Creation of the Nazi Party. Elections and Hitler's rise to power. When Hitler came to power in Germany

The global economic crisis, which began in 1929, became particularly acute in

Germany. The crisis has affected all spheres of the country's economic life. Industrial

production fell by almost half. The number of unemployed reached 7.5 million people. The situation of not only the working class, but also the middle urban strata has sharply worsened. Thousands of petty bourgeois went bankrupt. The industrial crisis was intertwined with the agrarian crisis.

The crisis has intensified the class struggle in the country. In January 1931 there was a strike

miners of the Ruhr, which involved almost 350 thousand workers. In the vanguard of the working people was Communist Party Germany. In 1930, she published the “Program for the National and Social Liberation of the German People,” which put forward demands for the nationalization of industry and banks, the gratuitous confiscation of landowners’ lands and their transfer to the peasants, and a reduction in taxes. Although most workers still followed the Social Democrats, the authority of the KKE steadily increased.

In conditions of economic crisis and intensifying class struggle

the ruling classes of Germany were inclined to believe that the bourgeois-democratic

methods of governing the country become unsuitable. The bet was made on the fascist party, which was officially called the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany.

This party was created back in 1919. It was soon headed by the extreme reactionary Adolf Hitler. He was born in Austria, but before 1914 he moved to Germany. At the beginning of the First World War, he volunteered to join the Kaiser's army. After the war, he served for some time as an informant for army counterintelligence. The Nazis declared the Germans to be a “superior race” that should expand their “living space” at the expense of the “lower races.” The fascists demanded the elimination of bourgeois-democratic freedoms and the establishment of a dictatorship. The political program of Hitler's party met the interests of the monopolies, but during the years of temporary partial stabilization of capitalism, they considered the fascist movement as a reserve card.

The Nazis promised to defend the interests of the country and people. Taking into account the dissatisfaction of the masses with the Treaty of Versailles, they put forward the slogan “Down with the shackles of Versailles!” Considering the difficult situation of the workers, they promised them higher wages and the elimination of unemployment. The Nazis promised the peasants the division of landowners' lands, the petty bourgeoisie - the destruction of competitors in the form of department stores, the expansion of trade and increased prosperity, the former Kaiser's soldiers and officers - the creation of an army in which they could make a career. By capitalizing on the plight of the working people and inciting chauvinistic sentiments, the Nazis managed to create a massive social base for themselves.

The activities of the assault troops of the Hitler Party (SA) intensified,

which, together with the security detachments (SS), constituted an apparatus of violence and the elimination of dissidents. Cells of the fascist youth organization “Hitler Youth” arose everywhere. In the Reichstag elections in the summer of 1932, the Nazis received 13.8 million votes. The threat of the Nazis seizing power was becoming more and more real.

The only party that decisively and consistently fought against fascism was the KKE. The KKE organized anti-fascist rallies, demonstrations and strikes, fought back against Nazi stormtroopers and disrupted fascist gatherings.

In a climate of crisis and a sharp intensification of the class struggle in Weimar

Republic, the largest German monopolies and a significant part of the generals finally went over to Hitler's side. To speed up the transfer of power to the fascists, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Reich Chancellor (head of government) on January 30, 1933, which meant the establishment in Germany of an open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, chauvinistic and aggressive elements of finance capital.

To justify the terror and prevent the KPD from succeeding in the Reichstag elections scheduled for March 5, the Nazi leaders resorted to provocation. On their orders, on February 27, a group of fascists entered the Reichstag building and set it on fire. The government declared the KPD, which was allegedly preparing a communist uprising, to be guilty of the Reichstag fire. Under this false pretext, all clauses of the Weimar Constitution that guaranteed freedom of the individual, speech, press, assembly and union were soon abolished.

At the beginning of March 1933, the Nazis arrested E. Thälmann. They also managed to capture the leader of the Bulgarian communists, Georgi Dimitrov, who was in exile in Germany at that time. The KKE was outlawed. Thousands of communists were killed without trial, tens of thousands were imprisoned in prisons and concentration camps.

In March, a law was passed granting the government emergency powers. This was tantamount to the destruction of the Reichstag and the remnants of the Weimar Constitution.

The Nazis dispersed non-fascist trade unions and other mass organizations of workers. In June, the SPD was banned, and many Social Democrats died in concentration camps.

Soon all bourgeois parties announced “self-dissolution”, and then laws were issued according to which one National Socialist Party could exist in the country, declared a government organization. After Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler united the posts of President and Reich Chancellor, concentrating all power in his hands. With the help of all these measures, the Nazis finally eliminated bourgeois freedoms.

Mass terror was accompanied by persecution against the progressive intelligentsia. Its best representatives were forced to emigrate from the country. Anyone who did not manage to do this ended up in the dungeons of the Gestapo. The cities of Germany were illuminated with bonfires from the books of great writers and scientists. The country was overwhelmed by waves of bloody Jewish defeats. The atrocities and barbaric crimes of the fascist dictatorship horrified the whole world.

According to the Nazis, the “Third Reich” was supposed to be a continuation of the two previous empires that had sunk into oblivion - the Holy Roman and the Kaiser. The first day of Nazi rule was January 30, 1933.

The worldwide economic crisis that began in 1929, rising unemployment and the burden of reparations still weighing on the Weimar Republic presented the Weimar Republic with serious problems. In March 1930, having failed to agree with parliament on a unified financial policy, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed a new Reich Chancellor, who no longer relied on the support of the parliamentary majority and depended only on the president himself.

The new chancellor, Heinrich Brüning, is moving Germany into austerity mode. The number of dissatisfied people is growing. In the elections to the Reichstag in September 1930, the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (NSDAP), led by Hitler, manages to increase the number of its mandates from 12 to 107, and the Communists - from 54 to 77. Thus, right-wing and left-wing extremists together win almost a third seats in parliament. Under these conditions, any constructive policy becomes practically impossible.

In the 1932 elections, the National Socialists received 37 percent of the vote and became the strongest faction in the Reichstag.

Industrialists are betting on the Nazis

The NSDAP receives support from influential representatives of the business community. Relying on large capital and his own electoral successes, in August 1932 Hitler turned to Hindenburg with a demand to appoint him Reich Chancellor. Hindenburg initially refuses, but already on January 30, 1933, yields to pressure.

However, in Hitler's first cabinet, the NSDAP held only three ministerial posts out of eleven. Hindenburg and his advisers hoped to use the Brown movement to their advantage. However, these hopes turned out to be illusory. Hitler quickly seeks to strengthen his power. Just a few weeks after his appointment as Reich Chancellor, Germany was effectively in a permanent state of emergency.

Hitler demands new elections

Having become chancellor, Hitler first asks Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and call new elections. Meanwhile, the Nazi Minister of the Interior gains the right, at his own discretion, to ban newspapers, magazines and meetings that he does not like. On February 27, 1933, the Reichstag fire was organized. Who is behind the crime is unclear to this day. In any case, Nazi propaganda made considerable profit from the incident, attributing the arson to the Communists. The next day, the so-called Decree on the Protection of the People and the State is issued, abolishing the freedoms of the press, assembly and opinion.

The NSDAP is conducting the election campaign almost alone. All other parties are half or completely driven underground. All the more surprising are the results of the elections in March 1933: the Nazis fail to win an absolute majority of votes. Hitler is forced to create a coalition government.

Emergency Powers Act

Having not achieved his goal through elections, Hitler takes a different path. On his instructions, the Law on Emergency Powers is developed and implemented. It allows the National Socialists to rule bypassing parliament. The process of the so-called “familiarization with the dominant ideology” of all socio-political forces in the country begins. In practice, this is expressed in the fact that the NSDAP places its people in key positions in the state and society and establishes control over all aspects of public life.

NSDAP - state party

The NSDAP becomes a state party. All other parties are either banned or cease to exist. The Reichswehr, the state apparatus and the justice system offer virtually no resistance to the course of joining the dominant ideology. The police also came under the control of the National Socialists. Almost all power structures in the country obey Hitler. Opponents of the regime are monitored by the secret state police, the Gestapo. Already in February 1933, the first concentration camps for political prisoners appeared.

Paul Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934. The Nazi government decides that from now on the post of President is combined with the post of Reich Chancellor. All previous powers of the president are transferred to the Reich Chancellor - the Fuhrer. Hitler's policy of dramatically increasing armaments initially brings him the sympathy of the army elite, but then, when it becomes clear that the Nazis are preparing for war, the generals begin to express dissatisfaction. In response, in 1938, Hitler made radical changes to the military leadership.

80 years ago, Adolf Hitler took over as Chancellor of Germany. On January 30, 1933, German President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as head of government instead of Kurt von Schleicher. Hitler at this time was the leader of the most popular party in Germany - the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; abbr. NSDAP, German NSDAP). On November 6, 1932, in early elections to the Reichstag, the NSDAP received 33.1% of the votes.

This appointment was fatal in the history of Germany and the world. A year later, after the death of President Hindenburg, Hitler received the powers of head of state and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. From this moment on, his power over Germany becomes complete and the country begins preparing for revenge for the lost World War I. Just a few years of the policy of “appeasing the aggressor” led to the fact that the world was on the verge of a new global battle.

Unfortunately, in the official history course, when talking about the preparation for the outbreak of world war, practically nothing is said about the financing of Hitler and the NSDAP. About how Hitler was actually “led” to the highest post in Germany. Although to understand the true reasons for the outbreak of World War II and aggression against Soviet Union, it is necessary to know who stood behind the German Nazis and was the true customer and culprit of the global massacre that claimed and maimed tens of millions of lives. Otherwise, the lack of information leads to the fact that people begin to believe the fables that the “bloody villain” Stalin and the totalitarian USSR were the instigators of the Second World War. The most arrogant “researchers” agreed to the point that the USSR and Stalin personally helped Hitler come to power so that he would crush the countries of “Western democracy.”

IN recent years Serious studies began to appear that suggest that the key structures that determined the long-term development strategy of the West after the end of the First World War were the main financial institutions of England and the United States - the Bank of England and the American Federal Reserve System (FRS). Behind them stood certain financial and industrial organizations, clans and families, which are called the “Golden Elite”, “Financial International”, “world behind the scenes”, etc. These structures solved the problem of establishing absolute control over the world, establishing a New World Order.

One of the private but important tasks of these structures was to establish full control behind the German financial system to manage political processes V Central Europe and influence neighboring regions. At the first stage, the financial and economic dependence of the countries of Europe and Germany was built on the problem of war debts and German reparations to the victorious countries in the First World War. During the First World War, the United States was able to turn from a debtor country into the largest creditor. Only after the United States entered the war, the Americans provided $8.8 billion to their Entente allies - England and France. After the war, the British and French tried to solve their financial and economic problems at the expense of Germany (during the war they even came up with a corresponding slogan - “The Germans will pay for everything!”). The huge amount of reparations and harsh payment conditions led to the flight of German capital abroad and refusal to pay taxes. The state budget deficit could only be covered through the mass issue of unsecured stamps. The result of this situation was the “great inflation” of 1923, which amounted to a record 578,512%, when 4.2 trillion had to be paid for one dollar. marks! In fact, it was the collapse of the German monetary unit. Therefore, German industrialists began to sabotage all measures to pay reparations. This led to the Franco-Belgian occupation of the main industrial region of Germany - the Ruhr, the so-called. "Ruhr crisis". Anglo-American financial circles made excellent use of this impasse, when Germany could not pay its bills, and France could not solve this problem through non-military means.

As a result, Europe is “ripe” for American proposals. The London Conference of 1924 adopted new order reparation payments to Germany, the so-called. "Dawes Plan". Thanks to this plan, German payments were halved - to 1 billion gold marks; only by 1928, the size of payments to Germany should increase to 2.5 billion marks. In addition, the German mark was stabilizing, which provided favorable conditions for American investment. According to the plan developed in the depths of the J.P. Morgan company, Germany was provided with a loan of 200 million dollars (half of it went to the Morgan banking house). By August 1924, a monetary reform was carried out - the old German mark was replaced with a new one. Thus, Germany was prepared for financial assistance from the United States. Until 1929, loans amounting to 21 billion marks came mainly from the United States to Germany.

A very original and cunning system has developed, the so-called. "The absurd Weimar circle." The gold that the Germans gave to the victorious countries was primarily used to cover the amount of US debt. Then this money was returned to Germany in the form of “aid”, and Berlin gave it to secure reparation sums for Great Britain and France. The British and French used them to pay their war debts to the United States. The Americans again sent these amounts to Germany, this time in the form of loans at significant interest rates. As a result, Germany was hooked on loans. This time in the Weimar Republic was called the “golden twenties.” The country and its industry lived on debt and without Washington would have suffered complete bankruptcy.

It should also be noted that these loans were used to restore the military-industrial potential of Germany. As a result, already in 1929, German industry took second place in the world. However, the Germans paid for the loans with shares of industrial enterprises, so Anglo-American capital began to actively penetrate into Germany and occupied a significant sector in the German economy. In particular, the famous German chemical concern IG Farbenindustry was under the control of the American Standard Oil (i.e., the house of the Rockefellers); depending on General Electric (Morgan) there were Siemens and AEG; The American corporation ITT owned up to 40% of German telephone networks. German metallurgy was largely dependent on Rockefeller, and Opel was under the control of General Motors. The Anglo-Saxons did not forget the banking sector, and railways, in general, all more or less valuable German assets.

At the same time, there was a process of “growing” the political force that was supposed to play the main role in the “play” called the Second world war. The Anglo-Saxons financed the Nazis and Hitler personally. According to the German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning (he served as Chancellor in 1930-1932), starting in 1923, Adolf Hitler received significant sums from abroad, through the banks of Switzerland and Sweden. Already in 1922, Hitler’s “bride” took place - in Munich, the Fuhrer met with the American military attaché in Germany, Captain Truman Smith. An American intelligence officer wrote a very flattering report about Hitler to the Office of Military Intelligence. It was Smith who introduced Ernst Hanfstaengl (Hanfstaengl), nicknamed “Putzi,” into Hitler’s entourage. Ernst was born into a mixed American-German family and graduated from Harvard University in 1909. This expressive man - an almost two-meter giant, with a huge head, protruding jaw and thick hair, who stood out in any crowd, a gifted pianist, played an important role in the formation of Hitler as a politician. He introduced the future leader of Germany into Munich artistic and cultural circles, provided him with acquaintances and connections with high-ranking figures abroad, and supported him financially. After the failure of the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, he provided him with temporary refuge in his villa in the Bavarian Alps. Helped Hitler restore the situation after his release from prison. In March 1937, Hanfstaengl left Germany, because Hitler was already burdened by his influence. It is very interesting that during the Second World War, Hanfstaengl served in the United States in the White House as an expert on affairs Nazi Party.

After the fall of 1929, when the American bankers behind the Federal Reserve triggered the collapse of the American stock exchange, the “financial international” began a new stage in German politics. A crisis was provoked in the world and in Germany, which led to increased social tension and radicalization of the political field. The Federal Reserve and the House of Morgan decide to stop lending to the Weimar Republic, inciting a banking crisis and economic depression in the country. In September 1931, the Bank of England abandoned the gold standard, which was a deliberate destruction of the international payment system. The “financial oxygen” of the Weimar Republic was completely cut off. Naturally, financial and economic problems led to an increase in social tension in Germany and an automatic increase in the popularity of radical political forces, the NSDAP. The Nazis received good funding, and joining the ranks of stormtroopers ensured stability for their members and families. The press, as if on cue, begins praising Hitler, his party and program.

The influx of funds from abroad allowed Hitler, who in the 1920s was the leader of a dwarf party and a “writer,” to lead a very lavish lifestyle, having a villa in the Alps, a car with a personal driver and other very expensive pleasures of life. By the early 1930s, Hitler already had a significant retinue of secretaries, bodyguards, various kinds hangers-on. In August 1929, its members were transported to Nuremberg for the party congress on specially ordered trains - about 200 thousand people (!). Where does the money come from? This was at a time when Germany was still in crisis.

A real miracle is happening to the NSDAP. Back in the 1928 elections, the party received only 2.3% of the votes in the parliamentary elections. But already in September 1930, the party received 18.3% of the votes as a result of large financial injections, taking second place in the Reichstag. At the same time, generous donations from abroad begin. On January 4, 1932, a meeting between Hitler and the future Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen took place with the Governor of the Bank of England, Montague Norman. Also present at this meeting were brothers John and Allen Dulles, future Secretary of State and head of the US CIA. At this meeting, a secret agreement was concluded on the financing of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In January 1933, another important meeting took place - Hitler had a conversation with von Papen, banker Kurt von Schröder and industrialist Wilhelm Kepler. They secured support for the Fuhrer from German financial and industrial groups. As a result of this meeting, the path to power for the Nazis was finally cleared. On January 30, Hitler became head of government.

It must be said that initially the attitude of Western politicians and the press towards the new German government was completely favorable. Although Hitler and his supporters have more than once voiced their plans in writing and orally regarding communism, communists, Jewry, racially alien elements, etc. Even when Berlin refused to pay reparations, which called into question the payment of US war debts by England and France , Paris and London did not make any claims against Hitler. Moreover, after a visit to the United States in May 1933 by the new head of the Reichsbank, Hjalmar Schacht, and a meeting with American President Franklin Roosevelt and major financiers from Wall Street, the Americans allocated new loans to Germany in the amount of up to $1 billion. In June 1933, Schacht visited Great Britain and achieved new success. After a meeting with Bank of England Governor Norman, England grants Germany a $2 billion loan and reduces and then cancels payments on old loans.

In 1934, Standard Oil would build gasoline plants in the Reich, and the American companies Pratt-Whitney and Douglas would transfer a number of patents to German aircraft manufacturers. Overall, the level of annual American investment in Germany increases to $500 million per year. It is generous Western investments that will become the basis of the “German miracle”, turning Germany into the economic leader of Europe.

Interestingly, US funding of Hitler's regime continued even during the Second World War. Thus, in the summer of 1942, the New York Herald Tribune caused a scandal when it published the headline “Hitler's Angels Have Three Million Dollars in the US Bank.” “Hitler’s angels” meant the top leaders of the Reich, Goebbels, Goering, and others. They were depositors in the New York Union Banking Corporation (UBC), which, according to journalists, became “the main organization for laundering Nazi money.” The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was forced to conduct an investigation, which revealed that American investment allowed the German Steel Trust to produce half the pig iron that the Third Reich produced, more than a third steel sheet, explosives and other materials necessary for war.

This explains all the “dark spots” of the prehistory and history of the Second World War. It was the “golden shower” from England and the USA, the transfer advanced technologies, political and “moral” support allowed Germany to become the leader of Europe. Hitler and the Wehrmacht were allowed to take Austria, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia without a fight. They turned a blind eye to the abolition of the provisions of the Versailles agreements that concerned armed forces, military construction in Germany. This is how a first-class German army was created. It becomes clear " strange war“on the Western Front, when the Wehrmacht was crushing Poland, the victorious march across France and the strange “escape” to Great Britain of Rudolf Hess, his no less strange death many years later. This can also explain the miraculous “rescue” of British troops at Dunkirk, as well as Berlin’s strange choice of strategy - an attack on the USSR, instead of finishing off England by capturing Gibraltar, Suez, and reaching through the Middle East to Persia and India.

It is clear that at a certain stage, Adolf Hitler, feeling the power of the system he led, decided to change the rules and participate in Big Game as a full partner, which was not part of the plans of its creators. However, this does not change the fact that it was originally a “project” of the masters of Western civilization.

Hitler's rise to power