NOT as part of conjunctions and allied words
It is written separately not as part of repeated and double conjunctions and allied words: Not That... Not That, Not what... ah, Not then what Not... A, Not then... ah, Not only... but, Not only... but also, Not as much... as much Not so much... that although Not... but (however), however Not less: In our family she reigned not really stinginess, but some kind of stubborn hoarding(S.-Sch.); In the depths of the planet there is a most interesting and mysterious world of extinct life; a great many strange, amazing forms await us, studying which we not only understand ourselves more deeply, but also we see the still inaccessible distances of inhabited worlds(Efr.); Not that in armor, not that wearing vestments t (Color).
Distinguishing between NOT and NOR
The particle (prefix) is not written in negative pronouns and adverbs in an unstressed position: neither gd e, neither Which, neither Who , neither where(But: n e Where, Not where). Such pronouns and adverbs are used in negative sentences (with a predicate there is a negation): Nothing man so Not hides it like your dream(Paust.). The negative predicate may not be present in the sentence, but it is implied: In the garden no one(there is no one).
The particle is not written separately, with the exception of negative pronouns without a preposition and negative adverbs; compare: neither to whom - neither to whom, nowhere; Help no one not required; To no one didn't ask for help.
Note 1. The spelling differs in negative pronouns and adverbs like nobody, nowhere and in combinations of pronominal words with the particle neither - nor who, nor where, used in the subordinate parts of complex sentences; compare: Nobody nowhere didn't linger. - I don't know, nobody You, no where your friends. Here neither acts as a conjunction and.
Note 2. It is necessary to distinguish between the combinations none (“no one”) and not one (“many”); never (“never”) and more than once (“often”). The particle ni (intensifying) is used in this case when negating the predicate; compare: Neither one muscle did not move on his face. - Not there was a path in the field; I neither I've never seen this man. - I Not I've seen this man once; and also: I am not the only one (many) who came to this dangerous work(Priv.).
Note 3. About spelling combinations no one else (other) And nothing else (other); none other than And nothing else (other), as see SPELLING OF PRONOUNS
The repeating particle is not used in the function of a connecting conjunction and is equal in meaning to the combination and not; compare: On the soul neither funny, neither sad. - On the soul and not funny, and not sad; Stupid didn't know how neither sing, neither dance, in my life I never said not only a smart, even a necessary word(T.). This meaning of the particle is not particularly noticeable in constructions with a repeating negative particle, not when the last negation is strengthened by the particle even: Where a person left is accepted for some reason Not mallows, Not daisies, Not bells, Not swimsuits, not even cornflowers, but specifically weeds and nettles(Sol.). The use of the particle does not exclude the conjunction and; compare: neither even cornflowers - and not even cornflowers.
In the presence of an intensifying particle, even the use is not differentiated: even if it is before the negation, the particle not is written, if between the negation and the significant word, the particle nor is written.
Note. Only in some cases, with homogeneous members of a sentence, is there a conjunction in front of neither: Neither suits me and neither other; also in colloquial speech: Of course, we can agree with this, even though not to you, neither it won't do us any good(here it is part of the union, although).
The particles of the same name do not differ in meaning: neither - negative, nor - intensifying. Therefore, in the subordinate concessive parts of sentences, the particle ni is used to enhance the affirmative meaning: And all night long the poor madman, where does he go? neither paid attention, the Bronze Horseman galloped after him everywhere with a heavy stomp(P.), and in independent exclamatory and interrogative sentences (in the presence or possibility of substituting intensifying particles only), the negative particle not is written: Where is he going? just not applied!(the particle only strengthens the subsequent negation).
Note 1. In the subordinate parts of complex sentences, combinations should be distinguished whoever neither, to neither, wherever neither, whatever neither no matter how much neither etc. with the particle ni adjacent to the relative word, and combinations whoever Not, to Not, wherever Not, whatever Not no matter how much Not and others with the particle not related to the predicate. In the first case, a generalized meaning is conveyed, but does not strengthen the statement; in the second, the negation does not appear with the predicate in a negative sentence; compare: Who wouldto him neither contacted, everyone received practical advice. - There is no one whoever to him Not asked for advice; An indifferent person could not sing like that, whatever He neither had a voice(Aitm.); A man must work whoever He neither was.
Note 2. Single or repeating neither is part of stable phrases with a generalized meaning or uncertainty value: whatever neither came from where neither take it neither fish neither meat, neither That neither se, neither alive neither dead neither two neither one and a half, neither give neither take, neither fluff neither pen, neither hearing neither spirit: When you enter a swamp for ducks, suddenly, from where neither look, this same yellow bird lands on the path in front of you(Priv.); The next day neither light neither dawn, Lisa has already woken up(P.).
A negative particle, neither with a noun in the genitive case, nor with a verb in the imperative mood or infinitive, is used to express a categorical command or prohibition (in this case, the sentence is pronounced with an imperative intonation): And you stand on the porch and neither from the spot!(G.).
It would be difficult for us to refuse anything if it were not for the negative particle. As one of the most commonly used functional parts of speech, it helps us express our attitude to a particular situation. We’ll talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as its varieties, in our article.
Particles
All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. These include the negative particle. However, this is not the only variety of this group.
There are also the following:
- Forming the form: let, would, come on.
- Interrogative: really, really, really.
- Exclamation marks: how, what.
- Requirement: then, ka, s.
- Doubt: whether.
Each of them has its own specific purpose and special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.
"Nor"
Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that “not” and “neither” have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.
We will write “neither”:
- When we want to strengthen the existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:
- There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn’t see a single fish in the lake.
In the second sentence the negation is stronger than in the first. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the fishermen did not observe any fish at all in the reservoir, absolutely none.
- In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent clause.
For example: Everywhere I went, I thought about the sea.
I can’t learn the rules, no matter how hard I try.
- When using homogeneous and enumerated members.
Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were completed by Petya on time.
- There is no predicate. Very often you can substitute the words “impossible” or “no” to them.
For example: No fire, no smoke (no).
Neither lie down nor rest (impossible).
The main function that this negative particle conveys is reinforcement.
"Not"
This auxiliary part of speech has a slightly different meaning. Usually we use “not” when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Let's consider other cases when “not” is a negative particle:
- A double “no” is pronounced when making a statement.
For example: I couldn’t help but say this. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.
- In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise we also write “not”:
How can you not admire this city! What color did not the sky flicker during a thunderstorm?
It is worth distinguishing between the spellings of “not” and “neither” in pronouns. In this situation, everything depends on the stress. In a strong position we write “E”: no one, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without emphasis: Not at all, NOT for anyone, NOT about anyone.
and gerunds
It is not easy for schoolchildren to remember the spelling rules for a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own spelling features. How is the particle “Not” written with participles? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. We immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed precisely from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: not doing - not doing, not sunbathing - not sunbathing.
However, there are cases when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Let's look at an example: To be indignant about the rain - to shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.
This rule is easiest for students to remember, since there are very few exceptions to it.
Particle "not" with nouns
The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, noun, as well as adj. and adverbs have their own pattern of using them with the particle “not”.
We will write it together in the following cases:
- Forming an antonym with “not”. For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, handsome - ugly, few - a lot.
- Impossibility of using words without “not”: Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.
“Not” is written separately if:
- There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed by the conjunction “a”. For example: The man turned out to be not his friend, but his enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
- Denial is emphasized: It was not my mother who called on the phone (but someone else). We came not in the evening, but at night.
- There is a gain. For example: Our neighbor is not tall at all. My sister is by no means a sneak.
We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you remember this important feature, then you won’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.
"Not" with participles
Another case when a negative particle is written “not” rather than “neither” is when it is used with participles. Many people confuse its spelling with participles. These parts of speech are formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written completely differently.
Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form phrases using dependent words. In the case when it is used specifically as part of a phrase, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a bad grade. As you can see, the participle “not completed” is written separately from “not”, since it has the dependent word “exercise”. In this case, it is included, which explains its spelling with a negative particle.
However, there is another side to this rule. In the case where there is no revolution, the participle changes its spelling. Let's look at an example: The exercise remains uncompleted.
It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the participle does not have any dependent words with it. This means that there is no reason to write it with the particle separately.
Let's change this example with just one word: The exercise remained uncompleted by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms a participial phrase (by the disciples). In such a situation, we will write it separately from “not”.
Well, and, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle is not used without this particle, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a revolution or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.
Conclusion
In this article, we looked at the main cases when “not” is a negative particle, and when it plays other roles. It should not be confused with “ni”: they have different spelling features. However, the main function of “not” is still negation. In some interrogative and exclamatory sentences we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.
§ 88. Not written together:
1. In all cases when a word is not used without a negative particle, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unfortunate, indignant, unwell, unwell, lacking(meaning “not enough”), impossible, impossible, really, unbearable, unshakable, unharmed.
2. With nouns, if the negation gives the word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if the negation gives a word that does not have this particle the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian, For example: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists; all non-specialists liked the report; a non-Russian will look without love at this pale, bloody, whip-scarred muse(Nekrasov).
3. With full and short adjectives and adverbs ending in -o (-e), unless combining them with does not serve to deny any concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: unhealthy appearance (i.e. sickly ), impossible character(i.e. heavy), the sea is restless (i.e. agitated), the matter is unclean (i.e. suspicious), come immediately(i.e. immediately, immediately), acted badly(i.e. bad).
4. With full participles, for which there are no explanatory words, for example: unfinished (work), unblown(flower), stainless (steel), unloved (child), unconcealed (anger), uncompressed (strip) (in such cases the participle is close to the adjective); But: work not completed on time, a flower not blooming due to the cold, a child not loved by the mother, students who have not yet been examined(in such cases the participle is close in meaning to the verb).
Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, not with the participle is written together (in these cases, the participles with are not close to the adjective), for example: extremely rash decision, completely inappropriate example, But: a completely inappropriate example(not written separately due to the presence of an explanatory word to the rule).
5. In pronouns, when not is separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: someone, something, no one, nothing(But: no one, no need, no one, no reason, no reason).
In pronominal adverbs, for example: no time, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere.
6. In adverbs there is no need (in the meaning of “aimlessly”, for example: there is no need to go there), reluctantly; in prepositional combinations despite, despite; in the interrogative particle really.
Writing adverbs and adverbial combinations that include a negation, a preposition and a noun or adjective (for example, unknowingly, inadvertently, by chance, beyond the power), determined by the rules laid down in § 83, paragraphs 5 and 6.
7. In the verb prefix nedo-, denoting non-compliance with the required norm, for example: nedo fulfill (perform below the required norm), nedo look (not enough, look bad, miss something), nedos sleep (sleep less than normal).
Note. From verbs with the prefix it is not necessary to distinguish verbs with the prefix do-, which have the negation not in front of them and denote an action that has not been completed, for example: not to read a book, not to drink tea, not to watch a play.
§ 89. Not written separately:
1. With verbs, including participial forms, for example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, doesn't speak; cannot help but see; without looking, without looking, without haste.
About continuous writing despite, despite and verbs with the prefix are missing - see § 88, paragraphs 6 and 7.
Note. Commonly used verb forms numb, numb, numb are written together.
2. In participles: a) in short form, for example: the debt is not paid, the house is not completed, the coat is not sewn b) in full form, when the participle contains explanatory words (see § 88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he did not bring the finished work, but only individual sketches.
3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: It was not luck that led us to success, but endurance and composure; It’s not death that’s scary, it’s your disfavor that’s scary.(Pushkin); the morning came not clear, but foggy; the train is neither fast nor slow(implied: “at some average speed”); not tomorrow (there cannot but be a contrast here).
Note. You should pay attention to some cases of separate writing of the particle not. The particle is not written separately: a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb there is a pronoun starting with neither as an explanatory word, for example: no one (for anyone, etc.) needs a thing, never encountered error, not to anyone it is profitable to undertake this; b) if it is not part of intensifying negations far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he is not our friend at all, far from the only wish not at all fair decision not at all the best solution, far from sufficient.
4. With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this, not another, not like that, not otherwise, not like that. For cases of continuous writing not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, paragraph 5.
Note. The philosophical term not-self is written with a hyphen.
5. With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.
The expression is written separately more than once, for example: More than once he accused himself of being overly cautious.(Fadeev).
6. For unchangeable words that are not formed from adjectives and act as a predicate in a sentence, for example: don't mind, don't mind, don't be sorry.
7. For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all non-commercial and industrial enterprises; it is not said in Russian; They don’t sing in the old way.
§ 90. Neither is written together:
1. In pronouns, if the particle is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one's, no one's, But: no one, no one etc.
Today we will talk about literacy. Each of us sometimes sins by its absence. Due to certain circumstances, information is forgotten. But in some situations you need to explain the essence of your actions, especially when you are helping your child with homework. In order to clarify or refresh some vague points in memory, this article was written. Today we will look at when to write “not” and when to write “neither”. In order to simplify and speed up the process of perceiving “new”, well-forgotten information, the article will look more like a table than a coherent text. So let's get started.
Introduction to the Question
There are many particles in the Russian language, and thanks to this, our language acquires high plasticity and some charm, but at the same time it becomes extremely difficult to learn and variable in the use of certain words. Because of this, certain incidents arise. For example, “the kettle takes a long time to cool down” and “the kettle takes a long time to cool down” are statements with the same meaning. Many foreigners are shocked by the phrase: “No, probably not.” In addition, the presence of double negatives sometimes makes translation from Russian very difficult.
Let's start simple
Therefore, even in such trifles as spelling particles, we have to be guided by certain rules. Usually these rules do not imply double interpretation and are quite simple. For example, the two most common rules in which mistakes are most often made:
- The particles “would”, “whether”, “whether” are written separately, and also “here”, “as if”, “after all”, “they say” and others are written separately.
- The second rule states that particles: “some-”, “some-”, “-that”, “-something”, “either-”, “-de”, “-ka”, “-so”, “-tko” ", "-tka" and "-s" are always written with a hyphen. As we can see, the rule itself is as simple as addition.
But there are such particles as “not” and “neither”, and, unfortunately, the younger generation, and sometimes some wise men in life, do not understand at all when it is written “not” and when “neither”. This is what the following table is for.
When to write "not" and when to write "neither"
First, let's look at the general concepts of spelling “not” and “nor”, and their place in a sentence. We'll look at the details a little later. For example, when “neither” is written in negative sentences.
| Not | Neither |
1. In denial. I haven't been home for a long time | 1. Use to strengthen negation. I don't know you or your friend |
| 2. In independent interrogative and exclamatory sentences. Why not remember your friends more often? They wouldn't go anywhere | 2. In the subordinate part of a sentence, to strengthen the statement. We couldn't do it no matter how hard we tried. |
| 3. Used with indefinite, negative pronouns and negative adverbs, being under stress. There was no one to ask | 3. With indefinite, negative pronouns and some adverbs in unstressed position, “ni” is always written in sentences. Never remember grievances |
Using “not” and “nor” with different parts of speech
From the previous table we learned when “not” is written and when “neither” is written. Now it’s worth moving on to more specific cases, namely: how both particles are used with other parts of speech. First, let's consider in which case "neither" is written separately. According to generally accepted rules, this almost always happens. The exception is the case when “neither” is written in negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs without a preposition. For example: nothing, nobody, draw, etc. In the case of “not” everything is a little more complicated, and therefore for clarity we will use a table.
| Part of speech | Together | Separately |
| Noun | 1. If the noun is not used without "not" (loser). 2. If a word has a synonym without “not” (not true - lie) | 1. In opposition (not rain, but sun). 2. In interrogative sentences in the “isn’t it true” construction |
| Adjective | 1. If the adjective is not used without "not". 2. If there is a synonym without “not” (middle-aged - old). 3. If we contrast using the conjunction “but” (the apple is unsweetened, but juicy). 4. In short adjectives, when the full form is written together | 1. If something is opposed through the conjunction “a” or when it is implied (not crooked, but tortuous). 2. With relative adjectives. 3. In short adjectives, when the full form is written separately |
| Numeral | Always written separately | |
| Pronoun | In indefinite and negative pronouns without a preposition (something, someone) | With other pronouns |
| Verb | If does not exist without “not”, as well as in the prefix “under-” | With other verbs |
| Participle | If does not exist without "not", in the prefix "under-" | With other participles |
| Communion | If the full participle is without a dependent word (unverified person) | 1. If there are dependent words next to the full participle. 2. If the participle is opposed (not a memorized verse, but only a read verse) |
| Adverb | 1. If does not exist without "not". 2. In adverbs ending in -о, -е, if there is a synonym (unwise - stupid) | 1. In adverbs ending in -o, -e, if there is opposition. 2. In adverbs starting with -o, -e in such phrases: not at all, not at all, far from, not at all. 3. If an adverb is written with a hyphen |
Results
As we can see, the use of “not” and “nor” seems complicated only at first glance. Visually there are many rules, but in reality most of the statements are repeated for many parts of speech. Therefore, it is worth re-reading these rules more carefully and deducing for yourself a certain quintessence of when “not” is used and when “neither” is used, and feel free to enjoy literacy and life without mistakes.
Think about the meaning
Particle neither write:
1. In incentive and quantitative proposals: Neither step! Neither from the spot! Neither sound!
2. With relative pronouns in subordinate clauses: Where neither look, there are people everywhere. More examples: where neither..., Where neither..., Which neither..., When neither..., How neither... etc.
3. In sentences in which the verb is used with a negative particle Not : Neither drops Not I'm afraid. Not met neither one familiar face. She was silent Not having said neither words.(Value Gain)
4. In negative pronouns: neither Who , neither What , neither to whom , neither what´ , neither Which, neither whose etc. If they are used with prepositions, they are written separately: neither from anyone, from nothing...
5. In revolutions: whatever neither it was, no matter what neither it was, wherever it went, from where neither take it, whatever it is neither it became that neither tell someone neither was and others like that.
6. In stable combinations: neither not a feather, neither alive neither dead neither during the day neither at night, neither end neither edges ( There is no comma between words included in a stable combination: He was sitting neither alive neither dead!)
Attention
In pronouns neither in an unstressed position, and in a stressed position - Not.
Particle neither and repeated negative-joining conjunction neither... nor...:
Neither to mother , neither She did not treat her father as warmly as her older brother. She couldn't read, nor write.
In sentences with a conjunction neither... nor... There is always a negation before a verb: He did not think about money, or fame, or position in society.
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