the Holy Sepulcher. To the right is Golgotha. Near Golgotha there was a square where people gathered to watch the execution of criminals. On the western side there were gardens and the garden mentioned in the Gospel, belonging to Joseph of Arimathea, in which the tomb that became the Holy Sepulcher was located. Near the rock there was a hollow where the bodies and crosses of those crucified were thrown. It was in it that Queen Helen subsequently found the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord.
Golgotha is a small rocky hill, the name of which comes from the Hebrew “Gulgolet” - “forehead, skull”. This rock was called so because of the similarity of its rounded shape to a skull. An ancient legend claims that Adam's head was buried on this mountain. A staircase now leads to the top of Golgotha, located to the right of the entrance to the temple and from the Stone of Anointing. Climbing along it, we see a large Cross installed behind the main altar. This is an Orthodox altar. To his right is the Catholic chapel. Under the Orthodox throne there is a hole framed with silver. It marks the place where the Cross of the Savior stood. Pilgrims kneel, put their hand into the hole and touch this holy place, washed by the Blood of Christ. Here the Redemption of the human race was accomplished. To the left and right of the altar, under the glass, you can see the original rock of Golgotha Hill. The crosses of the robbers, standing somewhat behind the Cross of Christ the Savior, are indicated by black circles on the marble platform of Calvary.You can go down using another staircase. Under Golgotha there is a chapel of Adam, who, according to legend, was buried here. And the Blood of Christ - the new Adam - washed the bones of the forefather. The throne here is consecrated in honor of St. John the Baptist. Behind the glass you can see a rock with a crevice formed in it. The split in the rock occurred at one o'clock death on the cross Savior. It can be seen that the rock is split against biological layers. “And Jesus cried out again with a great voice, and gave up the ghost. And behold, the veil of the church was torn in two from the highest to the lowest: and the earth shook, and the stone was disintegrated...”(Matt. 27:50-51).
From this chapel you can go to the treasury (it is not always open). The world's largest particle is located there Life-giving cross of the Lord and many relics of saints.
Let's return to the Stone of Anointing and move on. We see a small Armenian chapel, which is a round slab of white marble surrounded by columns - this is the place where, according to legend, the Mother of God stood during the execution of Her Son and Lord on the Cross.
The Chapel of the Holy Sepulcher is called Edicule(translated from Greek as “chapel with a funeral bed”). It is inside it that there is a cave in which the Savior was buried. When the body of Jesus Christ was taken down from the Cross, He was buried in a nearby burial cave that belonged to Joseph of Arimathea, a secret follower of Christ. Moreover, the tomb was new; no one had been buried in it before. According to Jewish custom, the body of Christ was anointed with incense and entwined with a wide quadrangular cloth - the shroud. The entrance to the cave where the Savior was buried was blocked with a huge stone. The anger of the Sanhedrin also guessed that they would place a guard at the tomb, since the Jewish leaders were afraid that the disciples would secretly take away the Teacher’s body and say that He had risen.The Edicule preserves the usual structure of an ancient tomb, which, as we have already said, consisted of two rooms. A pilgrim entering inside first finds himself in the first aisle, now called Angel's chapel. At the center of it small room we see a low column - a stone on which the Angel sat, announcing the Resurrection to the Myrrh-Bearers. When the liturgy is served in the Edicule, this stone becomes a throne, and the Holy Sepulcher itself becomes an altar. From the Angel's chapel a very low passage leads to the burial room where the Holy Sepulcher is located. It is customary to leave it in such a way as not to turn your back to the Tomb.
“Come from the vision of the woman who brings good news, and cry out to Zion: receive; from us the joy of the annunciation of the Resurrection of Christ: rejoice, rejoice and rejoice, O Jerusalem, seeing the King Christ from the Tomb as the Bridegroom coming.”(Easter verses).
Behind the Edicule there is a small Coptic chapel, notable for the fact that in it, by kneeling, you can touch the original stone of the burial cave. After all, now this cave is covered with marble, surrounded by columns...
On Holy Week V Good Friday The divine service is performed on Golgotha, the Holy Shroud is taken down from Golgotha, placed on the Stone of Anointing and there it is sprinkled with rose petals - just as the body of the Savior was anointed with aromas and incense. After this, the Shroud is wrapped around the Edicule, rests on the Sepulcher, and the Edicule is sealed (as the Jews sealed the Savior’s Tomb). This is how the Gospel events come to life here. Become reality. “Let all human flesh be silent and let it stand with fear and trembling...” - the Church sings in Holy Saturday. We must not forget these sacred lines of Orthodox worship, especially here, in the most holy place in the Universe, where our Salvation was accomplished.
On Holy Saturday, the miracle of the descent of the Holy Fire takes place at the Holy Sepulcher. Mentions of this miracle are found very early, from the first centuries of Christianity. Many have tried and are trying to refute this miracle, but so far no one has succeeded. The first witness of the miraculous light in the Holy Sepulcher was the Apostle Peter. As it is sung in the 8th tone at Sunday Matins: "...and speedy Peter presented himself to the Sepulcher, and the light in vain in the Sepulchre, he was horrified." And for two thousand years now the Holy Fire has been descending on the Holy Sepulcher. On Holy Saturday, all candles in the temple are extinguished and no fire remains. In the middle of the bed of the Life-Giving Tomb, a lamp filled with oil is placed, and 33 candles are placed nearby - according to the number of years of the earthly life of Jesus Christ. Orthodox Patriarch enters the Edicule for prayer. Before this, he is thoroughly searched to exclude forgery. The Armenian bishop is allowed to enter the chapel of the Angel. There is no specific time when the Fire descends. Sometimes 5 minutes pass in prayer, sometimes 10, sometimes 20... there were cases where they waited an hour or two. Before the descent of Fire, a bluish glow and flashes are visible in the temple, vaguely reminiscent of lightning. Moreover, these outbreaks occur both high under the dome and below, and they do not correspond to any earthly natural phenomenon. Sometimes the lamps light up by themselves. When the Holy Fire descends, it spreads through the temple with lightning speed from the Patriarch’s candles. And from the many candles and lamps the temple literally turns into a sea of fire. Moreover, the Holy Fire does not burn at first and it more white, not the same as ordinary earthly fire. Sometimes miraculous healings occur from it. It is impossible to convey in words what a person who witnesses this Miracle experiences, and it is not necessary - it is too reverent and intimate.
Once upon a time, the Armenian clergy ensured that the Orthodox were not allowed to visit the Tomb on Holy Saturday. The Armenians waited in vain for the Holy Fire in Edicule. The Orthodox Patriarch and his flock prayed on the street. Then Fire came out of the column at the entrance to the temple (on the left), forming a crack that is still visible today.
Opposite Edicule is located Catholicon- the largest, main, Orthodox chapel.
Let us now walk through the Church of the Resurrection, which has many more remarkable shrines under its roof. If we stand facing Kuvkulia and go to the right, then the first thing we will encounter is a Catholic chapel dedicated to St. Mary Equal to the Apostles Magdalene. According to legend, here she met the Risen Lord. Let's walk further through the gallery. At the northern wall in the corner we will see a small chapel called "Christ's Prison". The chapel was consecrated in honor of the Dormition of the Mother of God. Here in Gospel times there was a small cave in which convicts were kept awaiting execution. In this chapel there was miraculous image Holy Mother of God, called "Our Lady of Sorrows". But the icon was severely damaged by the carelessness of pilgrims and, after restoration, was placed in the church office. In front of the chapel there is an altar, under which there are stone blocks, similar to those that can be seen in the praetorium dungeon.
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The next chapel, it belongs to the Armenian church, is dedicated Dividing the Savior's Robe. This is what the Gospel of John tells us about this: “When the soldiers crucified Jesus, they took His clothes and divided them into four parts, a part for each soldier, and a tunic; and the tunic was not sewn, but was all woven on top. So they said to each other: “Let us not tear it apart, but let us throw it away.” the lot, whose it will be, may be fulfilled which is spoken in the Scripture: They divided My garments among themselves, and cast lots for My clothing. Thus did the soldiers.”(John 19:23-24).
The next chapel, closest to Golgotha, is the Orthodox chapel crown of thorns. Under the throne there is part of a column moved here from the praetorium. According to legend, the Savior was tied to this pillar during the scourging. Another legend says that they planted the Savior on this pillar, putting a crown of thorns on him, and mocked Him.
Between the chapels of the Dividing of the Robes and the Crown of Thorns there is a staircase along which we can go down to the place where the Holy Queen Helen found the Cross. First we will find ourselves in the Armenian chapel dedicated to Equal-to-the-Apostles Helen. Let's go through it and go down even lower into the cave of the Finding of the Life-Giving Cross. The place where the cross was found is located on the right, it is marked by a slab with the image of a cross. On the left is the Catholic throne with a statue of Saint Queen Helen.
Behind the Edicule, behind a row of columns, there is a Syro-Jacobite chapel, in the wall of which is the entrance to the ancient burial caves. There is a legend that the righteous Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus were buried here.
To the left of the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (if you stand facing the entrance) there are three temples: the Myrrh-Bearing Women, the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste and James the Brother of the Lord. In the Church of the Apostle James there is miraculous icon Mother of God, before whom the Venerable Mary found repentance. Here she, not allowed by the invisible power of God to enter the Church of the Resurrection of Christ, raised her gaze to this image of the Most Holy Theotokos, the grace of God illuminated the sinner’s conscience and she suddenly saw the depth and abomination of her iniquities. From this icon the saint received a blessing for her feat.
On Thursday of the 5th week and in the fifth week of Lent, the Holy Church remembers and glorifies the exploits Venerable Mary Egyptian, remembering the unprecedented feat of her repentance.
And to the right of the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (if you stand facing the entrance) you can go through the Coptic temple to the roof to the dome of Golgotha. And after passing through another temple belonging to the Copts, you can see a very ancient water tank. This water was used for the needs of the Temple of the Resurrection, built by Queen Helen, Equal to the Apostles.
Place of the Nativity of the Mother of God
Not far from the gate of the old city, closest to Gethsemane, there was a house righteous Joachim and Anna. These gates have several names: their ancient name is Sheep Gate, since next to it there was a Sheep Pool (Bethesda); Lion - in the Arab tradition, due to the lions depicted on the gates - the heraldic emblem of Sultan Baybars; Stephen's is a Christian name, since nearby, near Kidron, the first martyr Archdeacon Stephen was stoned.On the site of the house of Saints Joachim and Anna there is now a Greek temple. Above the door is written in English: “The Birth Place of Virgin Mary” (“Place of the Nativity of the Mother of God”). You have to go down into the preserved premises of the house where the Blessed Virgin Mary was born, because Jerusalem is now higher than in those days.
Bethesda
Immediately behind the house of the righteous Joachim and Anna there is an ancient Sheep Pool called Bethesda (Beit Hisda), which translated from Hebrew means “house of mercy.” Here the famous miracle of the Savior’s healing of the paralytic, who had suffered from his illness for 38 years, took place, as recounted in the Gospel of John.This font was called a sheep's font because sacrificial lambs were washed in it. This entire complex belonged to the Jerusalem Temple, the buildings of which were located very close, and the water was intended for temple needs. From time to time an angel came to the pool and disturbed the water in it. And whoever first entered the font after this disturbance of the water recovered from his ailments (John 5:1-9). The font consisted of two pools 11 m deep, separated by an isthmus. Around the pools there were five covered galleries (as described in the Gospel: “five porches”).
Now we see here excavations of an ancient font and later structures. The deep cistern on the left side is very ancient, apparently related to the font itself. Empress Helena built a Christian temple here - its remains can now be seen in the center of the excavation complex. Later, the pagan rulers built here the temple of Asclepius, who was revered by them as the god of healing. The Romans built their catchment cisterns here, one of which still holds water today.
This entire complex now belongs to Catholics and access to it is only possible for a fee. Near the excavations of Bethesda there is a Catholic church (12th century), dedicated to the righteous Anna.
Russian Spiritual Mission
The Russian Spiritual Mission in Jerusalem was founded in 1847. It then consisted of Archimandrite Porfiry (Uspensky), who headed it, Hieromonk Theophan (the future saint and recluse Vyshensky) and two more people. Initially, the Russian Spiritual Mission did not have its own premises. But in 1858, after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich and his wife, the issue of acquiring a plot of land in Jerusalem for the Russian Spiritual Mission was resolved. This site is located on Jaffa Street, outside the walls of the old city. In 1872, a large Trinity Cathedral was built here, where regular services are held to this day. Around the cathedral there were administrative buildings A mission with a house temple in honor of the martyr Queen Alexandra and a hotel for pilgrims.The Mission's tasks included caring for numerous Russian pilgrims: their spiritual support, as well as providing housing, food, and medical care. Unfortunately, in 1964, Nikita Khrushchev sold almost the entire plot that belonged to the Russian Mission to the State of Israel. Only the cathedral and part of one of the buildings remained in the ownership of the Mission.
In the Trinity Cathedral there is a miraculous image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, who once saved Russian pilgrims from death in a shipwreck. This icon is placed on the right choir, in the second row.
Other holy places in Jerusalem
In the old city there are many more small monasteries, many attractions and shrines. Let's talk about some of them.Prison of the Apostle Peter, Monastery of St. Nicodemus
Among the narrow streets and quarters of the old city near Pretoria there is a small Greek monastery dedicated to the holy righteous Nicodemus. In the crypt of the monastery temple there is a dungeon in which the Apostle Peter was imprisoned and from where he was miraculously taken out by an Angel (Acts 12: 1-10). The original chains with which the Apostle Peter was chained are now kept in Rome. And here is currently a copy of them. Among the other shrines of the monastery is the miraculous Shroud of the Savior, woven by Russian monks.Monastery of Great Panagia. Cave of St. Melania the Roman
Not far from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher there is a monastery called the Great Panagia, named after the miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which resides here. This icon was found unharmed after one of the fires in the Church of the Resurrection. This monastery is one of the oldest in Jerusalem.Tradition tells that from this place, located near Golgotha, the Most Holy Theotokos saw Her Divine Son crucified on the Cross.
In the temple of the monastery there are many relics of various saints, including the holy Apostle James, the holy martyrs Kirik and Iulita. Under the temple there is a cave in which the Monk Melania labored. It was here that her holy relics rested hidden, later taken by the crusaders to Venice.
Monastery of Malaya Panagia (Sretensky or Saidanaya)
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| An icon depicting the grandmother of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Holy Righteous Mary |
In the temple of the monastery there is a miraculous icon of the Mother of God, called the Small Panagia or Saidanaya (First Lady). According to legend, this icon itself came to Jerusalem from the Damascus convent of Saydanaya and, taken back there, miraculously appeared again in Jerusalem, where it remains to this day. One day the miraculous image was stolen from the church, but just as miraculously returned. The kidnapper fell into relaxation and, having repented, received healing. In gratitude, he decorated the icon with a silver chasuble. This icon is very small and now the niche in which it is located is closed with bars.
Also venerated here is a very rare icon, which depicts the grandmother of the Blessed Virgin Mary - the holy righteous Mary, who was distinguished by a very pious life. According to legend, here was the house of the parents of the holy righteous Anna - the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
BIBLICAL HOLY PLACES
places associated with the earthly life of Christ the Savior and other sacred events. history.
These places became an object of pilgrimage back in the 2nd–3rd centuries, thanks to which a tradition was maintained that preserved the memory of the Bible. *topography. Tradition played a significant role in biblical *archaeology, indicating points where excavations should be carried out. As evidenced by archaeological data and ancient texts, S.m. It was visited by both Jewish Christians and pilgrims from *lingo-Christian communities. Traces of the first churches in Galilee (Capernaum, Nazareth) have been found; According to the testimony of *Origen, the cave of the Nativity of Christ in Bethlehem was revered already in the 3rd century. Since the time of Constantine the Great, especially after the pilgrimage journeys of St. equal to A. Helena, in S.m. New temples began to be erected. Late Wed. - century. pilgrims and crusaders sought to restore the topography of many
Cm. where, as a result of wars, ancient temples did not survive. Many legends arose indicating the location of S.M., the reliability of which was later questioned. One of the first to start criticism. checking the legendary localization of these places was an Amer. archaeologist of the 19th century *. However, later excavations often confirmed the legends.
Number of books Cm. very large, especially if we add to them the places of “biblical pilgrimages” outside Palestine (Mount Sinai, etc.). Only the main ones are listed below.
Jerusalem. After the Jewish War of 66–70, Christians of the Jerusalem Church returned to Galilee and began to make pilgrimages to places associated with the Crucifixion and Resurrection of the Lord. Imp. In the 1st third of the 2nd century, Hadrian, wanting to stop pilgrimages, built a pagan temple on this site. But that is precisely why during the era of persecution the memory of the location of the shrine was preserved. In 326, St. Helena ordered the destruction of the Temple of Hadrian and the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. About what this basilica looked like in its original form. form, can be judged from the descriptions of *Eusebius of Caesarea and *Eucherius of Lyons. Later, when the Iranian king Khosrow II captured Jerusalem and destroyed the church (614), the stone canopy over the Holy Sepulcher survived. Only in 1009 it was destroyed by Caliph Hakim. The temple was restored from Byzantine ruins. Emperor Constantine Monomakh by 1048. Reconstruction and restructuring continued further by the crusaders and other owners of S.M. In particular, the canopy over the Holy Sepulcher was rebuilt in the 15th century, and then after a fire it was restored in 1868 with the participation of Russians. and French governments. Mn. Protestants consider the so-called burial place of the Lord. "Gordon's Tomb" This crypt was found in 1881. General Christian Gordon. Accordingly, the intended location of Golgotha was changed. However, most archaeologists consider the most reliable topography of the Passion of Christ, which is indicated by ancient church tradition. They believe that the current Church of the Holy Sepulcher and Golgotha stands above the place where the Hill of the Crucifixion and the cave tomb of Joseph of Arimathea located near it were located. Leftovers old wall, separating Golgotha from the city, were found during excavations carried out by the *Russian spiritual mission under the leadership of Archimandrite *Antonin (Kapustin). In 1965, V. Corbo established that in evangelical times an old quarry was located on the site of Golgotha and the Holy Sepulchre.
Since the time of the Crusaders, the path of Christ the Savior from Pilate’s Praetorium to Golgotha has been presumably determined. This path today has 14 so-called. “stops”, which are associated with various moments of the Savior’s Way of the Cross. Many others are revered in Jerusalem. other shrines: the “stone of anointing”, where according to legend the body of the Lord lay, the place of Pilate’s trial and other S.M. The remains of the ancient walls of the city and the font of Bethesda have been excavated. From Gospel times, old tombs, steps leading to the Kidron Valley, etc. have been preserved. "golden gate" Near the Garden of Gethsemane there is a Russian. Orthodox church and the Church of the Passion of Christ, built with the participation of many Christians. countries There is a dilapidated building in place. In the Temple of Jerusalem, Muslims built the Mosque of Omar, dedicated to the sacrifice of Abraham, and the surviving part of the temple fence is a place of pilgrimage for Jewish believers.
The Mount of Olives near Jerusalem was a witness to the eschatological. prophecies of Christ and His Ascension. The temple built there in the 4th century was destroyed by the Persians, and then an octagonal chapel was rebuilt from the ruins. Through the efforts of Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), a women’s monastery with a high bell tower was built on the top of the mountain. Under him, the Russian mission founded a museum.
Bethlehem, the site of the Nativity of Christ, was, as already noted, visited by pilgrims in the ante-Nicene era. In 330 a basilica was built over the Cave of the Nativity. Although it was rebuilt more than once, the foundations of the building have survived to this day; she is one. a church where, since the time of Constantine, the service was almost never interrupted. Near Bethlehem in the 4th century, as ancient pilgrims testify, there was a church in honor of the Gospel message to the shepherds. In the Middle Ages it was destroyed and rebuilt only in 1953.
Nazareth. Since this small city is not mentioned in the OT, representatives of *hypercriticism in biblical studies denied its very existence. However, excavations in Italy. archaeologist Fr.* and other scientists proved that a settlement already existed on the site of present-day Nazareth in the days of Herod. In the 1950s During the construction of the new Church of the Annunciation, the remains of an ancient Christ were found. basilicas. In Nazareth the source of the Gospel times is preserved; The ruins of Christ were also discovered there. temples of the first centuries.
Other S.m. Among the places and cities that attract pilgrims and archaeologists are Mount Tabor (where, according to legend, the Transfiguration took place), Capernaum, Cana of Galilee, Ain Karim (the birthplace of St. John the Baptist), Jericho, Emmaus, Bethany, etc. Archaeological sites have been found almost everywhere there. evidence of the authenticity of the localization of these S.m. and the fact that they were revered by Christians, starting from the first centuries of the history of the Church. One part S.m. is administered by the Orthodox churches, the other by Catholics and other Christian communities. In the Church of the Holy Sepulcher there are many Christians. denominations perform divine services alternately.
K o n d a k o v N.P., Archaeological. travel through Syria and Palestine, St. Petersburg, 1904; oh yeah, Christian Jerusalem. Historical essay and monuments, St. Petersburg, 1905; Lebedev V.P., . Holy Land in its past and present, issues 1–18, St. Petersburg, 1916; Holy Land, Paris, 1961; *U s pen s k i y N.D., S. m. in Jerusalem for today, ZhMP, 1961, No. 5–7; *Shabatin I.N., The greatest shrines of Christianity in Jerusalem and Rus. Orthodox Church, ZhMP, 1962, No. 5; K r o l l G., Auf den Spuren Jesu, Stuttg., 1978 (foreign bibliography is also given there); see also article: ; ; ; .
Bibliological dictionary. - M.: Alexander Men Foundation. N.F. Grigorenko, M.A. Men. 2002 .
See what “BIBLE HOLY PLACES” is in other dictionaries:
Bible prophecies- Bible... Wikipedia
Traveling to places associated with the saint. history, for the worship of ancient shrines. Usually pilgrims visited the Holy Land, as well as Sinai, Syria, Greece, ROME. In the old times ch. Jerusalem was a place of pilgrimage, especially after the king’s reforms... ... Bibliological dictionary
Holiness- (protoslav. svętъ, svętъjь) one of the most fundamental concepts of Christianity. A holy thing that is God or Divine, originating from Him, marked by His presence or the action of Divine Grace, dedicated to Him in ... ... Wikipedia
JUDAIAN MYTHOLOGY- mythological ideas common among adherents of Judaism, which developed in general outline as the monotheistic religion of Yahweh in the 1st millennium BC. e. among the ancient Jews. I. m. is continuously associated with West Semitic mythology and in the early... ... Encyclopedia of Mythology
Jewish mythology- mythological ideas common among adherents of Judaism, which developed in general terms as the monotheistic religion of Yahweh in the 1st millennium BC. e. among the ancient Jews. I.M. is continuously associated with West Semitic mythology and in the early... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
HAGICAL LITERATURE- a section of Christian literature that unites the biographies of Christian ascetics canonized by the Church as saints, miracles, visions, words of praise, tales of the discovery and transfer of relics. As a synonym for J. l. in modern domestic... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia
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Jerusalem- This term has other meanings, see Jerusalem (meanings). Al Quds Force request redirects here; see also other meanings. City of Jerusalem Hebrew. ירושלים (Yerushala(y)im) Arabic. القدس (al Quds) ... Wikipedia
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Judaist- Attributes of Judaism: shofar, yad (pointer for reading the Torah), Tanakh, prayer book, candlesticks, mug for washing hands Judaism basic concepts ... Wikipedia
The history of the Holy Land, thanks to its very convenient geographical location connecting Egypt, Phenicia, Syria, Iraq, Iran (ancient Mesopotamia) and the Persian Gulf, is interesting and rich in political, religious and cultural events. From the west it is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, while in the east there is a desert. Thus, located in the center of the region and being a bridge connecting Egypt and Mesopotamia, that is, Africa and Asia, the Holy Land occupied an important place in the history of the ancient world. It was crossed by trade routes, for example, such famous ones as the Sea Route (Via Maris), along which everyone going from north to south, from east to west and vice versa certainly passed. Because of its central geographical location The Holy Land was also popular with all invaders from the north, south, east and west.
Roman map of Palestine, known as Pointigeria, 4th century
Galilean ancient man
IN various parts The oldest remains of humans and animals dating back to the Paleolithic period (1,500,000 -15,000 BC) were found in the Holy Land. However, the oldest human remains were found in the caves of Galilee and date back to 70,000 BC. e. They belonged to one of the dead-end branches of the development of the human race, located between Neanderthals and sapiens. Archaeologists have called the Galilean man the oldest Palestinian man. In addition, another one was found new look an ancient man who lived during the Mesolithic period (15,000-7,000 BC) - Natufian man (named after the El Natuf rock on Mount Carmel). Natuf man cultivated the land, tamed animals, built small settlements, created a society and his own culture. In subsequent eras - the Neolithic and Chalcolithic (7,000-3,000 BC) - the Palestinian ancient man settled almost throughout the entire country, built fortified settlements such as Jericho, improved stone products, first used bronze and turned from a food gatherer into one. manufacturer. In addition, he established contacts with neighboring peoples and created his own culture. The road was open for a distinct Palestinian culture.
Prehistoric caves of Mount Carmel
Upper Galilee mountain range with biblical Mount Meiron
The first Semites, Canaanites, Indo-Europeans and Indo-Iranians
The first 750 years of the second millennium BC. BC, from 2000 to 1230, the Holy Land was inhabited by peoples who came from many other places. Among them were Indo-Europeans, Indo-Iranians and Semites from the north, west and east. Among the migrants was Abraham with his tribe and herd of animals. Many of the waves of migrants continued the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds, while others, such as the Canaanites, united into sedentary communities, built fortified settlement-states, developed art and created their own cultures.
Bible city Megiddo, Armageddon of the apocalypse
Jews and Philistines
At the end of the thirteenth century BC. new waves of settlers settled in Palestine and thereby changed its demographic map. Among them were the 12 tribes of Israel and a group of Sea Peoples who came from the Anatolia region, the west and the Aegean region. The latter included the Philistines (Plishtim, according to Old Testament or Pellasgians, according to Greek sources), Achaeans, Danaans, Sicilians and many others.
Hill Ofla in the southeast of modern Jerusalem, on which biblical Jerusalem was built
Schematic illustration Jerusalem during the reign of the biblical kings David and Solomon (9th century BC)
Ceramic sarcophagus depicting a Philistine (10th century BC)
The first Jews united into tribal tribes with local tribes led by chief judges, as set out in the Old Testament (1230-1050 BC). Later, all tribes united, creating the United Kingdom under the rule of the biblical kings Saul, David and Solomon ( 1050-922 BC).
After the death of Solomon, around 930 BC. e., the united kingdom of Israel was divided into two: the Kingdom of Judah, which lasted until 586 BC. e. and the Kingdom of Israel, destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC. e. Another group, which consisted of the Sea Peoples, led by the most influential of them - the Philistines - founded on the Palestinian coast a union of five independent cities (pentapolis) (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron) under the leadership of princes, according to the Old Testament (tyrants in Greek sources). Pentapolis, as an influential and independent association, existed for approximately two hundred years, until 1000 BC. e. King David, after repeated military clashes, dispersed the Philistine pentapolis and annexed all the cities to his united kingdom. Over time, the Sea Peoples merged with the local population and ceased their independent existence. Eight hundred years later, the Greeks and Romans named this country after the Philistines - Palestine.
Biblical city of Hazor in northern Galilee
Assyrians, Babylonians, Samaritans and Persians
In 721 BC. e. The Assyrians destroyed the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and in 586 BC. e. The Babylonians subjugated the Kingdom of Judah in the south. Jerusalem was destroyed and with it his famous Temple, which was religious center Judaism. Assyrian and Babylonian invaders forcibly relocated large number Jews to other parts of their empire, settling new peoples in place of those expelled. Most of the new settlers settled in Central Palestine and, in particular, Samaria, after which they were called Samaritans. A small number of Samaritans continue to live today in Neapolis (Nabble) in Samaria, centered around their holy Mount Gerizim.
In 549 BC. e. new invaders - now the Persians - took possession of Palestine and annexed it to the great Satrapy - Ever Nahara (country across the river), i.e. west of the Euphrates River. During the Persian occupation, 549-532 BC. e., the Jews, the inhabitants of Palestine, as well as many other peoples of the Persian Empire, could lead a much freer lifestyle than under the previous rulers - the Assyrians and Babylonians. The moderate policies of the Persians allowed many expelled Jews to return to their abandoned homes, restore destroyed cities and settlements, and rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. Moreover, during the approximately two hundred years of Persian rule, which corresponds in time to the golden age of classical Greece, the inhabitants of Palestine established close ties with Greece and the Greek world. At the same time, the first Greek settlers, both merchants and ordinary settlers, began to arrive in Palestine and settle in the large trading cities of the Palestinian coast. Thus began the Hellenization of Gaza, Ashkelon, Jaffa and Acre (Ptolemais) - cities that in subsequent eras became great centers of Greek culture.
Greeks, Romans and Byzantines
Occupation of Palestine beginning with Alexander the Great in 332 BC e. and its subsequent annexation to the Greek kingdoms, first the Ptolemies and later the Seleucids, further strengthened the Jewish connection with the Greeks and the Greek world. Such a close connection led to fundamental changes in religious, political and simple everyday life Jews Therefore, an inevitable conflict ensued between the two peoples and cultures, resulting in the Maccabean revolt and the creation of the semi-autonomous Hasmonean state (167-63 BC). However, despite the religious and cultural differences between the two peoples, Judaism and Hellenism, Greek culture had the strongest influence both in all areas of Judaism and in everyday life. In addition, the numerous movements of the Greeks throughout Palestine and the founding of Greek cities and cultural centers in the most important points of the country, radically changed its ethnographic map. From now on, the Greeks will make up a large percentage of the population of the Holy Land and will influence political and social...
Graphic restoration of Herod's palace on Masada (1st century BC)
The beginning of the almost two-thousand-year period of the Jewish diaspora, the creation of the First Christian community of Jerusalem, the founding of the Roman Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem, the founding of the first Christian churches and the recognition of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire.
At the beginning of the fourth century, with the transfer of the Roman capital from Rome to Constantinople, a new period of religious upsurge and economic prosperity began in Palestine.
Events that influenced the course of the history of Palestine during the period of Byzantine rule (324-630) were: the recognition of holy places, the construction of magnificent Christian basilicas and churches by Roman emperors who converted to Christianity, and in particular, Constantine the Great and his mother, St. Helena , numerous gatherings of pilgrims, the proclamation of the Jerusalem Patriarchate and the spread of Christian monasticism.
Intense and often violent religious disputes between the Christian inhabitants of Palestine, destructive earthquakes and bloody riots of the Samaritans in the late fifth and early sixth centuries, although they left their mark, could not interrupt the era of prosperity and well-being of the inhabitants of the Holy Land. Only towards the end of the Byzantine period, with the devastating Persian invasion in 614, was Palestine greatly weakened, becoming easy prey for the Arab conquerors in 630.
Muslim Arabs and Crusaders
With the surrender of Jerusalem by Patriarch Sophronius to Oman II the Conqueror, the Islamic period of Palestine (639-1099) began, and the Muslim Arabs became the rulers of the Holy Land. The new conquerors initially demonstrated their religious tolerance without interfering with the existence Christian religion and, in particular, monasticism. The situation worsened only towards the end of the eighth century, when the dynasty of Abas caliphs came to power, began mass persecution of Christians and forced most of Hellenized population change religion and become Arabized. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, with the establishment of the Crusader Order, the situation worsened even more. On June 15, 1099, the Crusaders captured the Holy City and founded the Kingdom of Jerusalem with borders that stretched almost along the entirety of Palestine. The Crusader state did not last for a long time. With the victory of Saladdin, the Sultan of the Ayub dynasty, over the armies of the Crusaders in 1187, their Kingdom ceased to exist. The small number of crusaders who remained in the Holy Land (such as in Acre-Ptolemais) were finally expelled in 1291.
Palace of the Umay Caliphs in Jericho
Mamelukes, Ottomans and English
After the expulsion of the Crusaders, Palestine again fell into the hands of Muslims, however, now under the tyrannical rule of the Ayub (1190-1250) and Mameluke (1250-1517) dynasties. In 1517, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, triumphantly entered Palestine, after which it became part of the Ottoman Empire until 1918, when the British, who received a mandate from the League of Nations, came to power and ruled Palestine until 1948.
Israelis and Palestinians
At the end of the Second World War and with the departure of British troops, accompanied by bloody conflicts between Arabs and Jews, the State of Israel was created. So, after a two-thousand-year diaspora, the Jews were again able to return to their land and build their own national state.
Wars of 1967 and 1973 expanded state borders Israel to the Jordan River and the Gollan Heights in Syria, thereby further deepening the gap between Arabs and Israelis.
Today, the two peoples are trying to find a solution to coexistence by creating separate borders and governments.
This is the name of some places and buildings in Jerusalem and its environs, Bethlehem, Nazareth, etc., due to the connection that they, according to Holy Scripture or according to legend, have with the events of the earthly life of Jesus Christ. The most important of the Holy places are the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the church in Bethlehem with the cave where Jesus Christ was born. Before the Crusades, the only owners of the Holy Places were the church communities of the East - Greek Orthodox, Armenian, Syriac-Jacobite, Coptic and Abyssinian. After the Crusades, the Holy Places passed into the hands of Catholics. In 1187, Jerusalem was occupied by Muslims, and the Turkish Sultan Saladin took possession of the keys of the Holy Sepulcher and other Holy places. Subsequently, the Latins and Greeks managed to obtain ownership of the Holy Places. In 1230, Pope Gregory IX appointed the Franciscans as guardians of the Holy Places. In the 16th century The Porte confirmed the Franciscans' right to own the Holy Places. Since then, there has been a rivalry between the Latins and the Orthodox for the right to own the Holy Places; in this dispute, the Porte gave preference to one side or the other. In 1740, France was able to achieve the greatest benefits from the Turkish Sultan for catholic church to the detriment of Orthodoxy. But then the Greeks managed to get most of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the church in Bethlehem and one of the three keys to the cave where Jesus Christ was born. In 1808, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher burned down, the Greeks took upon themselves the construction of a new temple and became the sole owners of most of it. In the 19th century Russia assumed the right of patronage of all Greek Orthodox Christians in the East. Nicholas I made a demand for dominance of the key to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which led to Crimean War 1853-1856 In 1868-1869 Russia, together with France, restored the dome over the Holy Sepulcher, as a result of which Russia also received the right of ownership of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher has since become a joint ownership (condominium) of six faiths: the main owners are Catholics, Greeks, Armenians; Copts, Jacobites, and Abyssinians have less rights. The church in Bethlehem belongs to the Greeks. The cave in which Jesus Christ was born is claimed by both Orthodox and Greeks. Christianity: Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 3 volumes: vol. 2.-M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1995. P. 528-529.
View value Holy Land, Holy Places for Christians in other dictionaries
Earth- and. planet, one of the worlds or non-self-luminous balls swirling around the sun. our third from the sun. | Our world, the ball on which we live, globe. | In the elemental sense........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Earth— 1. Soil, soil; area, area used for crops.
About the degree of humidity, hardness, temperature, presence of vegetation, etc.
Wet, wet, scorched,........
Dictionary of epithets
Earth* J.— 1. One of the nine - the third from the Sun - major planets solar system. 2. The third planet from the Sun in the solar system as a place of human life and activity.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Places Mn.- 1. Region, districts, locality. 2. transfer decomposition Periphery.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Out of the blue Predicative— 1. About the immobility of someone. or something, about the absence of something. movements on their part. 2. transfer decomposition About the lack of progress in smb. in fact.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Saint J.— 1. Female. to noun: saint (1*).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Saints Mn. Outdated— 1. The same as: icons.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Holy- Rus', Holy Russian, adj., often in the 16th–17th centuries. (Tale about the city of Jerusalem, Tale about the Azov Side, Kurbsky, etc.). Connected, according to L. Maikov (ZhMNP, 1894, April, 16), with the doctrine of Moscow......
Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer
Wolf Christian- (1679 - 1754) - German rationalist philosopher, active figure in the German Enlightenment.
Political dictionary
Earth (or Land)- - in geopolitics special term, meaning "tellurocracy". The theory of “Earth”, das Land, was developed in especially detail by Carl Schmitt.
Political dictionary
Selecting a Production Location— making a decision on the location of creation of an enterprise for production of products. The determining factor in this case is the availability of raw materials, labor force, transport system,......
Economic dictionary
Law of the Place of Performance of the Contract— (lex loci solutionis) - legal
rights of the state where
obligation arising from
contract is subject to execution. How
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Economic dictionary
Law of the Location of a Thing- (lex rei sitae) - one of the first conflict of laws (attachment formulas) developed in the practice of private international law. Means the application of the law of the state........
Economic dictionary
Law of the Place of Harm- (lex loci delicti commissi) - legal
principle meaning application
the rights of the state in whose territory the injury was caused
harm. This
collision binding........
Economic dictionary
Law of the Place of the Act— (lex loci actus) legal
principle meaning application
the rights of the state on whose territory the crime was committed. civil
legal act. This
conflict.........
Economic dictionary
Law of the Place of Contract- (lex loci contractus) -
conflict of laws binding (attachment formula) - legal
principle meaning application
rights of the state where it was concluded
contract Used.........
Economic dictionary
Earth- a resource used for the production of agricultural products, for the construction of houses, cities, railways; one of the main components of production........
Economic dictionary
Land (land plot)- The surface of the earth and the space below it, which extends to the center of the earth, and the space above it, which extends to the sky. However, the property on......
Economic dictionary
Under Improved Land- a site developed to a lesser extent than is required in order to extract from it
profit.
Economic dictionary
Non-public areas— Indoor and outdoor warehouses, as well as areas specially allocated both on the territory of the railway station and outside it, not owned by railway........
Economic dictionary
Public Areas— Indoor and outdoor
warehouses, as well as areas specially allocated on the territory of the railway station, owned by the railway and used for the execution........
Economic dictionary
Name of Place of Origin- (appelation of origine) the geographical name of a country, region or locality, indicated on a product, the quality and characteristics of which are explained exclusively or mainly......
Economic dictionary
Raw Land— Land property in its natural state, before processing, development and division. Land property that does not have sewerage, electricity, streets,........
Economic dictionary
Workplace Maintenance — -
system of regulated provision of items
labor, tools, energy and other types of production and production and consumer services in quantities........
Economic dictionary
Irrigated Land— Land used for the production of crops and fodder for
livestock and requiring costs
waters other than natural rains are called irrigated agricultural........
Economic dictionary
Inspection of the Incident Site- - in criminal
process - investigative
an action consisting of direct study of the premises or area where the crime was committed
crime or detected.........
Economic dictionary
Crime Scene Map- - in criminology -
plan that shows
crime scene and attached to the investigation file. It complements
report on
inspection of the crime scene........
Economic dictionary
Customs of Destination— customs office of the country of destination of the cargo, where its transportation is completed under the customs transit procedure.
Economic dictionary
Customs Office of Departure- customs office of the country of departure
cargo where it begins
transportation according to the customs procedure
transit.
Economic dictionary
Accounting for Fixed Assets Land in the Accounting of the USA — -
accounting of fixed assets"
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expenses associated with
acquisition of land and
bringing it into a state ready for use constitutes it........
Economic dictionary
World of travel
1960
22.08.14 11:03
There are many beautiful holy places in Russia; millions of Orthodox pilgrims flock to them every year. This is Optina Monastery, and Diveevo, and the island of Valaam, and the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery, and the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. But today we'll talk about sacred places located far beyond Russia.
The most beautiful holy places on Earth: true greatness
Aborigines, Celts, Mayans
National Park, located on the Green Continent, Uluru-Kata Tjuta, is rightfully considered one of the World Heritage Sites. And the rock of Uluru, towering above the plain, is a sanctuary of the local aborigines. They believe that the spirits of their ancestors still protect the peace of Australians. The giant sandstone monolith is decorated with drawings made many centuries ago. These are the patron deities of the tribes that lived here.
Glastonbury Hill (now more often called St. Michael's Hill) played a huge role in the life of the pagans who once inhabited Britain. It was here that the Celts believed that there was an entrance to the house of the lord of the underworld. In the 12th century, the monks announced that they had found the coffins of the crowned couple, Arthur and Guinevere, in Glastonbury. Today's occultists tend to assume that this is where Avalon is located.
“Sacred Cenote” is the name of the funnel-shaped well, the work of nature itself. The Mayans used it for their sacrifices. It was discovered during excavations of the Mexican ancient city of Chichen Itza. In the depths of this well, those whom the priests sacrificed during times of drought perished (human bones, as well as jewelry, golden bells, bowls, and knives were found at the bottom).
Enlightened One and the Sacred Mountains
The Indian town of Bodh Gaya is a Buddhist shrine. It was here, in their opinion, that enlightenment came to Buddha - before this, Prince Gautama (the secular name of Buddha) meditated for three days under the branches of the Bodhi tree. Two and a half centuries later, the ruler of the Mauryan Empire, Ashoka, arrived in these places and founded majestic temple Mahabodhi.
The Tibetan peak Kailash (6638 m) is considered a sacred mountain, moreover, among representatives of four religious movements at once. Thus, adherents of Hinduism think that Kailash is the heavenly abode of Shiva, and Buddhists revere the peak as the home of one of the incarnations of Buddha. No one has yet been able to reach the top of the peak (all attempts to conquer the mountain are stopped by believers).
Another mountain, the Egyptian Sinai, is an even more famous shrine. After all, it was in this place that Moses received the 10 Commandments from God (as the Bible testifies). At the foot, on the site of the burning of the thorn bush (Burning Bush), the monastery of St. Catherine was built.
Muslim shrines
The Blue Mosque, the pride of Turkish Istanbul, can accommodate more than 10 thousand believers. Built in early XVII century, the beauty with six minarets is famous for its sky-blue tiles that decorate the inside of the mosque.
An unusual city lies 100 km from the Red Sea. And if you are not a Muslim, your way there is closed. After all, this is the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, the holiest corner of the Earth for all adherents of the Islamic faith, Mecca. More than 16 million people visit this place in Saudi Arabia every year (which is almost 8 times the number of residents of the city itself). The largest tent city on Earth has been set up for pilgrims near Mecca. The Al-Haram Mosque houses the main Muslim shrine, the Kaaba.
Jesus walked on this earth
For representatives of three religions (Judaism, Islam and Christianity), Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, is the most revered shrine. Temple Mount, Garden of Gethsemane, The Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (it is here that the Holy Fire descends before the great holiday) - all these places are worshiped by millions of people every year.
Near Moscow in mid-17th century century, on the initiative of Patriarch Nikon, the Resurrection was built New Jerusalem Monastery- in the image and likeness of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. It has its own Golgotha and its own edicule. And if you don’t have the money to travel to Jerusalem yet, at least visit this holy place on Istra.
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